CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Genetic studies on Filipinos - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"61ba134a-e443-463a-9398-ef8c2712be9c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos","wgTitle":"Genetic studies on Filipinos","wgCurRevisionId":1255645496,"wgRevisionId":1255645496,"wgArticleId":57098667,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles to be expanded from October 2021","All articles to be expanded","Genetics by country","Modern human genetic history","Filipino people","Genetics by ethnicity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos","wgRelevantArticleId":57098667, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q108940622","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Genetic studies on Filipinos - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos rootpage-Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetic+studies+on+Filipinos" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Genetic+studies+on+Filipinos" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetic+studies+on+Filipinos" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Genetic+studies+on+Filipinos" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y-DNA_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-DNA_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Y-DNA haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Y-DNA_haplogroups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Y-DNA haplogroups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Y-DNA_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haplogroups_R-M343_and_I-M253" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplogroups_R-M343_and_I-M253"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Haplogroups R-M343 and I-M253</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplogroups_R-M343_and_I-M253-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haplogroup_Q-M242" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplogroup_Q-M242"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Haplogroup Q-M242</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplogroup_Q-M242-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic studies on Filipinos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دراسات جينية على الفلبينيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسات جينية على الفلبينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_henetikong_pag-aadal_sa_mga_Filipino" title="Mga henetikong pag-aadal sa mga Filipino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga henetikong pag-aadal sa mga Filipino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Генетски студии за Филипинците – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетски студии за Филипинците" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108940622#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&oldid=1255645496" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&id=1255645496&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenetic_studies_on_Filipinos"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenetic_studies_on_Filipinos"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108940622" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">DNA analyses of people native to the Philippines</div> <p>Various <b>genetic studies on <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></b> have been performed, to analyze the <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> of the various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups in the Philippines</a>. </p><p>The results of a DNA study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>'s "The Genographic Project", based on <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testings</a> of Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that the Philippines is made up of around 53% Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36% East Asian, 5% European, 3% South Asian and 2% Native American genes.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_(per_Benton_et_al,_2012,_adapted_from_Bellwood,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/300px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/450px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>Chronological map of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers20132_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers20132-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Models of migration to the Philippines</a></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> at around 2200 BC, settling the <a href="/wiki/Batanes_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanes Islands">Batanes Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">northern Luzon</a>. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, as well as voyaging further east to reach the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> by around 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers20132_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers20132-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mijares20062_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mijares20062-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They assimilated the older <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> groups which arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, resulting in the modern <a href="/wiki/Filipino_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino ethnic groups">Filipino ethnic groups</a> which all display various ratios of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">genetic admixture</a> between Austronesian and Negrito groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 genetic study by <a href="/wiki/Leeds_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds University">Leeds University</a> and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a></i>, showed that <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> lineages have been evolving within <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. The authors concluded that it was proof that Austronesians evolved within Island Southeast Asia and did not come from Taiwan (the "Out-of-Sundaland" hypothesis). Population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands into Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, these have been repudiated by a 2014 study published by <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> using <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> (instead of only mtDNA) which has found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from the aboriginal Taiwanese. Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out-of-Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out-of-Taiwan" hypothesis. The researchers further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the 2008 study failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Rochmyaningsih_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochmyaningsih-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Basal-East Asian</a> (East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry, from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themself are suggested to have arrived on <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the northern Philippines between 10,000BC to 7,000BC from coastal southern China. