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袙芯谢芯谐芯写褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜. 袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠
<!doctype html> <html lang="ru"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/main.css"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 100) { $('.scroll-top').fadeIn(); } else { $('.scroll-top').fadeOut(); } }); $('.scroll-top').click(function () { $("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 100); return false; }); }); </script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/static/js/jquery.elevatezoom.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <title> 袙芯谢芯谐芯写褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜. 袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠 </title> <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-3561606891822859" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script src="https://sdk.adlook.tech/inventory/core.js" async type="text/javascript"></script> <script> (function UTCoreInitialization() { if (window.UTInventoryCore) { new window.UTInventoryCore({ type: "sticky", host: 183 content: false, width: 400, height: 225, playMode: "autoplay", align: "right", verticalAlign: "bottom", openTo: "open-creativeView", infinity: true, infinityTimer: 1, mobile: { align: "center", verticalAlign: "bottom", }, }); return; } setTimeout(UTCoreInitialization, 100); })(); </script> </head> <body class="bg-light"> <nav class="navbar sticky-top bg-white p-2 shadow-sm"> <div class="container justify-content-between"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄 袗褌谢邪褋 袪芯褋褋懈懈</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom1/">孝芯屑 1</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom2/">孝芯屑 2</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom3/">孝芯屑 3</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondarytext-primary active" href="/tom4/">孝芯屑 4</a> </div> </nav> <div class="mt-3 container border bg-white shadow p-3 mb-5 bg-body rounded"> <div class="container"> <h1 style="font-size: 4vmin" class="display-4 float-right"> 孝芯屑 4 </h1> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 blog-main"> <h2 class="pb-3 mb-4 font-italic border-bottom"> 袣褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯械 懈 锌褉懈褉芯写薪芯械 薪邪褋谢械写懈械 袪芯褋褋懈懈 </h2> <div class="tgx-vbf" data-vbf-id="25311" data-vbf-exp="1" data-vbf-hide="0" data-vbf-loop="10"></div> <div class="blog-post"> <h2 class="blog-post-title"> 袙芯谢芯谐芯写褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜. 袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 </h2> <div class="text-center "> <img class="shadow bg-body rounded" style="border:1px solid #e8e8e6; float: none; margin: 10px; max-width:100%" alt="" id="zoom_mw1" src="/static/maps4/285_1.gif" data-zoom-image="/static/maps4/285_1.jpg" width=550> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function () { $("#zoom_mw1").elevateZoom({ scrollZoom : true, zoomType: "inner", cursor: "crosshair", responsive: true });});</script> <div class="col float-right p-0 ml-3" style="width: 250px!important"> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/285_2.gif" width="200" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>小芯斜芯褉薪芯械 写胁芯褉懈褖械</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/285_3.gif" width="250" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>小锌邪褋芯-袩褉懈谢褍褑泻懈泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p class="text-justify"><strong>袙袝袥袠袣袠袡 校小孝挟袚</strong> — 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 写褉械胁薪械泄褕懈褏 谐芯褉芯写芯胁 袪褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 小械胁械褉邪 — 褍锌芯屑懈薪邪械褌褋褟 胁 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪褘褏 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻邪褏 褋 1212 谐.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 薪邪 谢械胁芯屑 斜械褉械谐褍 褉械泻懈 小褍褏芯薪邪 锌褉懈 胁锌邪写械薪懈懈 胁 薪械械 褉械泻懈 挟谐. 袙芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XV 胁. 芯薪 懈谐褉邪谢 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈懈 泻 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯屑褍 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁褍 褋械胁械褉芯-胁芯褋褌芯褔薪褘褏 (挟谐芯褉褋泻懈褏, 袩械褉屑褋泻懈褏, 袙褟褌褋泻懈褏, 袛胁懈薪褋泻懈褏) 蟹械屑械谢褜. 小 泻芯薪褑邪 XV 胁. 袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 胁邪卸薪褘屑 褌芯褉谐芯胁褘屑 褑械薪褌褉芯屑, 褋胁褟蟹褘胁邪褞褖懈屑 袝胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋 小懈斜懈褉褜褞, 胁 XVI–XVII 胁胁. 写芯褋褌懈谐邪械褌 褋胁芯械谐芯 薪邪懈胁褘褋褕械谐芯 褉邪褋褑胁械褌邪 胁 褋胁褟蟹懈 褋 芯褌泻褉褘褌懈械屑 褌芯褉谐芯胁芯谐芯 锌褍褌懈 锌芯 小褍褏芯薪械 懈 小械胁械褉薪芯泄 袛胁懈薪械 泻 袘械谢芯屑褍 屑芯褉褞.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 懈蟹胁械褋褌械薪 泻邪泻 褑械薪褌褉 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 褉械屑褢褋械谢: 锌褉芯褋械褔薪芯械 卸械谢械蟹芯, 褉邪蟹薪芯褑胁械褌薪邪褟 褝屑邪谢褜, 褋械褉械斜褉褟薪邪褟 褎懈谢懈谐褉邪薪褜, 褉械蟹褜斜邪 锌芯 斜械褉械褋褌械 (褕泻邪褌褍谢泻懈, 褌褍械褋泻懈), 芯泻芯胁泻邪 卸械褋褌褜褞 褋 褉懈褋褍薪泻芯屑 褌懈锌邪 屑芯褉芯蟹薪褘褏 褍蟹芯褉芯胁 («屑芯褉芯蟹 锌芯 卸械褋褌懈»), 褔械泻邪薪泻邪, 褕懈褌褜械 斜懈褋械褉芯屑, 懈蟹谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪懈械 懈蟹褉邪蟹褑芯胁 写谢褟 芯斜谢懈褑芯胁泻懈 锌械褔械泄. 袛芯 褋懈褏 锌芯褉 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪褞褌褋褟 褌褉邪写懈褑懈懈 褞胁械谢懈褉薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪 — 褔械褉薪械薪懈褟 锌芯 褋械褉械斜褉褍 («褋械胁械褉薪邪褟 褔械褉薪褜»). 袙 XIV–XV 胁胁. 蟹写械褋褜 褋泻谢邪写褘胁邪谢邪褋褜 屑械褋褌薪邪褟 褕泻芯谢邪 懈泻芯薪芯锌懈褋懈, 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕邪褟 褕懈褉芯泻芯械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 胁 XVII–XVIII 胁胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙械谢懈泻懈泄 校褋褌褞谐 — 褉芯写懈薪邪 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 屑芯褉械褏芯写芯胁 懈 蟹械屑谢械锌褉芯褏芯写褑械胁: 小. 袛械卸薪褢胁邪, 肖. 袩芯锌芯胁邪, 袝. 啸邪斜邪褉芯胁邪, 袗. 袗褌谢邪褋芯胁邪, 褋褘谐褉邪胁褕懈褏 蟹邪屑械褌薪褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁 芯褋胁芯械薪懈懈 小懈斜懈褉懈 懈 袪褍褋褋泻芯泄 袗屑械褉懈泻懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袞懈胁芯锌懈褋薪褘泄 胁懈写 谐芯褉芯写褍 锌褉懈写邪褞褌 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘械 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉薪褘械 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈: 校褋锌械薪褋泻懈泄 褋芯斜芯褉 (1619–1659 谐谐., 泻邪锌懈褌邪谢褜薪芯 锌械褉械褋褌褉芯械薪 胁 1728 谐., 泻芯谐写邪 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢 斜邪褉芯褔薪芯械 蟹邪胁械褉褕械薪懈械); 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 袠芯邪薪薪邪 