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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arauco_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arauco_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arauco War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arauco_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incorporation_into_Chile_and_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorporation_into_Chile_and_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Incorporation into Chile and Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorporation_into_Chile_and_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_political_conflict_(1990-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_political_conflict_(1990-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern political conflict (1990-)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_political_conflict_(1990-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mapuche_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuche_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mapuche languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapuche_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cosmology and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonies_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ceremonies and traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clava_hand-club" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clava_hand-club"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Clava hand-club</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clava_hand-club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silverwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silverwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Silverwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silverwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cogender_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cogender_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Cogender views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cogender_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilizing_mission_discourses_and_scientific_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilizing_mission_discourses_and_scientific_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilizing_mission_discourses_and_scientific_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contemporary attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuches_and_the_Argentine_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuches_and_the_Argentine_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mapuches and the Argentine state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapuches_and_the_Argentine_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mapuche</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="مابوتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مابوتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_(etnia)" title="Mapuche (etnia) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mapuche (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%C3%BAche" title="Mapúche – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mapúche" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araukanlar" title="Araukanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araukanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آراوکان‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آراوکان‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80" title="মাপুচে জনগোষ্ঠী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাপুচে জনগোষ্ঠী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8D" title="Мапучэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мапучэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Мапучы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мапучы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Мапуче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мапуче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མཔུཆེ་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཔུཆེ་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapouched" title="Mapouched – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mapouched" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Мапучёшууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мапучёшууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputxes" title="Maputxes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maputxes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%8Dov%C3%A9" title="Mapučové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapučové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maput%C5%A1ed" title="Maputšed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maputšed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Μαπούτσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαπούτσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_mapuche" title="Pueblo mapuche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo mapuche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%89oj" title="Mapuĉoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mapuĉoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputxe" title="Maputxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maputxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="ماپوچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماپوچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchef%C3%B3lki%C3%B0" title="Mapuchefólkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mapuchefólkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuches" title="Mapuches – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mapuches" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%C3%BAitsigh" title="Mapúitsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mapúitsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_mapuche" title="Pobo mapuche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo mapuche" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="માપૂચે લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માપૂચે લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%91%B8%EC%B2%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="마푸체족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마푸체족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="मापुचे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मापुचे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche-frumbyggjar" title="Mapuche-frumbyggjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mapuche-frumbyggjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%94" title="מפוצ'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפוצ'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Mapuche" title="Wong Mapuche – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94" title="მაპუჩე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაპუჩე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Араукандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араукандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%80" title="ມະປຸຈເ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະປຸຈເ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucani" title="Araucani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Araucani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%8Di" title="Mapuči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mapuči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%8Diai" title="Mapučiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mapučiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapucse_indi%C3%A1nok" title="Mapucse indiánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mapucse indiánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="മാപ്പ്യൂച്ചുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാപ്പ്യൂച്ചുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="मापूचे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मापूचे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94" title="მაპუჩე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაპუჩე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="မာပူချီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာပူချီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E6%97%8F" title="マプチェ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マプチェ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Мапучеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мапучеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_(p%C3%B2ble)" title="Mapuche (pòble) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mapuche (pòble)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araukaliklar" title="Araukaliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Araukaliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapucze" title="Mapucze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mapucze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuches" title="Mapuches – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mapuches" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchi_runa" title="Mapuchi runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mapuchi runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Мапуче – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мапуче" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Арауканы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арауканы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuches" title="Mapuches – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mapuches" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_(popull)" title="Mapuche (popull) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mapuche (popull)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%8Dovia" title="Mapučovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mapučovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C4%8Di" title="Mapuči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mapuči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95" title="ماپوچە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماپوچە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Арауканци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арауканци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Mapuche" title="Urang Mapuche – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchet" title="Mapuchet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mapuchet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mapuche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மாப்புச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாப்புச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мапучелар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мапучелар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A" title="ชาวมาปูเช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวมาปูเช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%AD%E1%8F%A4" title="ᎠᏂᎹᏭᏤ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎹᏭᏤ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C3%A7eler" title="Mapuçeler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mapuçeler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Мапуче – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мапуче" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%92" title="نقشے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقشے" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in South America</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mapuche</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/220px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/330px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/440px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Traditional flag of the Mapuche</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg/220px-Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg/330px-Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg/440px-Mujeres_mapuches_en_la_entrega_terreno_a_Comunidad_Mapuche_Lorenzo_Quintrileo_de_Tir%C3%BAa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mapuche women from <a href="/wiki/Tir%C3%BAa" title="Tirúa">Tirúa</a> in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">c. 1,890,930</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Chile</th><td class="infobox-data">1,745,147 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Argentina</th><td class="infobox-data">145,783 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Censo_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censo_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> (less common), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>Core groups:</b> <a href="/wiki/Boroano_people" title="Boroano people">Boroano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cunco_people" title="Cunco people">Cunco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huilliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Huilliche">Huilliche</a>, Lafquenche, <a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promaucae" title="Promaucae">Promaucae</a></li> <li><b>Araucanized groups:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">mapu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mapuche</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mə-<span style="font-size:90%">POO</span>-chee</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mapuche and Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[maˈputʃe]</a></span>) also known as <b>Araucanians</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> inhabitants of south-central <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> speakers. Their homelands once extended from <a href="/wiki/Choapa_River" title="Choapa River">Choapa Valley</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> and later spread eastward to <a href="/wiki/Puelmapu" title="Puelmapu">Puelmapu</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a land comprising part of the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Argentine pampa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> for economic opportunities, more than 92% of the Mapuches are from Chile. </p><p>The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a <i><a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">lonko</a></i> or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a <i><a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">toki</a></i> (meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">textiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">silverwork</a>. </p><p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish arrival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a> inhabited the valleys between the <a href="/wiki/Choapa_River" title="Choapa River">Choapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata</a>, Araucanian Mapuche inhabited the valleys between the <a href="/wiki/Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A9n_River" title="Toltén River">Toltén</a> rivers, south of there, the <a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cunco_people" title="Cunco people">Cunco</a> lived as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>. In the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a>, conquering, fusing and establishing relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Poya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poya (tribe)">Poya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>. At about the same time, ethnic groups of the Pampa regions, the <a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Aonikenk</a>, made contact with Mapuche groups. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, in what came to be called <a href="/wiki/Araucanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucanization">Araucanization</a>, during which Patagonia came under effective Mapuche suzerainty. </p><p>Mapuche in the Spanish-ruled areas, especially the <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a>, mingled with the Spanish during the colonial period, forming a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> population that lost its indigenous identity. But Mapuche society in <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> and Patagonia remained independent until the late nineteenth century, when Chile <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">occupied Araucanía</a> and Argentina <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">conquered Puelmapu</a>. Since then the Mapuche have become subjects, and later nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Chilean communities are engaged in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a> over land and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> rights in both Argentina and Chile. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png/220px-Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png/330px-Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png/440px-Mapuche_macro-ethnicity.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> of Mapuche ethnicities. Historical denominations no longer in use are shown with white fields. Groups that adopted Mapuche language and culture or that have partial Mapuche descent are shown in the periphery of the main magenta-colored field.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as <b>Araucanians</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ARR</span>-aw-<span style="font-size:90%">KAY</span>-nee-ənz</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">araucanos</i>). This term is now considered <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> by some people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For others, the importance of the term Araucanian lies in the universality of the epic work <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana">La Araucana</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a>, and the feats of that people in their long and interminable war against the Spanish Empire. The name is probably derived from the placename <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">rag ko</i></span> (Spanish <a href="/wiki/Arauco,_Chile" title="Arauco, Chile">Arauco</a>), meaning "chalky/clayish water".<sup id="cite_ref-serindigena_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serindigena-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> word <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">awqa</i></span>, meaning "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of <i>araucano</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-serindigena_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serindigena-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars believe that the various Mapuche groups (<a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a>, Williche, Pikunche, etc.) called themselves <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Reche</i></span> during the early Spanish colonial period, due to what they referred to as their pure native blood, derived from <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">re</i></span> meaning "pure" and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">che</i></span> meaning "people".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Mapuche</i> is used both to refer collectively to the Pikunche, Williche, and <a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche or Nguluche</a> from <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a>, at other times, exclusively to the Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía. However, Mapuche is a relatively recent endonym meaning "People of the Earth" or "Children of the Land", with <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">mapu</i></span> meaning "earth" or "land", and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">che</i></span> meaning "person". It is preferred as a term when referring to the people after the Arauco War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mapuche identify by the geography of their territories, such as: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Pwelche</a></b> (also Hispanicized as <b>Puelche</b>): "people of the east" occupied <i>Pwel mapu</i> or <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Puel mapu</i></span>, the eastern lands (Pampa and Patagonia of Argentina).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Pikunche</a></b> (also Hispanicized as <b>Picunche</b>): "people of the north" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Pikun-mapu</i></span>, the "northern lands".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Huilliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Huilliche">Williche</a></b> (also Hispanicized as <b>Huilliche</b>): "people of the south" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Willi mapu</i></span>, the "southern lands".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pewenche</a></b> (also Hispanicized as <b>Pehuenche</b>): "people of the pewen (<i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Araucaria araucana</a></i>)" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Pewen mapu</i></span>, "the land of the pewen".</li> <li><b>Lafkenche</b>: "people of the sea" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Lafken mapu</i></span>, "the land of the sea"; also known as <i>Coastal Mapuche</i>.</li> <li><b>Nagche</b>: "people of the plains" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Nag mapu</i></span>, "the land of the plains" (located in sectors of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_Nahuelbuta" title="Cordillera de Nahuelbuta">Cordillera de Nahuelbuta</a> and the low zones bordering it). Its epic and literary name is <b>Araucanians</b> and its old autochthonous name is <b>Reche</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">Toqui</a> ("axe-bearer") like Lef-Traru ("swift hawk", better known as <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>), Kallfülikan ("blue quartz stone", better known as <a href="/wiki/Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> – "polished flint") or Pelontraru ("Shining Caracara", better known as <a href="/wiki/Pelantaro" title="Pelantaro">Pelantaro</a>) were Nagche.</li> <li><b>Wenteche</b>: "people of the valleys" occupied <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Wente mapu</i></span>, "the land of the valleys".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapvsInc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MapvsInc.JPG/170px-MapvsInc.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MapvsInc.JPG/255px-MapvsInc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MapvsInc.JPG/340px-MapvsInc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala" title="Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala">Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's</a> picture of the confrontation between the Mapuches (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_period">Pre-Columbian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin of the Mapuche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Incas in Central Chile</a></div> <p>Archaeological finds have shown that Mapuche culture existed in Chile and Argentina as early as 600 to 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoaorigen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoaorigen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetically the Mapuche differ from the adjacent indigenous peoples of Patagonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Rey2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rey2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests a "different origin or long-lasting separation of Mapuche and Patagonian populations".<sup id="cite_ref-Rey2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rey2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> are reported to have reached the <a href="/wiki/Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">a battle</a> with the Mapuche between the Maule and the <a href="/wiki/Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata Rivers</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo37-38_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo37-38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to have been situated between <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maipo_River" title="Maipo River">Maipo River</a>, or somewhere between Santiago and the Maule River.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillehay1988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillehay1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the bulk of the Mapuche escaped Inca rule. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state organizations</a>. Their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo40_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo40-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the arrival of the first Spaniards to Chile, the largest indigenous population concentration was in the area spanning from the <a href="/wiki/Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island" title="Chiloé Island">Chiloé Island</a> – that is the Mapuche heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-Oteropop_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oteropop-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mapuche population between Itata River and <a href="/wiki/Reloncav%C3%AD_Sound" title="Reloncaví Sound">Reloncaví Sound</a> has been estimated at 705,000–900,000 in the mid-sixteenth century by historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo157_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo157-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/700px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/1050px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/1400px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of pre-Hispanic people of Chile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arauco_War">Arauco War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arauco War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></div> <p>The Spanish expansion into Mapuche territory was an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos91-93_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos91-93-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1536, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> set out to conquer Chile, after crossing the Itata River they were intercepted by a numerous contingent of Araucanian Mapuche armed with many bows and pikes in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reynog%C3%BCel%C3%A9n_(1536)" title="Battle of Reynogüelén (1536)">Battle of Reynogüelén</a>. Discouraged by the ferocity of the Mapuches, and the apparent lack of gold and silver in these lands, Almagro decided its full retreat the following year to Peru. In 1541, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> reached Chile from <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos96-97_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos96-97-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern Mapuche tribes, known as <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunches</a> had recently gained independence from Inca rule, being commanded by <a href="/wiki/Michimalonco" title="Michimalonco">Michimalonco</a>, who had defeated the Inca governor Quilicanta. It would be the same Michimalonco who would lead the Picunche resistance against the Spanish between 1541 and 1545. His most famous stain is the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Santiago" title="Destruction of Santiago">Destruction of Santiago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo250-251_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo250-251-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG/310px-El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG/465px-El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG/620px-El_joven_Lautaro_-_P._Subercaseaux.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Painting <i>El joven <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Subercaseaux" title="Pedro Subercaseaux">Pedro Subercaseaux</a>, shows the military genius and expertise of his people.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1550, Pedro de Valdivia, who aimed to control all of Chile to the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a>, campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">south-central Chile</a> to conquer more Mapuche controlled territory.<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1550 and 1553, the Spanish founded several cities<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Mapuche lands including <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carahue" title="Carahue">Imperial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villarrica,_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">Villarrica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish also established the forts of <a href="/wiki/Arauco,_Chile" title="Arauco, Chile">Arauco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ete,_Chile" title="Cañete, Chile">Tucapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further efforts by the Spanish to gain more territory engaged them in the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> against the Mapuche, a sporadic conflict that lasted nearly 350 years. Hostility towards the conquerors was compounded by the lack of a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> akin to the Inca <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a> among the Mapuche, who largely refused to serve the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo252-253_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From their establishment in 1550 to 1598, the Mapuche frequently laid siege to Spanish settlements in <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which they resolved to make war. They chose as their "<a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">toqui</a>" (wartime chief) a strong man called <a href="/wiki/Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> and as his vice toqui <a href="/wiki/Lautaro_(toqui)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautaro (toqui)">Lautaro</a>, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; he created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at <a href="/wiki/Tucapel" title="Tucapel">Tucapel</a>. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded. He and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Battle of Tucapel</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1554 Lautaro went to destroy Concepción where in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marihue%C3%B1u" title="Battle of Marihueñu">Battle of Marihueñu</a> he defeated <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Villagra" title="Francisco de Villagra">Governor Villagra</a> and devastated the city. In 1555 Lautaro went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> and destroyed it, he also returned to Concepción, rebuilt by the Spanish and destroyed it again. In 1557 Lautaro headed with his army to destroy Santiago, fighting numerous battles with the Spanish along the way, but he and his army were devastated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Battle of Mataquito</a>. </p><p>From 1558 to 1598 war was mostly a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillehay2007p335_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2007p335-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche numbers decreased significantly following contact with the Spanish invaders; wars and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> decimated the population.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo250-251_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo250-251-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others died in Spanish-owned gold mines.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo252-253_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg/220px-Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg/330px-Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg/440px-Grabado_Caupolican-Nicanor_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caupolican" class="mw-redirect" title="Caupolican">Caupolican</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicanor_Plaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicanor Plaza (page does not exist)">Nicanor Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1598 a party of warriors from <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pelantaro" title="Pelantaro">Pelantaro</a>, who were returning south from a raid in the <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> area, ambushed Governor <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%93%C3%B1ez_de_Loyola" title="Martín García Óñez de Loyola">Martín García Óñez de Loyola</a> and his troops<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo320-321_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo320-321-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while they rested without taking any precautions against attack. Almost all the Spaniards died, save a cleric named Bartolomé Pérez, who was taken prisoner, and a soldier named Bernardo de Pereda. The Mapuche then initiated a general uprising that destroyed all the cities in their homeland south of the Biobío River. </p><p>In the years following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Battle of Curalaba</a>, a general uprising developed among the Mapuches and Huilliches led to the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">Destruction of the Seven Cities</a>. The Spanish cities of Angol, Imperial, <a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_O%C3%B1ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz de Oñez">Santa Cruz de Oñez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, and Villarrica were either destroyed or abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villaloboes109-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Castro was taken by a Dutch-Mapuche alliance in 1599, but reconquered by the Spanish in 1600. Only <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> and Concepción resisted Mapuche sieges and raids.