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into <a href="/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Southeast Asia">Insular Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking people have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines. There was also a westward expansion of people from Papua New Guinea to the Philippines as evidenced by Papuan admixture in Blaan and Sangir peoples of Mindanao, as well as immigration from India as detected in the genetics of the Sama-Dilaut people.<sup id="cite_ref-Larena_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larena-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y-DNA_haplogroups">Y-DNA haplogroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Y-DNA haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg/280px-105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg/420px-105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg/560px-105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption> The most common Y-DNA Haplogroup type is O, which Filipinos share with Chinese and fellow Southeast Asians. The South Asian Y-DNA H1a indicate the presence of Indians while the 13% frequency of European Y-DNA R1b is evidence of Spanish immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manual_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-familytree_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-familytree-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg/220px-Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg/330px-Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg/440px-Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_East_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Y haplogroup O lineages in East Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>The most frequently occurring <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> haplogroups among modern Filipinos are <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119" title="Haplogroup O-M119">haplogroup O1a-M119</a>, which has been found with maximal frequency among the indigenous peoples of <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai Islands</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122" title="Haplogroup O-M122">Haplogroup O2-M122</a>, which is found with high frequency in many populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. </p><p>In particular, the type of O2-M122 that is found frequently among Filipinos in general, O-P164(xM134), is also found frequently in other Austronesian populations, including <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirabal2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirabal2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trejaut2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karafet2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafet2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trejaut <i>et al.</i> 2014 found O2a2b-P164(xO2a2b1-M134) in 26/146 = 17.8% of a pool of samples of Filipinos (4/8 = 50% Mindanao, 7/31 = 22.6% Visayas, 10/55 = 18.2% South Luzon, 1/6 = 17% North Luzon, 2/22 = 9.1% unknown Philippines, 2/24 = 8.3% Ivatan). </p><p>The distributions of other subclades of O2-M122 in the Philippines were sporadic, but it may be noted that O2a1b-JST002611 was observed in 6/24 = 25% of a sample of <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a> and 1/31 = 3.2% of a sample from the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, O2a2a1a2-M7 was observed in 1/6 = 17% of a sample from North Luzon, 1/55 = 1.8% of a sample from South Luzon, and 1/31 = 3.2% of a sample from the Visayas, and O2a2b1a1a-M133 was observed in 2/31 = 6.5% of a sample from the Visayas.<sup id="cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trejaut2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 45/146 = 30.8% of the sampled Filipinos were found to belong to Haplogroup O2-M122.<sup id="cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trejaut2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study by Delfin <i>et al.</i> (2011), 21.1% (8/38) of a sample of highlanders of northern Luzon (17 <a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_people" title="Kalanguya people">Kalanguya</a>, 6 <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Ibaloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibaloi">Ibaloi</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a>) were found to belong to haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7, which is outside of the O2a2b-P164 clade and is uncommon among <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>-speaking populations, being rather frequently observed among speakers of <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a> languages in southwestern China and eastern Mainland Southeast Asia. <sup id="cite_ref-Delfin2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delfin2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Delfin <i>et al.</i> also observed O-M7 in 5/39 = 12.8% of a sample of <a href="/wiki/Agta_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Agta people">Agta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iriga" title="Iriga">Iriga</a> in southeastern Luzon and 5/36 = 13.9% of a sample of <a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a> from <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delfin2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delfin2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup O1a</a>-M119 is also commonly found among Filipinos (25/146 = 17.1% O1a-M119(xO1a1a-P203, O1a2-M50), 20/146 = 13.7% O1a1a-P203, 17/146 = 11.6% O1a2-M50, 62/146 = 42.5% O1a-M119 total according to Trejaut <i>et al.</i> 2014) and is shared with other Austronesian-speaking populations, especially those in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R1b Y-DNA common in Spain and Western Europe was also detected among 12-13% of the sample size which had come to the area via immigration from Spain and Latin America, as well as <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">haplogroup I1</a> which came from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic Europeans</a> and had spread to the Philippines from Anglo-America and consisting to about 0.95% of the sample size. Also included is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">haplogroup H1a</a>, that came from South Asian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manual_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-familytree_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-familytree-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haplogroups_R-M343_and_I-M253">Haplogroups R-M343 and I-M253</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Haplogroups R-M343 and I-M253"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 16th century, the colonial period saw the influx of genetic influence from other populations. This is evidenced by the presence of a small percentage of the Y-DNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">Haplogroup R1b</a> (R-M343) present among the population of the Philippines. DNA studies vary as to how small these lineages are. A year 2001 study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific