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class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Norman_Kirk" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Norman+Kirk" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American army surgeon, see <a href="/wiki/Norman_T._Kirk" title="Norman T. Kirk">Norman T. Kirk</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Norman Eric Kirk <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> (6 January 1923 – 31 August 1974) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 29th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of New Zealand">prime minister of New Zealand</a> from 1972 until his <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Death of Norman Kirk">sudden death in 1974</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Norman Kirk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Kirk,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norman_Kirk%2C_crop.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norman_Kirk%2C_crop.jpg/330px-Norman_Kirk%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Norman_Kirk%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="582"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kirk in 1966</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 December 1972 – 31 August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Hugh Watt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor-General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Blundell" title="Denis Blundell">Denis Blundell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Jack Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 December 1972 – 31 August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Holyoake" title="Keith Holyoake">Keith Holyoake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Bill Rowling</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 December 1965 – 31 August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh Watt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Bill Rowling</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 December 1965 – 8 December 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh Watt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Arnold Nordmeyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jack Marshall</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="President of the New Zealand Labour Party">President of the Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 May 1964 – 11 May 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bateman" title="Jim Bateman">Jim Bateman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Finlay" title="Martyn Finlay">Martyn Finlay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas_(politician)" title="Norman Douglas (politician)">Norman Douglas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Sydenham (New Zealand electorate)">Sydenham</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 November 1969 – 31 August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Howard" title="Mabel Howard">Mabel Howard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Kirk (New Zealand politician)">John Kirk</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)">Lyttelton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 November 1957 – 29 November 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lake" title="Harry Lake">Harry Lake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom_McGuigan" title="Tom McGuigan">Tom McGuigan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1923-01-06)6 January 1923 <a href="/wiki/Waimate" title="Waimate">Waimate</a>, Canterbury, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1974(1974-08-31) (aged 51) <a href="/wiki/Island_Bay,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Bay, New Zealand">Island Bay</a>, Wellington, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Waimate Lawn Cemetery, Waimate, Canterbury, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kirk" title="Ruth Kirk">Lucy Ruth Miller</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Kirk (New Zealand politician)">John Kirk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Luxton" title="Jo Luxton">Jo Luxton</a> (grand-niece)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Railway engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norman Kirk's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg/103px-Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg/154px-Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg/206px-Norman_Kirk_Signature-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="455"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Born into poverty in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Southern Canterbury</a>, Kirk left school at the age of 13 and joined the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a> in 1943. He was mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi" title="Kaiapoi">Kaiapoi</a> from 1953 until 1957, when he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a>. He became the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">leader</a> of his party in 1964. Following a Labour victory in the <a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">1972 election</a>, Kirk became Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, and New Zealand changed into a far more assertive and consequential nation.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2015_18%E2%80%9321-1">[1]</a> He stressed the need for regional economic development, and affirmed New Zealand's solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in adopting an independent and mutually beneficial foreign policy. Having withdrawn New Zealand troops from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> upon taking office, he was highly critical of US foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In the same year he strongly opposed French nuclear tests in the Pacific, and threatened to break off diplomatic relations if they continued.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He promoted <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> at home and abroad; his government prevented the <a href="/wiki/South_African_rugby_team" class="mw-redirect" title="South African rugby team">South African rugby team</a> from touring New Zealand during 1973. However, his government has been criticised for the launching of the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_raids_(New_Zealand)" title="Dawn raids (New Zealand)">Dawn Raids</a>, the aggressive crackdown on alleged overstayers that near-exclusively targeted <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika New Zealanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Kirk relented to public pressure and discontinued the raids in April 1974.