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Bank</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: World Bank"> <meta name="keywords" content="World Bank"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="World Bank"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8343</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: World Bank</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8343</span> Engaging the World Bank: Good Governance and Human Rights-Based Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lottie%20Lane">Lottie Lane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is habitually assumed and stated that the World Bank should engage and comply with international human rights standards. However, the basis for holding the Bank to such standards is unclear. Most advocates of the idea invoke aspects of international law to argue that the Bank has existing obligations to act in compliance with human rights standards. The Bank itself, however, does not appear to accept such arguments, despite having endorsed the importance of human rights for a considerable length of time. A substantial challenge is that under the current international human rights law framework, the World Bank is considered a non-state actor, and as such, has no direct human rights obligations. In the absence of clear legal duties for the Bank, it is necessary to look at the tools available beyond the international human rights framework to encourage the Bank to comply with human rights standards. This article critically examines several bases for arguing that the Bank should comply and engage with human rights through its policies and practices. Drawing on the Bank’s own ‘good governance’ approach as well as the United Nations’ ‘human rights-based-approach’ to development, a new basis is suggested. First, the relationship between the World Bank and human rights is examined. Three perspectives are considered: (1) the legal position – what the status of the World Bank is under international human rights law, and whether it can be said to have existing legal human rights obligations; (2) the Bank’s own official position – how the Bank envisages its relationship with and role in the protection of human rights; and (3) the relationship between the Bank’s policies and practices and human rights (including how its attitudes are reflected in its policies and how the Bank’s operations impact human rights enjoyment in practice). Here, the article focuses on two examples – the (revised) 2016 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies and the 2012 case-study regarding Gambella, Ethiopia. Both examples are widely considered missed opportunities for the Bank to actively engage with human rights. The analysis shows that however much pressure is placed on the Bank to improve its human rights footprint, it is extremely reluctant to do so explicitly, and the legal bases available are insufficient for requiring concrete, ex ante action by the Bank. Instead, the Bank’s own ‘good governance’ approach to development – which it has been advocating since the 1990s – can be relied upon. ‘Good governance’ has been used and applied by many actors in many contexts, receiving numerous different definitions. This article argues that human rights protection can now be considered a crucial component of good governance, at least in the context of development. In doing so, the article explains the relationship and interdependence between the two concepts, and provides three rationales for the Bank to take a ‘human rights-based approach’ to good governance. Ultimately, this article seeks to look beyond international human rights law and take a governance approach to provide a convincing basis upon which to argue that the World Bank should comply with human rights standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20human%20rights%20law" title=" international human rights law"> international human rights law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20governance" title=" good governance"> good governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights-based%20approach" title=" human rights-based approach"> human rights-based approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68865/engaging-the-world-bank-good-governance-and-human-rights-based-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8342</span> Emergence of New Development Bank: Analyzing the Impact on BRICS Nations and the World Order</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urvi%20Shah">Urvi Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anmol%20Jain"> Anmol Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The talks of a New Global Order have been doing rounds since the advent of 21st century. Similar change in global scenario was witnessed when the Bretton Woods System came up post the World War II. The changing world order has been analyzed by using the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates. The PPP and Nominal GDP methods show the purchasing power and financial background of the countries respectively, which helps in knowing both real and nominal financial strength of the country. Today, the rising powers of BRICS are posing new challenges to the world order shaped by the West. BRICS, i.e. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, countries have at various instances represented the interests of developing countries at world forums. The pooled population of these nations accounts for 41.6% of the total world population which gives a very resilient idea of the workforce or human resources which is mobilized by them. They have a combined GDP (PPP) of around 30.57% of the total world GDP (PPP). The paper tries to analyze the prospects and impact of the New Development Bank (NDB) formerly known as the BRICS Bank, on world economy, which has the potential to act as a rival to West dominated IMF and World Bank. The paper studies the paradigm shift in the global order, impact of the NDB on third world nations and the developed nations. The study concluded that the relative positions of BRICS countries in the world economy are changing, irrespective of the measurement methodology being US$ or the PPP model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=New%20Development%20Bank" title=" New Development Bank"> New Development Bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nominal%20GDP" title=" Nominal GDP"> Nominal GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purchasing%20power%20parity" title=" purchasing power parity"> purchasing power parity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57486/emergence-of-new-development-bank-analyzing-the-impact-on-brics-nations-and-the-world-order" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8341</span> Derivative Usage, Ownership Structure, and Bank Value in European Countries </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuang-Chang%20Chang">Chuang-Chang Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keng-Yu%20Ho"> Keng-Yu Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Jen%20Hsiao"> Yu-Jen Hsiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Ni%20Yang"> Hsin-Ni Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using a sample of detailed ownership data of 1,032 listed commercial bank observations in 30 European countries from 2004 to 2010, we explore what categories of shareholder are more likely to use derivatives and how different types of owners affect the bank value. We find that a shift in equity from bank investors to either non-financial companies or institutional investors have increase incentives to use derivatives. Moreover, we have significant evidence that a shift in equity from bank investors to either family or manager shareholders who attend derivative activities will decrease bank value. However, a shift in equity from bank investors to non-financial companies who use derivative instrument will increase the bank value. Our results are also robustness to address for the potential endogeneity problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=derivative%20usage" title="derivative usage">derivative usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ownership%20structure" title=" ownership structure"> ownership structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20value" title=" bank value"> bank value</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13524/derivative-usage-ownership-structure-and-bank-value-in-european-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8340</span> A Study on the Interest of Muslims towards Syariah Bank in Yogyakarta, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Hikmah">Muhammad Hikmah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the population census in 2015, Indonesia consists of 254.9 millions of people, and 80% of them are Muslims (Data of Central Bureau of Statistic). Indonesia becomes the highest number of Muslims civilization in the