Research Center">Asia-Pacific Research Center</a> stated that only 3.6% of the Philippine population had European Y-DNA. According to another genetic study done by the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente" title="Kaiser Permanente">Kaiser Permanente</a> (KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), substantial number of Californian residents self-identifying as Filipinos sampled have "modest" amounts of European ancestry consistent with older admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The analysis of the full <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> genome of 1,082 individuals from the Philippines has shown that "in contrast to several other Spanish-colonized regions, Philippine demography appears to have remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans" (Larena et al. 2021). European admixture is found at a low level among individuals from lowland groups such as <a href="/wiki/Ilocanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocanos">Ilocanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebuanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebuanos">Cebuanos</a>, and reaches significant population-wide levels among urbanized lowlanders, <a href="/wiki/Bicolanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicolanos">Bicolanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>-speaking Mestizos.<sup id="cite_ref-Larenab_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larenab-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haplogroup_Q-M242">Haplogroup Q-M242</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Haplogroup Q-M242"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One study found that the Y-DNA of two out of 64 sampled Filipino males belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Haplogroup Q-M242</a> (which has its highest frequency among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and Asian Siberians and is also found in other Asians).<sup id="cite_ref-Kim2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups">Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_India">From India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> haplogroups, M52'58 and M52a are also present in the Philippines suggesting that there was Indian migration to the archipelago starting from the 5th Century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Delfin2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delfin2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals that are present in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a> also extending into the Philippines among the Sama-Bajau communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Larenab_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larenab-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> (Indian) descent,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Peopling of Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Genetic history of East Asians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522144837/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">"Genographic Project - Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. April 13, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">the original</a> on May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Genographic+Project+-+Reference+Populations+%E2%80%93+Geno+2.0+Next+Generation&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Freference-populations-next-gen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers20132-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers20132_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers20132_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2013" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians". <i>eLS</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2">10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470016176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470016176"><bdi>978-0470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Origins+of+the+Polynesians&rft.btitle=eLS&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0470016176&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mijares20062-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mijares20062_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijares2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i> (26): 72–78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">the original</a> on July 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=The+Early+Austronesian+Migration+To+Luzon%3A+Perspectives+From+The+Pe%C3%B1ablanca+Cave+Sites&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mijares&rft.aufirst=Armand+Salvador+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.anu.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fbippa%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F10%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2014). <i>The Global Prehistory of Human Migration</i>. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Prehistory+of+Human+Migration&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipson2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsonLohPattersonMoorjani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf">"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 4689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.4689L">2014NatCo...5.4689L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms5689">10.1038/ncomms5689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143916">4143916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25137359">25137359</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629045728/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Austronesian+population+history+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4689&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4143916%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25137359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms5689&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.4689L&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Loh%2C+Po-Ru&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Ko%2C+Ying-Chin&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=Berger%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fbiorxiv%2Fearly%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2F005603.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Richards" class="citation web cs1">Martin Richards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news130761648.html">"Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia"</a>. Oxford Journals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008200736/http://phys.org/news130761648.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Postglacial+Human+Dispersals+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+Journals&rft.au=Martin+Richards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews130761648.