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Kirk had a reputation as the most formidable debater of his time and once famously said that "there are four things that matter to people: they have to have somewhere to live, they have to have food to eat, they have to have clothing to wear, and they have to have something to hope for",<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> often misquoted as "somewhere to live, someone to love, somewhere to work and something to hope for".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In private, he suffered from effects of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">work exhaustion</a>; his health rapidly deteriorated in the winter of 1974, and he <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_tangi_of_Norman_Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state tangi of Norman Kirk">died suddenly on 31 August</a> that year. His death shocked the nation and led to an outpouring of grief; he is the most recent New Zealand Prime Minister to <a href="/wiki/Death_in_office" title="Death in office">die in office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> He was given a combined <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangi</a> in two locations, with a combination of European and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> rites. Owing to his energy, charisma and powerful oratory, as well as his untimely death, Kirk remains one of the most popular New Zealand prime ministers. He was succeeded as head of government by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a>, who lost the subsequent election and remained party leader until <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_family">1 Early life and family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_political_career">2 Early political career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Member_of_Parliament">3 Member of Parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Prime_Minister_(1972%E2%80%931974)">4 Prime Minister (1972–1974)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Illness_and_death">5 Illness and death</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Funeral">5.1 Funeral</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Popular_culture">6 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6262" data-file-height="4247"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg/330px-Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg/440px-Norman_Kirk%27s_childhood_home.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Norman Kirk's childhood home</figcaption></figure> Born in <a href="/wiki/Waimate" title="Waimate">Waimate</a>, a town in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">South Canterbury, New Zealand</a>, Norman Kirk came from a poor background, and his household could not afford things such as daily newspapers or a radio.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> His father, also named Norman Kirk, was a carpenter, while his mother Vera Janet (née Jury) had migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Wairarapa" title="Wairarapa">Wairarapa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taonga-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Throughout his life, it was often speculated that Norman Kirk had <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a>, and was of mixed <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Kāi Tahu</a> ancestry. This led to allegations that Kirk was <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a> as <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a>. It was also claimed that Kirk had Māori relatives, which is true at least through his great-niece <a href="/wiki/Jo_Luxton" title="Jo Luxton">Jo Luxton</a>, the current Member of the House of Representatives for <a href="/wiki/Rangitata_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Rangitata (New Zealand electorate)">Rangitata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> While Kirk never denied being Māori, a study of his genealogy found no evidence he was Kāi Tahu and he never publicly identified himself as such.. His parents were staunch Salvationists, who worshipped at the Christchurch City Corps. He played baritone in the corps band.<a href="#cite_note-Taonga-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While very intelligent, Kirk did not perform well academically. He left school shortly before he turned thirteen after his father lost his job.<a href="#cite_note-Bassett-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Despite this, however, he enjoyed reading, and often visited <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a>. In particular, he enjoyed the study of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> After leaving school, Kirk worked in a number of jobs, initially as an assistant roof-painter and later as a stationary engine driver, operating boilers in various factories. His health, however, deteriorated, and when the New Zealand Army called him up for military service in 1941 it found him medically unfit. After recovering somewhat, he returned to work, holding a number of different jobs.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> In 1943, Norman Kirk married <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kirk" title="Ruth Kirk">Lucy Ruth Miller</a>, known as Ruth, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Taumarunui" title="Taumarunui">Taumarunui</a>. The couple had three sons and two daughters. In 1975 Ruth Kirk was named <a href="/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (DBE). In 1974, while her husband was Prime Minister, she became patron of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Life" title="Voice for Life">Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child</a>. She took part in anti-abortion protest marches in Wellington and Hamilton. She died on 20 March 2000, aged 77.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_166858-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Also in 1943, Kirk joined the Labour Party's branch in <a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi" title="Kaiapoi">Kaiapoi</a>, where he and his wife had decided to build a house. Kirk bought a 1,261 m2 (13,570 sq ft) section at 12 Carew Street for just <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_pound" title="New Zealand pound">NZ£</a>40 (compared to today's land valuation of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">NZ$</a>126,000).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Owing to a shortage of funds and building materials following World War II, Kirk built the house himself entirely, right down to the casting of the bricks. The house still stands today, albeit with an extension at the back and a hipped corrugated iron roof to replace the original leak-susceptible flat malthoid roof.