CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers","20150607072836","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1433662116"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.26wmf8"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836cs_/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.inputBox.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%2Ccheckbox%2Cinput%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836cs_/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836js_/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"Project","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":4,"wgPageName":"Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers","wgTitle":"Manual of Style/Dates and numbers","wgCurRevisionId":665605250,"wgRevisionId":665605250,"wgArticleId":183692,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates","General style guidelines","Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)","Wikipedia naming conventions"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers","wgRelevantArticleId":183692,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","usePageImages":true,"usePageDescriptions":true},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgGatherShouldShowTutorial":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5525311"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:b2706269305541eba923c165462b22c4 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});}); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-4 ns-subject page-Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_Dates_and_numbers skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub">< <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></td> <td class="mbox-text">This <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#Use_common_sense" title="Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means">Use common sense</a> in applying it; it will have <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a>. Please ensure that any <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#Content_changes" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">edits to this page</a> reflect <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</td> <td class="mbox-imageright"> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 1px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.1em"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSNUM" title="Wikipedia:MOSNUM" class="mw-redirect">WP:MOSNUM</a> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:NUM" title="MOS:NUM" class="mw-redirect">MOS:NUM</a></th> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""> <form name="searchbox" class="searchbox" action="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"> <input class="searchboxInput mw-ui-input mw-ui-input-inline" name="search" type="text" value="" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/><input name="prefix" type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" class="mw-ui-button" value="Search the MoS"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/> </form> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Article_message_boxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Article message boxes">Article message boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li>Dates and numbers</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Proper names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Titles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Galleries" title="Wikipedia:Galleries" class="mw-redirect">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">Embedded lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;">By topic area</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <hr/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Category</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France_%26_French-related" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France & French-related" class="mw-redirect">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Wikipedians%27_notice_board/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science/Manual_of_style" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science/Manual of style">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <hr/></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;">Related guidelines</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Style&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> This part of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> helps editors to achieve consistency in the use and formatting of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, and coordinates in Wikipedia articles. Consistency in style and formatting promotes clarity and cohesion; this is especially important within an article. The goal is to make the whole encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use. Try to write so the text cannot be misunderstood, and take account of what is likely to be familiar to readers. The less that readers have to look up definitions, the easier the text will be to understand. Where this manual provides options, consistency should be maintained within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a> has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style, and that revert-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> If discussion cannot determine which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor. <div class="toclimit-4"> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#General_notes">1 General notes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Quotations.2C_titles.2C_etc.">1.1 Quotations, titles, etc.</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">1.2 Non-breaking spaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Chronological_items">2 Chronological items</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Statements_likely_to_become_outdated">2.1 Statements likely to become outdated</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Time_of_day">2.2 Time of day</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Time_zones">2.2.1 Time zones</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Dates.2C_months_and_years">2.3 Dates, months and years</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Formats">2.3.1 Formats</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10"><a href="#Consistency">2.3.1.1 Consistency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic">2.3.1.2 Strong national ties to a topic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Retaining_existing_format">2.3.1.3 Retaining existing format</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Era_style">2.3.2 Era style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars">2.3.3 Julian and Gregorian calendars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ranges">2.3.4 Ranges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Uncertain.2C_incomplete.2C_or_approximate_dates">2.3.5 Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Other_periods">2.4 Other periods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Days_of_the_week">2.4.1 Days of the week</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Seasons">2.4.2 Seasons</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Decades">2.4.3 Decades</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Centuries_and_millennia">2.4.4 Centuries and millennia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Abbreviations_for_long_periods_of_time">2.4.5 Abbreviations for long periods of time</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Numbers">3 Numbers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Numbers_as_figures_or_words">3.1 Numbers as figures or words</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ordinals">3.2 Ordinals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Fractions">3.3 Fractions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Decimals">3.4 Decimals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Grouping_of_digits">3.4.1 Grouping of digits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Percentages">3.5 Percentages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Scientific_and_engineering_notation">3.6 Scientific and engineering notation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Uncertainty_and_rounding">3.7 Uncertainty and rounding </a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Non-base-10_notations">3.8 Non-base-10 notations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Units_of_measurement">4 Units of