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochmyaningsih-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rochmyaningsih_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochmyaningsih2014" class="citation news cs1">Rochmyaningsih, Dyna (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/news/sundaland-assumption-disproved/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved"</a>. <i>Jakarta Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225125953/https://jakartaglobe.id/news/sundaland-assumption-disproved/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Out+of+Sundaland%27+Assumption+Disproved&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Rochmyaningsih&rft.aufirst=Dyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Fnews%2Fsundaland-assumption-disproved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larena-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larena_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>118</b> (13): e2026132118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11826132L">2021PNAS..11826132L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118">10.1073/pnas.2026132118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">8020671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33753512">33753512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=e2026132118&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11826132L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33753512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Larena&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Sanchez-Quinto%2C+Federico&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6din%2C+Per&rft.au=McKenna%2C+James&rft.au=Ebeo%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Casel%2C+Ophelia&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jin-Yuan&rft.au=Hagada%2C+Kim+Pullupul&rft.au=Guilay%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Jennelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Applied_Biosystems_Y-DNA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/">"With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of <i>Applied Biosystems</i>, analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0.95% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "H1a", which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines via precolonial Indian missionaries who spread Hinduism and established Indic Rajahnates like Cebu and Butuan. The 13% frequeny of R1b also indicate Spanish admixture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525082812/http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+a+sample+population+of+105+Filipinos%2C+the+company+of+Applied+Biosystems%2C+analysed+the+Y-DNA+of+average+Filipinos+and+it+is+discovered+that+about+0.95%25+of+the+samples+have+the+Y-DNA+Haplotype+%22H1a%22%2C+which+is+most+common+in+South+Asia+and+had+spread+to+the+Philippines+via+precolonial+Indian+missionaries+who+spread+Hinduism+and+established+Indic+Rajahnates+like+Cebu+and+Butuan.+The+13%25+frequeny+of+R1b+also+indicate+Spanish+admixture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.appliedbiosystems.com%2Fyfilerdatabase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wD-JtgTGL3qQaDcZi8CSPZaBSkqXEIKkoaWiBR1bgp8/edit#gid=0">"Manual Collation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026044921/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wD-JtgTGL3qQaDcZi8CSPZaBSkqXEIKkoaWiBR1bgp8/edit#gid=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manual+Collation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1wD-JtgTGL3qQaDcZi8CSPZaBSkqXEIKkoaWiBR1bgp8%2Fedit%23gid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-familytree-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-familytree_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-familytree_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Philippines/default.aspx?section=yresults">Philippines DNA Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204134152/https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Philippines/default.aspx?section=yresults">Archived</a> 2023-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Y-DNA Classic Chart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirabal2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mirabal2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheyla Mirabal, Kristian J. Herrera, Tenzin Gayden, Maria Regueiro, Peter A. Underhill, Ralph L. Garcia-Bertrand, and Rene J. Herrera, "Increased Y-chromosome resolution of haplogroup O suggests genetic ties between the Ami aborigines of Taiwan and the Polynesian Islands of Samoa and Tonga." <i>Gene</i> 492 (2012) 339–348. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.042</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trejaut2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trejaut2014_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrejautPoloniYenLai2014" class="citation journal cs1">Trejaut, Jean A; Poloni, Estella S; Yen, Ju-Chen; Lai, Ying-Hui; Loo, Jun-Hun; Lee, Chien-Liang; He, Chun-Lin; Lin, Marie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083334">"Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>BMC Genetics</i>. <b>15</b>: 77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2156-15-77">10.1186/1471-2156-15-77</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083334">4083334</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24965575">24965575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genetics&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Y-chromosomal+DNA+variation+and+its+relationship+with+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4083334%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24965575&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2156-15-77&rft.aulast=Trejaut&rft.aufirst=Jean+A&rft.au=Poloni%2C+Estella+S&rft.au=Yen%2C+Ju-Chen&rft.au=Lai%2C+Ying-Hui&rft.au=Loo%2C+Jun-Hun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chien-Liang&rft.au=He%2C+Chun-Lin&rft.au=Lin%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4083334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karafet2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karafet2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarafetHallmarkCox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hallmark, Brian; Cox, Murray P.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq063">"Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia"</a>. <i>Mol. Biol. Evol</i>. <b>27</b> (8): 1833–1844. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq063">10.1093/molbev/msq063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20207712">20207712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Biol.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Major+East%E2%80%93West+Division+Underlies+Y+Chromosome+Stratification+across+Indonesia&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1833-1844&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20207712&rft.aulast=Karafet&rft.aufirst=Tatiana+M.