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<li id="toc-Old_Order:_Liberal_Democracy_and_Guided_Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Order:_Liberal_Democracy_and_Guided_Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Old Order: Liberal Democracy and Guided Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Order:_Liberal_Democracy_and_Guided_Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_New_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_New_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Transition to the New Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_New_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reform era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_society_in_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_society_in_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Civil society in Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_society_in_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political parties and elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties and elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latest_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Latest election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Indonesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="السياسة في إندونيسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السياسة في إندونيسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_d%27Indonesia" title="Política d'Indonesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Política d'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziyan%C4%B1n_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurulu%C5%9Fu" title="İndoneziyanın dövlət quruluşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndoneziyanın dövlət quruluşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE#রাজনীতি" title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Индонезия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_System_Indonesiens" title="Politisches System Indonesiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches System Indonesiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Indonesia" title="Política de Indonesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política de Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="سیاست در اندونزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست در اندونزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Politique en Indonésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="인도네시아의 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아의 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Indonesia" title="Politik Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_dell%27Indonesia" title="Politica dell'Indonesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica dell'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Pulitik Indonésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulitik Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijos_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Indonezijos politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indonezijos politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Indonesia" title="Politik Indonesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_in_Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Politiek in Indonesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek in Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="د اندونیزیا سیاست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اندونیزیا سیاست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Política da Indonésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_Indonesia" title="Chính trị Indonesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik_di_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Pulitik di Indonésia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pulitik di Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politics of Indonesia</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Politik Indonesia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/140px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/210px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/280px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">National emblem of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">Parliamentary Complex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Muzani" title="Ahmad Muzani">Ahmad Muzani</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the People's Consultative Assembly">Speaker</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bachtiar_Najamudin" title="Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin">Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia" title="List of speakers of the Regional Representative Council of Indonesia">Speaker</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puan_Maharani" title="Puan Maharani">Puan Maharani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Speaker</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Direct popular vote</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Palace" title="Merdeka Palace">Merdeka Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia">Judiciary of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunarto_(judge)" title="Sunarto (judge)">Sunarto</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suhartoyo" title="Suhartoyo">Suhartoyo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CE2029; border: 1px double #d69d36;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Indonesia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/110px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/165px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/220px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia"><span style="color:#FFF;">National government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/30px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/45px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)"><b>Pancasila</b> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(national ideology)</span></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Executive_branch"><span style="color:#FFF;">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/30px-Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/45px-Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/60px-Indonesian_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="591" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra</a>)</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/30px-Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/45px-Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg/60px-Indonesian_Vice_Presidential_Seal_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="591" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President of Indonesia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regent or Mayor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly"><span style="color:#FFF;">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the People's Consultative Assembly">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Muzani" title="Ahmad Muzani">Ahmad Muzani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Puan_Maharani" title="Puan Maharani">Puan Maharani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">PDI-P</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_of_Indonesia" title="List of speakers of the Regional Representative Council of Indonesia">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bachtiar_Najamudin" title="Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin">Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/60px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="821" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court of Indonesia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunarto_(judge)" title="Sunarto (judge)">Sunarto</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/30px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/45px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court of Indonesia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Suhartoyo" title="Suhartoyo">Suhartoyo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg/60px-Insignia_of_the_Judicial_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="501" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission of Indonesia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairman Amzulian Rifai</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Political parties</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">List of political parties</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Legislative elections</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_Indonesian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1955 Indonesian Constitutional Assembly election">1955 (Const.