measurement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Unit_choice_and_order">4.1 Unit choice and order</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Unit_names_and_symbols">4.2 Unit names and symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Specific_units">4.3 Specific units</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits">4.3.1 Quantities of bytes and bits </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Unit_conversions">4.4 Unit conversions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Currencies_and_monetary_values">5 Currencies and monetary values</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Choice_of_currency">5.1 Choice of currency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Currency_names">5.2 Currency names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Currency_symbols">5.3 Currency symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Formatting">5.4 Formatting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Conversions">5.5 Conversions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Common_mathematical_symbols">6 Common mathematical symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Geographical_coordinates">7 Geographical coordinates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes_and_references">9 Notes and references</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2>General notes[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General notes">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Quotations, titles, etc.[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quotations, titles, etc.">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE" title="Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE" class="mw-redirect">WP:MOSQUOTE</a></div> Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they employ formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes. <ul> <li>It is acceptable to change other date formats in the same article to provide consistency, so long as those changes would otherwise be acceptable.</li> </ul> <h3>Non-breaking spaces[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-breaking spaces">edit</a>]</h3> Guidance on the use of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking spaces</a> (also called "hard spaces"; markup: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}</code> or <code>&nbsp;</code>) is given in some of the sections below, though not all situations in which nbsp may be appropriate are described. <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> may also be useful in some situations. For further information see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Non-breaking_spaces" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Non-breaking spaces</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Line-break_handling" title="Wikipedia:Line-break handling">Wikipedia:Line-break handling</a>. <h2>Chronological items[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronological items">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Statements likely to become outdated[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statements likely to become outdated">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DATED" title="Wikipedia:DATED" class="mw-redirect">WP:DATED</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EPHEMERAL" title="Wikipedia:EPHEMERAL" class="mw-redirect">WP:EPHEMERAL</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:As_of" title="Wikipedia:As of">Wikipedia:As of</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Relative time references</a></div> Except on pages updated regularly (e.g. <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_the_Current_events_page_works" title="Wikipedia:How the Current events page works">current events</a>), terms such as now, currently, to date, so far, soon, and recently should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as during the 1990s and in August 1969. For future and current events, use phrases such as as of June 2015 or since the beginning of 2010 to signal the time-dependence of the information. Or (for example) <code>{{as of|2015}}</code> will produce the text As of 2015<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit">[update]</a> and adds the article to a category flagging it for periodic review. However, do not replace (for example) since the start of 2005 with <code>{{as of|2005}}</code> because some information (the start of 2005) would be lost; advanced features of {{as of}} such as <code>{{as of|2005|alt=since the start of 2005}}</code> can be used in such circumstances. Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: Humans diverged from other primates long ago, but <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)#legislature" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Samuel Butler (novelist)">only recently developed state legislatures</a>. <h3>Time of day[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Time of day">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSTIME" title="Wikipedia:MOSTIME" class="mw-redirect">WP:MOSTIME</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:TIME" title="MOS:TIME" class="mw-redirect">MOS:TIME</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> Context determines whether the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour</a> clock is used; in both, colons separate hours, minutes and seconds (e.g. 1:38:09 pm or 13:38:09). <ul> <li>12-hour clock times end with dotted or undotted lower-case a.m. or p.m., or am or pm, preceded by a <a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">non-breaking space</a>, e.g. 2:30 p.m. or 2:30 pm (markup: <code>2:30{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}p.m.</code> or <code>2:30{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}pm</code>), not 2:30p.m. or 2:30pm. Hours should not have a leading zero (e.g. 2:30 p.m., not 02:30 p.m.). Usually, use noon and midnight rather than 12 pm and 12 am; whether midnight refers to the start or the end of a date should be explicitly specified unless clear from the context.</li> <li>24-hour clock times have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix. Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (e.g. 08:15). 00:00 refers to midnight at the start of a date, 12:00 to noon, and 24:00 to midnight at the end of a date, but "24" should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use 00:10 for ten minutes after midnight, not 24:10).</li> </ul> The numerical elements of times-of-day are figures (12:45 p.m.) rather than words (twelve forty-five p.m.) though conventional terms such as noon and midnight are acceptable (taking care, with the latter, to avoid possible date ambiguity in constructions such as midnight on July 17). <h4>Time zones[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Time zones">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TIMEZONE" title="Wikipedia:TIMEZONE" class="mw-redirect">WP:TIMEZONE</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> Give dates and times appropriate to the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a> where an event took place. For example, the date of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> should be December 7, 1941 (Hawaii time/date). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker based in China attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases the best solution may be to add the date and time in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC). For example: <dl> <dd>  •   8 p.m. <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)" title="Eastern Standard Time (North America)" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Standard Time</a> on January 15, 2001 (01:00 UTC, January 16)</dd> </dl> Alternatively, include just the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC offset</a>: <dl> <dd>  •  21:00 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a> (<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1" title="UTC+1" class="mw-redirect">UTC+1</a>) on 27 July 2012</dd> </dl> Rarely, the time zone in which a historical event took place has since changed; for example, China to 1949 was divided into <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_time_zones_of_China" title="Historical time zones of China">five time zones</a>, whereas all of modern China is <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B8" title="UTC+8" class="mw-redirect">UTC+8</a>. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>; <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">Universal Time</a> (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">prime meridian (Greenwich)</a> when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ. <h3> Dates, months and years[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dates, months and years">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEFORMAT" title="MOS:DATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DATEFORMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:MONTH" title="MOS:MONTH" class="mw-redirect">MOS:MONTH</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:YEAR" title="MOS:YEAR" class="mw-redirect">MOS:YEAR</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a>. Special rules apply to citations; see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation style</a>. <h4>Formats[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formats">edit</a>]</h4> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Acceptable date formats</caption> <tr> <th width="160pt">General use</th> <th width="175pt">Only where brevity is helpful (refs,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> tables, infoboxes, etc.)</th> <th>Comments</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2 August 2001</td> <td>2 Aug 2001</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2, 2001</td> <td>Aug 2, 2001</td> <td>A comma follows the year unless followed by other punctuation:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div> <ul> <li>The weather on September 11, 2001, was clear and warm</li> <li>Everyone remembers July 21, 1969—when man first landed on the Moon</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 August</td> <td>2 Aug</td> <td rowspan="2">Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: <div> <ul> <li>The 2012 London Olympics ran from 25 July to 12 August</li> <li>January 1 is New Year's Day</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2</td> <td>Aug 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>No equivalent for general use</td> <td>2001-08-02</td> <td>Use yyyy-mm-dd format only with <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> dates from 1583 onward.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td> </tr> </table> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:UNLINKDATES" title="MOS:UNLINKDATES" class="mw-redirect">MOS:UNLINKDATES</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>An abbreviated month should not be followed by a dot except at the end of a sentence (Aug 2, not Aug. 2).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Date_autoformatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date autoformatting">routine linking of dates</a> is deprecated.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Dates should be linked only when they are germane to the subject, as discussed at <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Linking" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Linking § Chronological items</a>.</li> <li>For issues related to dates in sortable tables, see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Sorting#Date_sorting_problems" title="Help:Sorting">Help:Sorting § Date sorting problems</a> or consider using <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sort" title="Template:Sort">sort</a>|2008-11-01|1 Nov 2008}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dts" title="Template:Dts">dts</a>|Nov 1, 2008}}</code>.</li> <li>Phrases such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_of_July" title="Fourth of July" class="mw-redirect">Fourth of July</a> (or July Fourth, but not July 4th), <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_of_March_Speech" title="Seventh of March Speech" class="mw-redirect">Seventh of March Speech</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Brazil)" title="Independence Day (Brazil)">Sete de Setembro</a> are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (Any decent Fourth of July celebration includes fireworks).</li> </ul> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BADDATEFORMAT" title="MOS:BADDATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect">MOS:BADDATEFORMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATESNO" title="MOS:DATESNO" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DATESNO</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unacceptable date formats (except in <a href="#ExternException">external titles and quotes</a>)</caption> <tr> <th width="140pt"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/17px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/22px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/> Acceptable</th> <th width="140pt"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png" width="11" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/17px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/22px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/> Unacceptable</th> <th width="420pt">Comments</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">9 June or June 9</td> <td>9 june june 9</td> <td>Months are capitalized</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9th June June 9th the 9th of June</td> <td>Do not use ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9. June</td> <td>Do not add a dot to the day</td> </tr> <tr> <td>09 June June 09</td> <td rowspan="2">Do not "zero-pad" month or day, except in all-numeric (yyyy-mm-dd) format</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2007-04-15</td> <td>2007-4-15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007/04/15</td> <td>Do not use separators other than hyphen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>07-04-15</td> <td>Do not abbreviate year to two digits</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15-04-2007 04-15-2007</td> <td>Do not use dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy or yyyy-dd-mm formats, as they are ambiguous for some dates<a href="#cite_note-8">[note 1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July 2001</td> <td>7-2001 07-2001 2001-07 2001 July July of 2001</td> <td>Do not use these formats. (2001-07, in particular, can be mistaken for the range of years 2001–2007.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July, 2001</td> <td rowspan="2">No comma between month and year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 July 2001</td> <td>3 July, 2001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 3, 2001</td> <td>July 3 2001</td> <td>Comma required between day and year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>the 2002 elections</td> <td>the ‍ '02 elections</td> <td>Do not use an apostrophe to abbreviate year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Copyright 2002</td> <td>Copyright MMII</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> are not normally used for dates</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Two thousand one</td> <td rowspan="2">Years and days of the month are not normally written in words</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 1 or 1 May</td> <td>the first of May May the first</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 622</td> <td>June 0622</td> <td>Do not zero-pad years</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sold in 1995</td> <td>sold in the year 1995</td> <td>Use "in the year" only where needed for clarity (About 1800 ships arrived in the year 1801)</td> </tr> </table> Note to table: <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> These formats cannot, in general, be distinguished on sight, because there are usages in which 03-04-2007 represents March 4, and other usages in which it represents April 3. In contrast there is no common usage in which 2007-04-03 represents anything other than April 3.</li> </ol> </div> <h5>Consistency[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consistency">edit</a>]</h5> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY" title="MOS:DATEUNIFY" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DATEUNIFY</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Dates in article body text should all use the same format: She fell ill on 25 June 2005 and died on 28 June, but not She fell ill on 25 June 2005 and died on June 28.</li> <li>Publication dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>the format used in the article body text,</li> <li>an abbreviated format from the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEFORMAT" title="MOS:DATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect">"Acceptable date formats" table</a>, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body, or</li> <li>the format expected in the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESTYLE" title="Wikipedia:CITESTYLE" class="mw-redirect">citation style</a> being used (however, all-numeric date formats other than yyyy-mm-dd must still be avoided).