校褋褌褞卸褋泻芯谐芯 (1656–1663 谐谐.); 5-谐谢邪胁褘泄 褋芯斜芯褉 袩褉芯泻芯锌懈褟 校褋褌褞卸褋泻芯谐芯 (1668 谐., 锌械褉械褋褌褉芯械薪 胁 1720 谐.); 褋芯斜芯褉薪邪褟 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢褜薪褟 (芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈械 XVII 胁., 蟹邪胁械褉褕械薪懈械 XVIII 胁.); 蟹胁芯薪薪懈褑邪 写谢褟 褌褘褋褟褔械锌褍写芯胁芯谐芯 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢邪, 芯褌谢懈褌芯谐芯 胁 1754 谐.; 写胁褍褏褝褌邪卸薪褘泄 袗褉褏懈械褉械泄褋泻懈泄 写芯屑 (1690 谐.); 芯写薪芯谐谢邪胁邪褟 袙谢邪褋褜械胁褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜. 袠薪褌械褉械褋薪褘 锌芯褋褌褉芯泄泻懈 袦懈褏邪懈谢芯-袗褉褏邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯谐芯 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 (屑芯薪褍屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪褘泄 锌褟褌懈谐谢邪胁褘泄 褋芯斜芯褉 — 1653 谐., 薪邪写胁褉邪褌薪邪褟 袙谢邪写懈屑懈褉褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 1682 谐.), 袛械胁懈褔褜械谐芯 小锌邪褋褋泻芯谐芯 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 (斜械褋褋褌芯谢锌薪邪褟 小锌邪褋芯-袩褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 褋 锌褟褌褜褞 褌芯薪泻懈屑懈 写械泻芯褉邪褌懈胁薪褘屑懈 谐谢邪胁泻邪屑懈 懈 褕邪褌褉芯胁芯泄 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢褜薪械泄 1689–1696 谐谐., 褟褉褍褋薪邪褟 斜邪褉芯褔薪邪褟 小褉械褌械薪褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 1729–1739 谐谐.).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄 褋褉械写械 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟褞褌褋褟 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈 谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻芯泄 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉褘 XVIII–XIX 胁胁., 胁 褌芯屑 褔懈褋谢械 泻褍锌械褔械褋泻懈械 芯褋芯斜薪褟泻懈 袣褍蟹薪械褑芯胁邪, 袟邪褏邪褉芯胁邪, 袧械谢械写懈薪邪, 袗谢械薪械胁邪. 袙 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯屑 褑械薪褌褉械 谐芯褉芯写邪 褉邪褋锌芯谢邪谐邪械褌褋褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻芯-邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉薪褘泄 懈 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 屑褍蟹械泄-蟹邪锌芯胁械写薪懈泻.</p> <p class="text-center"><strong>小袩袗小袨-袩袪袠袥校笑袣袠袡 袦袨袧袗小孝蝎袪鞋</strong><br></p> <p class="text-justify"><strong>小锌邪褋芯-袩褉懈谢褍褑泻懈泄 袛懈屑懈褌褉懈械胁 屑褍卸褋泻芯泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜</strong> 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 胁 5 泻屑 褋械胁械褉芯-胁芯褋褌芯褔薪械械 袙芯谢芯谐写褘. 袨褋薪芯胁邪薪 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘屑 褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘屑 写械褟褌械谢械屑, 褍褔械薪懈泻芯屑, 写褉褍谐芯屑 懈 锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢械屑 小械褉谐懈褟 袪邪写芯薪械卸褋泻芯谐芯, 袛懈屑懈褌褉懈械屑 袩褉懈谢褍褑泻懈屑, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 胁 1371 谐. 胁 褌芯屑 屑械褋褌械, 谐写械 褉械泻邪 袙芯谢芯谐写邪 写械谢邪械褌 懈蟹谐懈斜 (谢褍泻褍), 薪邪褔邪谢 褋褌褉芯懈褌褜 薪芯胁褍褞 芯斜懈褌械谢褜. 袣 XV–XVI 胁胁. 芯薪邪 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 胁 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 袪褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 小械胁械褉邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">小锌邪褋芯-袩褉懈谢褍褑泻懈泄 袛懈屑懈褌褉懈械胁 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢褋褟 锌芯写写械褉卸泻芯泄 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈褏 袙械谢懈泻懈褏 泻薪褟蟹械泄, 斜褘谢 芯锌谢芯褌芯屑 懈褏 胁谢懈褟薪懈褟 胁 褋械胁械褉薪褘褏 蟹械屑谢褟褏 袪褍褋懈. 袩械褉胁芯薪邪褔邪谢褜薪芯 胁褋械 锌芯褋褌褉芯泄泻懈 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 斜褘谢懈 写械褉械胁褟薪薪褘屑懈, 薪芯 胁 XVI 胁. 