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1955 Indonesian legislative election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1971 Indonesian legislative election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1977 Indonesian legislative election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1982 Indonesian legislative election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1987 Indonesian legislative election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1992 Indonesian legislative election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1997 Indonesian legislative election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1999 Indonesian legislative election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="2004 Indonesian legislative election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="2009 Indonesian legislative election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="2014 Indonesian legislative election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indonesian_general_election" title="2019 Indonesian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election" title="2024 Indonesian general election">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="1999 Indonesian presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2004 Indonesian presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2009 Indonesian presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2014 Indonesian presidential election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indonesian_general_election" title="2019 Indonesian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2024 Indonesian presidential election">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_electoral_law_of_2017" title="Indonesian electoral law of 2017">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_national_electoral_districts" title="List of Indonesian national electoral districts">Electoral Districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #CE2029; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #d69d36;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Indonesia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Indonesia">Diplomatic missions of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Indonesia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Indonesia">Diplomatic missions in Indonesia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Politics of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Politics of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>politics of Indonesia</b> take place in the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> of the executive and the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-insideindonesia.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insideindonesia.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">1945 constitution</a> provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative and judicial power. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics".<sup id="cite_ref-insideindonesia.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insideindonesia.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia was democratic upon independence, but became authoritarian in 1957 under <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained authoritarian under his successor Suharto until the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_riots_of_May_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian riots of May 1998">Indonesian riots of May 1998</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">resignation of President Suharto</a>, which led to the restoration of democracy in Indonesia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Indonesia a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">flawed democracy</a>" in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy-index_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-index-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Indonesia was 2023 the 11th most electoral <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">democratic country in Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's political parties have been characterized as <a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">cartel parties</a> with extensive power-sharing among parties and limited accountability to voters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the American think tank <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Indonesia fails to meet many of the civil requirements for a consolidated, or maximalist, democracy. court system often has many instances of corruption, and there is no <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> many in civil and criminal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Order:_Liberal_Democracy_and_Guided_Democracy">Old Order: Liberal Democracy and Guided Democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Order: Liberal Democracy and Guided Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy period in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy in Indonesia</a></div> <p>The <b>"Old Order"</b> (1950–1965) in Indonesia has long been understood to be a period of turmoil and crisis, characterized by rebellions and political unrest. The weakness of Indonesia's democracy and its gradual transition to authoritarianism during the Old Order can be attributed to conventional modernization theory, which suggests that without strong socioeconomic structures, successful transitions to democracy are unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, it was not until the late 1960s when urbanization took place that the Indonesian government began to build a stronger democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-rba.gov.au_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rba.gov.au-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <b>"Liberal Democracy"</b> period (1950–1957), Indonesia aspired to renew its global status and achieve modernity as a newly independent country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with this vision, it sought to establish a democratic parliamentary system, bringing forth a "multi-party system, cabinet government under a prime minister, and a ceremonial president".<sup id="cite_ref-academic.oup.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the economic instability inherited from colonial rule significantly hindered their democratic nation-building vision: the Indonesian economy struggled to recover from the hardships of colonial occupation, with economic growth being stagnant and inflation reaching over 600% between the 1950s-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's economy heavily relied on the agricultural sector, but without diversification and industrialization, the government became vulnerable to polarization and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-rba.gov.au_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rba.gov.au-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Indonesia's abundance of natural resources, such as coffee, rubber, and cocoa, made it susceptible to the political resource curse:<sup id="cite_ref-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's resource wealth led to corruption, inequality, and political instability, hindering economic and social progress; the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few elites with a monopoly over these resources worsened the country's economic and political problems. This ultimately led to rising political tensions and the government's loss of control.<sup id="cite_ref-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>"Guided Democracy"</b>, which was in place from 1957 to 1966, aimed to bring about political stability, modernization, and development under the leadership of President Sukarno.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Sukarno sought to build political institutions to bolster representation and resolve conflicts of regionalism, social class, and religion that plagued the Parliament during the Liberal Democracy era.<sup id="cite_ref-academic.oup.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, power became increasingly centralized to the executive branch in the latter half of Guided Democracy, with Sukarno assuming a dictator-like role in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's gradual transition to authoritarianism during the Guided Democracy period exemplifies the failure of the democratic project in the country due to weak socio-economic structures and the political resource curse that undermined its democratic development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_the_New_Order">Transition to the New Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transition to the New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order</a></div> <p>The transition to the "<a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a>" in the mid-1960s, ousted Sukarno after 22 years in the position. One of the most tumultuous periods in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">the country's modern history</a>, it was the commencement of <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s three-decade presidency. Described as the great <i><a href="/wiki/Dhalang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhalang">dhalang</a></i> ("puppet master"), Sukarno drew power from balancing the opposing and increasingly antagonistic forces of the army and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI). </p><p>By 1965, the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government and gained influence at the expense of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 1965, six of the military's most senior officers were killed in an action (generally labelled an "attempted coup") by the so-called <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>, a group from within the armed forces. Within a few hours, <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Major General Suharto</a> mobilised forces under his command and took control of Jakarta. Anti-communists, initially following the army's lead, went on <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">a violent purge of communists throughout the country</a>, killing an estimated half million people and destroying the PKI, which was officially blamed for the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The politically weakened Sukarno was <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">forced to transfer key political and military powers</a> to General Suharto, who had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Provisional <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> (MPRS) named General Suharto acting president. He was formally appointed president one year later. Sukarno lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970. In contrast to the stormy nationalism, revolutionary rhetoric, and economic failure that characterised the early 1960s under the left-leaning Sukarno, Suharto's pro-Western "New Order" stabilised the economy but continued the official state philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)"><i>Pancasila</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Order">New Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (Indonesia)</a></div> <p>Sukarno-Indonesia's first national figure and president-dissolved the elected assembly, introduced a concept known as Guided Democracy, and reinstated the 1945 constitution in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-justicdd_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justicdd-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of Guided Democracy was marked by the creation of a plethora of ministries, by the rise of the Indonesia Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia; PKI) to a position of political dominance, and by the emergence of the army as a major anticommunist political force.