</li> </ul> </dd> <dd>For example, a single article might contain one, but only one, of: <dl> <dd>Jones, J. (20 September 2008)</dd> <dd>Jones, J. (September 20, 2008)</dd> <dd>Jones, J. (20 Sep 2008)</dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>(among other possibilities).</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Access and archive dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>the format used for publication dates in the article,</li> <li>the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article, or</li> <li>yyyy-mm-dd</li> </ul> </dd> <dd>For example, a single article might contain either of the following: <dl> <dd>Jones, J. (20 Sep 2008) ... Retrieved 5 Feb 2009.</dd> <dd>Jones, J. (20 Sep 2008) ... Retrieved 2009-02-05.</dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.</dd> </dl> <h5>Strong national ties to a topic[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strong national ties to a topic">edit</a>]</h5> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATETIES" title="MOS:DATETIES" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DATETIES</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Strong national ties to a topic</a></div> <ul> <li>Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is, for example, July 4, 1976; for most other nations it is, for example, 4 July 1976.</li> <li>Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article.</li> <li>In some topic areas the customary format differs from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern U.S. military use day-before-month, in accordance with U.S. military usage.</li> </ul> <h5>Retaining existing format[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retaining existing format">edit</a>]</h5> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATERET" title="MOS:DATERET" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DATERET</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Retaining_the_existing_variety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining the existing variety</a></div> <ul> <li>If an article has evolved using predominantly one format, the whole article should conform to it, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.</li> <li>The date format chosen by the first major contributor in the early stages of an article should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.</li> <li>Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".</li> </ul> <h4>Era style[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Era style">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ERA" title="Wikipedia:ERA" class="mw-redirect">WP:ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BCE" title="Wikipedia:BCE" class="mw-redirect">WP:BCE</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>The default <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> is the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_era" title="Dionysian era" class="mw-redirect">Western Dionysian era system</a>, a year numbering system also known as the Western Christian era (represented by <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC and AD</a>), or the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (represented by <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE and CE</a>). <ul> <li>BC and AD are the traditional ways of referring to this era. BCE and CE are common in some scholarly texts and religious writings. Either convention may be appropriate. <ul> <li>Do not change the established era style in an article unless there are reasons specific to its content. Seek consensus on the talk page before making the change. Open the discussion under a subhead that uses the word "era". Briefly state why the style is inappropriate for the article in question. A personal or categorical preference for one era style over the other is not justification for making a change.</li> <li>BCE and CE or BC and AD are written in upper case, unspaced, without periods (full stops), and separated from the year number by a space (5 BC, not 5BC). It is advisable to use a <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NBSP" title="Wikipedia:NBSP" class="mw-redirect">non-breaking space</a>.</li> <li>AD may appear before or after a year (AD 106, 106 AD); the other abbreviations appear after (106 CE, 3700 BCE, 3700 BC).</li> <li>In general, do not use CE or AD unless required to avoid ambiguity (e.g. "The Norman Conquest took place in 1066" not 1066 CE nor AD 1066) or awkwardness (January 1, 1 AD" not January 1, 1). On the other hand, "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> was a philosopher living at the end of the 3rd century AD" will avoid unnecessary confusion. Also, in "He did not become king until 55 CE" the era marker makes it clear that "55" does not refer to his age. Alternatively, "He did not become king until the year 55."</li> <li>Use either the BC–AD or the BCE–CE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:QUOTE" title="MOS:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect">direct quotations</a>, titles, etc.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Uncalibrated (bce) radiocarbon dates: Some source materials will indicate whether a date is calibrated or not simply by a change in capitalisation; this is often a source of confusion for the unwary reader. Do not give <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Calibration" title="Radiocarbon dating">uncalibrated radiocarbon dates</a> (represented by the lower-case bce unit, occasionally bc or b.c. in some sources), except in directly quoted material, and even then include a footnote, a square-bracketed editor's note [like this], or other indication to the reader what the calibrated date is, or at least that the date is uncalibrated. Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge surprisingly widely, and the average reader does not recognise the distinction between bce and BCE or BC.</li> <li>BP: In scientific and academic contexts, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_present" title="Before present" class="mw-redirect">BP</a> (before present) is often used. This is calibrated from January 1, 1950, not from the date of publication, though the latter introduces an insignificant error when the date is distant or an approximation (18,000 BP). BP years are given as 18,000 BP or spelled out as 18,000 years before present (not 18,000 YBP, 18,000 before present, 18,000 years before the present, or similar). Do not convert other notations to or from BP unless you are certain of what you are doing. A safer and simpler alternative may be to use "ya (years ago)".</li> <li>Other era systems may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Dionysian (or vice versa) and the first instance should be linked: "Qasr-al-Khalifa was built in 221 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> (836 CE)" or "in 836 AD (221 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)". <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a> follows the Common Era and does not require conversion, but the first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: "The March equinox passed into Pisces in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">year −67</a>."</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Julian and Gregorian calendars[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Julian and Gregorian calendars">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OSNS" title="Wikipedia:OSNS" class="mw-redirect">WP:OSNS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:JG" title="Wikipedia:JG" class="mw-redirect">WP:JG</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></div> A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> or the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> may give dates in both <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear. <ul> <li>Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.</li> <li>Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Timeline" title="Gregorian calendar">Continent of Europe from 1582</a>, the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 14 September 1752, and Russia from 14 February 1918 (see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>).