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1951, Kirk became Chairman of the party's <a href="/wiki/Hurunui_District" title="Hurunui District">Hurunui</a> electorate committee. In 1953, Kirk led Labour to a surprising victory in elections for Kaiapoi's local council, and he became the youngest mayor in the country at age 30.<a href="#cite_note-Dom_Post_article-20">[20]</a> As mayor, Kirk showed great creativity and implemented many changes. He surprised officials by studying issues intensely, often emerging with better knowledge of his options than the people functioning as his advisors. He resigned as mayor on 15 January 1958 and moved his family to Christchurch after being elected MP for the <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)">Lyttelton</a> electorate.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; float: left; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 1em; border: 4; cellpadding: 2; cellspacing: 0;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000003D-QINU`"'</style>New Zealand Parliament</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 95px;">Years </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35px;">Term </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 160px;">Electorate </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px;">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">1957</a>–1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="32nd New Zealand Parliament">32nd</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)">Lyttelton</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1960 New Zealand general election">1960</a>–1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/33rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="33rd New Zealand Parliament">33rd</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Lyttelton </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1963 New Zealand general election">1963</a>–1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/34th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="34th New Zealand Parliament">34th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Lyttelton </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1966 New Zealand general election">1966</a>–1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="35th New Zealand Parliament">35th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Lyttelton </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">1969</a>–1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="36th New Zealand Parliament">36th</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Sydenham (New Zealand electorate)">Sydenham</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">1972</a>–1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/37th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="37th New Zealand Parliament">37th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Sydenham </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1954 New Zealand general election">1954</a>, Kirk stood as the Labour candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Hurunui_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Hurunui (New Zealand electorate)">Hurunui seat</a>. While he increased Labour's share of the vote considerably, he did not win.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> Following this, Kirk sought the Labour nomination for a <a href="/wiki/1956_Riccarton_by-election" title="1956 Riccarton by-election">by-election in Riccarton</a>, but ultimately withdrew from the selection contest. He then turned his attention to winning nomination in the seat of Lyttelton, which Labour surprisingly lost to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> in a previous election. Kirk beat five better known and connected candidates including <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Lyttelton" title="Mayor of Lyttelton">Mayor of Lyttelton</a> Frederick Briggs and Lyttelton Borough Councillor Gladys Boyd for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">1957 general election</a> Kirk won the Lyttelton seat and became a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">1969</a> he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Sydenham (New Zealand electorate)">Sydenham seat</a> which he held until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Bassett-15">[15]</a> Throughout his political career, Kirk promoted the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, supporting government spending for housing, health, employment, and education. As such, Kirk often appeared as a champion for ordinary New Zealanders. His <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> background also gave him some advantage, as ordinary voters saw many other politicians as out-of-touch and aloof.<a href="#cite_note-Bassett-15">[15]</a> Gradually, Kirk began to rise through Labour's internal hierarchy, becoming vice-president of the party in 1963 and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="President of the New Zealand Labour Party">president of the party</a> in 1964. He came to the attention of media and colleagues as a potential future leader.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He stood for the position of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Deputy Leader</a> in 1963 following the death of <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hackett" title="Fred Hackett">Fred Hackett</a> but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Hugh Watt</a>. Despite lacking Watt's length of service or ministerial experience Kirk only lost by one vote, a surprising show of support.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> With the memory of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget</a>" still plaguing Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a>'s profile and many within the party believed that it was time for a fresh start, in 1965 a group of mainly younger Labour MPs formed a group who became dedicated to replace Nordmeyer with Kirk, becoming known as the "Mafia". At the end of 1965 he <a href="/wiki/1965_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">successfully challenged</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a> for the parliamentary leadership, becoming <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. As leader Kirk assembled a more formal <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Shadow Cabinet of Norman Kirk">shadow cabinet</a> system amongst the Labour caucus than had been seen in the past wishing to boost the profile of his senior MPs. However, he found it challenging to avoid it being composed mainly of Auckland and Christchurch based MPs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014152-24">[24]</a> Using the slogan "Make things happen",<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Kirk led Labour into the <a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">1969 general election</a> — the party did not win a majority, but it did increase both its share of the vote and number of seats to 44.2% and 39.