<sup id="cite_ref-justicdd_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justicdd-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure collapsed with an attempted coup d'état in 1965, which led to the downfall of Sukarno.<sup id="cite_ref-justicdd_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justicdd-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Suharto, Sukarno's successor, Indonesia entered a new political era, officially called the New Order<sup id="cite_ref-justicdd_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justicdd-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>New Order</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Orde Baru</i>) is the term coined by President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> to characterise his regime as he came to power in 1966. He used this term to contrast his rule with that of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (dubbed the "Old Order," or <i>Orde Lama</i>). The term "New Order" in more recent times has become synonymous with the Suharto years (1966–1998). </p><p>Immediately following the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">attempted coup</a> in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, but the New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' (<i><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_66" title="Angkatan 66">Angkatan 66</a></i>) epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following communal and political conflicts, and economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the New Order was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the New Order established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations, and selective but effective repression of opponents. Strident <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years. </p><p>Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement which forced <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">Suharto to resign in 1998</a> and then gained power, the term "New Order" has come to be used pejoratively. It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the New Order, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian regime, such as corruption, <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> (widely known by the acronym KKN: <i>korupsi</i>, <i>kolusi</i>, <i>nepotisme</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_era">Reform era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reform era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">Post-Suharto era</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndonesianElections.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IndonesianElections.gif/300px-IndonesianElections.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IndonesianElections.gif/450px-IndonesianElections.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IndonesianElections.gif/600px-IndonesianElections.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the parties/organisations with the largest vote share per province in Indonesia's elections from 1971 to 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Post-Suharto era</b> began with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998 during which Indonesia has been in a period of transition, an era known as <i>Reformasi</i> (English: <i>Reform</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This period has seen a more open and liberal political-social environment. </p><p>Indonesia's transition to democracy was a key part of the broader reform era.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic transitions tend to be grouped into two categories: bottom-up transitions where people rise up and overthrow an existing regime, and top-down transitions where an authoritarian ruler introduces liberalizing reforms leading to democratic transition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia experienced a transition toward democratic rule that involved both bottom-up and top-down forces after the fall of the authoritarian regime in 1998, thus altering the political structure of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in democratization across developing countries, including Indonesia, is common and may be explained by different theoretical models.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Indonesia has been considered a democracy since the fall of the authoritarian regime in 1998, democratic consolidation has not completely been achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A process of constitutional reform lasted from 1999 to 2002, with four amendments producing major changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008360–361_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008360–361-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these were <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> of up to two five-year terms for the president and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice president</a> and measures to institute <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a>. The highest state institution is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat</i>, MPR), whose functions previously included electing the president and vice-president (since 2004 the president has been elected directly by the people), establishing broad guidelines of state policy, and amending the constitution. The 695-member MPR includes all 550 members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</i>, DPR) plus 130 members of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Dewan Perwakilan Daerah</i>, DPD) elected by the 26 provincial parliaments and 65 appointed members from societal groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008361–362_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008361–362-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DPR, which is the premier legislative institution, originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional/district representational system and thirty-eight appointed members of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Armed Forces">Indonesian Armed Forces</a> (TNI) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">police</a> (POLRI). TNI/POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008293–296_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008293–296-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Under constitutional changes in 2004, the MPR became a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a>, with the creation of the DPD, in which each province is represented by four members, although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR. Through his/her appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008265,_361,_441_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008265,_361,_441-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial and regional parliaments in over 40 years. In October 1999, the MPR elected a compromise candidate, <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>, as the country's fourth president, and <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>—a daughter of Sukarno—as the vice-president. Megawati's <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">PDI-P</a> party had won the largest share of the vote (34%) in the general election, while <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a>, the dominant party during the New Order, came in second (22%). Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR. Other nationwide democratic elections took place in 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_Political_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesian_Political_System.svg/350px-Indonesian_Political_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesian_Political_System.svg/525px-Indonesian_Political_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesian_Political_System.svg/700px-Indonesian_Political_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Indonesian political system before and after the constitutional amendments</figcaption></figure> <p>In Indonesia, while free and fair elections have been held and a constitution guaranteeing certain rights and freedoms exists, corruption and involvement of money in politics persists.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption in regional government is often revenue-related, involving bribery and theft of public goods for personal gain, and identifies political corruption, such as fraudulent behavior and deviant lobbying techniques, as the type committed by government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, one of the primary reasons Indonesia may not be considered a consolidated democracy is due to their lack of “civilian control over the military”.