</li> <li>Dates before 15 October 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar. The Julian day and month should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar, but the start of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_year_(calendar)" title="Julian year (calendar)" class="mw-redirect">Julian year</a> should be assumed to be 1 January (see below for more details).</li> <li>Dates for Roman history before 45 BC are given in the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.</li> <li>For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.</li> </ul> The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote</a>). At some places and times, the new year began on a date other than 1 January. For example, in England and its colonies until 1752, the year began on <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Day" title="Annunciation Day" class="mw-redirect">Annunciation Day</a>, 25 March; see the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year article</a> for other styles. In writing about historical events, however, years should be assumed to have begun on 1 January (see the example of the execution of Charles I in "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates#Differences_in_the_start_of_the_year" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Differences in the start of the year</a>"); if there is reason to use another start-of-year date, this should be noted. If there is a need to mention <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old or New Style</a> dates in an article (as in the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the New Style refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either). <h4>Ranges[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ranges">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DOB" title="MOS:DOB" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DOB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BORN" title="Wikipedia:BORN" class="mw-redirect">WP:BORN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OTHERDATE" title="Wikipedia:OTHERDATE" class="mw-redirect">WP:OTHERDATE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DATERANGE" title="Wikipedia:DATERANGE" class="mw-redirect">WP:DATERANGE</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>A pure year–year range is written (as is any range) using an en dash—<code>&ndash;</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ndash" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code>—not a hyphen or slash; this dash is usually unspaced (that is, with no space on either side); and the range's "end" year is usually abbreviated to two digits:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   1881–86;  1881–92 (not 1881–6;  1881 – 86) <dl> <dd> <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Markup: <code>1881{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ndash" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}86</code> or <code>1881&ndash;86</code></div> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>But both years are given in full in the following cases: <ul> <li>birth–death parentheticals: Petrarch (1304–1374) was ...;  not (1304–74)</li> <li>different centuries: 1881–1903;  not 1881–03</li> <li>starting year before 1000 AD: 355–372 (not 355–72);  95–113;  95–113 AD;  982–1066;  2590–2550 BCE;  1011–922 BC</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>Markup: <code>1011{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ndash" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}922{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}BC</code></dd> </dl> <ul> <li>spanning from BC/BCE to AD/CE: 42 BC – 15 AD (note spaced en dash)</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Markup: <code>42{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}BC{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Snd" title="Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect">snd</a>}}15{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}AD</code> or <code>42&nbsp;BC&nbsp;&ndash; 15&nbsp;AD</code></div> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>Notes: <ul> <li>Periods straddling two different years, including sports seasons, are generally written with the range notation (2005–06). The slash notation (2005/06) may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources.</li> <li>A date range may appear in 2005–2010 format if it is a range of sports seasons in an infobox.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> This format is also indicated for date ranges appearing in reference citations if any dates (of publication, access, archival) are in <var>YYYY-MM-DD</var> format, because the range in question could thus be easily mistaken for a <var>yyyy-mm</var> date: XYZ Annual Review, 2005–2006. Accessed 2013-04-07. but not XYZ Annual Review, 2005–06. Accessed 2013-04-07. Another case is in tables (and lists the items of which begin with date ranges) in which some but not all date ranges span a century (sortability of a date column in a table also requires a consistent format for all entries: <code>2005–07</code> will unintentionally sort before <code>2005–2006</code>).</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Other "pure" ranges use an unspaced en dash as well:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>day–day: 5–7 January 1979;  January 5–7, 1979;  elections were held March 5–8</li> <li>month–month: the 1940 peak period was May–July;  the peak period was May–July 1940;  (but the peak period was May 1940 – July 1940 uses a spaced en dash—see below)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>If at least one of the items being linked is in a "mixed" format (containing two or more of day, month, year), carries a modifier such as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>, or otherwise contains a space, then a spaced en dash (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Snd" title="Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect">snd</a>}}</code>) is used:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>between specific dates in different months: They travelled June 3 – August 18, 1952;  They travelled 3 June – 18 August 1952</li> <li>between dates in different years:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist ...</dd> <dd> <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Markup: <code>12{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}February 1809{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Snd" title="Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect">snd</a>}}19{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}April 1882</code> or <code>12&nbsp;February 1809&nbsp;&ndash; 19&nbsp;April 1882</code></div> </dd> <dd>Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of ...</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>between months in different years: The exception was in force August 1892 – January 1903;  The Ghent Incursion (March 1822 – January 1, 1823) was ended by the New Year's Treaty</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Markup: <code>March 1822{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Snd" title="Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect">snd</a>}}January{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}1, 1823</code> or <code>March 1822&nbsp;&ndash; January&nbsp;1, 1823</code></div> </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>For a person still living: Serena Williams (born September 26, 1981) is a ..., not (September 26, 1981–) or (born on September 26, 1981)</li> <li>An overnight period may be expressed using a slash between two contiguous dates: the night raids of 30/31 May 1942 or raids of 31 May / 1 June 1942.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>Or use an en dash: (unspaced) raids of 30–31 May 1942;  (spaced) raids of 31 May – 1 June 1942.</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Use a dash, or a word such as from or between, but not both: from 1881 to 1886 (not from 1881–86);  between June 1 and July 3 (not between June 1 – July 3)</li> </ul> Use <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Date_mathematics_templates" title="Category:Date mathematics templates">date mathematics templates</a> for age calculations in infoboxes and so on; see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies</a>. <h4>Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates">edit</a>]</h4> <ul> <li>To indicate around, approximately, or about, the use of the spaced, unitalicised form c. 1291 (or the <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code> template) is preferred over circa, ca, ca., approximately, or approx.:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   At the birth of Roger Bacon (c. 1214) ...