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id="toc-HSI_Domestic_Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_Domestic_Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>HSI Domestic Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_Domestic_Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HSI_Office_of_Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_Office_of_Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>HSI Office of Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_Office_of_Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HSI_International_Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_International_Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>HSI International Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_International_Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HSI_Special_Response_Teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_Special_Response_Teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>HSI Special Response Teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_Special_Response_Teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement_and_Removal_Operations_(ERO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement_and_Removal_Operations_(ERO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement_and_Removal_Operations_(ERO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ICE_Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ICE_Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other ICE Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ICE_Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Former units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistant_Secretaries_and_Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_Secretaries_and_Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assistant Secretaries and Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_Secretaries_and_Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HSI_requests_separation_from_ICE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_requests_separation_from_ICE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>HSI requests separation from ICE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_requests_separation_from_ICE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Weapons and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previously_issued_sidearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previously_issued_sidearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Previously issued sidearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previously_issued_sidearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currently_issued_sidearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently_issued_sidearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Currently issued sidearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currently_issued_sidearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_firearms_and_non-lethal_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_firearms_and_non-lethal_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other firearms and non-lethal weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_firearms_and_non-lethal_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HSI_special_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSI_special_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>HSI special agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSI_special_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ERO_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ERO_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>ERO officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ERO_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transnational_gangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnational_gangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transnational gangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnational_gangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Immigration law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigration_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immigration law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immigration_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2021_Border_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Border_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>2021 Border Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Border_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartel_ambush_of_HSI_Special_Agent_Jaime_Zapata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartel_ambush_of_HSI_Special_Agent_Jaime_Zapata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cartel ambush of HSI Special Agent Jaime Zapata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartel_ambush_of_HSI_Special_Agent_Jaime_Zapata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidnapping_of_HSI_special_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidnapping_of_HSI_special_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kidnapping of HSI special agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidnapping_of_HSI_special_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ERO_detention_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ERO_detention_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>ERO detention centers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ERO_detention_centers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ERO detention centers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ERO_detention_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Corporate contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sexual abuse allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_sterilization_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_sterilization_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Forced sterilization allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_sterilization_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_pork_and_expired_meals_to_Muslim_detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_pork_and_expired_meals_to_Muslim_detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Allegations of pork and expired meals to Muslim detainees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_pork_and_expired_meals_to_Muslim_detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrongful_detention_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrongful_detention_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Wrongful detention allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrongful_detention_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_illegal_migrant_children_from_families_by_ICE_ERO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_illegal_migrant_children_from_families_by_ICE_ERO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Separation of illegal migrant children from families by ICE ERO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_illegal_migrant_children_from_families_by_ICE_ERO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctuary_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctuary_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sanctuary cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctuary_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparable_international_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_international_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Comparable international agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparable_international_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="وكالة إنفاذ قوانين الهجرة والجمارك بالولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة إنفاذ قوانين الهجرة والجمارك بالولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_%C5%9Etatlar%C4%B1_%C4%B0mmiqrasiya_v%C9%99_G%C3%B6mr%C3%BCk_M%C3%BChafiz%C9%99si" title="Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları İmmiqrasiya və Gömrük Mühafizəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları İmmiqrasiya və Gömrük Mühafizəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_%C3%8E-b%C3%AEn_kap_S%C3%B2e-koan_Chip-h%C3%AAng-s%C5%AB" title="Bí-kok Î-bîn kap Sòe-koan Chip-hêng-sū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Î-bîn kap Sòe-koan Chip-hêng-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_Control_de_Inmigraci%C3%B3n_y_Aduanas" title="Servicio de Control de Inmigración y Aduanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio de Control de Inmigración y Aduanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrazio_eta_Aduanen_Taldea" title="Immigrazio eta Aduanen Taldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Immigrazio eta Aduanen Taldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اعمال مهاجرت و گمرک ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعمال مهاجرت و گمرک ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%84%B8%EA%B4%80%EB%8B%A8%EC%86%8D%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 이민세관단속국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 이민세관단속국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penegakan_Imigrasi_dan_Bea_Cukai_A.S." title="Penegakan Imigrasi dan Bea Cukai A.S. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penegakan Imigrasi dan Bea Cukai A.S." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E3%83%BB%E9%96%A2%E7%A8%8E%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%B1%80" title="アメリカ合衆国移民・関税執行局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国移民・関税執行局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US federal law enforcement agency</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law enforcement agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg/250px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg/375px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg/500px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="108" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ICE logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="HSI Special Agent badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg/110px-Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg/165px-Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg/220px-Badge_of_a_U.S._Homeland_Security_Investigations_special_agent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="562" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">HSI Special Agent badge</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ERO Officer badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png/110px-ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png/165px-ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png/220px-ICE_ERO_Officer_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="2145" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ERO Officer badge</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">"Protecting National Security and Upholding Public Safety"<br />HSI's motto: Honor, Service, Integrity</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 2003<span class="noprint">; 21 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2003-03-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Criminal investigation resources of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Immigration and Naturalization Service">United States Immigration and Naturalization Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">United States Customs Service</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">21,800+ (2025)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$9.13 billion (2025)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Jurisdictional structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operations jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Specialist jurisdictions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">excise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaming_law" title="Gaming law">gambling</a>.