<sup id="cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo324-325_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo324-325-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, all Chilean territory south of the Bíobío River was freed from Spanish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villaloboes109-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period the Mapuche Nation crossed the Andes to conquer the present Argentine provinces of Chubut, Neuquen, La Pampa, and Río Negro.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation_into_Chile_and_Argentina">Incorporation into Chile and Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Incorporation into Chile and Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/220px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/330px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/440px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a> in meeting with the main lonkos of Araucania in 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>In the nineteenth century, Argentina and Chile experienced a fast territorial expansion. Argentina established a colony at the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> in 1820, settled Chubut with <a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh settlement in Argentina">Welsh immigrants</a> in 1865 and <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">conquered Formosa, Misiones and Chaco from Paraguay</a> in 1870. Later Argentina would also annex the <a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama" title="Puna de Atacama">Puna de Atacama</a> in 1898. Chile on the other hand, established a colony at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> in 1843, settled <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_Lake" title="Llanquihue Lake">Llanquihue</a> <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">with German immigrants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">conquered land from Peru and Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MemCHLfuertebulnes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemCHLfuertebulnes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Chile would also annex <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MemCHLRapanui_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemCHLRapanui-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, Mapuche controlled territory began to be conquered by Argentina and Chile due to two reasons. First, the Argentinean and Chilean states aimed for territorial continuity,<sup id="cite_ref-PintoR194_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PintoR194-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and second it remained the sole place for Argentinean livestock to expand and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Chilean agriculture</a> to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa156_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa156-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1861 and 1879 Argentina and Chile incorporated several Mapuche territories to their controlled territory. In January 1881, having Chile decisively defeated Peru in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">battles of Chorrillos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a>, Chile and Argentina resumed the conquest of Mapuche controlled lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrando547_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> caused numerous Mapuches to be displaced and forced to roam in search of shelter and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa232-233_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Pablo Miramán claims the introduction of state education during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> had detrimental effects on traditional Mapuche education.<sup id="cite_ref-PintoR205_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PintoR205-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile finally achieved the occupation and integration of the territories south of the Biobío River in 1884 when the last communities surrendered, and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Villarrica,_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">Villarrica</a> and previously <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> were reestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-Angol_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools,<sup id="cite_ref-Escuela_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escuela-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cities, and legal systems were established, incorporating inhabitants into the national framework. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rural-to-urban_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural-to-urban migration">rural-to-urban migration</a> of the Mapuche people in the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be divided into two main stages: economic migration, which intensified from the 1920s and peaked in the 1950s and 1960s, and political migration following the 1973 coup. Economic migration initially responded to the need for jobs in cities, such as Santiago, where Mapuche arrived in the 1920s to work in bakeries<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed organizations like the "Sociedad Galvarino." This migration flow was accentuated by industrial growth and the lack of rural opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1961, it was estimated that up to 25% of the Mapuche population lived outside traditional communities, though data was incomplete, and censuses did not differentiate between Mapuche and non-Mapuche citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Migraciones_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migraciones-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its impact, statistics on Mapuche rural-to-urban migration have historically been insufficient, marked by integrationist policies that did not account for their indigenous identity but treated them as citizens. Forced community divisions under laws such as the 1931 Decree with Force of Law No. 266 and the record-breaking divisions under Decree-Law No. 2568 of 1979 contributed to land fragmentation and forced migration to cities. In the 1952 census, only 875 Mapuche were recorded in Santiago, a figure significantly lower than independent estimates, such as Domingo Curaqueo's, which identified 10 000 Mapuche over the age of 21 in the same province.<sup id="cite_ref-Migraciones_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migraciones-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautaro_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lautaro_flag.svg/220px-Lautaro_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lautaro_flag.svg/330px-Lautaro_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lautaro_flag.svg/440px-Lautaro_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ancient flag of the Mapuche on the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following the occupation the economy of Araucanía changed from being based on sheep and cattle herding to one based on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">wood extraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 70% of the Mapuche Territory left in the hands of Argentina, the loss of land by Mapuches following the occupation caused severe <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> since Mapuches continued to practice a massive livestock herding in limited areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa262-263_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa262-263-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_political_conflict_(1990-)"><span id="Modern_political_conflict_.281990-.29"></span>Modern political conflict (1990-)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern political conflict (1990-)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ralco_Hydroelectric_Plant" title="Ralco Hydroelectric Plant">Ralco Hydroelectric Plant</a></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Wallmapu</a>" began to gain widespread use outside Mapudungun-speaking communities after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_All_Lands" title="Council of All Lands">Council of All Lands</a> adopted its Mapudungun name, <i>Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam,</i> upon the organization's founding in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It arose in response to what indigenous movements describe as "repression" and the perceived disregard of land deeds (<i>Títulos de Merced</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Unnamed1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnamed1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accompanied by a wave of Mapuche migration from the south-central region to major Chilean cities during the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Chilean military dictatorship</a> and before.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was notable for engaging in <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> and adopting political stances opposing the Chilean state's interests in the region, particularly regarding demands for "ancestral land recovery" and "political territorial autonomy for the Mapuche people." This movement also included the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Wenufoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenufoye">Wenufoye</a> national Mapuche flag in 1992, along with five additional flags representing key Mapuche territories in southern Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2005, the term has also been promoted by the Mapuche nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a>. </p><p>The Chilean historian Cristóbal García Huidobro states that: "the terminology ‘Wallmapu’ is not a relatively old one, but rather a newer one. It arises, as far as it has been understood, from a revisionist movement, at the beginning of the 1990s (...) they make a re-study and a revisionism of the identity, of the language, as well as of the symbols that would represent the Mapuche people (...) it is not a historical question as such, it does not come from the ancestral culture of the Mapuche people who never perceived their territory as a particularly defined place".<sup id="cite_ref-T13_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term means "Universe" ancestraly in the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ralco_Hydroelectric_Plant" title="Ralco Hydroelectric Plant">Ralco Hydroelectric Plant</a>, which displaced indigenous burial sites, was a breaking point in state-Mapuche relations, contributing to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> (CAM) in December 1997 following the burning of three trucks belonging to Forestal Arauco. This first attack marks the beginning of the period of violence in the Southern Macrozone of Chile and a turning point in the development of the Mapuche autonomist political movement.<sup id="cite_ref-P23_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P23-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, violence has progressively increased and expanded to the neighboring regions of <a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20a_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20a-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Land disputes and violent confrontations continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the Araucanía region between and around <a href="/wiki/Traigu%C3%A9n" title="Traiguén">Traiguén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumaco" title="Lumaco">Lumaco</a>. In 2003, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatments issued a report to defuse tensions calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80% of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for indigenous peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the economy of Araucanía (<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Ngulu Mapu</i></span>), the two chief forestry companies are Chilean-owned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the past, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of hectares with non-native species such as <a href="/wiki/Monterey_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey pine">Monterey pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas firs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> trees, sometimes replacing native <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_temperate_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivian temperate rain forest">Valdivian forests</a>, although such substitution and replacement is now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> forgotten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chile exports wood to the United States, almost all of which comes from this southern region, with an annual value of around $600 million. <a href="/wiki/Stand.earth" title="Stand.earth">Stand.earth</a>, a conservation group, has led an international campaign for preservation, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Home_Depot" title="Home Depot">Home Depot</a> chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile". Some Mapuche leaders want stronger protections for the forests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the crimes committed by Mapuche armed insurgents have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation, originally introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> to control political dissidents. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Insurgent groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco_Malleco" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinadora Arauco Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco Malleco</a>, use multiple tactics with the more extreme occurrences such as the burning of homes, churches, vehicles, structures, and pastures, which at times included causing deaths and threats to specific targets. As of 2005, protesters from Mapuche communities have used these tactics against properties of both multinational forestry corporations and private individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the Mapuche launched many hunger strikes in attempts to effect change in the anti-terrorism legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, the Chilean government committed human rights abuses against the Mapuche based on Israeli military techniques and surveillance according to the French website Orin21.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_2019-11-11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2019-11-11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies of Chile</a> declared the Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistencia_Mapuche_Malleco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistencia Mapuche Malleco (page does not exist)">Resistencia Mapuche Malleco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistencia_Mapuche_Lavkenche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistencia Mapuche Lavkenche (page does not exist)">Resistencia Mapuche Lafkenche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichán Auka Mapu</a> as "illegal terrorist organizations".<sup id="cite_ref-CamaraCAM2022_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamaraCAM2022-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CooperativaCAM2022_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CooperativaCAM2022-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LTCAM2022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTCAM2022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil exploitation and fracking in the <a href="/wiki/Vaca_Muerta" title="Vaca Muerta">Vaca Muerta</a> site in Neuquen, one of the biggest shale-oil and shale-gas deposits in the world, has produced waste dumps of sludge waste, polluting the environment close to the town of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1elo" title="Añelo">Añelo</a>, which is about 1,200km south of Buenos Aires. In 2018, the Mapuche were suing Exxon, French company <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Energy">Pan American Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-batimes_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batimes-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche organized and constructed a network of forts and defensive buildings. Ancient Mapuche also built ceremonial constructions such as some earthwork <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> discovered near Purén.