</dd> <dd>  •   John Sayer (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750 – 2 October 1818) ...</dd> <dd>  •   the Igehalkid dynasty of Elam, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC ...</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Where both endpoints of a range are approximate, c. should appear before each date:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   Dionysius Exiguus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 540) ... (not Dionysius Exiguus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470 – 540) ...)</dd> <dd>  •   Rameses III (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150 BCE) ... (not Rameses III (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 – 1150 BCE) ...)</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Where birth/death dates have been extrapolated from known dates of activity:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   Offa of Mercia (before 734 – 26 July 796) ...</dd> <dd>  •   Robert Menli Lyon (1789 – after 1863) ...</dd> <dd>  •   Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24, 1842 – after December 26, 1913) ...</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>When a person is known to have been active ("flourishing") during certain years, fl., <code>[[floruit|fl.]]</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fl." title="Template:Fl." class="mw-redirect">fl.</a>}}</code> may be used:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   Osmund (<abbr title="floruit">fl.</abbr> 760–772) ...</dd> <dd>  •   Aethelwalh (<abbr title="floruit">fl.</abbr> c. 660 – 685) ...</dd> <dd>The linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for artists, soldiers and other persons with an occupation.</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>When a date is known to be either of two years (e.g. from a <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English monarchs">regnal</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> year conversion, or a known age at death):</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   Anne Smith (born 1912 or 1913; died 2013) ...</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: April 14, 1224 (unattested date). Do not use a question mark (1291?) for such purposes, as this fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.</li> </ul> <h3>Other periods[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other periods">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Days of the week[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Days of the week">edit</a>]</h4> <ul> <li>Days of the week are capitalized (Sunday, Wednesday).</li> </ul> <h4>Seasons[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SEASON" title="Wikipedia:SEASON" class="mw-redirect">WP:SEASON</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:SEASON" title="MOS:SEASON" class="mw-redirect">MOS:SEASON</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Seasons are uncapitalized (a hot summer) except when personified: Soon Spring will show her colors; Old Man Winter.</li> <li>Using seasons to refer to a particular time of year (winter 1995) is ambiguous, because northern and southern hemisphere seasons are six months out of phase, and many areas near the equator instead have <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>. Consider alternative phrasing: early 1995;  the first quarter of 1995;  January to March 1995;   spent the southern summer in Antarctica.</li> <li>However, using seasons is appropriate when referring to seasonal events: the autumn harvest;  migration typically begins in mid-spring.</li> </ul> <h4>Decades[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Decades">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DECADE" title="Wikipedia:DECADE" class="mw-redirect">WP:DECADE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DECADE" title="MOS:DECADE" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DECADE</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>To refer to a decade as a chronological period per se (not with reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon) always use four digits (the 1980s, but not the 1980's or the 1980‑ies, and definitely not the 1980s').</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Prefixes should be hyphenated (the mid‑1980s;  pre‑1960s social attitudes).</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>For a social era or cultural phenomenon associated with a particular decade:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, but only if this is a well-established phrase seen in reliable sources (the Roaring '20s,  the Gay '90s,  condemning the '60s counterculture, but grew up in 1960s Boston, moving to Dallas in 1971, and do not write the 90's;  the 90s;  or the 90s').</li> <li>A third alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: changing attitudes of the Sixties</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h4>Centuries and millennia[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Centuries and millennia">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CENTURY" title="Wikipedia:CENTURY" class="mw-redirect">WP:CENTURY</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MILLENNIUM" title="Wikipedia:MILLENNIUM" class="mw-redirect">WP:MILLENNIUM</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Treat the 1st century AD as years 1–100, the 17th century as 1601–1700, and the second millennium as 1001–2000; similarly, the 1st century BC/BCE was 100–1 BC/BCE, the 17th century was 1700–1601 BC/BCE, and the second millennium 2000–1001 BC/BCE. <ul> <li>The 18th century (1701–1800) and the 1700s (1700–1799) are not the same period.</li> <li>When using forms such as the 1700s ensure there is no ambiguity as to whether e.g. 1700–1709, or 1700–1799, is meant.</li> <li>Note that the sequence of years runs ... 2 BC, 1 BC, 1 AD, 2 AD ...—there is no "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_0" title="Year 0" class="mw-redirect">year 0</a>".</li> </ul> </li> <li>Centuries and millennia are identified using either figures (the 18th century, not XVIII century) or words (the second millennium). When used adjectivally they contain a hyphen (nineteenth-century painting or 19th-century painting). Do not capitalize (the best Nineteenth-century paintings;  during the Nineteenth Century).</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>See <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ENDASH" title="Wikipedia:ENDASH" class="mw-redirect">WP:ENDASH</a> for use of hyphens and dashes in obscure situations.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h4>Abbreviations for long periods of time[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abbreviations for long periods of time">edit</a>]</h4> <ul> <li>When the term is frequent, combine the abbreviations "yr" for "years" and "ya" for "years ago" with prefixes "k" for "thousand" (kya, kyr), "m" for "million" (mya, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myr" title="Myr">myr</a>), and "b" for "billion" (<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bya" title="Bya">bya</a>, byr).</li> <li>In academic contexts, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annum" title="Annum" class="mw-redirect">annum</a>-based units are often used: "ka" (kiloannum), "Ma" (megaannum) and "Ga" (gigaannum). Some authorities, such as the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, simply spell out "years ago".</li> <li>For any of these abbreviations, show the meaning parenthetically on first occurrence and again where use is extensive,[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] or might be a standalone topic of interest. For source quotations use square brackets, as in "a measured Libby radiocarbon date of 35.1 mya [million years ago] required calibration ..."</li> </ul> <h2>Numbers[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numbers">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Numbers as figures or words[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Numbers as figures or words">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NUMERAL" title="Wikipedia:NUMERAL" class="mw-redirect">WP:NUMERAL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:NUMERAL" title="MOS:NUMERAL" class="mw-redirect">MOS:NUMERAL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPELL09" title="Wikipedia:SPELL09" class="mw-redirect">WP:SPELL09</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:SPELL09" title="MOS:SPELL09" class="mw-redirect">MOS:SPELL09</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> See also information on specific situations, elsewhere in this guideline. Generally, in article text: <ul> <li>Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words</li> <li>Integers greater than nine expressible in one or two words may be expressed either in numerals or in words (16 or sixteen, 84 or eighty-four, 200 or two hundred). In spelling out numbers, "components" from 21 to 99 are hyphenated; larger ones are not (fifty-six, five hundred).