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia has created democratic institutions, but there is still progress that must be made to address the challenges the country currently faces in order to consolidate democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Reformasi, Indonesia became a <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> democracy, where state resources are distributed among political parties. While patronage weakens democratic institutions and accountability, it serves as a powerful incentive for compromise and cooperation. Parties get into governing coalitions regardless of ideology to access state resources. This cut across identity-based cleavages. President <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>'s leadership contained social conflict by mediating between conflicting forces and accommodating potential opposition. Yudhoyono's presidency was a period of democratic stagnation but also of peace, stability, and absence of <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2014_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2014 Indonesian presidential election">2014 Indonesian presidential election</a> marked a rise of polarization, with an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist</a> divide, which continued in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election">2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indonesian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Indonesian presidential election">2019 Indonesian presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, scholars are conflicted about the strength and durability of Indonesia's democracy. Indonesia scores well on certain characteristics of democracy, such as political rights, classifying it as a democracy in the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">minimalist</a> interpretation of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the country lacks other aspects of democracy that are usually required for a regime to reach <a href="/wiki/Democratic_consolidation" title="Democratic consolidation">democratic consolidation</a>, such as adequate <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> protections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">minimalist</a> view of democracy classifies political regimes purely in terms of their institutions and procedures rather than the outcomes they produce. Specifically, a regime must implement <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indonesia, the president is directly elected and can serve up to two five-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are limited voting irregularities, and international election monitors consider the elections free and fair. Additionally, in 2019, the Constitutional Court rejected claims of widespread <a href="/wiki/Voter_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter fraud">voter fraud</a>. The right to organize competing political parties is respected, and the system allows for the competition of several political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to the minimalist definition, Indonesia is a democracy. </p><p>However, a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">maximalist</a> approach to democracy claims that free and fair elections are insufficient to consider a regime a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximalists argue that these countries must also guarantee other social, political, and economic rights, often those found in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_consolidation" title="Democratic consolidation">consolidated democracies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> protections, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_society_in_Indonesia">Civil society in Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil society in Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a> is a term that has been coined by both sides of the political spectrum for their respective interests. It is defined broadly by <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a> as the wide range of organizations operating outside the governmental and business sectors. It has taken on ambiguous connotations as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Putnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Putnam">Robert Putnam</a> has associated it with the strengthening of Democratic government while <a href="/wiki/Sheri_Berman" title="Sheri Berman">Sheri Berman</a> has demonstrated how civil associations helped to collapse Weimar Germany. As with any other country, Indonesian civil society spans an array of organizations including professional, religious, intermediary, and mass-based. Under Suharto, civil society organizations (CSOs) often fought for democracy and human rights. </p><p>Under Suharto, civil society in Indonesia was massively contained. The mass murders of the left limited CSOs to advocacy relating to human rights and democracy. After his fall, civil society established itself in the reformed era. CSOs in Indonesia are reflective of the unique politics of the country. They exist on a spectrum of opinion on Islam's proper role in the government. For example, in 2017, the Indonesian government prohibited the Indonesian Chapter of <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>. Using the Law on Mass-Based Organizations (ORMAS). Some CSOs condemned the action as a violation of human rights while others saw the move as a necessity in curbing extremist ideology. ORMAS represents new bureaucratic regulations and restrictions on CSOs. The passage of this law has been associated with the Indonesian government's continued crackdown on free speech and expression. </p><p>Humanprogress.org provides a Civil Society Participation Index which measures whether “major CSOs routinely consulted by policymakers; how large is the involvement of people in CSOs; are women prevented from participating;” among a variety of other factors. Indonesia's Civil Society Index has fluctuated throughout the 20th century. During the period of liberal democracy before Sukarno, Indonesia reached a Civil Society Participation score of 0.74. During the presidencies of Sukarno and Suharto, the score plunged to 0.12. As Indonesia entered its Reform Era, the score climbed to 0.95; however in recent years Indonesia's Civil Society Participation Index has declined to 0.82. Compared to its neighbors in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has been hailed as a champion for free expression in the region. Other tools to measure civil society are the CSO Sustainability Index Explorer by csosi.org and the Civil Society Index provided by the United Nations Development Programme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Indonesia">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra</a> </td> <td>20 October 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia">Vice President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>20 October 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The executive branch of Indonesia is headed by a president, who is head of government and head of state. The president is elected by general election and can serve up to two five-year terms if re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-NYU_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive branch also includes a vice-president and a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">cabinet</a>. All bills need joint approval between the executive and the legislature to become law, meaning the president has veto power over all legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherlock_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherlock-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president also has the power to issue presidential decrees that have policy effects, and is also in charge of Indonesia's foreign relations, although treaties require legislative approval.<sup id="cite_ref-NYU_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2004, the president was selected by the MPR, but following the third amendment to the constitution, enacted in 2001, the president is now directly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008228,_263_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008228,_263-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last election was held in February 2024, and Prabowo was elected and inaugurated on 20 October 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg/250px-MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg/375px-MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg/500px-MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The legislative <a href="/wiki/MPR/DPR/DPD_building" title="MPR/DPR/DPD building">building complex</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg/220px-Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg/330px-Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg/440px-Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The House of Representatives.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">MPR</a> is the legislative branch of Indonesia's political system. The MPR is composed of two houses: the DPR, which is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">DPD</a>, which is called the Regional Representative Council. The 575 DPR members are elected through multi-member electoral districts, whereas 4 DPD senators are elected in each of Indonesia's 34 provinces. The DPR holds most of the legislative power because it has the sole power to pass laws. The DPD acts as a supplementary body to the DPR; it can propose bills, offer its opinion and participate in discussions, but it has no legal power. The MPR itself has power outside of those given to the individual houses. It can amend the constitution, inaugurate the president and conduct impeachment procedures. When the MPR acts in this function, it does so by simply combining the members of the two houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherlock_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherlock-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008236–4,_432_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008236–4,_432-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political parties and elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">List of political parties in Indonesia</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections in Indonesia</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Elections_Commission_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Elections Commission (Indonesia)">General Elections Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Komisi Pemilihan Umum</i>, <i>KPU</i>) is the body that is responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections. Article 22E(5) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a> rules that the KPU is national, permanent, and independent. Prior to the 2004 elections, the KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties. However, members of KPU must now be non-partisan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_election">Latest election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latest election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election" title="2024 