<a href="#cite_note-elections-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg/330px-Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg/440px-Norman_Kirk_Levin_1972.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kirk speaks to a crowd outside Labour Party headquarters, Levin, 1972</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1972–1974)">Prime Minister (1972–1974)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1972–1974)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third Labour Government of New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:1px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk"><noscript><img alt="Norman Kirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 314px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg/220px-Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg" data-alt="Norman Kirk" data-width="220" data-height="314" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg/330px-Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg/440px-Norman_Kirk_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Premiership of Norman Kirk 8 December 1972 – 31 August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third Labour Government of New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">1972</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Blundell" title="Denis Blundell">Denis Blundell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall#Prime_Minister_(1972)" title="Jack Marshall">Jack Marshall</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling#Prime_Minister_(1974%E2%80%931975)" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg/220px-Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg/220px-Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Waitangi_Day_1973.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kirk at Waitangi Day, 1973</figcaption></figure> In February 1972 <a href="/wiki/Keith_Holyoake" title="Keith Holyoake">Keith Holyoake</a> resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Jack Marshall</a>. Not even this could blunt Labour's campaign slogan, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Time_(New_Zealand_campaign)" title="It's Time (New Zealand campaign)">It's Time</a> – Time for a change, time for Labour",<a href="#cite_note-1972_events-27">[27]</a> and on 25 November 1972 Kirk led Labour to victory with a majority of 23 seats.<a href="#cite_note-elections-26">[26]</a> Soon after entering office, Kirk acquired a reputation as a reforming figure. The conservative <a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_(Wellington)" title="The Dominion (Wellington)">Dominion</a> newspaper bestowed its 'Man of the Year' prize on him for "outstanding personal potential for leadership".<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> A few weeks later, on 6 February 1973, Kirk was photographed at a <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Day" title="Waitangi Day">Waitangi Day</a> event holding the hand of a small Māori boy;<a href="#cite_note-McLean-28">[28]</a> as Kirk was recognised as Pākehā, the iconic picture seemed to symbolise a new era of partnership between New Zealand's people.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> Kirk set a frenetic pace implementing a great number of new policies. In particular, the Kirk government had a far more active foreign policy than its predecessor, taking great trouble to expand New Zealand's links with Asia and Africa. Immediately after his election as Prime Minister, Kirk withdrew all New Zealand troops from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1972_events-27">[27]</a> ending that nation's eight-year involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and causing high levels of public support for Labour. The Kirk government also abolished <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Military_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Military Training">Compulsory Military Training</a> (conscription) in New Zealand;<a href="#cite_note-Aimer-29">[29]</a> since then the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a> has remained an all-volunteer professional force. Kirk also strengthened relations with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>. Like Kirk, Whitlam had come to power in 1972 as the first Labor Prime Minister in a considerable time; Kirk had been preceded by <a href="/wiki/Second_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Second National Government of New Zealand">12 years of National Party government</a>, while Whitlam had succeeded a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> government <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">that had lasted 23 years</a>. Kirk desired for the two nascent leaders to work together, to foster a boldly independent foreign policy separate from the United Kingdom or the United States. Despite their relative success together in their mutually short periods in office, it is known that Kirk and Whitlam, in private, did not get along and even disliked one another.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Kirk was a closer friend to Singaporean Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, whom he regarded as his mentor, and to British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> (despite wanting to escape the influence of Britain), than to Whitlam.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2015_18%E2%80%9321-1">[1]</a> Kirk also admired Tanzanian president <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a>, thinking him a serious, intelligent and charming figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014260-32">[32]</a> Two subjects in particular caused comment; one: Kirk's strong protest against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapons</a> testing in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> which led to his government, along with Australia, taking France to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 1972 and him sending two New Zealand navy <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Canterbury_(F421)" title="HMNZS Canterbury (F421)">HMNZS Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Otago_(F111)" title="HMNZS Otago (F111)">Otago</a>, into the test zone area at <a href="/wiki/Mururoa_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mururoa Atoll">Mururoa Atoll</a> in a symbolic act of protest in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The other: his refusal to allow a visit by a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> team, a decision he made because the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> régime in South Africa would not accept <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> for that sport.