world. The question would be, is the number of population proportional to the growth of Syariah transaction in Indonesia? It is going to be discussed in this research. The problem limitation of this research is in Syariah Banking. Therefore, Syariah transaction in this study is described as transaction only in Syariah Banking. The researcher focused on the study in Yogyakarta, a city in Indonesia. The development of Syariah Bank assets until January 2016, based on statistic data launched by Financial Services Authority (FSA), has increased Rp 287.44 trillion, however, a total amount of bank achieves Rp 6.198,15 trillions. It means that the assets of Syariah Bank are only 4.64% from the total amount of banking assets in Indonesia, though, Syariah Banking was first established in 1991, known as Bank Muamalat. As we can see that in these 25 years, Syariah Banking could only reach that number. Based on the press conference of FSA and Syariah Banking Exhibition iB Vaganza in 2015, the number of Syariah Bank’s customers are under 10 millions. With 80% of Muslims, Syariah Bank is not able to be a market leader in Indonesia. This will be answered in this research, how much the interest if Muslims in Yogyakarta towards Syariah Bank compared to conventional bank. This study will be conducted in Yogyakarta. The sampling will represent to the muslims having good knowledge of Islam, such as dawn prayer worshipers in some mosques in Yogyakarta. There are some reasons why Indonesian muslims are not interested in Syariah Bank, such as the people do not put trust in Syariah Bank; there are some obligation where they work to have conventional bank; business matters services which is not covered by Syariah Bank where most of them are limited to the laws authorities; and there is no sufficient knowledge about the importance of syariah transaction from religion point of view. Each of them is going to be discussed in this research. The suggestions of this study are we should share our knowledge about Islamic transaction anywhere and we need to support Syariah Bank to have Syariah principles. For those who have the authority should be active as well to announce the rules of the constitution supporting the development of syariah transaction in order to be apply perfectly. We hope that trust from the people will increase, and we should provide Syariah Banking products which fulfill business needs. Finally, syariah transaction will be the solution for all people in the world in bussiness transaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shariah" title="shariah">shariah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic" title=" Islamic"> Islamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banking" title=" banking"> banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50241/a-study-on-the-interest-of-muslims-towards-syariah-bank-in-yogyakarta-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8339</span> Constraining Bank Risk: International Evidence on the Role of Bank Capital and Charter Value </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamiza%20Haq">Mamiza Haq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the relevance of bank capital and charter value on bank insolvency and liquidity risks. Using an unbalanced panel of 2,111 unique local banks across 22 countries over 1998-2012, we find that both bank capital and charter value lower insolvency and liquidity risks, but this effect varies among conventional, Islamic, and Islamic-window banks. The risk constraining effect of bank capital becomes more prominent in the post 2007-2008 global financial crisis. Moreover, the relationships vary when conditioned upon other key bank-specific characteristics. For instance, the effect of capital on risk-reduction diminishes in the presence of high charter value for conventional-G7 and Islamic-window banks, during-GFC and pre-GFC period; respectively. Our findings have important policy implications related to bank safety. The results are robust to a range of robustness tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20capital" title="bank capital">bank capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charter%20value" title=" charter value"> charter value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20crisis" title=" financial crisis"> financial crisis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86033/constraining-bank-risk-international-evidence-on-the-role-of-bank-capital-and-charter-value" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8338</span> River Bank Erosion Studies: A Review on Investigation Approaches and Governing Factors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azlinda%20Saadon">Azlinda Saadon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides detail review on river bank erosion studies with respect to their processes, methods of measurements and factors governing river bank erosion. Bank erosion processes are commonly associated with river changes initiation and development, through width adjustment and planform evolution. It consists of two main types of erosion processes; basal erosion due to fluvial hydraulic force and bank failure under the influence of gravity. Most studies had only focused on one factor rather than integrating both factors. Evidences of previous works have shown integration between both processes of fluvial hydraulic force and bank failure. Bank failure is often treated as probabilistic phenomenon without having physical characteristics and the geotechnical aspects of the bank. This review summarizes the findings of previous investigators with respect to measurement techniques and prediction rates of river bank erosion through field investigation, physical model and numerical model approaches. Factors governing river bank erosion considering physical characteristics of fluvial erosion are defined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20bank%20erosion" title="river bank erosion">river bank erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20erosion" title=" bank erosion"> bank erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimensional%20analysis" title=" dimensional analysis"> dimensional analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotechnical%20aspects" title=" geotechnical aspects"> geotechnical aspects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14836/river-bank-erosion-studies-a-review-on-investigation-approaches-and-governing-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8337</span> Banking Performance and Political Economy: Using ARDL Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwen%20Ghouil">Marwen Ghouil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamel%20Eddine%20Mkadmi"> Jamel Eddine Mkadmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Banking performance is the pillar and goal of all banking activity and its impact on economic policy. First, researchers defined the principles for assessing and modeling bank performance, and then theories and models explaining bank performance were developed. The importance of credit as a means of financing businesses in most developing countries has led to questions about the effects of financial liberalisation on increased banking competition. In Tunisia, as in many other countries, the liberalization of financial services in general and of banks' activities has not ceased to evolve. The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of banking performance for 8 Tunisian banks and their impact on economic policy during the Arab Spring. We used cointegration analysis and the ARDL Panel model, explaining using total assets, bank credits, guarantees, and bank size as performance drivers. The correlation analysis shows that there is a positive correlation relationship between total assets, bank credits, guarantees, and bank size and bank performance. Long-term empirical results show that bank loans, guarantees, bank size, and total assets have a positive and significant impact on bank performance. This means that bank credits, guarantees, bank size, and total assets are very important determinants of bank performance in Tunisia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20performance" title="bank performance">bank performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20policy" title=" economic policy"> economic policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance" title=" finance"> finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic" title=" economic"> economic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158697/banking-performance-and-political-economy-using-ardl-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8336</span> Evaluation of Knowledge and Acceptance of Food Irradiated by Individual from Food Bank of Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliana%20Altavista%20Sagretti%20Gallo">Juliana Altavista Sagretti Gallo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susy%20Frey%20Sabato"> Susy