&rft.au=Hallmark%2C+Brian&rft.au=Cox%2C+Murray+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsq063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delfin2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delfin2011_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delfin2011_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelfinSalvadorCalacalPerdigon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Delfin, Frederick; Salvador, Jazelyn M.; Calacal, Gayvelline C.; Perdigon, Henry B.; Tabbada, Kristina A.; Villamor, Lilian P.; Halos, Saturnina C.; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Myles, Sean; Hughes, David A.; Xu, Shuhua; Jin, Li; Lao, Oscar; Kayser, Manfred; Hurles, Matthew E.; Stoneking, Mark; De Ungria, Maria Corazon A. (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025791">"The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 224–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.162">10.1038/ejhg.2010.162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025791">3025791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20877414">20877414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Y-chromosome+landscape+of+the+Philippines%3A+extensive+heterogeneity+and+varying+genetic+affinities+of+Negrito+and+non-Negrito+groups&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-230&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3025791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20877414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.162&rft.aulast=Delfin&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Jazelyn+M.&rft.au=Calacal%2C+Gayvelline+C.&rft.au=Perdigon%2C+Henry+B.&rft.au=Tabbada%2C+Kristina+A.&rft.au=Villamor%2C+Lilian+P.&rft.au=Halos%2C+Saturnina+C.&rft.au=Gunnarsd%C3%B3ttir%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Myles%2C+Sean&rft.au=Hughes%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Shuhua&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft.au=Lao%2C+Oscar&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Hurles%2C+Matthew+E.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=De+Ungria%2C+Maria+Corazon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3025791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangKoLeeChang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100380200001">"Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwanese aborigines are of Austronesian derivation"</a>. <i>J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 60–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100380200001">10.1007/s100380200001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11916003">11916003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Molecular+analysis+of+mutations+and+polymorphisms+of+the+Lewis+secretor+type+alpha%281%2C2%29-fucosyltransferase+gene+reveals+that+Taiwanese+aborigines+are+of+Austronesian+derivation&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-5&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs100380200001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11916003&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Ko%2C+YC&rft.au=Lee%2C+JC&rft.au=Chang%2C+SJ&rft.au=Liu%2C+TC&rft.au=Shih%2C+MC&rft.au=Peng%2C+CT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs100380200001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYambazi_Banda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yambazi Banda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574246">"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>200</b> (4): 1285–1295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.115.178616">10.1534/genetics.115.178616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574246">4574246</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26092716">26092716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Characterizing+Race%2FEthnicity+and+Genetic+Ancestry+for+100%2C000+Subjects+in+the+Genetic+Epidemiology+Research+on+Adult+Health+and+Aging+%28GERA%29+Cohort&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1285-1295&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26092716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.115.178616&rft.au=Yambazi+Banda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span> Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and European ancestry, reflecting ~10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larenab-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larenab_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larenab_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>118</b> (13): e2026132118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11826132L">2021PNAS..11826132L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118">10.1073/pnas.2026132118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">8020671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33753512">33753512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=e2026132118&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33753512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11826132L&rft.aulast=Larena&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Sanchez-Quinto%2C+Federico&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6din%2C+Per&rft.au=McKenna%2C+James&rft.au=Ebeo%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Casel%2C+Ophelia&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jin-Yuan&rft.au=Hagada%2C+Kim+Pullupul&rft.au=Guilay%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Jennelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087676">"High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea"</a>. <i>Investigative Genetics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-2223-2-10">10.1186/2041-2223-2-10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087676">3087676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21463511">21463511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Genetics&rft.atitle=High+frequencies+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+O2b-SRY465+lineages+in+Korea%3A+a+genetic+perspective+on+the+peopling+of+Korea&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3087676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21463511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2041-2223-2-10&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Soon-Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3087676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delfin2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delfin2014_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelfinKoLiGunnarsdóttir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Delfin, Frederick; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Mingkun; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D.; Tabbada, Kristina A.; Salvador, Jazelyn M.; Calacal, Gayvelline C.; Sagum, Minerva S.; Datar, Francisco A.; Padilla, Sabino G.; De Ungria, Maria Corazon A.; Stoneking, Mark (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895641">"Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific regio"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 228–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.122">10.1038/ejhg.2013.122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895641">3895641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23756438">23756438</a>. <q>Indian influence and possibly haplogroups M52'58 and M52a were brought to the Philippines as early as the fifth century AD. However, Indian influence through these trade empires were indirect and mainly commercial; moreover, other Southeast Asian groups served as filters that diluted and/or enriched any Indian influence that reached the Philippines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Complete+mtDNA+genomes+of+Filipino+ethnolinguistic+groups%3A+a+melting+pot+of+recent+and+ancient+lineages+in+the+Asia-Pacific+regio&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228-237&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3895641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23756438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.122&rft.aulast=Delfin&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Ko%2C+Albert+Min-Shan&rft.au=Li%2C+Mingkun&rft.au=Gunnarsd%C3%B3ttir%2C+Ellen+D.