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> He was also highly critical of US foreign policy, speaking before the United Nations of the US involvement in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in Chile in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The Kirk government was also notable for a number of national identity building policies. The government began the tradition of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Day">New Zealand Day</a> in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-McLean-28">[28]</a> and the government introduced legislation in 1974 to declare Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Christchurch hosted the <a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974 Commonwealth Games</a> which had a colourful opening ceremony, seen by many commentators as a festival celebrating New Zealand's new sense of self-confidence and optimism. Kirk and his wife hosted the royal family and accompanied them on their tour of New Zealand and the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014359%E2%80%9360-37">[37]</a> The government began the <a href="/wiki/Ohu" title="Ohu">Ohu</a> scheme of communal work groupings in rural areas, allowing committed people (particularly Māori) to return to the land for their livelihood. The scheme assisted people in becoming self-sufficient from the land, enhance spiritual and social wellbeing, allow the development of alternative social models and promote organic farming. Kirk got he idea while visiting <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1971 and witnessing <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> communities leading the media to nickname it "Kirk's kibbutzim" when it was announced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014340%E2%80%931-38">[38]</a> People in the Ohu groups did not own the land they were cultivating and leased it from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lands_and_Survey" title="Department of Lands and Survey">Department of Lands and Survey</a>, nor were they expected to produce surplus agricultural products (beyond the needs of the immediate community) for export. An advisory group was established and the first Ohu, named the Sunburst community, was eventually opened near <a href="/wiki/Whitianga" title="Whitianga">Whitianga</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014342-39">[39]</a> Kirk's government was more environmentally conscious than preceding ones. It was elected on a platform that included a strong endorsement of the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Save_Manapouri_campaign" title="Save Manapouri campaign">Save Manapouri campaign</a>. In February 1973, Kirk honoured his election pledge and instructed the electricity department not to raise the level of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manapouri" title="Lake Manapouri">Lake Manapouri</a>. He created an independent body, the Guardians of Lake Manapouri, Monowai, and Te Anau (composed of leading members of the protest) to oversee management of the lake levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014237-40">[40]</a> Kirk appointed <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Finance (New Zealand)">Minister of Finance</a>. The Labour government enjoyed a record <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surplus</a> in its first year and revalued the currency. However, the slowing global economy, an unprecedented rise in oil prices and a rapid rise in government expenditure led to soaring inflation by 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Aimer-29">[29]</a> The Kirk government attracted controversy in March 1974 for starting the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_raids_(New_Zealand)" title="Dawn raids (New Zealand)">Dawn Raids</a>, a series of police raids that primarily targeted <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika peoples</a> for overstaying. The government stopped the raids and issued an amnesty in April 1974, but they were later restarted by the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third National Government of New Zealand">Muldoon Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Illness and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_(9627638726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg/220px-Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="1530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg/220px-Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg/330px-Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg/440px-Mr_Kirk_at_the_High_Commissioner%27s_Reception_%289627638726%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kirk at the High Commissioner's Reception, New Delhi, 29 December 1973, with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Death of Norman Kirk">Death of Norman Kirk</a></div> During his time as Prime Minister, Kirk kept up an intense schedule, refusing to reduce his workload by any significant degree and rarely taking time off (the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> was his favourite retreat). Kirk ignored advice from several doctors and from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Tizard" title="Bob Tizard">Bob Tizard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Freer" title="Warren Freer">Warren Freer</a> to "take care of himself" and to reduce his heavy consumption of Coca-Cola and alcohol (beer, plus later whisky or gin), saying he would have a "short but happy life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201424-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreer2004113,_195-43">[43]</a> On a trip to India he contracted <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and exhibited symptoms of undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201424-42">[42]</a> By 1974 he had difficulty breathing, eating and sleeping. In April Kirk had an operation to remove <a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a> from both legs at once despite advice to have two operations. Doctors and colleagues were urging him to take time off; on 15 August he decided to stay off work for two days, and continued to have problems on his return. Despite considerable discomfort, he went to Palmerston North on 18 August to open <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Palmerston_North" title="St Peter's College, Palmerston North">St Peter's College</a>. This was his last public appearance.