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche quickly adopted <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal-working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-working">metal-working</a> (<a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunches</a> already worked <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Mapuche learned <a href="/wiki/Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">horse riding</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> in war from the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, along with the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>. </p><p>In the 300-year co-existence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with Spaniards, Argentines, and Chileans. Such trade lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for Mapuche wrought their jewelry from the large and widely dispersed quantity of Spanish, Argentine, and Chilean silver coins. Mapuche also made headdresses with <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, which were called <i>trarilonko,</i> etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuche_languages">Mapuche languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mapuche languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg/170px-Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg/255px-Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Mapuche_telas_y_juegos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Familia Mapuche</i></span>, by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Gay" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudio Gay">Claudio Gay</a>, 1848.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are <a href="/wiki/Huillice_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Huillice language">Huilliche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a>. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía, and Los Lagos Regions. </p><p>Mapuche speakers of <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean Spanish</a> who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more <a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">impersonal pronouns</a> when speaking Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology_and_beliefs">Cosmology and beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cosmology and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_(1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg/170px-A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg/255px-A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg/340px-A_council_of_araucanian_philosophers_%281904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><i>A council of Araucanian philosophers</i>, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Central to Mapuche cosmology is the idea of a creator called <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">ngenechen</i></span>, who is embodied in four components: an older man (<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">fucha/futra/cha chau</i></span>), an older woman (<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">kude/kuse</i></span>), a young man, and a young woman. They believe in worlds known as the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Wenu Mapu</i></span> and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Minche Mapu</i></span>. Also, Mapuche cosmology is informed by complex notions of spirits that coexist with humans and animals in the natural world, and daily circumstances can dictate spiritual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most well-known Mapuche ritual ceremony is the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Ngillatun</i></span>, which loosely translates as "to pray" or "general prayer". These ceremonies are often major communal events that are of extreme spiritual and social importance. Many other ceremonies are practiced, and not all are for public or communal participation but are sometimes limited to family. </p><p>The main groups of deities and/or spirits in Mapuche mythology are the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Pillan" title="Pillan">Pillan</a></i></span> and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">Wangulen</i></span> (ancestral spirits), the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Ngen" title="Ngen">Ngen</a></i></span> (spirits in nature), and the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Wekufe" title="Wekufe">wekufe</a></i></span> (evil spirits). </p><p>Central to Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> is the role of the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Machi_(Shaman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machi (Shaman)">machi</a></i></span> (shaman). It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>. The machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions, and <a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">dreamwork</a>. Machis often have extensive knowledge of regional <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herbs">medicinal herbs</a>. As biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined, but the Mapuche people are reviving it in their communities. Machis have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and sacred animals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n,_en_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg/170px-Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg/255px-Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg/340px-Hija_del_Cacique_Quilpr%C3%A1n%2C_en_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>The daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">lonko</a> Quilapán</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many cultures, the Mapuche have a <a href="/wiki/Deluge_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge myth">deluge myth</a> (<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">epeu</i></span>) of a major flood in which the world is destroyed and recreated. The myth involves two opposing forces: <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Kai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Kai (page does not exist)">Kai Kai</a></i></span> (water, which brings death through floods) and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tren_Tren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tren Tren (page does not exist)">Tren Tren</a></i></span> (dry earth, which brings sunshine). In the deluge almost all humanity is drowned; the few not drowned survive through <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. At last, only one couple is left. A machi tells them that they must give their only child to the waters, which they do, and this restores order to the world. </p><p>Part of the Mapuche ritual is prayer and animal sacrifice, required to maintain the cosmic balance. This belief has continued to current times. In 1960, for example, a machi sacrificed a young boy, throwing him into the water after an <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">earthquake and a tsunami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mapuche have incorporated the remembered history of their long independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans and Argentines) and of the treaty with the Chilean and Argentine governments in the 1870s. Memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche. At the same time, a large majority of Mapuche in Chile identify with the state as Chilean, similar to a large majority in Argentina identifying as Argentines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany_of_the_Mapuche" title="Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche">Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che_mamull_proporcion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Che_mamull_proporcion.svg/220px-Che_mamull_proporcion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Che_mamull_proporcion.svg/330px-Che_mamull_proporcion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Che_mamull_proporcion.svg/440px-Che_mamull_proporcion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Height of a <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><span lang="arn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">chemamull</a></span></span> (Mapuche funeral statue) compared to a person.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies_and_traditions">Ceremonies and traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ceremonies and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></i></span> is the Mapuche <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> celebration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche textiles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg/220px-Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg/330px-Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg/440px-Artesania_Chilena_-_Manta_Mapuche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">poncho</a> exhibited in Museo Artesanía Chilena.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the best-known arts of the Mapuche is their <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>. The oldest data on textiles in the southernmost areas of the American continent (southern Chile and Argentina today) are found in some <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> excavations, such as those of Pitrén Cemetery near the city of <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a>, and the Alboyanco site in the <a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío Region</a>, both of Chile; and the Rebolledo Arriba Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province" title="Neuquén Province">Neuquén Province</a> (Argentina). researchers have found evidence of fabrics made with complex techniques and designs, dated between AD 1300–1350.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mapuche women were responsible for spinning and weaving. Knowledge of both weaving techniques and textile patterns particular to the locality was usually transmitted within the family, with mothers, grandmothers, and aunts teaching a girl the skills they had learned from their elders. Women who excelled in the textile arts were highly honored for their accomplishments and contributed economically and culturally to their kinship group. A measure of the importance of weaving is evident in the expectation that a man gives a larger <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> for a bride who was an accomplished weaver.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the Mapuche used their textiles as an important surplus and an exchange trading good. Numerous sixteenth-century accounts describe their bartering the textiles with other indigenous peoples, and with colonists in newly developed settlements. Such trading enabled the Mapuche to obtain those goods that they did not produce or held in high esteem, such as horses. Tissue volumes made by Aboriginal women and marketed in the Araucanía and the north of Patagonia Argentina were considerable and constituted a vital economic resource for indigenous families.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of fabrics in the time before European settlement was intended for uses beyond domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present, the fabrics woven by the Mapuche continue to be used for domestic purposes, as well as for gift, sale, or barter. Most Mapuche women and their families now wear garments with foreign designs and tailored with materials of industrial origin, but they continue to weave ponchos, blankets, bands, and belts for regular use. Many of the fabrics are woven for trade, and in many cases, are an important source of income for families.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glazed pots are used to dye the wool.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. blogs generally not acceptable as sources per WP:RS (January 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Mapuche women continue to weave fabrics according to the customs of their ancestors and transmit their knowledge in the same way: within domestic life, from mother to daughter, and from grandmothers to granddaughters. This form of learning is based on gestural imitation, and only rarely, and when strictly necessary, the apprentice receives explicit instructions or help from their instructors. Knowledge is transmitted as the fabric is woven, the weaving and transmission of knowledge go together.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clava_hand-club">Clava hand-club</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clava hand-club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete,_Chile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG/220px-Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG/330px-Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG/440px-Clava_symbol_in_Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Monument in the form of a gigantic <i>clava mere okewa</i>, located in Avenida <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ete,_Chile" title="Cañete, Chile">Cañete, Chile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a traditional stone hand club used by the Mapuche which has been called a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">clava</i></span> (Spanish for club). It has a long flat body. Another name is <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">clava mere okewa</i></span>; in Spanish, it may also be called a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">clava cefalomorfa</i></span>. It has some ritual importance as a special sign of distinction carried by tribal chiefs. Many kinds of clubs are known. </p><p>This is an object associated with masculine power. It consists of a disk with an attached handle; the edge of the disc usually has a semicircular recess. In many cases, the face portrayed on the disc carries incised designs. The handle is cylindrical, generally with a larger diameter at its connection to the disk.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silverwork">Silverwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Silverwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Mapuche silverwork</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapelacucha_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trapelacucha_drawing.svg/170px-Trapelacucha_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trapelacucha_drawing.svg/255px-Trapelacucha_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trapelacucha_drawing.svg/340px-Trapelacucha_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a trapelacucha, a silver finery piece.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later half of the eighteenth century, Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmiths</a> began to produce large amounts of silver finery.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surge of silversmithing activity may be related to the <a href="/wiki/1726_parliament_of_Negrete" class="mw-redirect" title="1726 parliament of Negrete">1726 parliament of Negrete</a> that decreased hostilities between Spaniards and Mapuches and allowed trade to increase between colonial Chile and the free Mapuches.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context of increasing trade Mapuches began in the late eighteenth century to accept payments in <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> for their products, usually cattle or horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins and silver coins obtained in political negotiations served as raw material for Mapuche metalsmiths (<a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun language">Mapudungun</a>: <i lang="arn">rüxafe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kangiser_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Painecura25-26_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Mapuche silver <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> often included unmelted silver coins, something that has helped modern researchers to date the objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangiser_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the Spanish silver coins originated from mining in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Painecura25-26_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great diversity in silver finery designs is because designs were made to be identified with different <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">reynma</i></span> (families), <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">lof mapu</i></span> (lands) as well as specific <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">lonkos</a></i></span> and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn"><a href="/wiki/Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">machis</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Painecura27-28_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche silver finery was also subject to changes in <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> albeit designs associated with philosophical and spiritual concepts have not undergone major changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Painecura27-28_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Mapuche silversmithing activity and artistic diversity reached its climax.