&rft.au=Tabbada%2C+Kristina+A.&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Jazelyn+M.&rft.au=Calacal%2C+Gayvelline+C.&rft.au=Sagum%2C+Minerva+S.&rft.au=Datar%2C+Francisco+A.&rft.au=Padilla%2C+Sabino+G.&rft.au=De+Ungria%2C+Maria+Corazon+A.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3895641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2013.122">Delfin, F., Min-Shan Ko, A., Li, M., Gunnarsdóttir, E. D., Tabbada, K. A., Salvador, J. M., Calacal, G. C., Sagum, M. S., Datar, F. A., Padilla, S. G., De Ungria, M. C. A., & Stoneking, M. (2014). Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific region. European Journal of Human Genetics, 22(2), 228–237.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuizon1962" class="citation thesis cs1">Kuizon, Jose G. (1962). <i>The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture</i> (Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3061923">3061923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Sanskrit+loan-words+in+Cebuano-Bisayan+language+and+the+Indian+elements+to+Cebuano-Bisayan+culture&rft.inst=University+of+San+Carlos%2C+Cebu&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3061923&rft.aulast=Kuizon&rft.aufirst=Jose+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetic+studies+on+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_genetics" title="Template:Human genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_genetics" title="Template talk:Human genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_genetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">Human genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics" title="Human evolutionary genetics">Evolutionary genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Human-chimp MRCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics" title="Neanderthal genetics">Neanderthal genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Genetic variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country" title="Blood type distribution by country">Blood type distribution by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_DNA_project" title="Surname DNA project">Surname DNA project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Genetic history</a> <br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_West_Africa" title="Genetic history of West Africa">West Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Africa" title="Genetic history of Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Eastern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Southern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">African diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_India" title="Peopling of India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian farmers">Early Anatolian farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_hunter-gatherer" title="Eastern hunter-gatherer">Eastern hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a> <br />by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques" title="Origin of the Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks" title="Genetic studies on Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians" title="Genetic studies on Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Russians" title="Genetic studies on Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sami" title="Genetic studies on Sami">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs" title="Genetic studies on Serbs">Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li>MENA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs" title="Genetic studies on Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans" title="Genetic studies on Moroccans">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Turkish_people" title="Genetic studies on Turkish people">Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Gujarati_people" title="Genetic studies on Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sinhalese" title="Genetic studies on Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils (Sri Lankan)</a></li></ul></li> <li>East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Han_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies_on_Japanese_people" title="Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Asia <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filipinos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sub-Saharan Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Hutu_and_Tutsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Hutu and Tutsi">Hutu/Tutsi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_genetics" title="Category:Human genetics">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&oldid=1255645496">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&oldid=1255645496</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetics_by_country" title="Category:Genetics by country">Genetics by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_human_genetic_history" title="Category:Modern human genetic history">Modern human genetic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Filipino_people" title="Category:Filipino people">Filipino people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetics_by_ethnicity" title="Category:Genetics by ethnicity">Genetics by ethnicity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2021">Articles to be expanded from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 23:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fn5x6","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.476","walltime":"0.619","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2371,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138588,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25896,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":103177,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 525.556 1 -total"," 41.99% 220.657 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.41% 154.553 1 Template:Philippines_topics"," 29.01% 152.486 1 Template:Country_topics"," 16.00% 84.076 4 Template:Cite_web"," 13.84% 72.759 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.79% 56.705 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.71% 51.037 1 Template:Expand_section"," 8.68% 45.595 1 Template:Ambox"," 6.39% 33.563 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.298","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6311045,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hchr7","timestamp":"20241123082203","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Genetic studies on Filipinos","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108940622","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108940622","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-04-11T20:00:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T23:43:38Z","headline":"DNA analyses of people native to the Philippines"}</script> </body> </html>