Frey Sabato</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the poverty in the world, a third of all food produced in the world is wasted. FAO, the United Nations Organization of Agriculture and Food, points out the need to combine actions and new technologies to combat hunger and waste in contrast to the high production of food in the world. The energy of ionizing radiation in food brought many positive results, such as increased validity and insect infestation control. The food banks are organizations that act at various points of the food chain to collect and distribute food to the needy. So, the aim of this study was to initiate a partnership between irradiation and the food bank through the development of a questionnaire to evaluate and disseminate the knowledge and acceptance of individuals in the food bank in Brazil. Also, this study aimed to standardize a basis questionnaire for future research assessment of irradiated foods. For the construction of the questionnaire as a measuring instrument, a comprehensive and rigorous literature review was made. It's covered qualitative research, questionnaires, sensory evaluation, and food irradiated. Three stages of pre - tests were necessary, and related fields of experts were consulted. As a result, the questionnaire has three parts, personal issues, assertive issues and questions of multiple choices and finally an informative question. The questionnaire was applied in Ceagesp food bank in the biggest center of food in Brazil. Conclusions. 30 % of participants of Ceagesp bank had already heard of the Food irradiation but did not know about the mechanism, so they rejected the idea to associate with radioactivity and danger. The video showed in the last question and application of the questionnaire disseminated the idea of security. All individuals declare understand the goal of treatment and accept buy and consume irradiated food after them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20of%20food" title="bank of food">bank of food</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=questionary" title=" questionary"> questionary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiated%20food" title=" irradiated food"> irradiated food</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceptance%20of%20irradiated%20food" title=" acceptance of irradiated food"> acceptance of irradiated food</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67968/evaluation-of-knowledge-and-acceptance-of-food-irradiated-by-individual-from-food-bank-of-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8335</span> Responsibility of International Financial Institutions for Harmful Environmental Consequences Arising from Their Development Interventions </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20Barakat">Reham Barakat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last few decades, the influence of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), especially the World Bank (WB), has significantly increased. Since the early 1980s, IFIs have assumed greater role, especially in developing countries; their total lending has dramatically increased, affecting billions of people in their Borrower States. Though the purpose of the development assistance provided by IFIs is to alleviate poverty and promote economic and social development in their member countries, IFIs have been subject to massive criticism by civil society institutions, international NGOs and local communities for the harmful environmental, social and economic impacts resulting from their development interventions in borrower countries, such as deforestation, displacement of indigenous peoples, and unemployment. While the role of IFIs has expanded over time, affecting billions of people, their accountability mechanisms remained behind and were criticized for lacking sufficient independency and enforceability. The serious adverse environmental impacts of the World Bank’s funded projects, along with their weak accountability mechanisms, raises the question of 'To what extent IFIs should be held internationally responsible for the harmful environmental consequences arising from their development interventions?'. This paper argues that IFIs are legally responsible for the harmful environmental consequences arising from their development interventions. The study (i) identifies the applicable laws and relevant primary rules from which the international environmental obligations of IFIs towards their borrower countries are derived (ii) assesses the World Bank’s compliance to the principles of the International Environmental Law including the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of Good-Neighborliness, (iii) assesses the World Bank’s current internal accountability mechanisms for harmful environmental impacts resulting from the World Bank’s funded projects, and finally (iv) identifies the appropriate dispute settlement mechanisms to which states and non-state actors could raise their claims against IFIs for harmful environmental consequences arising from their interventions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20environmental%20law" title="international environmental law">international environmental law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20financial%20institutions" title=" international financial institutions"> international financial institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20responsibility" title=" international responsibility"> international responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=world%20bank" title=" world bank"> world bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20and%20social%20safeguards" title=" environmental and social safeguards "> environmental and social safeguards </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124944/responsibility-of-international-financial-institutions-for-harmful-environmental-consequences-arising-from-their-development-interventions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8334</span> Theory of the Optimum Signal Approximation Clarifying the Importance in the Recognition of Parallel World and Application to Secure Signal Communication with Feedback</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takuro%20Kida">Takuro Kida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuichi%20Kida"> Yuichi Kida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it is shown a base of the new trend of algorithm mathematically that treats a historical reason of continuous discrimination in the world as well as its solution by introducing new concepts of parallel world that includes an invisible set of errors as its companion. With respect to a matrix operator-filter bank that the matrix operator-analysis-filter bank H and the matrix operator-sampling-filter bank S are given, firstly, we introduce the detail algorithm to derive the optimum matrix operator-synthesis-filter bank Z that minimizes all the worst-case measures of the matrix operator-error-signals E(ω) = F(ω) − Y(ω) between the matrix operator-input-signals F(ω) and the matrix operator-output-signals Y(ω) of the matrix operator-filter bank at the same time. Further, feedback is introduced to the above approximation theory, and it is indicated that introducing conversations with feedback do not superior automatically to the accumulation of existing knowledge of signal prediction. Secondly, the concept of category in the field of mathematics is applied to the above optimum signal approximation and is indicated that the category-based approximation theory is applied to the set-theoretic consideration of the recognition of humans. Based on this discussion, it is shown naturally why the narrow perception that tends to create isolation shows an apparent advantage in the short term and, often, why such narrow thinking becomes intimate with discriminatory action in a human group. Throughout these considerations, it is presented that, in order to abolish easy and intimate discriminatory behavior, it is important to create a parallel world of conception where we share the set of invisible error signals, including the words and the consciousness of both worlds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20filterbank" title="matrix filterbank">matrix filterbank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20signal%20approximation" title=" optimum signal approximation"> optimum signal approximation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=category%20theory" title=" category theory"> category theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simultaneous%20minimization" title=" simultaneous minimization"> simultaneous minimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150610/theory-of-the-optimum-signal-approximation-clarifying-the-importance-in-the-recognition-of-parallel-world-and-application-to-secure-signal-communication-with-feedback" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8333</span> The Effectiveness of the Repositioning Campaign of PKO BP Brand on the Basis of Questionnaire Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danuta%20Szwajca">Danuta Szwajca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Image is a very important intangible asset of a contemporary enterprise, especially, in case of a bank as a public trust institution. A positive, demanded image may effectively distinguish the bank among the competition and build the customer confidence and loyalty. PKO BP is the biggest and largest bank functioning on the Polish financial market. Within the years not a very nice image of the bank has been embedded in the customers’ minds as an old-fashioned, stagnant, resistant to changes institution, what result in the customer loss, and ageing. For this reason, in 2010, the bank launched a campaign of radical image change along with a strategy of branches modernization and improvement of the product offer. The objective of the article is to make an attempt of effectiveness assessment of the brand repositioning campaign that lasted three years. The foundations of the assessment are the results of the questionnaire research concerning the way of bank’s perception before and after the campaign. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advertising%20campaign" title="advertising campaign">advertising campaign</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brand%20repositioning" title=" brand repositioning"> brand repositioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20of%20the%20bank" title=" image of the bank"> image of the bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repositioning" title=" repositioning"> repositioning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8872/the-effectiveness-of-the-repositioning-campaign-of-pko-bp-brand-on-the-basis-of-questionnaire-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8332</span> Development of Monitoring Blood Bank Center Based PIC Microcontroller Using CAN Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaiwan%20S.%20Ismael">Kaiwan S. Ismael</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ergun%20Ercelebi"> Ergun Ercelebi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majeed%20Nader"> Majeed Nader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the design and implementation of a hardware setup for online monitoring of 24 refrigerators inside blood bank center using the microcontroller and CAN bus for communications between each node. Due to the security of locations in the blood bank hall and difficulty of monitoring of each refrigerator separately, this work proposes a solution to monitor all the blood bank refrigerators in one location. CAN-bus system is used because it has many applications and advantages, especially for this system due to easy in use, low cost, providing a reduction in wiring, fast to repair and easily expanding the project without a problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20area%20network%20%28CAN%29" title="control area network (CAN)">control area network (CAN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring%20blood%20bank%20center" title=" monitoring blood bank center"> monitoring blood bank center</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIC%20microcontroller" title=" PIC microcontroller"> PIC microcontroller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPLAB%20IDE" title=" MPLAB IDE"> MPLAB IDE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40933/development-of-monitoring-blood-bank-center-based-pic-microcontroller-using-can-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8331</span> An Examination of the Role of Perceived Leadership Styles on Job Satisfaction among Selected Bank Employees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solomon%20Ojo">Solomon Ojo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study set out to investigate the role of perceived leadership style on achievement motivation of selected bank employees. The study was a cross-sectional survey. A total of 585 bank workers took part in the study; 283 (48.4%) were males while 302% (51.6%) were females. Mean age of 31.8 yrs (SD = 7.8 yrs) was reported for the participants for the study. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistic. The t- test for independent measures was used to test all the hypotheses, using the statistical package for social sciences version 21.0. The results in the study revealed that bank employees who perceived their leaders as high on consideration style of leadership reported more job satisfaction than bank employees who perceived their leaders as low on consideration style of leadership [t(583) = 16.43, p<.001]; bank employees who perceived their leaders as high in initiating structure style reported more job satisfaction than bank employees who perceived their leaders as low in initiating structure style [t(583)=12.06, p<.01]. The results showed further the influence of perceived leadership styles on all measures of job satisfaction. First, the result showed that bank employees who perceived their leaders as high on consideration style reported more satisfaction with hours worked each day than bank employees who perceived their leaders as low on consideration style [t(583) = 9.23, p<.01]. Second, the results revealed that bank employees who perceived their leaders as high on consideration style reported more satisfaction with flexibility in scheduling than bank employees who perceived their leaders as low on consideration style [t(583) = 8.80, p<.01]. Third, it was shown that bank employees who perceived their leaders as high on consideration style reported more satisfaction with location of work than bank employees who perceived their leaders as low on consideration style [t(583) = 14.17, p<.01] e.t.c. The results were extensively discussed in relation to relevant body of literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership%20styles" title="leadership styles">leadership styles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20satisfaction" title=" job satisfaction"> job satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20employees" title=" bank employees"> bank employees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived" title=" perceived"> perceived</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90474/an-examination-of-the-role-of-perceived-leadership-styles-on-job-satisfaction-among-selected-bank-employees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8330</span> Bank Customers' Satisfaction, Customers' Loyalty and Additional Purchases of Banking Products and Services: A Case Study from the Czech Republic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Bel%C3%A1s">Jaroslav Belás</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Chocho%C4%BE%C3%A1kov%C3%A1"> Anna Chochoľáková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lenka%20Gab%C4%8Dov%C3%A1"> Lenka Gabčová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this article was to examine and quantify the dependence of additional purchases of banking products from customer loyalty and dependence of bank clients’ loyalty on the customers’ satisfaction. In this context, in our research from 2014, the respondents were divided into satisfied (loyal) and dissatisfied (disloyal) banking clients and their attitudes in the area of loyalty and additional purchases of banking products were compared. The differences in attitudes were examined by means of Pearson statistics. It was found out that satisfied customers compared with those dissatisfied clients significantly more advise their bank to their friends, also they often consider that they would use their bank in the future, they are more resistant to the offers from the other banks as well. Loyal customers are more interested in the services of their own banks when considering investments in the financial market, keep their savings in their own bank, take out a mortgage loan from their own bank and use other banking products and services offered by their own bank as well. According to the results of our research, with the different intensities the loyalty of customers is transforming into a potential purchase of additional banking products. The greatest potential interest of the bank customers was in keeping their own savings in the bank and mortgage loans. The intensity of interest in the purchase of financial investments and other products was relatively low. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercial%20bank" title="commercial bank">commercial bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20customers%E2%80%99%20satisfaction" title=" bank customers’ satisfaction"> bank customers’ satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loyalty%20of%20bank%20clients" title=" loyalty of bank clients"> loyalty of bank clients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additional%20purchases%20of%20banking%20products%20and%20services" title=" additional purchases of banking products and services"> additional purchases of banking products and services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28211/bank-customers-satisfaction-customers-loyalty-and-additional-purchases-of-banking-products-and-services-a-case-study-from-the-czech-republic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8329</span> Food Irradiation in the Third Sector Development and Validation of Questionnaire to Standard Measuring Instrument for Evaluation of Acceptance and Sensory Analysis of Irradiated Foods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliana%20Sagretti">Juliana Sagretti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susy%20Sabato"> Susy Sabato</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the poverty in the world, a third of all food produced in the world is wasted. FAO, the United Nations Organization of Agriculture and Food, points out the need to combine actions and new technologies to combat hunger and waste in contrast to the high production of food in the world. The energy of ionizing radiation in food brought many positive results, such as increased validity and insect infestation control. The food banks are organizations that act at various points of food chain to collect and distribute food to the needy. So, the aim of this study was to initiate a partnership between irradiation and the food bank through the development of a questionnaire to evaluate and disseminate the knowledge and acceptance of individuals in the food bank in Brazil. In addition, this study aimed to standardize a basis questionnaire for future research assessment of irradiated foods. For the construction of the questionnaire as a measuring instrument, a comprehensive and rigorous literature review was made. Its covered qualitative research, questionnaires, sensory evaluation and food irradiated. Three stages of pre - tests were necessary and related fields of experts were consulted. As a result, the questionnaire has three parts, personal issues, assertive issues and questions of multiple choices and finally an informative question. The questionnaire was applied in Ceagesp food bank in the biggest center of food in Brazil (data not shown). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20bank" title="food bank">food bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20irradiation" title=" food irradiation"> food irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20waste" title=" food waste"> food waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54526/food-irradiation-in-the-third-sector-development-and-validation-of-questionnaire-to-standard-measuring-instrument-for-evaluation-of-acceptance-and-sensory-analysis-of-irradiated-foods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8328</span> An Investigation of Customers’ Perception and Attitude towards Krung Thai Bank in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatthanan%20Chaiyabut">Phatthanan Chaiyabut</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purposes of this research were to identify the perception of customers towards Krung Thai Bank’s image and to understand the customer attitude towards Krung Thai Bank’s image in Bangkok, Thailand. This research utilized quantitative approach and used questionnaire as data collection tool. A sample size of 420 respondents was selected by simple random sampling. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents received information, news, and feeds concerning the bank through televisions the most. This information channel had significantly influenced on the customers and their decisions to utilize the bank’s products and services. From the information concerning the attitudes towards overall image of the bank, it was found that the majority respondents rated the bank’s image at the good level. The top three average attitudes included the bank’s images in supports government's monetary policies, being renowned and stable, and contributing in economical amendments and developments, with the mean average of 4.01, 3.96 and 3.81 respectively. The attitudes toward the images included a business leader in banking, marketing, and competitions. Offering prompt services, and provided appropriate servicing time were rated moderate with the attitudes of 3.36 and 3.30 respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude" title="attitude">attitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image" title=" image"> image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krung%20Thai%20Bank" title=" Krung Thai Bank"> Krung Thai Bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10337/an-investigation-of-customers-perception-and-attitude-towards-krung-thai-bank-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8327</span> The Outcome of the Discontinuation of Cheques on Bank Reconciliation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Estelle%20Abrahams">Estelle Abrahams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tania%20Pretorius"> Tania Pretorius</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A joint media statement by the South African Reserve Bank, the Banking Association of South Africa, the Financial Sector Conduct Authority, and the Payments Association of South Africa was recently published, stating that the receipt or acceptance of cheques will terminate effectively on 31 December 2020. All stakeholders are urged to cease accepting or issuing cheques as a payment method. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect that the discontinuation of the usage of cheques has on bank reconciliations for the subject: economic and management sciences. A literature study was performed to gain insight into the bank reconciliation process to be able to draw conclusions on the outcome of the discontinuation of cheques on the bank reconciliation. The study found that the teaching of the bank reconciliation process will change to introduce new replacement source documents for digital payments, and this impacts the teaching of reconciling differences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20reconciliation" title="bank reconciliation">bank reconciliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20control" title=" internal control"> internal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting%20education" title=" accounting education"> accounting education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20documents" title=" source documents"> source documents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158105/the-outcome-of-the-discontinuation-of-cheques-on-bank-reconciliation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158105.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8326</span> Category-Base Theory of the Optimum Signal Approximation Clarifying the Importance of Parallel Worlds in the Recognition of Human and Application to Secure Signal Communication with Feedback</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takuro%20Kida">Takuro Kida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuichi%20Kida"> Yuichi Kida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We show a base of the new trend of algorithm mathematically that treats a historical reason of continuous discrimination in the world as well as its solution by introducing new concepts of parallel world that includes an invisible set of errors as its companion. With respect to a matrix operator-filter bank that the matrix operator-analysis-filter bank H and the matrix operator-sampling-filter bank S are given, firstly, we introduce the detailed algorithm to derive the optimum matrix operator-synthesis-filter bank Z that minimizes all the worst-case measures of the matrix operator-error-signals E(ω) = F(ω) − Y(ω) between the matrix operator-input-signals F(ω) and the matrix operator-output signals Y(ω) of the matrix operator-filter bank at the same time. Further, feedback is introduced to the above approximation theory and it is indicated that introducing conversations with feedback does not superior automatically to the accumulation of existing knowledge of signal prediction. Secondly, the concept of category in the field of mathematics is applied to the above optimum signal approximation and is indicated that the category-based approximation theory is applied to the set-theoretic consideration of the recognition of humans. Based on this discussion, it is shown naturally why the narrow perception that tends to create isolation shows an apparent advantage in the short term and, often, why such narrow thinking becomes intimate with discriminatory action in a human group. Throughout these considerations, it is presented that, in order to abolish easy and intimate discriminatory behavior, it is important to create a parallel world of conception where we share the set of invisible error signals, including the words and the consciousness of both worlds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20prediction" title="signal