<sup id="cite_ref-Painecura30_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Painecura30-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All important Mapuche chiefs of the nineteenth century are supposed to have had at least one silversmith.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1984 Mapuche scholar Carlos Aldunate noted that there were no silversmiths alive among contemporary Mapuches.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldunate_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mapuche culture of the sixteenth century had an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> and lacked a writing system. Since that time, a writing system for Mapudungun was developed, and Mapuche writings in both <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> have flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrasco_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Mapuche literature can be said to be composed of an oral tradition and Spanish-Mapudungun bilingual writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrasco_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a> include Sebastián Queupul, Pedro Alonzo, <a href="/wiki/Elicura_Chihuailaf" title="Elicura Chihuailaf">Elicura Chihuailaf</a>, and Leonel Lienlaf.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrasco_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cogender_views">Cogender views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cogender views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the Mapuche in La Araucanía, in addition to heterosexual female <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi</i></span> shamanesses, there are homosexual male <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi weye</i></span> shamans, who wear female clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi weye</i></span> were first described in Spanish in a chronicle of 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Mapuche, "the spirits are interested in machi's gendered discourses and performances, not in the sex under the machi's clothes".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attracting the <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">filew</i></span> (possessing spirit), "Both male and female <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi</i></span> become spiritual brides who seduce and call their <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">filew</i></span> – at once husband and master – to possess their heads ... The ritual transvestism of male <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi</i></span> ... draws attention to the relational gender categories of spirit husband and <span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi</i></span> wife as a couple (<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">kurewen</i></span>)."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As concerning "co-gendered identities"<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of "<span title="Mapudungun-language text"><i lang="arn">machi</i></span> as co-gender specialists",<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been speculated that "female <a href="/wiki/Berdaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdaches">berdaches</a>" may have formerly existed among the Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state"><span id="Mapuche.2C_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state"></span>Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the independence of Chile in the 1810s, the Mapuche began to be perceived as Chilean by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as a separate people or nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Foerster_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foerster-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not everybody agreed; 19th-century Argentine writer and president <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> presented his view of the Mapuche-Chile relation by stating:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between two Chilean provinces (<a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>) there is a piece of land that is not a province, its language is different, it is inhabited by other people and it can still be said that it is not part of Chile. Yes, Chile is the name of the country over where its flag waves and its laws are obeyed.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilizing_mission_discourses_and_scientific_racism">Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monvoisin,_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/220px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/330px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/440px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Monvoisin" title="Raymond Monvoisin">Raymond Monvoisin</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bravo" title="Elisa Bravo">Elisa Bravo</a> who was said to have survived the 1849 wreck of <i><a href="/wiki/Joven_Daniel" title="Joven Daniel">Joven Daniel</a></i> to be then kidnapped by Mapuches.</figcaption></figure> <p>The events surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Joven_Daniel" title="Joven Daniel">wreck of <i>Joven Daniel</i></a> at the coast of Araucanía in 1849 are considered an "inflection point" or "point of no return" in the relations between Mapuches and the Chilean state.<sup id="cite_ref-Munoz2010_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munoz2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It cemented views of Mapuches as brutal barbarians and showed in the view of many that Chilean authorities' earlier goodwill was naive.<sup id="cite_ref-Munoz2010_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munoz2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa163-165_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various recorded instances in the nineteenth century when Mapuches were the subject of <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a> discourses by elements of the Chilean government and military. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a> called in 1861 for Mapuches to submit to Chilean state authority and "enter into reduction and civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrando398-402_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando398-402-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Mapuches were <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">finally defeated in 1883</a> President <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">Domingo Santa María</a> declared:<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrando583_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando583-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The country has with satisfaction seen the problem of the reduction of the whole Araucanía solved. This event, so important to our social and political life, and so significant for the future of the republic, has ended, happily and with costly and painful sacrifices. Today the whole Araucanía is subjugated, more than to the material forces, to the moral and civilizing force of the republic ...</p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a mestizo race made of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> and the Araucanian ... </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a> in <i>La raza chilena</i>, p. 34.</cite></div> </div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this context that Chilean physician <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a> hailed the Mapuche "race" arguing from a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a> and nationalist point of view. He considered the Mapuche superior to other tribes and the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> a blend of Mapuches and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> elements from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writings of Palacios became later influential among <a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chilean Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> (1861–1883) and the War of the Pacific, Chile had incorporated territories with new indigenous populations. Mapuches obtained relatively favourable views as "primordial" Chileans contrasting with other indigenous peoples like the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> who were perceived as "foreign elements".<sup id="cite_ref-Vergara_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergara-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_attitudes">Contemporary attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Since some four years ago a History of the Civilization in Araucanía has been published in the said <i><a href="/wiki/Anales_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile" title="Anales de la Universidad de Chile">Anales</a></i> in which our indigenous ancestors are treated like savages, cruel, depraved, lacking morals, lacking warrior skills ... </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a>, <i>La raza chilena</i>, p. 62.</cite></div> </div> <p>Contemporary attitudes towards Mapuches on the part of non-indigenous people in Chile are highly individual and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a considerable part of the non-indigenous people in Chile have a prejudiced and discriminatory attitude towards Mapuche. In a 2003 study, it was found that among the sample, 41% of people over 60 years old, 35% of people of low <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> standing, 35% of the supporters of right-wing parties, 36% of Protestants, and 26% of Catholics were prejudiced against indigenous peoples in Chile. In contrast, only 8% of those who attended university, 16% of supporters of left-wing parties, and 19% of people aged 18–29 were prejudiced.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific prejudices about the Mapuche are that the Mapuches are lazy and alcoholic; to some lesser degree, Mapuche are sometimes judged antiquated and dirty.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, many Mapuche women migrated to large cities to work as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic workers">domestic workers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">nanas mapuches</i>). In Santiago, many of these women settled in <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Navia" title="Cerro Navia">Cerro Navia</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Pintana" title="La Pintana">La Pintana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serena2010_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serena2010-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Fassin" title="Éric Fassin">Éric Fassin</a> has called the occurrence of Mapuche domestic workers a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial relations</a> of servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mapuches_(1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Wenufoye</i> flag created in 1992 by the indigenist organization "<a href="/wiki/Consejo_de_Todas_las_Tierras" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo de Todas las Tierras">Consejo de Todas las Tierras</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Vial_Correa" title="Gonzalo Vial Correa">Gonzalo Vial</a> claimed that the Republic of Chile owes a "historical debt" to the Mapuche. The <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> claims to have the goal of a "national liberation" of Mapuche, with their regaining sovereignty over their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Foerster_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foerster-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly there is a tendency among female Mapuche activists to reject <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> as they consider their struggle to go beyond gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Serena2010_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serena2010-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapuches_and_the_Argentine_state">Mapuches and the Argentine state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mapuches and the Argentine state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehuelche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/220px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/330px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/440px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Argentinian Tehuelche-Mapuche</figcaption></figure> <p>19th-century Argentine authorities aiming to incorporate the Pampas and Patagonia into national territory recognized the <a href="/wiki/Puelmapu" title="Puelmapu">Puelmapu</a> Mapuche's strong connections with Chile. This gave Chile a certain influence over the Pampas. Argentine authorities feared that in an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia, Mapuches would align themselves with Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, <a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Zeballos" title="Estanislao Zeballos">Estanislao Zeballos</a> published the work <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Conquista de quince mil leguas</i></span> (<i>The Fifteen Thousand League Conquest</i>) in 1878, which had been commissioned by the Argentine Ministry of War. In <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Conquista de quince mil leguas</i></span> Mapuches were presented as Chileans who were bound to return to Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2020_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuches were thus indirectly considered foreign enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2020_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a notion fitted well with the expansionist designs of <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> for Puelmapu.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2020_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of Mapuches as Chileans is however an anachronism as Mapuches precede the formation of the modern state of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2020_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1920 Argentine <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></i></span> revived the idea of Mapuches being Chileans, in strong contrast with 20th-century scholars based in Chile such as <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_E._Latcham" title="Ricardo E. Latcham">Ricardo E. Latcham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Encina" title="Francisco Antonio Encina">Francisco Antonio Encina</a> who advanced a theory that <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Mapuches originated east of the Andes</a> before penetrating what came to be Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoaorigen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoaorigen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2020_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as 2017 Argentine historian Roberto E. Porcel wrote in a communiqué to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_History" title="National Academy of History">National Academy of History</a> that those who often claim to be Mapuches in Argentina would be rather <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, emboldened by European-descent supporters, who "lack any right for their claims and violence, not only for NOT being most of them Araucanians [sic], but also because they [the Araucanians] do not rank among our indigenous peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_politics">Modern politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Chilean_general_election" title="2017 Chilean general election">2017 Chilean general election</a>, the first two Mapuche women were elected to the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Congress">Chilean Congress</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aracely_Leuqu%C3%A9n_Uribe" title="Aracely Leuquén Uribe">Aracely Leuquén Uribe</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Nuyado" title="Emilia Nuyado">Emilia Nuyado</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2012, renowned Mapuche weaver <a href="/wiki/Anita_Paillamil" title="Anita Paillamil">Anita Paillamil</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">Chilean</a> artist Guillermo Bert to create "Encoded Textiles," an exhibit that combined traditional mapuche <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">textile weaving</a> with <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR Code</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2020 Chilean-Brazilian animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_and_the_Magic_Book" title="Nahuel and the Magic Book">Nahuel and the Magic Book</a></i> features major characters, Fresia and Huenchur who represent her clothing attire and her tribe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a> video game <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i> features the Mapuche as a playable civilization (added in the <i>Rise and Fall</i> expansion). Their leader is <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>, a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running ArauIsab.