</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Operational structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">500 12th Street SW<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Vacant, Acting <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Director</a><sup id="cite_ref-leadership_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leadership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ice.gov">ice.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</b> (<b>ICE</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">federal law enforcement agency</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>. Created by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2003 following the <a href="/wiki/September_11th_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11th attacks">September 11th attacks</a>, ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from cross-border crime and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a> that threaten <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">national security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">public safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICE mission is executed through the enforcement of more than 400 federal statutes and focuses on customs violations, immigration enforcement, preventing terrorism and combating the illegal movement of people and goods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICE has two primary and distinct law enforcement components, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO), in addition to three supporting divisions: Management & Program Administration, Office of Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA) and Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO), which primarily deals with the deportation and removal of illegal immigrants, is among the most public and contentious functions of ICE. ERO maintains the custodial facilities used to detain people that are illegally present in the United States. In interior offices, ERO officers primarily conduct targeted enforcement operations to apprehend immigrants engaged in serious criminal activity. For example, in fiscal year 2020, 90% of those immigrants apprehended by ERO had criminal convictions or pending charges at the time of their administrative arrest. This FY 2020 arrest statistic includes 1,800 homicide related offenses, 1,600 kidnappings, 3,800 robberies, 37,000 assaults, and 10,000 sex crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At border offices, ERO officers receive and detain illegal immigrants apprehended by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a>. Illegal immigrants apprehended in the interior of the United States have significantly higher levels of criminal history than those arrested by ERO at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICE maintains domestic offices throughout the United States and detachments at major <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">U.S. diplomatic missions overseas</a>. ICE personnel (special agents and officers) do not patrol American borders; rather, that role is performed by the Border Patrol.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ERO and HSI operate as two independent law enforcement agencies and have completely separate mission statements. HSI is focused on the disruption of transnational crime, where as ERO is responsible for the apprehension, detention and removal of illegal immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">acting director</a> is <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Vitello" title="Caleb Vitello">Caleb Vitello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leadership_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leadership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency has not had a <a href="/wiki/Senate_confirmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate confirmation">Senate-confirmed</a> director since <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Salda%C3%B1a" title="Sarah Saldaña">Sarah Saldaña</a> stepped down on January 20, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg/220px-ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg/330px-ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg/440px-ICE_HQ_in_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>ICE headquarters building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed under the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Act">Homeland Security Act</a> of 2002, following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, the functions and jurisdictions of several border and revenue enforcement agencies were combined and consolidated into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security and a contributor to the FBI's <a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a>. </p><p>The agencies that were either moved entirely or merged in part into ICE included the criminal investigative and intelligence resources of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">United States Customs Service</a>, the criminal investigative, detention and deportation resources of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a>. The Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the <a href="/wiki/National_Protection_and_Programs_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="National Protection and Programs Directorate">National Protection and Programs Directorate</a> effective October 28, 2009. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Asa Hutchinson</a> moved the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshals_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Air Marshals Service">Federal Air Marshals Service</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> (TSA) to ICE,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> moved them back to the TSA in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of HSI Special Agents date back to the formations of the United States Customs Service in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The taxing of imports led to the creation of the Treasury Department and its sub-components (i.e. Division of Customs Chief and Revenue Marine (Revenue Cutter Service). Later, the Industrial Revolution led to some of the first immigration related laws targeting forced labor, human trafficking and child exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. There is an estimate of about 20,000 ICE employees in approximately 400 offices within the United States and 53 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates (HSI and ERO) and several support divisions each headed by a director who reports to an executive associate director.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public and other law enforcement partners in the federal and local sectors. </p><p>The director of ICE is appointed at the sub-cabinet level by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">confirmed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, and reports directly to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">secretary of homeland security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnMorton_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnMorton-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThomasWinkowski_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasWinkowski-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Director (until July 2010 the title had been "Assistant Secretary")<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Caleb Vitello (Acting) <ul><li>Deputy Director - Kenneth Genalo (Acting)</li> <li>Chief of Staff - Jon Feere <ul><li>Enforcement and Removal Operations - Executive Associate Director - Russell Hott (Acting) <ul><li>Removal Division</li> <li>Secure Communities and Enforcement Division</li> <li>Immigration Health Services Division</li> <li>Mission Support Division</li> <li>Detention Management Division</li> <li>Local Field Offices</li></ul></li> <li>Homeland Security Investigations - Executive Associate Director - Robert Hammer (Acting) <ul><li>Domestic Operations Division</li> <li>Intelligence Division</li> <li>International Operations Division</li> <li>Mission Support</li> <li>National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center</li> <li>National Security Investigations Division</li></ul></li> <li>Management and Administration - Executive Associate Director - Staci A. Barrera</li> <li>Office of Professional Responsibility - Associate Director - Jennifer M. Fenton</li> <li>Office of the Principal Legal Advisor - Principal Legal Advisor - Adam Loiacono (Acting)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)"><span id="Homeland_Security_Investigations_.28HSI.29"></span>Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_(SRT)_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg/220px-ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg/330px-ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg/440px-ICE_HSI_Special_Response_Team_%28SRT%29_training_using_armored_vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>HSI Special Response Team (SRT) members training using armored vehicle at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> in Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p>HSI is the primary investigative arm of Department of Homeland Security and consists of more than 10,300 employees who are assigned throughout 30 SAC offices in the U.S. and 52 international offices (41 international sub-offices) across the world. Approximately 6,000 special agents (criminal investigators) are included among the over 10,300 HSI employees, making it the second largest investigative service in the United States, behind the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HSI special agents investigate violations of more than 400 U.S. laws that threaten the national security of the United States such as counter-proliferation; human smuggling and trafficking; weapons smuggling and export enforcement; narcotics smuggling and trafficking; document and benefit fraud; the manufacturing, sale, and use of counterfeit immigration and identity documents; human rights violations; <a href="/wiki/Transnational_gangs" title="Transnational gangs">transnational gang</a> activity; financial crimes, including money laundering and bulk cash smuggling; cyber crime; child exploitation and sex tourism; trade crimes such as commercial fraud and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property theft">intellectual property theft</a>; smuggling of counterfeit pharmaceuticals and other merchandise; mass-marketing fraud; art theft; international cultural property and antiquities crimes; and visa security.