prediction">signal prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudo%20inverse%20matrix" title=" pseudo inverse matrix"> pseudo inverse matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title=" artificial intelligence"> artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditional%20optimization" title=" conditional optimization"> conditional optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144630/category-base-theory-of-the-optimum-signal-approximation-clarifying-the-importance-of-parallel-worlds-in-the-recognition-of-human-and-application-to-secure-signal-communication-with-feedback" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8325</span> Impact of Financial Technology Growth on Bank Performance in Gulf Cooperation Council Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20BenSa%C3%AFda">Ahmed BenSaïda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the association between financial technology (FinTech) growth and bank performance in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. Application is conducted on a panel dataset containing the annual observations of banks covering the period from 2012 to 2021. FinTech growth is set as an explanatory variable on three proxies of bank performance. These proxies are the return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and net interest margin (NIM). Moreover, several control variables are added to the model, including bank-specific and macroeconomic variables. The results are significant as all the proxies of the bank performance are negatively affected by the growth of FinTech startups. Consequently, banks are urged to proactively invest in FinTech startups and engage in partnerships to avoid the risk of disruption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20technology" title="financial technology">financial technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20performance" title=" bank performance"> bank performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GCC%20countries" title=" GCC countries"> GCC countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20regression" title=" panel regression"> panel regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172774/impact-of-financial-technology-growth-on-bank-performance-in-gulf-cooperation-council-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8324</span> An Examination of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study of Zenith Bank PLC Jalingo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Mohammed%20Bakoji">Abubakar Mohammed Bakoji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examine business ethics through it pursuit for corporate social responsibility to the society in which the business long existed, Zenith bank PLC was selected as case study for it longer period of its business in the state, in order to achieve the research objective of the paper which sought the following: i. To examine relationship between business ethics and corporate social responsibility in Zenith bank PLC Jalingo; ii. To establish whether or not such ethics statement that acclaim corporate social responsibility are adhere to by the Zenith bank PLC Jalingo; iii. To determine the benefit drive by the society on the corporate social responsibility of Zenith bank PLC Jalingo to the people of the state of their operation. The research was conducted using qualitative research design approach, where convenience sampling technique was adopted using semi structured interview to one of the key staff of Zenith bank PLC Jalingo and five other beneficiaries of Zenith bank PLC corporate social responsibility projects served as respondents. The data obtained was analyze using content analysis and the result of the findings revealed that Zenith bank PLC has a Good business ethics and they adhere to the ethics, that they have completed several viable projects to the state as their corporate social responsibility and the beneficiaries and the respondents beneficiaries has confirmed and have produced evidence of how the projects has assisted in stifle their hardship. Hence, business ethics has a significant relationship with corporate social responsibility in Zenith bank PLC Jalingo. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20ethics" title="business ethics">business ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility" title=" Corporate Social Responsibility"> Corporate Social Responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zenith%20Bank%20PLC" title=" Zenith Bank PLC"> Zenith Bank PLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20ethics" title=" business ethics"> business ethics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19801/an-examination-of-business-ethics-and-corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-study-of-zenith-bank-plc-jalingo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8323</span> E-Service and the Nigerian Banking Sector: A Review of ATM Architecture and Operations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bashir%20Aliyu%20Yauri">Bashir Aliyu Yauri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rufai%20Aliyu%20Yauri"> Rufai Aliyu Yauri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the introduction of cash-less society policy by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the concept of e-banking services has experienced a significant improvement over the years. Today quite a number of people are embracing e-banking activities especially ATM, thereby moving away from the conventional banking system. This paper presents a review of the underlying Architectural Layout of Intra-Bank and Inter-Bank ATM connectivity in Nigeria. The paper further investigates and discusses factors affecting the Intra-Bank and Inter-Bank ATM connectivity in Nigeria. And as well possible solutions to these factors affecting ATM Connectivity and Operations are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20layout" title="architectural layout">architectural layout</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20teller%20machine" title=" automated teller machine"> automated teller machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-services" title=" e-services"> e-services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postilion" title=" postilion"> postilion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36913/e-service-and-the-nigerian-banking-sector-a-review-of-atm-architecture-and-operations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">633</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8322</span> Dynamic Shock Bank Liquidity Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Recommand%C3%A9">C. Recommandé</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20C.%20Blind"> J. C. Blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Clavel"> A. Clavel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gourichon"> R. Gourichon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Le%20Gal"> V. Le Gal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Simulations are developed in this paper with usual DSGE model equations. The model is based on simplified version of Smets-Wouters equations in use at European Central Bank which implies 10 macro-economic variables: consumption, investment, wages, inflation, capital stock, interest rates, production, capital accumulation, labour and credit rate, and allows take into consideration the banking system. Throughout the simulations, this model will be used to evaluate the impact of rate shocks recounting the actions of the European Central Bank during 2008. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CC-LM" title="CC-LM">CC-LM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20Bank" title=" Central Bank"> Central Bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSGE" title=" DSGE"> DSGE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquidity%20shock" title=" liquidity shock"> liquidity shock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-standard%20intervention" title=" non-standard intervention"> non-standard intervention</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15074/dynamic-shock-bank-liquidity-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8321</span> Impacts of Financial Development and Operational Scale on Bank Efficiencies in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying-Hsiu%20Chen">Ying-Hsiu Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pao-Peng%20Hsu"> Pao-Peng Hsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper adopts a two-stage data envelopment analysis to explore the impacts of financial development and bank operational scale on bank efficiencies. The sample comprises of unbalanced panel data of 32 Taiwanese enlisted in domestic commercial banks over the period 1998 to 2013. Empirical results show that technical efficiency is positively related to financial development, whereas the effect of financial development on scale efficiency is insignificant. The effect of operational scale exerts a significantly positive effect on bank efficiencies, but the gain of efficiency is decreased gradually when operational scale increases. Furthermore, increase in capital adequacy ratio and market power of banks leads to a growth of bank efficiencies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20development" title="financial development">financial development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operational%20scale" title=" operational scale"> operational scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DEA" title=" DEA"> DEA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25476/impacts-of-financial-development-and-operational-scale-on-bank-efficiencies-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">525</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8320</span> The Performance of Saudi Banking Industry 2000 -2011: Have the Banks Distinguished Themselves from One Another?