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On 26 August 1974, Social Credit leader <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beetham" title="Bruce Beetham">Bruce Beetham</a> advised Kirk to take a couple of months off to recover,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201440-45">[45]</a> and the Prime Minister decided to have six weeks of complete rest. He had been checked over by many doctors, and an examination by Professor <a href="/wiki/Tom_O%27Donnell_(physician)" title="Tom O'Donnell (physician)">Tom O'Donnell</a> on 27 August confirmed that Kirk had an enlarged heart, gravely weakened by embolisms, which was not pumping regularly enough to get sufficient oxygen into his bloodstream. One lung was two-thirds incapacitated by a blood clot; his stomach was very sore as his liver was swollen with retained fluid. Kirk checked into the Home of Compassion Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Island_Bay,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Bay, New Zealand">Island Bay</a>, Wellington on 28 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201440%E2%80%9341-46">[46]</a> He rang and reminisced with close colleagues, and his bed was covered with official papers. On Saturday 31 August he told his wife Ruth, who had been told of his serious situation and came to Wellington, "I am dying .. please don't tell anyone". Soon after 9 pm, while watching a police drama on television (<a href="/wiki/Softly,_Softly:_Taskforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Softly, Softly: Taskforce">Softly, Softly: Taskforce</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Johns" title="Stratford Johns">Stratford Johns</a> on <a href="/wiki/TVNZ_1#1960%E2%80%931975:_NZBC_TV" title="TVNZ 1">NZBC TV</a>), he slowly slid from a sitting position. He died of a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> when a blood clot released from a vein into his heart cut off the blood flow and stopped the heart. O'Donnell signed Kirk's death certificate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014380%E2%80%93381,_389%E2%80%93400-47">[47]</a> Kirk's death shocked the nation. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a> states, "There followed an outpouring of grief paralleled only by that which had followed [Prime Minister] <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">M. J. Savage</a>'s death in 1940".<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kirk-9">[9]</a> Kirk was succeeded as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His son, <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Kirk (New Zealand politician)">John Kirk</a>, won the resulting <a href="/wiki/1974_Sydenham_by-election" title="1974 Sydenham by-election">Sydenham by-election</a> in November 1974.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> While colleagues had been urging him to take some time off, none were aware of the seriousness of his last illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014403-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Harvey_(mayor)" title="Bob Harvey (mayor)">Bob Harvey</a>, the Labour Party president, said that Kirk was "a robust man" with the "constitution of a horse". He proposed a Royal Commission to investigate rumours that he had been killed, perhaps with contact poison, by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. This story returned during the 1999 visit of American President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> to New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2014114%E2%80%93117,_153%E2%80%93156-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Funeral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After a <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying-in-state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House</a> from 2 to 4 September, there was a large official funeral in <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Cathedral_of_St_Paul" title="Wellington Cathedral of St Paul">Wellington Cathedral of St Paul</a>, on Wednesday 4 September attended by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a>, Cook Islands Premier <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_(politician)" title="Albert Henry (politician)">Albert Henry</a>, and Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>; then on 5 September another service, also inter-denominational, in the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Town_Hall" title="Christchurch Town Hall">Christchurch Town Hall</a> followed by a simple burial service in his hometown Waimate. He was buried near his mother's grave; the burial service was delayed as the RNZAF Hercules could not land at Waimate and the procession hurried by road to meet the daylight requirement for burials. Memorial services were held around New Zealand, and on 26 September in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014405%E2%80%93417-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The New Zealand pop band <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(band)" title="Ebony (band)">Ebony</a> wrote the song "Big Norm", featuring tongue-in-cheek lyrics praising Kirk. In 1974, it reached No 4 in the charts and Ebony won a New Zealand music <a href="/wiki/Recording_Arts_Talent_Awards" title="Recording Arts Talent Awards">RATA</a> award for group of the year. The last telegram Kirk sent before his death was to Ebony congratulating them on their win.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Electoral history of Norman Kirk">Electoral history of Norman Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_died_in_office" title="List of heads of state and government who died in office">List of heads of state and government who died in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Parliament_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the New Zealand Parliament who died in office">List of members of the New Zealand Parliament who died in office</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2015_18–21-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2015_18%E2%80%9321_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2015_18%E2%80%9321_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Ken (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48551803">"Norman Kirk's 'OE'"</a>. New Zealand International Review. 