</li> <li>Other numbers are given in numerals (3.75, 544) or in forms such as 21 million. Markup: <code>21{{nbsp}}million</code></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>billion and trillion are understood to represent their <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short-scale</a> values of 109 (1,000,000,000) and 1012 (1,000,000,000,000), respectively.</li> <li>M (unspaced) and bn (unspaced) may be used for million and billion after spelling out the first occurrence (e.g. She received £70 million and her son £10M).</li> <li>SI prefixes and symbols, such as giga- (G) and tera- (T), should be restricted to use in scientific and engineering expressions.</li> <li>Sometimes, the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">variety of English</a> used in an article may necessitate the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_numbering_system" title="South Asian numbering system" class="mw-redirect">South Asian numbering system</a> is conventionally used in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English" class="mw-disambig">South Asian English</a>. In those situations, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g. <code>[[crore]]</code>, which yields <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>). (If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance directing the reader to the article about the numbering system.) Also, provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity, and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write three <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (thirty million). Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., 30,000,000; not 3,00,00,000): see <a href="#Delimiting_.28grouping_of_digits.29">§ Delimiting (grouping of digits)</a> below. (Note that the variety of English does not uniquely determine the method of numbering in an article. Other considerations, such as conventions used in mathematics, science and engineering, may also apply, and the choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus.)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NUMNOTES" title="Wikipedia:NUMNOTES" class="mw-redirect">WP:NUMNOTES</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> Notes and exceptions: <ul> <li>In tables and infoboxes, quantities are expressed in figures (Years in office: 5); but numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments follow the general rule.</li> <li>Numbers in mathematical formulae are never spelled out (3 < π < 22/7, not three < π < 22 sevenths).</li> <li>Comparable quantities should be all spelled out or all in figures:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •  five cats and thirty-two dogs, not five cats and 32 dogs.</dd> <dd>  •  86 men and 103 women, not eighty-six men and 103 women</dd> <dd>  •  There were 3 deaths and 206 injuries (even though 3 would normally be given as three) or Three died and two hundred six were injured (even though two hundred six would normally be given as 206), not There were three deaths and 206 injuries</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>But adjacent quantities not comparable should usually be in different formats: twelve 90-minute volumes or 12 ninety-minute volumes, not 12 90-minute volumes or twelve ninety-minute volumes.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Avoid awkward juxtapositions: On April 28, 2006, thirty-one more died., not On April 28, 2006, 31 more died.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Ages are typically stated in figures (8-year-old child) except for large, approximate values (69-million-year-old fossil).</li> <li>Sometimes figures and words carry different meanings; for example Every locker except one was searched implies there is a single exception (we don't know which), while Every locker except 1 was searched means that Locker 1 (only) was not searched.</li> <li>Proper names, technical terms, and the like are never altered: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Samurai" title="Seven Samurai">Seven Samurai</a>;  <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense">The Sixth Sense</a>;  5 Channel Street;  Channel 5;  Chanel No. 5;  Fourth Estate;  <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a>;  Second Judicial District;  First Amendment;  <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Hour!" title="Zero Hour!">Zero Hour!</a>;  <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Zero_(film)" title="Less Than Zero (film)">Less Than Zero</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Avoid beginning a sentence with figures:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   Not There were many attacks. 23 men were killed, but There were many attacks; 23 men were killed or There were many attacks. Twenty-three men were killed.</dd> <dd>  •   Not 1945 and 1950 saw crucial elections (nor Nineteen forty-five and 1950 saw crucial elections – because comparable numbers should be both written in words or both in figures) but The elections of 1945 and 1950 were crucial. <ul> <li>Exception: Where a proper name, technical term, etc., itself beginning with a numeral, opens the sentence (1-Naphthylamine is typically synthesized via the Feldenshlager–Glockenspiel process) although this can usually be avoided by rewording (Feldenshlager–Glockenspiel is the process typically used in the synthesis of 1-Naphthylamine).</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:ORDINAL" title="MOS:ORDINAL" class="mw-redirect">MOS:ORDINAL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ORDINAL" title="Wikipedia:ORDINAL" class="mw-redirect">WP:ORDINAL</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <h3>Ordinals[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ordinals">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_numbers_(linguistics)" title="Ordinal numbers (linguistics)" class="mw-redirect">Ordinal</a> suffixes (st, nd, rd, th) are not <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscript" title="Superscript" class="mw-redirect">superscripted</a> (123rd and 496th, not 123rd nor 496th).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal numbers</a> are normally written with <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral" title="Roman numeral" class="mw-redirect">Roman numerals</a> (without suffix i.e. Elizabeth II not Elizabeth IInd).</li> <li>Do not use a dot (.) or the ordinal mark (º) to indicate ordinals.</li> </ul> <h3>Fractions[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fractions">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:FRAC" title="MOS:FRAC" class="mw-redirect">MOS:FRAC</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Spelled-out fractions are hyphenated: seven-eighths.</li> <li>Where numerator and denominator can each be expressed in one word, a fraction is usually <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractions#Pronunciation_and_spelling" title="Fractions" class="mw-redirect">spelled out</a> (e.g. a two-thirds majority); use figures if they occur with an abbreviated unit (e.g. 1⁄4 yd—markup: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Frac" title="Template:Frac">frac</a>|1|4}}&nbsp;yd</code>, not a quarter of a yd or a quarter yd).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_numbers" title="Mixed numbers" class="mw-redirect">Mixed numbers</a> are usually given in figures, unspaced (not Fellini's film 8 1⁄2 or 8-1⁄2 but Fellini's film 8 1⁄2—markup: <code>{{frac|8|1|2}}</code>). In any case the integer and fractional parts should be consistent (not nine and 1⁄2).</li> <li>Metric (SI) measurements generally use decimals, not fractions (5.25 mm, not 51⁄4 mm).</li> <li>Non-metric (imperial and US customary) measurements may use fractions or decimals (51⁄4 inches; 5.25 inches); the practice of reliable sources should be followed, and within-article consistency is desirable.