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections. </p><p>HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations (OI). HSI special agents are Series 1811 criminal investigators and have the statutory authority to enforce the Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8), U.S. customs laws (Title 19), general federal crimes (Title 18), the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> (Title 21), with approval from the Department of Justice, as well as Titles 5, 6, 12, 22, 26, 28, 31, 46, 49, and 50 of the U.S. Code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HSI_Domestic_Operations">HSI Domestic Operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: HSI Domestic Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPR_Center_seizes_over_$28M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_(8228965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg/220px-IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg/330px-IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg/440px-IPR_Center_seizes_over_%2428M_in_counterfeit_sports_merchandise_ahead_of_Super_Bowl_LVIII_%288228965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>An HSI special agent holds counterfeit <a href="/wiki/Championship_ring" title="Championship ring">championship rings</a>, among $28 million in counterfeit sports memorabilia seized in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest cadre of special agents are located within Domestic Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In FY 2020, HSI special agents made 31,915 criminal arrests, rescued or identified 1,012 child exploitation victims, and seized $341 million worth of counterfeit goods, 6,195 lbs of fentanyl and $1.8 billion in currency & assets from criminal organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HSI is a global leader in the fight against child exploitation, including the sexual exploitation of children; the production, advertisement and distribution of child pornography; and child sex tourism. HSI’s special agents and analysts prioritize the recovery and support of victims. They also work to educate children, parents, schools, and communities on the tactics of child predators. They also work to identify and arrest those possessing and distributing child sexual abuse material (CSAM).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Operation Flicker found that there were a number of government employees, including "dozens of Pentagon staff and contractors with high-level security clearance", who had downloaded child pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HSI_Office_of_Intelligence">HSI Office of Intelligence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: HSI Office of Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Intelligence is a subcomponent of HSI that employs a variety of special agents and intelligence research specialists to facilitate HSI's tactical and strategic intelligence demands. Collectively, these intelligence professionals collect, analyze, and disseminate <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> for use by the operational elements of DHS. The Office of Intelligence works closely with the intelligence components of other federal, state, and local agencies. Many HSI field offices assign intelligence analysts to specific groups, such as financial crimes, counter-proliferation, narcotics, or <a href="/wiki/Identity_document_forgery" title="Identity document forgery">document fraud</a>; or they can be assigned to a residential intelligence unit, known as a Field Intelligence Group (FIG). HSI agents assigned to FIGs generally focus on Human Intelligence (<a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a>) collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HSI_International_Operations">HSI International Operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: HSI International Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="HSI Rapid Response team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg/220px-HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg/330px-HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg/440px-HSI_conducts_FTX_at_Nellis_120920-F-AD344-107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>HSI Rapid Response Team members provide medical care to a simulated casualty during the RRT Field Familiarization and Disaster Response Training exercise September 20, 2012, at Nellis Air Force Base, NV.</figcaption></figure> <p>International Operations, formerly known as the Office of International Affairs (OIA), is a subcomponent of HSI with agents stationed in 60 locations around the world. HSI's foreign offices, known as attaché offices, work with foreign governments to identify and combat transnational criminal organizations before they threaten the United States. IO also facilitates domestic HSI investigations by providing intelligence from host countries, conducting collateral investigations, and facilitating international investigations conducted by field offices within the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HSI_Special_Response_Teams">HSI Special Response Teams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: HSI Special Response Teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nineteen HSI field offices maintain a Special Response Team (SRT) that operates as a federal <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> element for the office's area of responsibility (AOR).<sup id="cite_ref-Fedtacteam_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedtacteam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> SRT was founded under the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Customs Service">U.S. Customs Service</a> as the Warrant Entry and Tactical Team (WETT) and were renamed to SRT in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedtacteam_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedtacteam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SRT handles HSI's high-risk arrest and search warrants, barricaded subjects, rural area operations, VIP protection, sniper coverage for high-risk operations, and security for National Security Events. HSI's active SRTs are located in Tampa, Miami, Arizona (Phoenix), New Orleans, Houston, New York, Boston, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San Juan, Detroit, San Francisco, El Paso, Chicago, San Diego, Seattle, Buffalo, and Washington, D.C. There is also a team of instructors and coordinators stationed full-time in Columbus, Georgia. These teams primarily deploy to handle high-risk operations, but also assist in events such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_earthquake_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti earthquake 2010">Haiti earthquake 2010</a>, and other natural disasters around the globe. </p><p>SRT is a collateral duty open to HSI special agents assigned to an office with a certified team. To qualify, candidates must pass a physical fitness test, qualify with multiple firearms by shooting 90% or better in full tactical gear, and pass an oral interview process. If a candidate passes these stages and is voted on the local team, they are then designated "Green Team" members and allowed to train with the certified team members. Green Team members are eventually sent to the SRT Initial Certification Course at the Office of Firearms and Tactical Programs, Tactical Operations Unit (OFTP/TOU) <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, Georgia, where they must pass additional physical fitness, firearms, scenario-based and written assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of approximately 6,500 special agents, there are currently only approximately 300 certified SRT members nationwide. </p><p>HSI SRTs often conduct training exercises with various federal, state and local teams, and also assist other teams during national events or large-scale operations that require multiple high-risk scenarios to be conducted simultaneously. The working relationship between the SRTs and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>'s <a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Operations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Special Operations Command">U.S. Special Operations Command</a> has led to SOCOM providing the SRTs with excess <a href="/wiki/Mine_Resistant_Ambush_Protected_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle">mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles</a> (MRAPs), firearms, and other gear designed for use by U.S. <a href="/wiki/Special_operations_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Special operations force">special operations forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement_and_Removal_Operations_(ERO)"><span id="Enforcement_and_Removal_Operations_.28ERO.29"></span>Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ICE_Most_Wanted" title="ICE Most Wanted">ICE Most Wanted</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_Arrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/220px-ICE_Arrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/330px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/440px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>ICE ERO officers deporting a man to Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>ERO is responsible for enforcing the nation's immigration laws and ensuring the departure of removable immigrants from the United States. ERO uses its detention and deportation officers to identify, arrest, and remove immigrants who violate U.S. immigration law. Deportation officers are responsible for the transportation and detention of immigrants in ICE custody to include the removal of immigrants to their country of origin. Deportation officers arrest immigrants for violations of U.S. immigration law, monitor cases during deportation proceedings, supervise released immigrants, and remove immigrants from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deportation officers operate strategically placed Fugitive Operations Teams whose function is to locate, apprehend, and remove immigrants who have absconded from immigration proceedings and remain in the United States with outstanding warrants for deportation. Due to limited staffing, ERO Fugitive Operations typically target illegal immigrants with a history of serious criminal convictions (i.e. homicide, sexual assaults, aggravated felonies).