40 (5): 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0110-0262">0110-0262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48551803">48551803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+International+Review&rft.atitle=Norman+Kirk%27s+%27OE%27&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48551803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0110-0262&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48551803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/opinion/perspective/9805324/Norman-Kirk-The-Mighty-Totara">"Norman Kirk – The Mighty Totara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stuff.co.nz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuff.co.nz">Stuff.co.nz</a>. 10 March 2014. 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New Zealand International Review. 40 (5): 18–21. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48551803">48551803</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+International+Review&rft.atitle=Norman+Kirk%27s+%27OE%27&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2015-09%2F2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48551803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48551803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/document/51HansD_20141021_00000048/obituaries-hon-edward-gough-whitlam-ac-qc">"Obituaries — Hon (Edward) Gough Whitlam AC, QC – New Zealand Parliament"</a>. www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.nz&rft.atitle=Obituaries+%E2%80%94+Hon+%28Edward%29+Gough+Whitlam+AC%2C+QC+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fen%2Fpb%2Fhansard-debates%2Frhr%2Fdocument%2F51HansD_20141021_00000048%2Fobituaries-hon-edward-gough-whitlam-ac-qc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014260-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014260_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mururoavet.com/">Mururoa Nuclear Tests, RNZN protest Veterans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723050155/http://www.mururoavet.com/">Archived</a> 23 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/legal_challenges.html">Disarmament and Security Centre – Publications – Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164133/http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/legal_challenges.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/1981-springbok-tour/1973-springbok-tour">"Stopping the 1973 tour"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stopping+the+1973+tour&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fculture%2F1981-springbok-tour%2F1973-springbok-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeaslee1985" class="citation book cs1">Peaslee, Amos J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YDkjh7p-xYC&pg=PA882">Constitutions of Nations</a> (Rev. 4th ed.). Dordrecht: Nijhoff. p. 882. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024729050" title="Special:BookSources/9789024729050"><bdi>9789024729050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutions+of+Nations&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=882&rft.edition=Rev.+4th&rft.pub=Nijhoff.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789024729050&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.aufirst=Amos+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YDkjh7p-xYC%26pg%3DPA882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014359–60-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014359%E2%80%9360_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, pp. 359–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014340–1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014340%E2%80%931_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, pp. 340–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014342-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014342_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014237-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014237_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Mitchell, James (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/371/MitchellJames2003PhD.pdf?sequence=5">Immigration and National Identity in 1970s New Zealand</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Immigration+and+National+Identity+in+1970s+New+Zealand&rft.inst=University+of+Otago&rft.date=2003-07&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourarchive.otago.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10523%2F371%2FMitchellJames2003PhD.pdf%3Fsequence%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201424-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201424_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201424_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreer2004113,_195-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreer2004113,_195_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreer2004">Freer 2004</a>, pp. 113, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingham2024" class="citation news cs1">Ellingham, Jimmy (18 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/525461/the-prime-minister-is-dying-50-years-since-norman-kirk-s-last-public-appearance">"'The prime minister is dying': 50 years since Norman Kirk's last public appearance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=%27The+prime+minister+is+dying%27%3A+50+years+since+Norman+Kirk%27s+last+public+appearance&rft.date=2024-08-18&rft.aulast=Ellingham&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F525461%2Fthe-prime-minister-is-dying-50-years-since-norman-kirk-s-last-public-appearance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201440-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201440_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201440–41-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201440%E2%80%9341_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014380–381,_389–400-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014380%E2%80%93381,_389%E2%80%93400_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, pp. 380–381, 389–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6r1">"Rowling, Wallace Edward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Rowling%2C+Wallace+Edward&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F6r1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AhAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA225">"Parliamentary Debates"</a>. Hansard. New Zealand Parliament, House of Representatives. 