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bukhari%20M.%20S.%20Sillah">Bukhari M. S. Sillah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Khokhar"> Imran Khokhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Nauman%20Khan"> Muhammad Nauman Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper studies the technical efficiency of Saudi banking sector using stochastic frontier model. A sample of 12 banks over the period 2000-2011 is selected to investigate their technical efficiencies in mobilizing deposits, producing investment and generating income. The banks are categorized as Saudi-owned banks, Saudi-foreign-owned banks and Islamic banks. The findings show some consistent pattern of these bank types; and there exist significant disparities among the banks in term of technical efficiency. The Banque Saudi Fransi stands out as a benchmark bank for the industry, and it is a Saudi-foreign owned bank type. The Saudi owned bank types have shown fluctuating performance during the period; and the Islamic bank types are no significantly different from Saudi-owned bank types. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20efficiency" title="technical efficiency">technical efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20frontier%20model" title=" production frontier model"> production frontier model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title=" Islamic banking"> Islamic banking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2365/the-performance-of-saudi-banking-industry-2000-2011-have-the-banks-distinguished-themselves-from-one-another" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8319</span> A Study of Management Principles Incorporating Corporate Governance and Advocating Ethics to Reduce Fraud at a South African Bank</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshan%20Jelal">Roshan Jelal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Mbohwa"> Charles Mbohwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s world, internal fraud remains one of the most challenging problems within companies worldwide and despite investment in controls and attention given to the problem, the instances of internal fraud has not abated. To the contrary it appears that internal fraud is on the rise especially in the wake of the economic downturn. Leadership within companies believes that the more sophisticated the controls employed the less likely it would be for employees to pilfer. This is a very antiquated view as investment in controls may not be enough to curtail internal fraud; however, ensuring that a company drives the correct culture and behaviour within the organisation is likely to yield desired results. This research aims to understand how creating a strong ethical culture and embedding the principle of good corporate governance impacts on levels of internal fraud with an organization (a South African Bank). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20fraud" title="internal fraud">internal fraud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title=" corporate governance"> corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethics" title=" ethics"> ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reserve%20bank" title=" reserve bank"> reserve bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20King%20Code" title=" the King Code "> the King Code </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4044/a-study-of-management-principles-incorporating-corporate-governance-and-advocating-ethics-to-reduce-fraud-at-a-south-african-bank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8318</span> Accounting as Economic and Religious Reality: Reveal Religious Values Through the Photographs in Annual Report of Islamic Bank</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahasanica%20Nariswari%20Pratiwi">Rahasanica Nariswari Pratiwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maulana%20Syaiful%20Haq"> Maulana Syaiful Haq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The role of accounting in Islamic Banking is not only as economic reality but also as religious reality. Religious reality constructed by religious value in annual report of Islamic Bank. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to understand and analyze the existence of religious values by form of photographs in annual report, and to analyze the reason of religious values disclosure in annual report. Ontologically, this study is build on a belief that annual report is a communication media to show the ways Islamic Banks express adherence to sharia principle. The research has done by analyzing the photographs in annual report of Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM), Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI), Bank Nasional Indonesia (BNI) Syariah, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Syariah, and Bank Central Asia (BCA) Syariah in Indonesia. This study is qualitative research, was carried out within interpretive paradigm using semiotic approach. By employing semiotic analysis, this research showed that annual report of Islamic Bank in Indonesia contained religious value by the form of its photographs. The results of this study also show that photographs in annual report of Islamic Banks in this research contained religious values. Furthermore, this study concludes that Islamic banks actually expressed religious reality and make them different from the other bank’s annual report which focuses only on economic reality. This indicates Islamic Banks obidience existence about responsibility, not only to the stakeholders but also to the society and Allah. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiotics" title=" semiotics"> semiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting" title=" accounting"> accounting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annual%20report" title=" annual report"> annual report</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31430/accounting-as-economic-and-religious-reality-reveal-religious-values-through-the-photographs-in-annual-report-of-islamic-bank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8317</span> Effect of Bank Specific and Macro Economic Factors on Credit Risk of Islamic Banks in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mati%20Ullah">Mati Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shams%20Ur%20Rahman"> Shams Ur Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research study is to investigate the effect of macroeconomic and bank-specific factors on credit risk in Islamic banking in Pakistan. The future of financial institutions largely depends on how well they manage risks. Credit risk is an important type of risk affecting the banking sector. The current study has taken quarterly data for the period of 6 years, from 1st July 2014 to 30 Jun 2020. The data set consisted of secondary data. Data was extracted from the websites of the State Bank and World Bank and from the financial statements of the concerned banks. In this study, the Ordinary least square model was used for the analysis of the data. The results supported the hypothesis that macroeconomic factors and bank-specific factors have a significant effect on credit risk. Macroeconomic variables, Inflation and exchange rates have positive significant effects on credit risk. However, gross domestic product has a negative significant relationship with credit risk. Moreover, the corporate rate has no significant relation with credit risk. Internal variables, size, management efficiency, net profit share income and capital adequacy have been proven to influence positively and significantly the credit risk. However, loan to deposit-has a negative insignificance relationship with credit risk. The contribution of this article is that similar conclusions have been made regarding the influence of banking factors on credit risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title="credit