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ERO officers do not randomly target illegal immigrants for detention and civil arrest due to current case law and internal policies. </p><p>ERO manages the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Communities" title="Secure Communities">Secure Communities</a> program which identifies removable immigrants located in jails and prisons. Fingerprints submitted as part of the normal criminal arrest and booking process will automatically check both the Next Generation Identification (NGI) of the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) of the Department of Homeland Security's US-VISIT Program. </p><p>ERO was formerly known as the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ICE_Divisions">Other ICE Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other ICE Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of State, Local and Tribal Coordination (OSLTC) is ICE's primary outreach and communications component for state, local and tribal stakeholders. It is responsible for building and improving relationships, and coordinating activities with state, local, territorial, and tribal law enforcement agencies and through public engagement. It also fosters and sustains relationships with federal, state and local government officials and coordinates ICE ACCESS programs (Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security). </p><p>The Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA) provides legal advice, training and services to support the ICE mission and defends the interests of the United States in the administrative and federal courts. </p><p>The Office of Professional Responsibility is responsible for investigating allegations of misconduct involving employees of ICE. </p><p>ICE Air is the aviation division of ICE that charters aircraft or books commercial flights to send deportees back to their home countries.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 10 aircraft used to send deportees and has a working list of 185 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deportees have legs and arms secured while boarding, handcuffs are removed during flight and all shackles removed upon disembarking. </p><p>ICE Health Service Corps (IHSC) is a division that is responsible for providing direct patient care to approximately 13,500 detainees housed in 21 detention facilities throughout the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their stated mission is to provide the best care to those in ICE custody, practicing on the core values of Integrity, Commitment, Accountability, Service, and Excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IHSC team is made up of around 1,000 members that consist of US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers, healthcare professionals, and federal civil service workers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_units">Former units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Federal Air Marshal Service</a> (FAMS) was aligned into ICE shortly after the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. On October 16, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> officially approved the transfer of the Federal Air Marshal Service from the Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) to the TSA as part of a broader departmental reorganization to align functions consistent with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "Second Stage Review" findings for: </p> <ul><li>consolidating and strengthening aviation law enforcement and security at the Federal level;</li> <li>creating a common approach to stakeholder outreach; and</li> <li>improving the coordination and efficiency of aviation security operations.</li></ul> <p>As part of this realignment, the director of the Federal Air Marshal Service also became the assistant administrator for the TSA Office of Law Enforcement (OLE), which houses nearly all TSA law enforcement services. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a> (FPS) was moved from the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (GSA) to ICE upon the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The FPS was later moved out of ICE to the National Protection Programs Directorate. </p><p>Originally a part of the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Air_and_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Air and Marine">Office of Air and Marine</a> (then called the Air and Marine Interdiction Division) was transferred to ICE in 2003 during the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, becoming the Office of Air and Marine Operations. Due in part to a 500 million dollar budgetary dispute between CBP and ICE, in 2004 ICE Air and Marine Operations was transferred to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. CBP Air and Marine still works closely with ICE to support the agency's domestic and international law enforcement operations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office of Detention Policy and Planning was responsible developing and maintaining ICE's National Detention Standards, which set out detailed rules for how immigration detainees were to be treated differently than criminal inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT14april17_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT14april17-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> decided to close the office and to stop including the standards in new jail contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT14april17_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT14april17-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistant_Secretaries_and_Directors">Assistant Secretaries and Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assistant Secretaries and Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg/220px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg/330px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg/440px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>HSI Special Response Team (SRT) drug raid during Operation Pipeline Express in Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>Newly hired ICE law enforcement personnel receive their training at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Centers" title="Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers">Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers</a> (FLETC) in <a href="/wiki/Glynco,_Georgia" title="Glynco, Georgia">Glynco, Georgia</a>. FLETC is the largest law enforcement training facility in the United States. To meet division specific academic and practical instruction, the ICE academies vary in length from 4 to 6 months depending on the position. Furthermore, following graduation, all ICE law enforcement personnel undergo additional post academy training, as well as career-continuous training. </p><p>HSI Special Agent trainees must complete the inter-agency Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) and the HSI Special Agent Training Course (HSI SAT).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSI special agents also receive significantly advanced training regarding U.S. customs law, warrant service, advanced tactics, undercover operations, criminal interrogation, weapons of mass destruction, and other subjects routinely encountered by HSI special agents in the field. HSI Special Agents typically complete CITP in conjunction with other agencies (i.e. Secret Service, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, and various Office of Inspector Generals, etc.). However, the agency specific HSI SAT course is only attended by HSI trainees and focuses on customs & immigration related investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ERO Officer trainees must complete the basic 13-week ERO academy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ERO deportation officers undergo several weeks of intensive Spanish language training prior to graduating. </p><p>Specific course curriculum is kept confidential, but both ERO officers and HSI special-agent new hires undergo training related to basic law enforcement tactics, immigration law, firearms training, emergency response driving, and Constitutional law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HSI_requests_separation_from_ICE">HSI requests separation from ICE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: HSI requests separation from ICE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, a total of 19 HSI special agents in Charge or SACs (who are the senior most officials in each investigative division) sent a letter to the DHS Secretary and asked to be formally separated from ICE. These 19 SACs explained that HSI's investigative mission was repeatedly being hamstrung by ICE's civil immigration enforcement mission. It appeared HSI Special Agents were routinely being confused for ERO Officers both by the public and state/local law enforcement agencies. These Senior Leaders requested HSI be restructured as a stand-alone agency analogous to the Secret Service. It was also stated "No U.S. Department of Justice law enforcement agency is paired with another disparate entity, i.e., the FBI is not paired with the Bureau of Prisons or DEA." This letter was ultimately ignored by the administration and resulted in no institutional changes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_equipment">Weapons and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Weapons and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the agency's formation, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents and officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previously_issued_sidearms">Previously issued sidearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Previously issued sidearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially when the agency was formed in 2003, the sidearms issued to its agents and officers were the weapons issued by the legacy agencies: the U.S. Customs Service and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. The USCS issued sidearms were the <a href="/wiki/Glock_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 17">Glock 17</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glock_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 19">Glock 19</a> 9mm pistols. The I&NS issued sidearms were the Heckler & Koch <a href="/wiki/USP_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="USP Compact">USP Compact</a> or Beretta 96D .40 caliber pistols. Duty loads were <a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">hollow-point rounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 the agency selected the <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P226#P229" title="SIG Sauer P226">SIG-Sauer P229</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_action" title="Double action">DAK</a> .40 caliber pistol as its agency issued sidearm loaded with <a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">hollow-point rounds</a>. This weapon stayed in service from 2009 to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currently_issued_sidearms">Currently issued sidearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Currently issued sidearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agency's current duty sidearm, is the <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320" title="SIG Sauer P320">SIG Sauer P320</a>C (C for Carry) pistol, chambered in <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a> <a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">hollow-point rounds</a>, utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Striker-fired" class="mw-redirect" title="Striker-fired">striker-fired</a> mechanism in lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Double_action_only" class="mw-redirect" title="Double action only">double action only</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammer-fired" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer-fired">hammer</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agency has a list of personally owned weapons that are authorized for duty and off duty carry. These weapons must be inspected and approved by the agency's firearms unit. The agent and/or officer must qualify with the weapon every three months.<sup id="cite_ref-HSI_Special_Agent_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSI_Special_Agent-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_firearms_and_non-lethal_weapons">Other firearms and non-lethal weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other firearms and non-lethal weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSI special agents and ERO officers are trained on standard shoulder fired weapons that include the <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4 carbine</a>, chambered for <a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO" title="5.56×45mm NATO">5.56×45mm NATO</a> ammunition and the 12-gauge <a href="/wiki/Remington_870" class="mw-redirect" title="Remington 870">Remington 870</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HSI_Special_Agent_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSI_Special_Agent-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">non-lethal</a> options, special agents and officers are armed with the expandable metal <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">baton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper spray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HSI_Special_Agent_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSI_Special_Agent-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICE special agents and officers have been depicted in a number of movies and documentaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HSI_special_agents">HSI special agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: HSI special agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Punisher_(TV_series)" title="The Punisher (TV series)"><i>The Punisher</i></a>: The lead female character portrays an HSI special agent.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_Trafficking_(miniseries)" title="Human Trafficking (miniseries)"><i>Human Trafficking</i></a>: Led by <a href="/wiki/Mira_Sorvino" title="Mira Sorvino">Mira Sorvino</a>, this TV series highlights the role of HSI special agents in combating sex trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(TV_series)" title="The Crossing (TV series)"><i>The Crossing</i></a>: People from a war torn future start showing up in a small town, prompting HSI special agents to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shield" title="The Shield">The Shield</a></i>: Actress Laurie Holden played a prominent recurring role in the final season of <i>The Shield</i> as Special Agent Olivia Murray. In the final episode, the main character (Vic Mackey) is forced to work for ICE as part of his immunity agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crossing_Over_(film)" title="Crossing Over (film)"><i>Crossing Over</i></a>: In this 2009 film <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> portrays <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Investigations">Homeland Security Investigations</a> Special Agent Max Brogan, who during the film, investigates human smuggling, fraud, and murder. Brogan is world weary, honest, and tough. But he has not let the injustices of life that he has witnessed during his career make him cynical or uncaring.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Freedom_(film)" title="Sound of Freedom (film)">Sound of Freedom</a></i>: This Christian thriller film features a Special Agent working for HSI, who focusses on investigating child pornography. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Wire_Room" title="Wire Room">Wire Room</a></i>: This direct-to-video action movie features an HSI Special Agent involved in a surveillance operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ERO_officers">ERO officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: ERO officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Nation" title="Immigration Nation">Immigration Nation</a></i>: Takes an unprecedented look into ICE operations that target fugitives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transnational_gangs">Transnational gangs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transnational gangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg/220px-ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg/330px-ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg/440px-ICE.Arrest_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>ICE <a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officer</a> detaining a suspect</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2005, ICE began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Community_Shield_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Community Shield (2005–present)">Operation Community Shield</a>, a national law enforcement initiative that targets violent transnational street gangs through the use of ICE's broad law enforcement powers, including the unique and powerful authority to remove criminal immigrants, including illegal immigrants and legal permanent residents.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_law">Immigration law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Immigration law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)</a> allows ICE to establish increased cooperation and communication with state, and local law enforcement agencies. Section 287(g) authorizes the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">secretary of homeland security</a> to enter into agreements with state and local law enforcement agencies, permitting designated officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions, pursuant to a memorandum of agreement (MOA), provided that the local law enforcement officers receive appropriate training and function under the supervision of sworn U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. Under 287(g), ICE provides state and local law enforcement with the training and subsequent authorization to identify, process, and when appropriate, detain immigration offenders they encounter during their regular, daily law-enforcement activity.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enforcement of immigration laws was historically supported by both major political parties within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following in his State of the Union address: "All Americans, not only in the states most heavily affected, but in every place in this country, are rightly disturbed by the large numbers of illegal aliens entering our country. The jobs they hold might otherwise be held by citizens or legal immigrants. The public service they use impose burdens on our taxpayers. That's why our administration has moved aggressively to secure our borders more by hiring a record number of new border guards, by deporting twice as many criminal aliens as ever before, by cracking down on illegal hiring, by barring welfare benefits to illegal immigrants. In the budget I will present to you we will try to do more to speed the deportation of illegal immigrants who are arrested for crimes, to better identify illegal immigrants in the workplace as recommended by the commission headed by former Congresswoman Barbara Jordan."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly in the 1996 State of the Union, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following: "But there are some areas that the federal government should not leave and should address and address strongly. One of these areas is the problem of illegal immigration. After years of neglect, this administration has taken a strong stand to stiffen the protection of our borders. We are increasing border controls by 50 percent. We are increasing inspections to prevent the hiring of illegal immigrants. And tonight, I announce I will sign an executive order to deny federal contracts to businesses that hire illegal immigrants. Let me be very clear about this: We are still a nation of immigrants; we should be proud of it. We should honor every legal immigrant here, working hard to become a new citizen. But we are also a nation of laws."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 287(g) program is one of several ICE ACCESS (ICE "Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security") programs that increase collaboration between local law enforcement and immigration enforcement agents.