Indonesian general election">2024 Indonesian general election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President">President</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Running mate</th><th scope="col">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B79164"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td><td><a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">96,214,691</td><td style="text-align:right">58.59</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DCDCDC"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Anies_Baswedan" title="Anies Baswedan">Anies Baswedan</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Muhaimin_Iskandar" title="Muhaimin Iskandar">Muhaimin Iskandar</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">PKB</a>)</td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td><td style="text-align:right">40,971,906</td><td style="text-align:right">24.95</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DB2016"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ganjar_Pranowo" title="Ganjar Pranowo">Ganjar Pranowo</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Mahfud_MD" title="Mahfud MD">Mahfud MD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td><td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a></td><td style="text-align:right">27,040,878</td><td style="text-align:right">16.47</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="4">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">164,227,475</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="6" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>164,227,475</td><td>97.51</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>4,194,536</td><td>2.49</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>168,422,011</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="4" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>204,421,612</td><td>82.39</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="6" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sirekap-obj-formd.kpu.go.id/cfcd/pemilu/0_DD1_ppwp_0_1711041703_22002b1a-f74f-48e9-a48f-b57d9cca09d4.pdf">KPU</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="7" style="text-align:center;color:black;background:#F8F9FA"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg/360px-DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg/540px-DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg/720px-DPR_RI_2024%E2%80%932029.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">+/–</th><th scope="col">Seats</th><th scope="col">+/–</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DB2016"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a></td><td style="text-align:right">25,387,279</td><td style="text-align:right">16.72</td><td style="text-align:right">–2.61</td><td style="text-align:right">110</td><td style="text-align:right">–18</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFD83B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a></td><td style="text-align:right">23,208,654</td><td style="text-align:right">15.29</td><td style="text-align:right">+2.98</td><td style="text-align:right">102</td><td style="text-align:right">+17</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B79164"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">20,071,708</td><td style="text-align:right">13.22</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.65</td><td style="text-align:right">86</td><td style="text-align:right">+8</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#02754C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">16,115,655</td><td style="text-align:right">10.62</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.93</td><td style="text-align:right">68</td><td style="text-align:right">+10</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#27408B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Nasdem_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasdem Party">Nasdem Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,660,516</td><td style="text-align:right">9.66</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.61</td><td style="text-align:right">69</td><td style="text-align:right">+10</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FE5000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">12,781,353</td><td style="text-align:right">8.42</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.21</td><td style="text-align:right">53</td><td style="text-align:right">+3</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#2643A3"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Democratic Party (Indonesia)">Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">11,283,160</td><td style="text-align:right">7.43</td><td style="text-align:right">–0.34</td><td style="text-align:right">44</td><td style="text-align:right">–10</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0033FF"></td><td><a href="/wiki/National_Mandate_Party" title="National Mandate Party">National Mandate Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">10,984,003</td><td style="text-align:right">7.24</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.40</td><td style="text-align:right">48</td><td style="text-align:right">+4</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00A100"></td><td><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">5,878,777</td><td style="text-align:right">3.87</td><td style="text-align:right">–0.65</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–19</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E6212A"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Solidarity_Party" title="Indonesian Solidarity Party">Indonesian Solidarity Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">4,260,169</td><td style="text-align:right">2.81</td><td style="text-align:right">+0.92</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#2F318B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Perindo_Party" title="Perindo Party">Perindo Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,955,154</td><td style="text-align:right">1.29</td><td style="text-align:right">–1.38</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00CDFF"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gelora_Party" title="Gelora Party">Gelora Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,281,991</td><td style="text-align:right">0.84</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF7F00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Conscience_Party" title="People's Conscience Party">People's Conscience Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,094,588</td><td style="text-align:right">0.72</td><td style="text-align:right">–0.82</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ff6800"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Indonesia,_2021)" title="Labour Party (Indonesia, 2021)">Labour Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">972,910</td><td style="text-align:right">0.64</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#000000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ummah_Party" title="Ummah Party">Ummah Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">642,545</td><td style="text-align:right">0.42</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#005825"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Star_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Crescent Star Party (Indonesia)">Crescent Star Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">484,486</td><td style="text-align:right">0.32</td><td style="text-align:right">–0.47</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B3282B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Party" title="Garuda Party">Garuda Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">406,883</td><td style="text-align:right">0.27</td><td style="text-align:right">–0.23</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF2121"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_Awakening_Party" title="Nusantara Awakening Party">Nusantara Awakening Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">326,800</td><td style="text-align:right">0.22</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">151,796,631</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td><td style="text-align:right">580</td><td style="text-align:right">+5</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="7" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="7" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2024kpt360.pdf">KPU</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court of Indonesia</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Mahkamah Agung</i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Mahkamah Konstitusi</i></span>) are the highest level of the judicial branch. The Constitutional Court listens to disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institution. It has 9 judges appointed by the DPR, the President and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of Indonesia hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. It has 51 judges divided into 8 chambers. Its judges are nominated by the Judicial Commission of Indonesia and appointed by the President. Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pengadilan Negeri</i></span>); appeals are heard before the High Court (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pengadilan Tinggi</i></span>). Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; the State Administrative Court (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara</i></span>) to hear administrative law cases against the government; and the Religious Court (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pengadilan Agama</i></span>) to deal with codified Islamic personal law (<i>sharia</i>) cases.