23 April 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Debates&rft.date=1975-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1AhAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014403-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014403_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2014114–117,_153–156-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2014114%E2%80%93117,_153%E2%80%93156_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2014">Phillips 2014</a>, pp. 114–117, 153–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2014405–417-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2014405%E2%80%93417_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2014">Grant 2014</a>, pp. 405–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2012" class="citation web cs1">Hunt, Tom (25 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/capital-life/7546268/A-nation-mourned-when-we-lost-Big-Norm">"A nation mourned when we lost Big Norm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=A+nation+mourned+when+we+lost+Big+Norm&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fdominion-post%2Fcapital-life%2F7546268%2FA-nation-mourned-when-we-lost-Big-Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Freer" title="Warren Freer">Freer, Warren</a> (2004). A Lifetime in Politics: the memoirs of Warren Freer. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University Press">Victoria University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86473-478-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86473-478-6"><bdi>0-86473-478-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lifetime+in+Politics%3A+the+memoirs+of+Warren+Freer&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-86473-478-6&rft.aulast=Freer&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2014" class="citation book cs1">Grant, David (2014). The Mighty Totara: The life and times of Norman Kirk. Auckland: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781775535799" title="Special:BookSources/9781775535799"><bdi>9781775535799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mighty+Totara%3A+The+life+and+times+of+Norman+Kirk&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781775535799&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Hazel (2014). Wild Westie: the incredible life of Bob Harvey. Auckland: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781743486764" title="Special:BookSources/9781743486764"><bdi>9781743486764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Westie%3A+the+incredible+life+of+Bob+Harvey&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781743486764&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2001" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Margaret, ed. (2001). Three Labour Leaders: Nordmeyer, Kirk, Rowling. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86469-394-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86469-394-X"><bdi>0-86469-394-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Labour+Leaders%3A+Nordmeyer%2C+Kirk%2C+Rowling&rft.place=Palmerston+North&rft.pub=Dunmore+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-86469-394-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnierKohnBooth1978" class="citation book cs1">Garnier, Tony; Kohn, Bruce; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Booth_(journalist)" title="Pat Booth (journalist)">Booth, Pat</a> (1978). The Hunter and the Hill : New Zealand politics in the Kirk years. Auckland: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5288883">5288883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunter+and+the+Hill+%3A+New+Zealand+politics+in+the+Kirk+years&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5288883&rft.aulast=Garnier&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Booth%2C+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Margaret (1981). Diary of the Kirk Years. Auckland: <a href="/wiki/Reed_Publishing" title="Reed Publishing">Reed Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0589013505" title="Special:BookSources/0589013505"><bdi>0589013505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+the+Kirk+Years&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Reed+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0589013505&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Kirk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norman_Kirk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014153951/http://www.primeminister.govt.nz/oldpms/1972kirk.html">Prime Ministers of New Zealand: Norman Kirk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/nzbc-news-bulletin-on-prime-minister-norman-kirks-death">NZBC Network News – Prime Minister Norman Kirk's Death</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Jack Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> 1972–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lake" title="Harry Lake">Harry Lake</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)">Member of Parliament for Lyttelton</a> 1957–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tom_McGuigan" title="Tom McGuigan">Tom McGuigan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Howard" title="Mabel Howard">Mabel Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Sydenham (New Zealand electorate)">Member of Parliament for Sydenham</a> 1969–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Kirk (New Zealand politician)">John Kirk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Owen Hills</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi" title="Kaiapoi">Kaiapoi</a> 1953–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Charles Thomas Williams</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Finlay" title="Martyn Finlay">Martyn Finlay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="President of the New Zealand Labour Party">President of the Labour Party</a> 1964–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas_(politician)" title="Norman Douglas (politician)">Norman Douglas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party#List_of_leaders" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the Labour Party</a> 1965–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&oldid=1248938574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&oldid=1248938574</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Kirk&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 October 2024, at 08:55 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="نورمان كيرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورمان كيرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%BC_%EC%BB%A4%ED%81%AC" title="노먼 커크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노먼 커크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="נורמן קירק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורמן קירק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ノーマン・カーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーマン・カーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кёрк, Норман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кёрк, Норман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norman Kirk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%85%8B" title="诺曼·柯克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺曼·柯克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 October 2024, at 08:55 (UTC).</li> <li 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