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2009 and 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama administration">Barack Obama administration</a> oversaw the deporting of a record 2.4 million illegal immigrants who had entered the United States, earning him the nickname "Deporter-In-Chief" by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Janet Murguía">Janet Murguía</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ICE data, about 40% of those deported by ICE in 2015 had no criminal conviction, while a majority of those convicted were guilty of minor charges.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this statistic is misleading, as the way in how deportations were counted was changed under the Bush administration and continued under the Obama administration. Before, people caught crossing the southern border were simply bused back and were not counted as deportations. However, with the change, these people were fingerprinted and added to the deportation tally, giving the Obama administration a record number of deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Border_Crisis">2021 Border Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2021 Border Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Border Patrol apprehended more than 1.3 million illegal crossers in the first eight months of 2021; with a total of 1.6 million apprehensions in Fiscal Year 2021 (highest on record).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure does not include a daily count of 1,000+ illegal migrants who successfully evade the Border Patrol. Many of these migrants are now coming from third party countries and filing asylum claims, which have log jammed DOJ administrative courts. Not all migrants come from Mexico alone, many have come from other areas, such as: South America, Eastern Europe, Turkey and India. of those who arrived in the United States, two thirds were adults without children. Inversely, there was a record of 145,000 children that arrived in the United States unaccompanied.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in FY 2014 there were 56,912 asylum claims, which jumped to 142,760 in FY 2017 and are now even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most illegal immigrants are released into the United States after processing and ordered to report for a future court date. According to the American Immigration Council, 83% of non-detained immigrants with completed or pending removal cases attended all of their hearings and 96% of non-detained immigrants represented by a lawyer attended all of their hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been colloquially referred to by U.S. Conservatives as the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border Crisis</a>, and it has become a significant problem to solve for presidential administrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartel_ambush_of_HSI_Special_Agent_Jaime_Zapata">Cartel ambush of HSI Special Agent Jaime Zapata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cartel ambush of HSI Special Agent Jaime Zapata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, HSI Special Agents Jaime Zapata and Victor Avila, while working in Mexico to combat the flow of illicit narcotics, were ambushed by members of the Los Zetas drug cartel. Special Agent Zapata was killed while Special Agent Avila suffered life-threatening injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first assassination of U.S. law enforcement agents since the infamous and gruesome murder of DEA Special Agent <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Enrique "Kiki" Camarena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several members of the drug cartel were extradited to the U.S. and charged for the murders, however, the applicable statute revealed a potential loophole that made it inapplicable for violations committed outside the U.S. In November 2021, President Joe Biden signed the "Jaime Zapata & Victor Avila Federal Officers & Employees Protection Act," which helped extend legal protection to all U.S. personnel working overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kidnapping_of_HSI_special_agent">Kidnapping of HSI special agent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kidnapping of HSI special agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, an undercover HSI special agent was kidnapped in Medellin by members of a Colombian drug cartel, who held him responsible for a buy/bust operation that resulted in the seizure of 217 kilos of cocaine. The agent was moved to a "stash house" where he was assaulted and faced a "narco-trial." U.S. embassy officials eventually became aware of the kidnapping and notified senior officials within the Colombian government. The Colombian drug cartel members eventually obtained access to his hotel room safe and retrieved documents that revealed his true identity as a U.S. federal law enforcement officer. In order to avoid additional scrutiny from the Colombian Security Services, the drug cartel subsequently released the HSI special agent once they determined his true identity. The HSI agent eventually returned home safely and the subsequent investigation resulted in the extradition of several drug traffickers involved in the kidnapping.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ERO_detention_centers">ERO detention centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: ERO detention centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Immigration detention in the United States</a></div> <p>ICE ERO operates detention centers throughout the United States that detain <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a> who are apprehended and placed into removal proceedings. About 34,000 people are held in immigration detention on any given day,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in over 500 detention centers, jails, and prisons nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalhan2010_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalhan2010-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those detained are both illegal immigrants apprehended by ERO and other agencies such as Border Patrol. </p><p>Due to the United States detention bed quota, mandated by Congress, that number will increase rather than decrease. The quota mandates at least 34,000 beds available for immigrants on any given day.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Trump administration, the number of people being detained on any given day increased to 52,500 in early June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_contracts">Corporate contracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Corporate contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineering and construction firm <a href="/wiki/Kellogg,_Brown_and_Root" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg, Brown and Root">Kellogg, Brown and Root</a> (KBR) released a press statement on January 24, 2006, that the company had been awarded a no-bid contingency contract from the Department of Homeland Security to support its ICE facilities in the event of an emergency. The maximum total value of the contract is $385 million and consists of a one-year base period with four one-year options. KBR held the previous ICE contract from 2000 through 2005. The contract provides for establishing temporary detention and processing capabilities to expand existing ICE Detention and Removal Operations Program facilities in the event of an emergency influx of immigrants into the U.S., or to support the rapid development of new programs. The contract may also provide migrant detention support to other government organizations in the event of an immigration emergency, the company said.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse_allegations">Sexual abuse allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sexual abuse allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> published a report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General">Office of Inspector General</a> revealing that 1,224 sexual abuse complaints while in immigration custody were filed between January 2010 and June 2017. Contrary to ICE's claims, only 2% of these complaints were investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlAt_Largest_ICE_Detention_Center_in_the_Country,_Guards_Called_Attempted_Suicides_“Failures”_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAt_Largest_ICE_Detention_Center_in_the_Country,_Guards_Called_Attempted_Suicides_“Failures”-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Kino_Border_Initiative" title="Kino Border Initiative">Kino Border Initiative</a> received 442 reports of alleged abuse by US agents, meaning 18% of new arrivals were abused by a US official.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_sterilization_allegations">Forced sterilization allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Forced sterilization allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, multiple human rights groups joined a whistleblower to accuse a <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">private-owned</a> U.S. immigration detention centre in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">forcibly sterilizing</a> women. The reports claimed a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures on women detained by ICE.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whistleblower, Dawn Wooten, was a nurse and former employee. She claims a high rate of sterilizations were performed on Spanish-speaking women and women who spoke various Indigenous languages common in Latin America. Wooten said the centre did not obtain proper consent for these surgeries, or lied to women about the medical procedures. </p><p>More than 40 women submitted testimony in writing to document these abuses, one attorney said.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerry Flores, a faculty member at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">University of Toronto Mississauga</a> said the alleged treatment of women constituted a violation of human rights and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> according to the standards of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Just Security</i> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> said the U.S. bore "international responsibility for the forced sterilization of women in ICE detention".