</li> <li>The novel "<a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_of_My_Soul" title="Inés of My Soul">Inés of My Soul</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> features the conquest of Chile by Pedro Valdivia, and a large part of the book deals with the Mapuche Conflict.</li> <li>The plot of the 2021 Chilean thriller film "<a href="/wiki/Immersion_(film)" title="Immersion (film)">Immersion</a>" is a power struggle between a vacationing family and three Mapuche men.</li> <li>The 2023 film "Sayen" depicts Mapuche villagers resisting an international mining company seeking to exploit cobalt.</li> <li>In 2024 expansion pack Trial of Allegiance for grand-strategy video game <a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Iron_IV" title="Hearts of Iron IV">Hearts of Iron IV</a> the player may play as <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and with respective focus trees, either restore the kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, with recognized Mapuche minority or have Mapuche coup and liberate the Native Americans from both North and South American continents.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Flag of the Mapuches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Guñelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wekufe" title="Wekufe">Wekufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillan" title="Pillan">Pillan</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> with its large population is not included in this estimate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These "cities" were often no more than forts.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2017census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125192929/https://resultados.censo2017.cl/">"2017 Census"</a>. Censo2017.cl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resultados.censo2017.cl/">the original</a> on 2019-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+Census&rft.pub=Censo2017.cl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresultados.censo2017.cl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Censo_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Censo_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-Tema-2-41-165">"Censo 2022"</a> [Census 2022]. <i>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, República Argentina</i>. INDEC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapuche.info/azkin/az_domingo13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZ+Domingo+17+de+Febrero+de+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapuche.info%2Fazkin%2Faz_domingo13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3286.html">"La Araucana"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena</i>. 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-100855.html">"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+poblaciones+reche-mapuche+%E2%80%93+Memoria+Chilena%2C+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-100855.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-100855.html">"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+poblaciones+reche-mapuche+%E2%80%93+Memoria+Chilena%2C+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-100855.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011741/http://turismoculturalmapuche.com/en/mapuche-culture/">"Mapuche territorial identities of Araucania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turismoculturalmapuche.com/en/mapuche-culture/">the original</a> on 2019-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2009</span>. <q>...ayer mataron al apo y todos los cristianos que con él venían, que no escapó ninguno, y todos los yanaconas de servicio, si no eran los que se habían escondido</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CXVI&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+y+relaci%C3%B3n+copiosa+y+verdadera+de+los+reinos+de+Chile&rft.aulast=Vivar&rft.aufirst=Jer%C3%B3nimo+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.jcyl.es%2Fcronicas%2Fcontextos%2F10876.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillehay2007p335-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillehay2007p335_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dillehay 2007, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo320-321-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo320-321_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2003, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villaloboes109-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo324-325-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo324-325_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2003, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MemCHLfuertebulnes-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MemCHLfuertebulnes_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-714.html">"El fuerte Bulnes"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cooperativa.cl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20051111/pags/20051111124708.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redireccionando&rft.pub=Cooperativa.cl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fp4_noticias%2Fantialone.html%3Fpage%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fp4_noticias%2Fsite%2Fartic%2F20051111%2Fpags%2F20051111124708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speroforum.com/a/20549/Mapuche-struggle-for-autonomy-in-Chile">"Mapuche struggle for autonomy in Chile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112944/https://www.speroforum.com/a/20549/Mapuche-struggle-for-autonomy-in-Chile">Archived</a> 2019-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spero Forum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/mapuche-hunger-strike-in-chile-highlights-the-real-problem-facing-president-sebastian-pinera/">"Mapuche hunger strike in Chile highlights the real problem facing President Sebastian Pinera"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129160347/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/mapuche-hunger-strike-in-chile-highlights-the-real-problem-facing-president-sebastian-pinera/">Archived</a> 2014-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Sounds and colors</i> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent_2019-11-11-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_2019-11-11_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinevich2019" class="citation news cs1">Zinevich, Benjamin (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/chile-protests-army-israel-palestine-santiago-pinera-pinochet-mapuche-a9167021.html">"You've heard about the violence in Chile. You probably haven't about their relationship with Israel's army"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=You%27ve+heard+about+the+violence+in+Chile.+You+probably+haven%27t+about+their+relationship+with+Israel%27s+army&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Zinevich&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fchile-protests-army-israel-palestine-santiago-pinera-pinochet-mapuche-a9167021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamaraCAM2022-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CamaraCAM2022_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camara.cl/verDoc.aspx?prmId=7159&prmTipo=RESOLUCION">"Proyecto de Resolución N° 128"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proyecto+de+Resoluci%C3%B3n+N%C2%B0+128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.camara.cl%2FverDoc.aspx%3FprmId%3D7159%26prmTipo%3DRESOLUCION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CooperativaCAM2022-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CooperativaCAM2022_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/regiones/zona-sur/camara-baja-declaro-a-la-cam-y-otros-tres-grupos-radicales-como/2022-05-31/213626.html">"Cámara de Diputados declara a la CAM y otras tres organizaciones radicales como "asociaciones ilícitas de carácter terrorista"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Spanish). Cooperativa. May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A1mara+de+Diputados+declara+a+la+CAM+y+otras+tres+organizaciones+radicales+como+%22asociaciones+il%C3%ADcitas+de+car%C3%A1cter+terrorista%22&rft.pub=Cooperativa&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperativa.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fpais%2Fregiones%2Fzona-sur%2Fcamara-baja-declaro-a-la-cam-y-otros-tres-grupos-radicales-como%2F2022-05-31%2F213626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTCAM2022-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LTCAM2022_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S, Rodrigo Gómez (June 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/camara-de-diputados-declara-a-la-cam-y-otras-tres-organizaciones-radicales-como-asociaciones-ilicitas-de-caracter-terrorista/RZYPRDJ6QJEORBWNIYHQMZDI6E/">"Cámara Baja declaró a la CAM y otros tres grupos radicales como asociaciones terroristas"</a>. <i>La Tercera</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1mara+Baja+declar%C3%B3+a+la+CAM+y+otros+tres+grupos+radicales+como+asociaciones+terroristas&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=S&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+G%C3%B3mez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fnacional%2Fnoticia%2Fcamara-de-diputados-declara-a-la-cam-y-otras-tres-organizaciones-radicales-como-asociaciones-ilicitas-de-caracter-terrorista%2FRZYPRDJ6QJEORBWNIYHQMZDI6E%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-batimes-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-batimes_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/mapuche-group-files-lawsuit-against-multinationals-over-pollution-from-vaca-muerta.phtml">"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta"</a>. <i>Buenos Aires Times</i>. pp. 2018–12–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buenos+Aires+Times&rft.atitle=Mapuche+group+files+lawsuit+against+multinationals+over+pollution+from+Vaca+Muerta&rft.pages=2018-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batimes.com.ar%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fmapuche-group-files-lawsuit-against-multinationals-over-pollution-from-vaca-muerta.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dillehay,_Tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillehay, Tom">Dillehay, Tom</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521872621&ss=fro">Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives</a></i> (Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Mariño de Lobera, in <b>Crónica del Reino de Chile</b>, ch. XXXI and XXXIII, mentions copper points on the Mapuche pikes in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andalien" title="Battle of Andalien">Battle of Andalien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Battle of Penco</a>. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru, from around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The Mapuche may have learned copper metal working from their prior interaction with the Inca Empire or prior Peruvian cultures, or it may have been a native craft that developed independently in the region (copper being common in Chile).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado_Cubillos2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hurtado Cubillos, Luz Marcela (2009). "La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile". <i>Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica</i> (in Spanish). <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.atitle=La+expresi%C3%B3n+de+impersonalidad+en+el+espa%C3%B1ol+de+Chile&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hurtado+Cubillos&rft.aufirst=Luz+Marcela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ngenechen, and Don Armando Marileo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_Shamanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mapuche Shamanism (page does not exist)">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella</a> (2004). Mariko Namba Walter, Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA419"><i>Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-645-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-645-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+world+beliefs%2C+practices%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-645-3&rft.aulast=Bacigalupo&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mariella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8waCmzjiD4C%26q%3Dmapuche%2Bboy%2B1960%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2007" class="citation book cs1">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8aolrvQetoC&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA47"><i>Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche</i></a>. University of Texas Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71659-9"><bdi>978-0-292-71659-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans+of+the+Foye+Tree%3A+Gender%2C+Power%2C+and+Healing+among+Chilean+Mapuche&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71659-9&rft.aulast=Bacigalupo&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mariella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8aolrvQetoC%26q%3Dmapuche%2Bboy%2B1960%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAladama2003" class="citation book cs1">Aladama, Arturo J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCH6zsDB5mkC&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA326"><i>Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21559-8"><bdi>978-0-253-21559-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+and+the+Body%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+the+State&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21559-8&rft.aulast=Aladama&rft.aufirst=Arturo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCH6zsDB5mkC%26q%3Dmapuche%2Bboy%2B1960%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugnoli y Hoces de la Guardia, 1995; Alvarado, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1992; Mendez, 2009a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garavaglia, 1986; Palermo, 1994; Mendez, 2009b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Méndez, 2009b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1992; Alvarado, 2002; Mendez, 2009a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesuitas2009" class="citation web cs1">Jesuitas, Misión Mapuche- (2009-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiruasj.blogspot.com/2009/05/noticias-de-mayo.html">"Misión Jesuita Mapuche: Noticias de Mayo..."</a> <i>Misión Jesuita Mapuche</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Misi%C3%B3n+Jesuita+Mapuche&rft.atitle=Misi%C3%B3n+Jesuita+Mapuche%3A+Noticias+de+Mayo...&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft.aulast=Jesuitas&rft.aufirst=Misi%C3%B3n+Mapuche-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiruasj.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fnoticias-de-mayo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesauroregional.cl/trp/tesauro/default.asp?a=338&Element_ID=400">Several types of clavas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224904/http://www.tesauroregional.cl/trp/tesauro/default.asp?a=338&Element_ID=400">Archived</a> 2014-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tesauro Regional Patrimonial, Chile</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chileprecolombino.cl/coleccion/clava-cefalomorfa/">Image of <i>clava cefalomorfa</i></a> Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldunate-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldunate1984" class="citation journal cs1">Aldunate, Carlos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7770%2Fcuhso-v1n1-art129">"Refrexiones acerca de la platería mapuche"</a>. <i>CUHSO</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7770%2Fcuhso-v1n1-art129">10.7770/cuhso-v1n1-art129</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CUHSO&rft.atitle=Refrexiones+acerca+de+la+plater%C3%ADa+mapuche&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7770%2Fcuhso-v1n1-art129&rft.aulast=Aldunate&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7770%252Fcuhso-v1n1-art129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kangiser-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangiser_Gómez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kangiser Gómez, María Fernanda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234953/http://www.museodevalparaiso.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_27.pdf">"Conservación en platería mapuche: Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Conserva</i>. <b>6</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conserva&rft.atitle=Conservaci%C3%B3n+en+plater%C3%ADa+mapuche%3A+Museo+Fonck%2C+Vi%C3%B1a+del+Mar&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kangiser+G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Fernanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodevalparaiso.cl%2Fdinamicas%2FDocAdjunto_27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Painecura25-26-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Painecura 2012, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Painecura27-28-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Painecura 2012, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Painecura30-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Painecura30_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Painecura 2012, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrasco-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrasco, I. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0071-17132000003500009">"Mapuche poets in Chilean literature"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Estudios_Filol%C3%B3gicos" title="Estudios Filológicos">Estudios Filológicos</a></i>, 35, 139–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 111–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. "The Struggle for Mapuche Shamans' Masculinity: Colonial Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Southern Chile". <i>Ethnohistory</i>, vol. 51, no. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 489–533. EBSCO<i>host</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vilaça, Aparecida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cunygc/detail.action?docID=438515">"The Re-Invention of Mapuche Male Shamans as Catholic Priests: Legitimizing Indigenous Co-Gender Identities in Modern Chile"</a>. In <i>Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas</i>, edited by Robin M. Wright, Taylor and Francis, 2009, pp 89–108. ProQuest Ebook Central.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán. <i>Cautiverio felíz y razón de las guerras dilatadas de Chile</i>. Santiago: Imprenta el Ferrocarril, 1863.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2007" class="citation web cs1">Donovan, Patricia (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315193258/http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archives/vol38/vol38n24/articles/BacigalupoShamens.html">"The gendered realm of the foye tree"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archives/vol38/vol38n24/articles/BacigalupoShamens.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+gendered+realm+of+the+foye+tree&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalo.edu%2Fubreporter%2Farchives%2Fvol38%2Fvol38n24%2Farticles%2FBacigalupoShamens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 131–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2007" class="citation book cs1">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230045035/https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bacsha"><i>Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71659-9"><bdi>978-0-292-71659-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bacsha">the original</a> on 2020-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans+of+the+Foye+Tree%3A+Gender%2C+Power%2C+and+Healing+among+Chilean+Mapuche&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007-04&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71659-9&rft.aulast=Bacigalupo&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mariella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpress.utexas.edu%2Fbooks%2Fbacsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 268, n. 5:18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foerster-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foerster_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foerster_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foerster, Rolf 2001. <i>Sociedad mapuche y sociedad chilena: la deuda histórica.</i> Polis, Revista de la Universidad Bolivariana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayuqueo2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cayuqueo" title="Pedro Cayuqueo">Cayuqueo, Pedro</a> (August 14, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azkintuwe.org/agos12_01.htm">"Hernan Curiñir Lincoqueo, historiador mapuche: 'Sobre el Bicentenario chileno tenemos mucho que decir'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>Azkintuwe.org</i> (in Spanish)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azkintuwe.org&rft.atitle=Hernan+Curi%C3%B1ir+Lincoqueo%2C+historiador+mapuche%3A+%27Sobre+el+Bicentenario+chileno+tenemos+mucho+que+decir%27&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.aulast=Cayuqueo&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azkintuwe.org%2Fagos12_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munoz2010-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munoz2010_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munoz2010_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz_Sougarret2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). 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El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile". <i>Tiempo Histórico</i> (in Spanish) (1): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tiempo+Hist%C3%B3rico&rft.atitle=El+naufragio+del+bergant%C3%ADn+Joven+Daniel%2C+1849.+El+ind%C3%ADgena+en+el+imaginario+hist%C3%B3rico+de+Chile&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz+Sougarret&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengoa163-165-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa163-165_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2000, pp. 163–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrando398-402-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrando398-402_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando_Kaun1986" class="citation book cs1">Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). <i>Y así nació La Frontera...</i> (Second ed.). 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Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Sociología, Fundación Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encuesta+Tolerancia+y+No+Discriminaci%C3%B3n+Tercera+Medici%C3%B3n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Chile%2C+Departamento+de+Sociolog%C3%ADa%2C+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Facultad+de+Ciencias+Sociales&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Aymerich&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Canales%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Vivanco%2C+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libros.uchile.cl%2Ffiles%2Fpresses%2F1%2Fmonographs%2F240%2Fsubmission%2Fproof%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Findex.html%23page70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilaquea_R.Merino_D.Saiz_V.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Quilaquea R., Daniel; Merino D., María Eugenia; Saiz V., José Luis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622007000200006&script=sci_arttext">"Representación social mapuche e imaginario social no mapuche de la discriminación percibida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atenea" title="Atenea">Atenea</a></i>. <b>496</b> (II): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atenea&rft.atitle=Representaci%C3%B3n+social+mapuche+e+imaginario+social+no+mapuche+de+la+discriminaci%C3%B3n+percibida&rft.volume=496&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Quilaquea+R.&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Merino+D.%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Eugenia&rft.au=Saiz+V.%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.conicyt.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0718-04622007000200006%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serena2010-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serena2010_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serena2010_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrove2010" class="citation book cs1">Cosgrove, Serena (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.t13.cl&rft.atitle=D%C3%ADa+hist%C3%B3rico+en+el+Congreso%3A+asumen+las+primeras+dos+diputadas+mapuche&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t13.cl%2Fnoticia%2Fpolitica%2Fdia-historico-congreso-asume-primera-diputada-mapuche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandford2013" class="citation web cs1">Sandford, Maggie (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/whats-a-qr-code-doing-on-that-blanket-4613884/">"What's a QR Code Doing on That Blanket?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+QR+Code+Doing+on+That+Blanket%3F&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Finnovation%2Fwhats-a-qr-code-doing-on-that-blanket-4613884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alvarado, Margarita (2002) "El esplendor del adorno: El poncho y el chanuntuku” En: <i>Hijos del Viento, Arte de los Pueblos del Sur, Siglo XIX.</i> Buenos Aires: Fundación PROA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengoa2000" class="citation book cs1">Bengoa, José (2000). <i>Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX</i> (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-282-232-X" title="Special:BookSources/956-282-232-X"><bdi>956-282-232-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+pueblo+mapuche%3A+Siglos+XIX+y+XX&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=LOM+Ediciones&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=956-282-232-X&rft.aulast=Bengoa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brugnoli, Paulina y Hoces de la Guardia, Soledad (1995). "Estudio de fragmentos del sitio Alboyanco". En: <i>Hombre y Desierto, una perspectiva cultural</i>, 9: 375–381.</li> <li>Corcuera, Ruth (1987). <i>Herencia textil andina</i>. Buenos Aires: Impresores SCA.</li> <li>Corcuera, Ruth (1998). <i>Ponchos de las Tierras del Plata</i>. Buenos Aires: Fondo Nacional de las Artes.</li> <li>Chertudi, Susana y Nardi, Ricardo (1961). "Tejidos Araucanos de la Argentina". En: <i>Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas</i>, 2: 97–182.</li> <li>Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (1986). “Los textiles de la tierra en el contexto colonial rioplatense: ¿una revolución industrial fallida?”. En: <i>Anuario IEHS</i>, 1:45–87.</li> <li>Joseph, Claude (1931). <i>Los tejidos Araucanos</i>. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta San Francisco, Padre Las Casas.</li> <li>Kradolfer, Sabine, <i>Quand la parenté impose, le don dispose. Organisation sociale, don et identité dans les communautés mapuche de la province de Neuquén (Argentine)</i> (Bern etc., Peter Lang, 2011) (Publications Universitaires Européennes. Série 19 B: Ethnologie-générale, 71).</li> <li>Mendez, Patricia (2009a). “Herencia textil, identidad indígena y recursos económicos en la Patagonia Argentina”. En: <i>Revista de la Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red</i>, 4, 1:11–53.</li> <li>Méndez, Patricia (2009b). “Los tejidos indígenas en la Patagonia Argentina: cuatro siglos de comercio textilI”. En: <i>Anuario Indiana</i>, 26: 233–265.</li> <li>Millán de Palavecino, María Delia (1960). “Vestimenta Argentina”. En: <i>Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas</i>, 1: 95–127.</li> <li>Murra, John (1975). <i>Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino.</i> Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.</li> <li>Nardi, Ricardo y Rolandi, Diana (1978). <i>1000 años de tejido en la Argentina</i>. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Cultura y Educación, Secretaría de Estado de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainecura_Antinao2012" class="citation book cs1">Painecura Antinao, Juan (2012). <i>Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charu.+Sociedad+y+cosmovisi%C3%B3n+en+la+plater%C3%ADa+mapuche&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Painecura+Antinao&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palermo, Miguel Angel (1994). "Economía y mujer en el sur argentino". En: <i>Memoria Americana</i> 3: 63–90.</li> <li>Wilson, Angélica (1992). <i>Arte de Mujeres</i>. Santiago de Chile: Ed. CEDEM, Colección Artes y Oficios Nº 3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/reviews/jose-cooke/">Nicholas Jose Reviews <i>Speaking the Earth’s Languages: A Theory for Australian-Chilean Postcolonial Poetics</i></a>': <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i>, 2014</li> <li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/translations/a-bilingual-conversation-in-four-poems/">Fogarty & Garrido: A Bilingual Conversation between Four Poems</a>': <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i>, 2012</li> <li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/translations/trilingual-visibility-in-our-transpacific/">Trilingual Visibility in Our Transpacific: Three Mapuche Poets</a>': <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i>, 2012</li> <li><i>Language of the Land : The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwgia.org/sw21526.asp">IWGIA – International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-91563-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-91563-37-9">978-87-91563-37-9</a></li> <li><i>When a flower is reborn : The Life and Times of a Mapuche Feminist</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2934-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2934-4">0-8223-2934-4</a></li> <li><i>Courage Tastes of Blood : The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3585-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3585-9">0-8223-3585-9</a></li> <li><i>Neoliberal Economics, Democratic Transition, and Mapuche Demands for Rights in Chile</i>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2938-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2938-4">0-8130-2938-4</a></li> <li><i>Shamans of the Foye Tree : Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71658-2">978-0-292-71658-2</a></li> <li><i>A Grammar of Mapuche</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019558-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019558-3">978-3-11-019558-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610101202/http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html">"Mapuche Dreamwork"</a>. Clas.berkeley.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapuche+Dreamwork&rft.pub=Clas.berkeley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clas.berkeley.edu%3A7001%2FGallery%2Fnakashima%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandelier1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bandelier, Adolph Francis (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01679b.htm">"Araucanians"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Araucanians&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bandelier&rft.aufirst=Adolph+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01679b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eim, Stefan (2010). <i>The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile (1545–1787)</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf">http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf</a>.