risk">credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banks" title=" Islamic banks"> Islamic banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroeconomic%20variables" title=" macroeconomic variables"> macroeconomic variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banks%20specific%20variable" title=" banks specific variable"> banks specific variable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191970/effect-of-bank-specific-and-macro-economic-factors-on-credit-risk-of-islamic-banks-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8316</span> The Global Economic System and the Third World Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monday%20Dickson">Monday Dickson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shortly before the end of the second world war, allied leaders and other western powers designed an economic regime that would foster, among other things, global economic reconstruction, prosperity and overall development of countries of the world. They founded both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), with a general consensus that while the latter should specialize in monitoring global and national economies and acting as a lender of last resort, the former should focus on fighting poverty and promoting development. In setting the rules for world trade, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) evolved into the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This paper, therefore, examines the impact of the activities of these institutions on the transformation and development aspirations of countries of the Third World. The study adopts the descriptive and analytical methods of investigation and derived relevant secondary data from books, journal articles, encyclopedia as well as reports from countries of the Third World. Findings show that rather than fostering poverty reduction and overall development as envisaged, the activities of global economy system leads to the “development of underdevelopment” of the Third World Countries. The strategic options that are available to countries of the Third World derived from the ability of the national governments to develop programmes of systematic exploration and exploitation of vital indices of relations with strategic countries to advance their development agenda. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title="development">development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20economic%20system" title=" global economic system"> global economic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosperity" title=" prosperity"> prosperity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=third%20world" title=" third world"> third world</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33563/the-global-economic-system-and-the-third-world-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8315</span> The Relationship between Central Bank Independence and Inflation: Evidence from Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Bhattu%20Babajee">R. Bhattu Babajee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Sandrine%20Estelle%20Benoit"> Marie Sandrine Estelle Benoit </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The past decades have witnessed a considerable institutional shift towards Central Bank Independence across economies of the world. The motivation behind such a change is the acceptance that increased central bank autonomy has the power of alleviating inflation bias. Hence, studying whether Central Bank Independence acts as a significant factor behind the price stability in the African economies or whether this macroeconomic aim in these countries result from other economic, political or social factors is a pertinent issue. The main research objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between central bank autonomy and inflation in African economies where inflation has proved to be a serious problem. In this optic, we shall measure the degree of CBI in Africa by computing the turnover rates of central banks governors thereby studying whether decisions made by African central banks are affected by external forces. The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically the association between Central Bank Independence (CBI) and inflation for 10 African economies over a period of 17 years, from 1995 to 2012. The sample includes Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda. In contrast to empirical research, we have not been using the usual static panel model for it is associated with potential mis specification arising from the absence of dynamics. To this issue a dynamic panel data model which integrates several control variables has been used. Firstly, the analysis includes dynamic terms to explain the tenacity of inflation. Given the confirmation of inflation inertia, that is very likely in African countries there exists the need for including lagged inflation in the empirical model. Secondly, due to known reverse causality between Central Bank Independence and inflation, the system generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed. With GMM estimators, the presence of unknown forms of heteroskedasticity is admissible as well as auto correlation in the error term. Thirdly, control variables have been used to enhance the efficiency of the model. The main finding of this paper is that central bank independence is negatively associated with inflation even after including control variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20bank%20independence" title="central bank independence">central bank independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation" title=" inflation"> inflation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroeconomic%20variables" title=" macroeconomic variables"> macroeconomic variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20stability" title=" price stability"> price stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16918/the-relationship-between-central-bank-independence-and-inflation-evidence-from-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8314</span> Monitoring the Change of Padma River Bank at Faridpur, Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilme%20Faridatul">Ilme Faridatul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Wu"> Bo Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bangladesh is often called as a motherland of rivers. It contains about 700 rivers among all these the Padma River is one of the largest rivers of Bangladesh. The change of river bank and erosion has become a common environmental natural hazard in Bangladesh. The river banks are under intense pressure from natural processes such as erosion and accretion as well as anthropogenic processes such as urban growth and pollution. The Padma River is flowing along ten districts of Bangladesh among all these Faridpur district is most vulnerable to river bank erosion. The severity of the river erosion is so high that each year a thousand of populations become homeless and lose their agricultural lands. Though the Faridpur district is most vulnerable to river bank erosion no specific research has been conducted to identify the changing pattern of river bank along this district. The outcome of the research may serve as guidance to prepare river bank monitoring program and management. This research has utilized integrated techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system to monitor the changes from 1995 to 2015 at Faridpur district. To discriminate the land water interface Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) algorithm is applied and on screen digitization approach is used over MNDWI images of 1995, 2002 and 2015 for river bank line extraction. The extent of changes in the river bank along Faridpur district is estimated through overlaying the digitized maps of all three years. The river bank lines are highlighted to infer the erosion and accretion and the changes are calculated. The result shows that the middle of the river is gaining land through sedimentation and the both side river bank is shifting causing severe erosion that consequently resulting the loss of farmland and homestead. Over the study period from 1995 to 2015 it witnessed huge erosion and accretion that played an active role in the changes of the river bank. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20bank" title="river bank">river bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erosion%20and%20accretion" title=" erosion and accretion"> erosion and accretion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=change%20monitoring" title=" change monitoring"> change monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57859/monitoring-the-change-of-padma-river-bank-at-faridpur-bangladesh-using-remote-sensing-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=World%20Bank&page=6">6</a></li> <li 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