褉邪薪褜褕械, 褔械屑 胁 褋邪屑芯泄 袙芯谢芯谐写械, 胁 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉械 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜 泻邪屑械薪薪芯械 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯: 胁芯蟹胁械谢懈 褋芯斜芯褉, 褌褉邪锌械蟹薪褍褞 褋 袙胁械写械薪褋泻芯泄 褑械褉泻芯胁褜褞 懈 薪邪写胁褉邪褌薪褍褞 褑械褉泻芯胁褜.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1528 谐. 胁 小锌邪褋芯-袩褉懈谢褍褑泻芯屑 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉械 «褍 褔褍写芯褌胁芯褉褑械胁» 锌芯斜褘胁邪谢 袙械谢懈泻懈泄 泻薪褟蟹褜 袙邪褋懈谢懈泄 III 褋 卸械薪芯泄 袝谢械薪芯泄 袚谢懈薪褋泻芯泄, 褔褌芯斜褘 锌芯屑芯谢懈褌褜褋褟 芯 褔邪写芯褉芯写懈懈. 袠胁邪薪 IV 袚褉芯蟹薪褘泄 胁 1545 谐. 锌褉懈械蟹卸邪谢 胁 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 薪邪 斜芯谐芯屑芯谢褜械.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1618–1619 谐谐. 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 褉邪蟹谐褉邪斜懈谢懈 锌芯谢褟泻懈 懈 谢懈褌芯胁褑褘. 袙 褋褌褉邪褕薪芯泄 褉械蟹薪械 锌芯谐懈斜谢芯 斜芯谢械械 200 褔械谢芯胁械泻. 袧芯 胁芯 2-泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVII 胁. 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯 褉邪褋褕懈褉褟械褌褋褟: 胁芯蟹胁芯写褟褌褋褟 泻邪屑械薪薪褘械 褋褌械薪褘 褋 斜邪褕薪褟屑懈, 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢褜薪褟, 泻械谢褜懈 懈 褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 锌芯褋褌褉芯泄泻懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1811 谐. 芯斜懈褌械谢褜 锌芯褋褌褉邪写邪谢邪 芯褌 锌芯卸邪褉邪 — 褋谐芯褉械谢 谐谢邪胁薪褘泄 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褋泻懈泄 褏褉邪屑. 袧邪 褋谢械写褍褞褖懈泄 谐芯写, 褋 薪邪褔邪谢芯屑 袨褌械褔械褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 胁芯泄薪褘 1812 谐., 锌褉懈 胁褌芯褉卸械薪懈懈 褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褋泻芯泄 邪褉屑懈懈 胁 袦芯褋泻胁褍, 薪邪 锌褉芯写芯谢卸械薪懈懈 褌褉褢褏 屑械褋褟褑械胁 胁 褋芯斜芯褉薪芯泄 小锌邪褋褋泻芯泄 褑械褉泻胁懈 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 褏褉邪薪懈谢懈褋褜 写褉邪谐芯褑械薪薪芯褋褌懈, 胁褘胁械蟹械薪薪褘械 懈蟹 袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褕械泄 褉懈蟹薪懈褑褘, 孝褉芯懈褑械-小械褉谐懈械胁芯泄 谢邪胁褉褘 懈 懈蟹 屑薪芯谐懈褏 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘褏 屑芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈褏 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉械泄 懈 褋芯斜芯褉芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袗薪褋邪屑斜谢褜 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褋泻芯谐芯 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋邪 褋褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 芯写薪懈屑 懈蟹 褋邪屑褘褏 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪褘褏 薪邪 袪褍褋褋泻芯屑 小械胁械褉械. 袦芯褖薪褘械 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘械 褋褌械薪褘 锌芯写褔褢褉泻懈胁邪褞褌 芯斜芯褉芯薪薪芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械 芯斜懈褌械谢懈. 袨薪懈 斜褘谢懈 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪褘 胁 褋械褉械写懈薪械 XVII 胁. 懈 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 胁 锌谢邪薪械 薪械锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪褘泄 褔械褌褘褉褢褏褍谐芯谢褜薪懈泻 锌械褉懈屑械褌褉芯屑 950 屑. 小褌械薪褘 懈屑械褞褌 褌芯谢褖懈薪褍 2 屑 懈 屑邪泻褋懈屑邪谢褜薪褍褞 胁褘褋芯褌褍 芯泻芯谢芯 7 屑 薪邪 褞卸薪芯屑 懈 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪芯屑 锌褉褟褋谢邪褏, 谐写械 薪械褌 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 锌褉械谐褉邪写.</p> <p class="text-justify">袚谢邪胁薪芯械 褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪懈械 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋邪 — <em>小锌邪褋芯-袩褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪褋泻懈泄 褋芯斜芯褉</em> — 胁芯蟹胁械谢懈 胁 1537–1542 谐谐. 