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Komisi Yudisial</i>) monitors the performance of judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations of Indonesia</a></div> <p>During the regime of president Suharto, Indonesia built strong relations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and had difficult relations with the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> owing to Indonesia's anti-communist policies and domestic tensions with the Chinese community. It received international denunciation for its annexation of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">genocide</a> against the East Timorese in 1978. Indonesia is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_South_East_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of South East Asian Nations">Association of South East Asian Nations</a>, and thereby a member of both <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN+3">ASEAN+3</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>. </p><p>Since the 1980s, Indonesia has worked to develop close political and economic ties between Southeast Asian countries, and is also influential in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. Indonesia was heavily criticised between 1975 and 1999 for allegedly suppressing <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Timor" title="Human rights in East Timor">human rights in East Timor</a>, and for supporting violence against the East Timorese following the latter's secession and independence in 1999. Since 2001, the government of Indonesia has co-operated with the US in cracking down on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> and terrorist groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List of presidents of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of vice presidents of Indonesia">List of vice presidents of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">Corruption in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-insideindonesia.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insideindonesia.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insideindonesia.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Blair. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2023%3A+Age+of+Conflict&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2018" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, Dan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2017.26">"Party Cartelization, Indonesian-Style: Presidential Powersharing and the Contingency of Democratic Opposition"</a>. <i>Journal of East Asian Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 23–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2017.26">10.1017/jea.2017.26</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408">1598-2408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Party+Cartelization%2C+Indonesian-Style%3A+Presidential+Powersharing+and+the+Contingency+of+Democratic+Opposition&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-46&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjea.2017.26&rft.issn=1598-2408&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjea.2017.26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2024" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, Dan (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/922832">"Indonesia's High-Stakes Handover"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 40–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a922832">10.1353/jod.2024.a922832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406135935/https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/922832">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The cardinal fact of Indonesian elite politics is that party competition during elections is invariably followed by party cartelization after elections.4 Since the exact contours and boundaries of the ruling coalition are always subject to intense and protracted negotiation, it is never certain who will be in government and who will be out. What is certain is that it is Indonesian elites, not Indonesian voters, who decide what the government will look like and who, if anybody, will serve as opposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+High-Stakes+Handover&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-51&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a922832&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F922832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCargoWadipalapa2024" class="citation journal cs1">McCargo, Duncan; Wadipalapa, Rendy (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2024.a930431">"Southeast Asia's Toxic Alliances"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 115–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a930431">10.1353/jod.2024.a930431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia%27s+Toxic+Alliances&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-130&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a930431&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft.aulast=McCargo&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Wadipalapa%2C+Rendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2024.a930431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2022">"Indonesia: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304023108/https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2022">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2022+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Findonesia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitallibrary.tsu.ge/book/2019/feb/reader/Jorjoliani-Principles-of-Comparative-Politics.pdf">https://digitallibrary.tsu.ge/book/2019/feb/reader/Jorjoliani-Principles-of-Comparative-Politics.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326223356/https://digitallibrary.tsu.ge/book/2019/feb/reader/Jorjoliani-Principles-of-Comparative-Politics.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rba.gov.au-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rba.gov.au_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rba.gov.au_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-1211-4.pdf">https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-1211-4.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304023725/https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-1211-4.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordholt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nordholt, Henk Schulte (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41329000.pdf">"Indonesia in the 1950s: Nation, modernity, and the post-colonial state"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>167</b> (4): 386–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003577">10.1163/22134379-90003577</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41329000">41329000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Indonesia+in+the+1950s%3A+Nation%2C+modernity%2C+and+the+post-colonial+state&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=386-404&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41329000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nordholt&rft.aufirst=Henk+Schulte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F41329000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic.oup.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/3541/chapter/144797452">https://academic.oup.com/book/3541/chapter/144797452</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddle1992" class="citation journal cs1">Liddle, R. William (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/422154.pdf">"Indonesia's Democratic Past and Future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 443–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F422154">10.2307/422154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/422154">422154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324081800/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/422154.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+Democratic+Past+and+Future&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-462&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F422154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F422154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=R.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F422154.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c05ed915d3cfd001100/wp35.pdf">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c05ed915d3cfd001100/wp35.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304023738/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c05ed915d3cfd001100/wp35.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakih2020" class="citation book cs1">Fakih, Farabi (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004437722/BP000001.xml">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Authoritarian Modernization in Indonesia's Early Independence Period</i>. Brill. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437722_002">10.1163/9789004437722_002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004437722" title="Special:BookSources/9789004437722"><bdi>9789004437722</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242813604">242813604</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304023731/https://brill.com/display/book/9789004437722/BP000001.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shadowplay&rft.pub=Vagabond+Films+and+Hilton+Cordell+Productions&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span>; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Cribb2002" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Cribb (2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+-+Justice+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndonesia%2FJustice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/24/stop-talk-kkn.html">Stop talk of KKN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026103742/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/24/stop-talk-kkn.