</li> <li>Faron, Louis (1961). <i>Mapuche Social Structure, Illinois Studies in Anthropology</i> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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dialect">Tsesungún</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapuche_kultrun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mapuche_kultrun.svg/120px-Mapuche_kultrun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mapuche_kultrun.svg/180px-Mapuche_kultrun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mapuche_kultrun.svg/240px-Mapuche_kultrun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aillarehue" title="Aillarehue">Aillarehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalmapu" title="Butalmapu">Butalmapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">Chemamull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuel" title="Cuel">Kuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">Lonko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_military" title="Mapuche military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mapuche_culture" title="Polygamy in Mapuche culture">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehue" title="Rehue">Rehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruka_(house_type)" title="Ruka (house type)">Ruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Rüxafe (silverwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">Toki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmen_(Mapuche)" title="Ulmen (Mapuche)">Ulmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wampu (page does not exist)">Wampu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weichafe" title="Weichafe">Weichafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werk%C3%A9n" title="Werkén">Werkén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Wenufoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Wünelfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroanos">Boroanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cuncos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapochoes">Mapochoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promaucaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promaucaes">Promaucaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poya_people" title="Poya people">Poya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">Malón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization of Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">1723 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">1766 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_a_muerte" title="Guerra a muerte">Guerra a muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_de_los_chilenos" title="Camino de los chilenos">Camino de los chilenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">1881 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parliaments11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Paicav%C3%AD_(1612)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Paicaví (1612) (page does not exist)">Paicaví (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">Quillín (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Quillín (1647) (page does not exist)">Quillín (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Boroa" title="Parliament of Boroa">Boroa (1651)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malloco" title="Parliament of Malloco">Malloco (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1726)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1726)">Negrete (1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1793)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1793)">Negrete (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Las_Canoas" title="Parliament of Las Canoas">Las Canoas (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tapihue_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tapihue (1825)">Tapihue (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Toltén (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Coz_Coz" title="Parliament of Coz Coz">Coz Coz (1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mapuche" title="Category:Mapuche">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Argentina" title="Ethnic groups of Argentina">Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ancestral background of <a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentine citizens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan Argentine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Argentine">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_senegalesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración senegalesa en Argentina">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Argentines" title="South African Argentines">South African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abipón people">Abipón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chané people">Chané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capay%C3%A1n" title="Capayán">Capayán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huarpe people">Huarpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla people">Kolla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocov%C3%AD" title="Mocoví">Mocoví</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivacl%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivaclé people">Nivaclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poya_people" title="Poya people">Poya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_people" title="Toba people">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilmes_people" title="Quilmes people">Quilmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam people">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teushen" title="Teushen">Teushen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Argentina" title="Americans in Argentina">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Argentines" title="Bolivian Argentines">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_brasile%C3%B1a_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración brasileña en Argentina">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Argentines" title="Colombian Argentines">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Argentines" title="Chilean Argentines">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Argentines" title="Dominican Argentines">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_mexicana_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración mexicana en Argentina">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Argentines" title="Paraguayan Argentines">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Argentines" title="Peruvian Argentines">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayans in Argentina">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Argentines" title="Venezuelan Argentines">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Argentines" title="Asian Argentines">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Argentines" title="Arab Argentines">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Argentines" title="Lebanese Argentines">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Argentina" title="Indians in Argentina">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_israel%C3%AD_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración israelí en Argentina">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Argentina" title="Koreans in Argentina">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_gitana_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración gitana en Argentina">Roma (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_taiwanesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración taiwanesa en Argentina">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Argentines" title="Turkish Argentines">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religious beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Argentina" title="Mennonites in Argentina">Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By region<br />and country</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Argentines" title="Austrian Argentines">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Argentina" title="Czechs in Argentina">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Argentine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Argentines" title="Hungarian Argentines">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Argentine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Argentines" title="Slovene Argentines">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Argentines" title="Swiss Argentines">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Argentines" title="Belarusian Argentines">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Argentines" title="Russian Argentines">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentines" title="Ukrainian Argentines">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Baltic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Argentines" title="Estonian Argentines">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Argentine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Argentines" title="Lithuanian Argentines">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Argentine">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Argentine">Finnish</a></li> <li>Icelandic</li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Argentine">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_albanesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración albanesa en Argentina">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en Argentina">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Argentines" title="Croatian Argentines">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Argentines" title="Greek Argentines">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Argentine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Argentine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Argentine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_Serb_descent" title="Argentines of Serb descent">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberic">Iberic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Argentina">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Argentine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian</a></li> <li>Maltese</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian</li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Argentines" title="English Argentines">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Argentine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Argentine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Argentine">Irish</a></li> <li>Luxembourgian</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">All</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">European immigration to Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Araucanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cunco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aimara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacaluf_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alacaluf people">Kaweshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulla" title="Qulla">Qulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapanui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam people">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan people">Yaghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Immigration112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_austr%C3%ADaca_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración austríaca en Chile">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Chileans" title="Basque Chileans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belga_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración belga en Chile">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chileans" title="British Chileans">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Chileans" title="English Chileans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Chileans" title="Scottish Chileans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Chileans" title="Welsh Chileans">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Chileans" title="Croatian Chileans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_checa_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración checa en Chile">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Chileans" title="Dutch Chileans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chileans" title="French Chileans">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Chile" title="Greeks in Chile">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Chile" title="Hungarians in Chile">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Chileans" title="Irish Chileans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chileans" title="Italian Chileans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Chileans" title="Polish Chileans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chileans" title="Russian Chileans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Chileans" title="Spanish Chileans">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Chileans" title="Swiss Chileans">Swiss</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_and_Canadians_in_Chile" title="Americans and Canadians in Chile">Americans & Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Chileans" title="Arab Chileans">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Chileans" title="Lebanese Chileans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Chile" title="Palestinians in Chile">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_in_Chile" title="Argentines in Chile">Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_armenia_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración armenia en Chile">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_boliviana_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración boliviana en Chile">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_brasile%C3%B1a_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración brasileña en Chile">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_colombiana_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración colombiana en Chile">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en Chile">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_filipina_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración filipina en Chile">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Chileans" title="Haitian Chileans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Chile" title="Indians in Chile">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Chile" title="Koreans in Chile">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Chile" title="Mexican immigration to Chile">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_paraguaya_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración paraguaya en Chile">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_Chile" title="Peruvians in Chile">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Chile" title="Romani diaspora">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Chileans" title="Uruguayan Chileans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_venezolana_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración venezolana en Chile">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Chile" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Chile">Category:Ethnic groups in Chile</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006433">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123824900">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123824900">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mapučové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph351298&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576682">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294840305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03288107X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&oldid=1275685356">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapuche&oldid=1275685356</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mapuche" title="Category:Mapuche">Mapuche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous culture of the Americas">Indigenous culture of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southern_Cone" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone">Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Chile" title="Category:Society of Chile">Society of Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Indigenous peoples in Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous peoples in Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Category:Pre-Columbian cultures">Pre-Columbian cultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Chile" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Chile">Ethnic groups in Chile</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_December_2024" 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