锌芯褋谢械 锌芯卸邪褉邪, 褍薪懈褔褌芯卸懈胁褕械谐芯 写械褉械胁褟薪薪褍褞 袩褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪褋泻褍褞 褑械褉泻芯胁褜, 泻芯谐写邪-褌芯 胁芯蟹胁械写褢薪薪褍褞 袛懈屑懈褌褉懈械屑 袩褉懈谢褍褑泻懈屑, 胁芯蟹谢械 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 懈 胁褘褉芯褋 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜.</p> <p class="text-justify">挟谐芯-蟹邪锌邪写薪械械 小锌邪褋芯-袩褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜芯褉邪 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋 蟹写邪薪懈泄, 胁泻谢褞褔邪褞褖懈泄 褌褉邪锌械蟹薪褍褞 锌邪谢邪褌褍 (1540-械 谐谐.), 袙胁械写械薪褋泻褍褞 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 懈 褋褌邪褉褘械 薪邪褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜褋泻懈械 锌芯泻芯懈. 袙 1644–1656 谐谐. 蟹邪锌邪写薪械械 小锌邪褋芯-袩褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜芯褉邪 胁芯蟹胁芯写懈褌褋褟 薪芯胁邪褟 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢褜薪褟 褋 袗谢械泻褋械械胁褋泻芯泄 褑械褉泻芯胁褜褞. 袙 XVII–XVIII 胁胁. 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪褘 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘械 褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 懈 卸懈谢褘械 锌芯屑械褖械薪懈褟 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 — 斜褉邪褌褋泻懈械 泻械谢褜懈, 谢械褌薪懈械 懈 蟹懈屑薪懈械 薪邪褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜褋泻懈械 泻械谢褜懈, 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褋泻懈械 泻谢邪写芯胁褘械 懈 褌. 锌.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1737 谐. 斜褘谢 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪 谢械褌薪懈泄 薪邪褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜褋泻懈泄 泻芯褉锌褍褋, 褋芯械写懈薪褢薪薪褘泄 蟹邪褌械屑 锌械褉械褏芯写芯屑 褋 薪邪写胁褉邪褌薪芯泄 褑械褉泻芯胁褜褞. 小 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪芯泄 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘 泻 泻芯褉锌褍褋褍 锌褉懈屑褘泻邪械褌 斜芯谢褜薪懈褔薪褘泄 泻芯褉锌褍褋 懈 斜芯谢褜薪懈褔薪邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 袙褋械褏 小胁褟褌褘褏 (1721 谐.).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1830-械 谐谐. 褉褟写芯屑 褋 袙胁械写械薪褋泻芯泄 褑械褉泻芯胁褜褞 薪邪 褋褉械写褋褌胁邪 胁芯谢芯谐芯写褋泻芯谐芯 锌芯屑械褖懈泻邪 袙. 袙芯谢芯褑泻芯谐芯 薪邪写 屑芯谐懈谢邪屑懈 泻薪褟蟹械泄 袙芯谢芯褑泻懈褏 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪邪 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪懈薪褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜-屑邪胁蟹芯谢械泄 胁 褋褌懈谢械 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 泻谢邪褋褋懈褑懈蟹屑邪. 袪褟写芯屑 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 屑芯谐懈谢邪 锌芯褝褌邪 袣.袧. 袘邪褌褞褕泻芯胁邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1960 谐. 胁 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 锌械褉械胁械蟹谢懈 写械褉械胁褟薪薪褍褞 校褋锌械薪褋泻褍褞 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 懈蟹 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉芯-袣褍褕褌褋泻芯谐芯 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟. 校褋锌械薪褋泻邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜, 褋褉褍斜谢械薪薪邪褟 胁 1-泄 褔械褌胁械褉褌懈 XVI 胁., — 褍薪懈泻邪谢褜薪褘泄 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 蟹芯写褔械褋褌胁邪, 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 写褉械胁薪械泄褕懈褏 写械褉械胁褟薪薪褘褏 褕邪褌褉芯胁褘褏 褏褉邪屑芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 褋芯胁械褌褋泻懈械 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