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Jakarta Post (24 August 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>US Indonesia Diplomatic and Political Cooperation Handbook</i>, Int'l Business Publications, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1433053306" title="Special:BookSources/1433053306">1433053306</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvfZnRoC_YQC&pg=RA1-PA102">page CRS-5</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Bush, <i>Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812308768" title="Special:BookSources/9812308768">9812308768</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssg0aiSEyy0C&pg=PA111">page 111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan Ver Berkmoes, <i>Lonely Planet Indonesia</i>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1741048303" title="Special:BookSources/1741048303">1741048303</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GMBFsaFNN4C&pg=PA49">page 49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hara, Abubakar E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=Consolidating+Indonesia%27s+deteriorating+democracy&rft.date=2021-06-12&rft.aulast=Bachheimer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2021%2F06%2F12%2Fconsolidating-indonesia-deteriorating-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall-TaylorLindstaedtFrantz2020" class="citation book cs1">Kendall-Taylor, Andrea; Lindstaedt, Natasha; Frantz, Erica (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordpoliticstrove.com/display/10.1093/hepl/9780198820819.001.0001/hepl-9780198820819-chapter-2"><i>2. Defining Democracy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhepl%2F9780198820819.003.0002">10.1093/hepl/9780198820819.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-186051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-186051-5"><bdi>978-0-19-186051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2.+Defining+Democracy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhepl%2F9780198820819.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-186051-5&rft.aulast=Kendall-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Lindstaedt%2C+Natasha&rft.au=Frantz%2C+Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordpoliticstrove.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fhepl%2F9780198820819.001.0001%2Fhepl-9780198820819-chapter-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYU-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYU_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYU_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaimanReniLengkongArdiyanto2015" class="citation web cs1">Laiman, Alamo; Reni, Dewi; Lengkong, Ronald; Ardiyanto, Sigit (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Indonesia1.html">"UPDATE: The Indonesian Legal System and Legal Research"</a>. Hauser Global Law School Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510022730/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Indonesia1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE%3A+The+Indonesian+Legal+System+and+Legal+Research&rft.pub=Hauser+Global+Law+School+Program&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Laiman&rft.aufirst=Alamo&rft.au=Reni%2C+Dewi&rft.au=Lengkong%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Ardiyanto%2C+Sigit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FIndonesia1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherlock-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherlock_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherlock_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinallMietzner2011" class="citation book cs1">Aspinall; Mietzner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291859347">"People's Forum or Chamber of Cronies"</a>. <i>Problems of Democratisation of Indonesia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People%27s+Forum+or+Chamber+of+Cronies&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Democratisation+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Aspinall&rft.au=Mietzner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F291859347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008228,_263-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008228,_263_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndrayana2008">Indrayana 2008</a>, pp. 228, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndryanto2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andryanto, S. Dian (21 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1931379/prabowo-jadi-presiden-ri-ke-8-begini-ketertarikannya-dengan-angka-delapan">"Prabowo Jadi Presiden RI ke-8, Begini Ketertarikannya dengan Angka Delapan"</a>. <i>Tempo</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Prabowo+Jadi+Presiden+RI+ke-8%2C+Begini+Ketertarikannya+dengan+Angka+Delapan&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft.aulast=Andryanto&rft.aufirst=S.+Dian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnasional.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1931379%2Fprabowo-jadi-presiden-ri-ke-8-begini-ketertarikannya-dengan-angka-delapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008236–4,_432-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrayana2008236–4,_432_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndrayana2008">Indrayana 2008</a>, pp. 236–4, 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCammackFeener2012" class="citation web cs1">Cammack, Mark E.; Feener, R. Michael (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1091/21PRPLJ013.pdf">"The Islamic Legal System in Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701133616/http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1091/21PRPLJ013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Legal+System+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Pacific+Rim+Law+%26+Policy+Journal&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Cammack&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft.au=Feener%2C+R.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.law.washington.edu%2Fdspace-law%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1773.1%2F1091%2F21PRPLJ013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnantaArifinSuryadinata2005" class="citation book cs1">Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Suryadinata, Leo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QpWEAtDjWMC"><i>Emerging Democracy in Indonesia</i></a>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-323-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-230-323-5"><bdi>981-230-323-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Democracy+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=981-230-323-5&rft.aulast=Ananta&rft.aufirst=Aris&rft.au=Arifin%2C+Evi+Nurvidya&rft.au=Suryadinata%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QpWEAtDjWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBünteUfen2009" class="citation book cs1">Bünte, Marco; Ufen, Andreas, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democratizationi0000unse_z1r5"><i>Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia</i></a>. London; New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+in+post-Suharto+Indonesia&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocratizationi0000unse_z1r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feith" title="Herbert Feith">Feith, Herbert</a> (2007) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAH0W9uxoqoC"><i>The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia</i></a>. Jakarta; Kuala Lumpur: Equinox Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-45-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-45-0"><bdi>978-979-3780-45-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Constitutional+Democracy+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta%3B+Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Equinox+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-979-3780-45-0&rft.aulast=Feith&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAH0W9uxoqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrayana2008" class="citation book cs1">Indrayana, Denny (2008). <i>Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition</i>. Jakarta: Kompas Book Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-709-394-5"><bdi>978-979-709-394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Constitutional+Reform+1999-2002%3A+An+Evaluation+of+Constitution-Making+in+Transition&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kompas+Book+Pub.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-979-709-394-5&rft.aulast=Indrayana&rft.aufirst=Denny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation book cs1">King, Blair A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgmXWMgWcwC&pg=PA225">"Chapter 4. Government and Politics"</a>. In Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgmXWMgWcwC"><i>Indonesia: A Country Study</i></a>. Area handbook series, 39. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (6th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. pp. 225–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0790-6"><bdi>978-0-8444-0790-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+Government+and+Politics&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Area+handbook+series%2C+39&rft.pages=225-306&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0790-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Blair+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dgmXWMgWcwC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">O'Rourke, Kevin</a> (2002). <i>Reformasi: the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia</i>. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-754-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-754-8"><bdi>1-86508-754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformasi%3A+the+struggle+for+power+in+post-Soeharto+Indonesia&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86508-754-8&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2000" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Adam (2000). <i>A nation in waiting: Indonesia's search for stability</i>. Boulder, Co: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3650-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3650-3"><bdi>0-8133-3650-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+nation+in+waiting%3A+Indonesia%27s+search+for+stability&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Co&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3650-3&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinata2002" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo (2002). <i>Elections and Politics in Indonesia</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+and+Politics+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185129/http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/">Republic of Indonesia - National portal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Government of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Government_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President of Indonesia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of vice presidents of Indonesia">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia#List_of_Indonesian_Cabinets" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">(List)</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministries_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Government ministries of Indonesia">Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Human_Development_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs">Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investment_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs">Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Political,_Legal,_and_Security_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administrative_and_Bureaucratic_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform">State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Informatics">Communications and Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Cooperatives_and_Small_%26_Medium_Enterprises_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Energy and Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forestry_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia)">Environment and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women_Empowerment_and_Child_Protection" title="Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection">Women Empowerment and Child Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Health (Indonesia)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Investment_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Investment (Indonesia)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agrarian_Affairs_and_Spatial_Planning" title="Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning">Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Human_Rights_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Indonesia)">Law and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia)">Manpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_Planning_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia">National Development Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_and_Housing_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)">Public Works and Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Religious Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Research,_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology">Education, Culture, Research, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Social Affairs (Indonesia)">Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State-Owned_Enterprises" title="Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises">State-Owned Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Secretariat_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)">Ministry of State Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Creative_Economy" title="Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy">Tourism and Creative Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Villages,_Development_of_Disadvantaged_Regions,_and_Transmigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration">Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Youth and Sports (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Youth and Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Ministerial<br />Government <br />Agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Maritime_Security_Agency" title="Indonesian Maritime Security Agency">Maritime Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Agency" title="National Counter Terrorism Agency">National Counter Terrorism Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_and_Crypto_Agency" title="National Cyber and Crypto Agency">National Cyber and Crypto Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Land_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Land Agency (page does not exist)">National Land Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agency_for_Disaster_Countermeasure" title="National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure">National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Narcotics_Board_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Narcotics Board (Indonesia)">National Narcotics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resilience_Institute" title="National Resilience Institute">National Resilience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Search_and_Rescue_Agency" title="National Search and Rescue Agency">National Search and Rescue Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Office_of_Indonesia" title="Attorney General's Office of Indonesia">Attorney General's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">State Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Quarantine_Agency" title="Indonesian Quarantine Agency">Quarantine Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Goods_and_Services_Procurement_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy Institute (page does not exist)">Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finance_and_Development_Supervisory_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finance and Development Supervisory Agency (page does not exist)">Finance and Development Supervisory Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_Coordinating_Board" title="Investment Coordinating Board">Investment Coordinating Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migrant_Workers_Protection_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migrant Workers Protection Agency (page does not exist)">Migrant Workers Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_and_Family_Planning_Board_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Population and Family Planning Board (Indonesia)">National Population and Family Planning Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Agency" title="Geospatial Information Agency">Geospatial Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology,_Climatology,_and_Geophysical_Agency" title="Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency">Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Food_and_Drug_Authority" title="Indonesian Food and Drug Authority">Food and Drug Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Indonesia" title="National Archives of Indonesia">National Archives of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Planning_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Planning Agency">National Development Planning Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Food_Agency" title="National Food Agency">National Food Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Indonesia" title="National Library of Indonesia">National Library of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nutrition_Agency" title="National Nutrition Agency">National Nutrition Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia)">National Research and Innovation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badan_Standardisasi_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Standardisasi Nasional">National Standardization Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengawas_Tenaga_Nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir">Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_and_Creative_Economy_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism and Creative Economy Agency (page does not exist)">Tourism and Creative Economy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretariat_(Indonesia)" title="Cabinet Secretariat (Indonesia)">Cabinet Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Administration_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Administration Institute (page does not exist)">National Administration Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Service_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Civil Service Agency (Indonesia)">National Civil Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">Radio of the Republic of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">Television of the Republic of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br />Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Governor</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indonesian_governors" title="List of current Indonesian governors">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regent or Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/100px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/200px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of current members of the House of Representatives (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the Regional Representative Council">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br />Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="Regional House of Representatives">Regional House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia">Judicial Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_government_agencies_in_Indonesia" title="List of central government agencies in Indonesia">Government<br />Agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Board_of_Indonesia" title="Audit Board of Indonesia">Audit Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecution Service (Indonesia)">Public Prosecution Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indonesia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indonesia">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Government of Indonesia">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Government of Indonesia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brunei" title="Government of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uzbekistan" title="Government of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Ossetia" title="Government of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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