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, Mexico demanded more information from US authorities on medical procedures performed on migrants in detention centers, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. Another woman said she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support she agreed to the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_pork_and_expired_meals_to_Muslim_detainees">Allegations of pork and expired meals to Muslim detainees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Allegations of pork and expired meals to Muslim detainees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, CNN reported that Muslim detainees at a federal immigration facility in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, were repeatedly served pork or pork-based products against their religious beliefs, according to claims made by immigrant advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are dozens of Muslim detainees at the facility for whom it is religiously <a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">forbidden to consume pork</a>, civil rights groups said in a letter to ICE and federal oversight agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim detainees at the Krome detention facility in Miami were forced to accept pork because religiously compliant/<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> meals that ICE served had been consistently rotten and expired.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one instance, the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> at Krome's allegedly dismissed pleas from Muslim detainees for help, saying, "It is what it is."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A letter by civil rights lawyers stated "Many have suffered illness, like stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, as a result."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ICE spokesman said, "Any claim that ICE denies reasonable and equitable opportunity for persons to observe their religious dietary practices is false." Representatives of the facility, including the chaplain did not respond to requests for comment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously in 2019, a Pakistani-born man with a valid American work permit was reportedly given nothing but pork sandwiches for six consecutive days.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrongful_detention_allegations">Wrongful detention allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wrongful detention allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2012 to early 2018, ICE wrongfully arrested and detained 1,488 U.S. citizens, including many who spent months or years in immigration detention.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes2018_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes2018-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> investigation found that ICE's reliance on incomplete and error-prone databases and lax investigations led to the erroneous detentions.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes2018_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes2018-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2008 to 2018, ICE was sued for wrongful arrest by more than two dozen U.S. citizens, who had been detained for periods ranging from one day to over three years. Some of the wrongfully detained U.S. citizens had been arrested by ICE more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes2018_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes2018-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inaccurate government data that ICE used had shown that both immigrants and U.S. citizens were both targets of being detained. In 2019, a U.S. citizen that was detained stated that he lost 26 pounds from the horrendous conditions that the detention center offered.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_illegal_migrant_children_from_families_by_ICE_ERO">Separation of illegal migrant children from families by ICE ERO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Separation of illegal migrant children from families by ICE ERO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration's zero tolerance policy</a>, nearly 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minors were separated from their parents, or the adults accompanying them, while trying to illegally cross the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Mexico border">U.S.-Mexico border</a> and placed in detention camps.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> likened these centers to "prisons" while <i><a href="/wiki/The_Houston_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Houston Chronicle">The Houston Chronicle</a></i> reported that a movement swelled online to call them "concentration camps."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, former first lady of the United States <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> compared the images of the centers to <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">U.S. Japanese internment camps</a> during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16 out of 34<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the centers located in Texas had previously been cited by Texas officials for more than 150 health violations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> The former head of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, <a href="/wiki/John_Sandweg" title="John Sandweg">John Sandweg</a>, was critical of child separation, telling NBC News, "You could easily end up in a situation where the gap between a parent's deportation and a child's deportation is years," and that many children might never see their parents again.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detained children have also been given up for adoption. In a series of court cases, foster families were successfully able to gain full custody of migrant children that they were housing without notifying their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, the agency Bethany Christian Services, an agency that facilitates the care of foster children in Michigan has been criticized for promoting adoption of migrant children instead of trying to reunite them with their families. In a previous Facebook post, they had waived the previous $550 international adoption application fee for the month of June.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had led to public outcry and protests have been held against this agency and their practices.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This policy in particular has led to the <a href="/wiki/Abolish_ICE" title="Abolish ICE">Abolish ICE</a> movement gaining traction in June 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctuary_cities">Sanctuary cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sanctuary cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">Sanctuary city</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">Sanctuary cities</a> are cities that limit their cooperation with ICE ERO, particularly in regards to illegal migrants arrested for state criminal violations. When an illegal immigrant is arrested by state or local police for criminal offenses, their information is placed into a federal database that ERO officers can access. In a non-sanctuary city, ERO Officers can ask the police to hold that person after they would normally have been released until ERO can pick them up.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sanctuary cities believe this is unconstitutional and view being an illegal immigrant as not a crime but a civil violation. As such, policies or ordinances in these cities prevent the police from continuing to hold a person based on an ERO request if that person was otherwise cleared for release.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanctuary cities were one of the many focal points for the Trump administration's attempts to reform the country's immigration policies. In early 2017, President Trump issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13768" title="Executive Order 13768">executive order</a> to deny sanctuary cities federal grants if they did not comply with ICE.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2017, this order was struck down by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the Trump administration continued to seek ways to challenge sanctuary cities, such as implementing a policy that preferentially awards policing grants that cooperate with ICE.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests">Protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abolish_ICE" title="Abolish ICE">Abolish ICE</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_Families_Together.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd of protesters hold a sign saying "Immigrants Stay Trump Pence Must Go"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Keep_Families_Together.jpg/170px-Keep_Families_Together.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Keep_Families_Together.jpg/255px-Keep_Families_Together.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Keep_Families_Together.jpg/340px-Keep_Families_Together.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A protest against US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in Philadelphia, June 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous protests have emerged across the nation in response to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_Donald_Trump_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy of Donald Trump (disambiguation)">Trump administration's ICE policies</a>. Many of the protesters are occupying areas around ICE facilities in hopes of disrupting operations. The <a href="/wiki/Occupy_ICE" title="Occupy ICE">Occupy ICE</a> movement began on June 17, 2018, outside Portland, Oregon. It initially began as a vigil for the people suffering from ICE policies but spontaneously grew into a larger movement as more people showed up. The movement ultimately spread into other major cities like Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, and New York. As the movement grew, they faced counter protesters and arrests, but protesters remained undeterred and vowed to continue fighting the Trump administration's ICE policies. As Occupy ICE groups spread to different cities, there has also been a greater amount of coordination between them.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other grassroots protests have sprung up across the nation as well. On August 1, 2019, a month-long peaceful protest event was started outside the San Francisco ICE office, where protesters beat drums and demanded that family separation at the border be stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to blocking ICE facilities, protesters are also protesting technology companies such as Microsoft for providing technology to aid ICE. One such instance of this was the sit in at the Microsoft store on 5th Avenue in NYC led by Close the Camps NYC on September 14, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020 protests and riots in Portland, Oregon, the local ICE office had its window broken.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillingham_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillingham Commission">Dillingham Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a> (DSS)—U.S. Department of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_law_enforcement_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States federal law enforcement agencies">List of United States federal law enforcement agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devil_Horns" title="Operation Devil Horns">Operation Devil Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">Operation Endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">Operation Front Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Protect_Our_Children" title="Operation Protect Our Children">Operation Protect Our Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tangled_Web" title="Operation Tangled Web">Operation Tangled Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshals_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata_(U.S._agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Zapata (U.S. agent)">Jaime Zapata (U.S. agent)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparable_international_agencies">Comparable international agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Comparable international agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australian Border Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement" title="Immigration Enforcement">Immigration Enforcement</a> – a Home Office division in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Customs Surveillance Service</a> – Spain (only customs enforcement; immigration issues are handled by the standard National Police and Guardia Civil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Border_and_Coast_Guard_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Border and Coast Guard Agency">Frontex</a> – European Union (Schengen Area)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service" title="Federal Migration Service">Federal Migration Service</a> (FMS) – Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> – Italy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristobal Ramón, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/interior-enforcement-under-the-trump-administration-by-numbers-part-one-removals/">Interior Enforcement Under the Trump Administration by The Numbers: Part One, Removals</a>, Bipartisan Policy Project (June 19, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leadership-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.gov/leadership">"ICE Leadership"</a>. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICE+Leadership&rft.pub=U.S.+Immigration+and+Customs+Enforcement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ice.gov%2Fleadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+Immigration+and+Customs+Enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604010102/https://www.ice.gov/overview">"What We Do"</a>. <i>U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</i>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+San+Francisco&rft.atitle=Peaceful+protest+held+following+overnight+arrests+at+ICE+headquarters+in+San+Francisco&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7news.com%2F5434792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+Immigration+and+Customs+Enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Vera2019" class="citation web cs1">Amir Vera (September 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/14/us/anti-ice-protesters-arrested/index.html">"76 anti-ICE protesters arrested during New York sit-in"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=76+anti-ICE+protesters+arrested+during+New+York+sit-in&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft.au=Amir+Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F09%2F14%2Fus%2Fanti-ice-protesters-arrested%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+Immigration+and+Customs+Enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/20/portland-protests-ice-tear-gas/">"Portland Protesters bust ICE building window, Police respond with Tear Gas"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span 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Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Biometric_Identity_Management" title="Office of Biometric Identity Management">Office of Biometric Identity Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States799" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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agencies of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States799" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce_Office_of_Security" title="U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Security">Office of Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Defense Criminal Investigative Service">Defense Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_police" title="Department of Defense police">Department of Defense police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency#DLA_Police" title="Defense Logistics Agency">Defense Logistics Agency Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Force_Protection_Agency" title="Pentagon Force Protection Agency">Pentagon Force Protection Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Pentagon_Police" title="United States Pentagon Police">Pentagon Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_police" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA police">National Security Agency Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Intelligence and Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Division">Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">Military Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_Civilian_Police" title="Department of the Army Civilian Police">Army Department Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corrections_Command" title="United States Army Corrections Command">Corrections Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division">Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Navy_Police" title="Department of the Navy Police">Navy Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Civilian_Police" title="United States Marine Corps Civilian Police">Marine Corps Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Police" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations">Office of Special Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Police" title="Department of the Air Force Police">Department of the Air Force Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of<br />Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Criminal_Investigations" title="Office of Criminal Investigations">Office of Criminal Investigations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Police" title="National Institutes of Health Police">National Institutes of Health Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of<br />Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Centers" title="Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers">Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Investigative_Service" title="Coast Guard Investigative Service">Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Police" title="United States Coast Guard Police">Coast Guard Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service_Uniformed_Division" title="United States Secret Service Uniformed Division">Uniformed Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of<br />the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs_Police" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs Police">Bureau of Indian Affairs Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management#Law_enforcement_and_security" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam_Police" title="Hoover Dam Police">Hoover Dam Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_ranger" title="National Park Service ranger">Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Fish and Wildlife Service: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System: Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Missions" title="Office of Foreign Missions">Office of Foreign Missions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing#BEP_Police" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation" title="IRS Criminal Investigation">Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Police" title="United States Mint Police">United States Mint Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other executive <br /> department agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture"><b>Agriculture</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Law_Enforcement_.26_Investigations" title="United States Forest Service">US Forest Service: Law Enforcement & Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy"><b>Energy</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Secure_Transportation" title="Office of Secure Transportation">Office of Secure Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation"><b>Transportation</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy#Department_of_Public_Safety" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs"><b>Veterans Affairs</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_Police" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police">Department of Veterans Affairs Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office#GPO_Police" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Probation_and_Pretrial_Services_System" title="U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System">U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal of the United States Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal law<br />enforcement agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police_Department" title="Amtrak Police Department">Amtrak Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency: Security Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Police" title="Federal Reserve Police">Federal Reserve Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">Postal Inspection Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service#Postal_Police_Force" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">U.S. Postal Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services#Positions" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">National Zoological Park Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" 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