</li> <li>In science and mathematics articles mixed numbers are rarely used (not 11⁄3 times the original voltage, but 4/3 the original) and use of <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Frac" title="Template:Frac">frac</a>}}</code> is discouraged in favor of one of these styles:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   <img class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline tex" alt="\textstyle\frac{1}{2}" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/c/9/cc9be7275dad11fb55dffce32ab69960.png"/>  Markup: <code><<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MATH" title="Wikipedia:MATH" class="mw-redirect">math</a>>\textstyle\frac{1}{2}</math></code></dd> <dd>  •   1/2  Markup: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a>|2}}</code></dd> <dd>  •   1/2  Markup: <code>1/2</code></dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Do not use special characters such as ½ (Markup (deprecated): <code>&frac12;</code> or <code>&#189;</code>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_indicator#English" title="Ordinal indicator">Ordinal suffixes</a> such as th should not be used with fractions expressed in figures (not each US state has 1/50th of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> votes, but one-fiftieth of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> votes).</li> <li>Nouns following <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)#Simple.2C_common.2C_or_vulgar_fractions" title="Fraction (mathematics)">simple fractions</a> are singular (He took 1⁄4 dose,  net change in score was −1⁄2 point,  3⁄2 dose).</li> <li>Nouns following mixed numbers are plural (suicide victim knew even 11⁄2 doses could be fatal,  vessel continued another 41⁄2 nautical miles).</li> </ul> <h3>Decimals[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Decimals">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DECIMAL" title="Wikipedia:DECIMAL" class="mw-redirect">WP:DECIMAL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DECIMAL" title="MOS:DECIMAL" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DECIMAL</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>A period/full stop (never a comma) is used as the decimal point (6.57, not 6,57).</li> <li>Numbers between −1 and +1 require a leading zero (0.02, not .02); exceptions are sporting performance averages (.430 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average" title="Batting average">batting average</a>) and commonly used terms such as .22 caliber.</li> <li>Nouns following a number expressed as a decimal are plural (averaging 0.7 years).</li> <li>Indicate repeating digits with an <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">overbar</a> e.g. <code>14.31{{overline|28}}</code> gives 14.3128. (Consider explaining this notation on first use.) Do not write e.g. 14.31(28) because it resembles notations for <a href="#Uncertainty">§ Uncertainty</a>.</li> </ul> <h4>Grouping of digits[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grouping of digits">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DIGITS" title="Wikipedia:DIGITS" class="mw-redirect">WP:DIGITS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DIGITS" title="MOS:DIGITS" class="mw-redirect">MOS:DIGITS</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or thin spaces (never a period/full stop).</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dt>Grouping with commas</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g.  12,200,  255,200 km,  8,274,527th,  1⁄86,400).</li> <li>Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either  1,250  or  1250), provided that this is consistent within each article.</li> <li>When commas are used left of the decimal point, digits right of the decimal point are not grouped (i.e. should be given as an unbroken string).</li> <li>Markup: Generally this is hard-coded; however, <code>{{formatnum:}}</code> may be used to produce this formatting (useful in templates).</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Grouping with thin spaces</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point e.g. (e.g.  7006654321012345600♠6543210.123456,  7002793162340000000♠520.01234 degC,  7003101000000000000♠1010th,  7005101325000000000♠101325/760).</li> <li>Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, usual practice is to have a final group of four instead of a lone digit (e.g.  7001991234567000000♠99.1234567  or  99.1234567). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g.  3.14159265358979323846...).</li> <li>This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics.</li> <li>Markup: Templates <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gaps" title="Template:Gaps">gaps</a>}}</code> may be used to produce this formatting. The use of hard-coded spaces, such as the regular space character, the non-breaking space (<code>&nbsp;</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Space" title="Template:Space" class="mw-redirect">space</a>}}</code>), and the thin space (<code>&thinsp;</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Thinsp" title="Template:Thinsp">thinsp</a>}}</code>), is problematic for <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> because they read out each group of digits as separate numbers (e.g.  <code>30&nbsp;000</code>  is read as "thirty zero zero zero").</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Either use commas or thin spaces, but not both.</li> <li>Either delimit exactly four digits left of the decimal point or do not.</li> <li>However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>An exception is made for four-digit page numbers or four-digit calendar years. These should never be grouped (not  sailed in 1,492,  though  dynasty collapsed around 10,400 BC  or  by 7004137270000000000♠13727 AD, the Earth's axial precession will have made Vega the northern pole star).</li> </ul> <h3>Percentages[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Percentages">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:PERCENT" title="MOS:PERCENT" class="mw-redirect">MOS:PERCENT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PERCENT" title="Wikipedia:PERCENT" class="mw-redirect">WP:PERCENT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%25" title="Wikipedia:%" class="mw-redirect">WP:%</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>In the body of non-scientific/non-technical articles, percent (American English) or per cent (British English) are commonly used: 10 percent; ten percent; 4.5 per cent. Ranges are written ten to twelve per cent or ten to twelve percent, not ten–twelve per cent or ten to twelve %.</li> <li>In the body of scientific/technical articles, and in tables and infoboxes of any article, the symbol % (unspaced) is more common: 71%, not 71 % or three %. Ranges: 10–12%, not 10%–12% or 10 to 12%.</li> <li>When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">percentage points</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>Scientific and engineering notation[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scientific and engineering notation">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">Scientific notation</a> always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not 7023602190000000000♠60.22×1022, but 7023602190000000000♠6.022×1023.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_notation" title="Engineering notation">Engineering notation</a> is similar, but adjusted so that the exponent is a multiple of three: 7023602190000000000♠602.2×1021.</li> <li>Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations (A 7002223000000000000♠2.23×102 m2 region covered by 7008234000000000000♠234.0×106 grains of sand).</li> <li>In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. ×107 once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup:<code>{{e|7}}</code>)</li> <li>In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, 7003500000000000000♠5×103 means rounded to the nearest thousand; 7003500000000000000♠5.0×103 to the nearest hundred; 7003500000000000000♠5.00×103 to the nearest ten; and 7003500000000000000♠5.000×103 to the nearest unit.</li> </ul> Markup: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">Val</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:E" title="Template:E">e</a>}}</code> may be used to format exponential notation. <h3>Uncertainty and rounding [<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Uncertainty and rounding">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:UNCERTAINTY" title="MOS:UNCERTAINTY" class="mw-redirect">MOS:UNCERTAINTY</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:LARGENUM" title="MOS:LARGENUM" class="mw-redirect">MOS:LARGENUM</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_of_error" title="Margin of error">margin of error</a>") is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •  (1.534 ± 0.035) × 1023 m</dd> <dd>  •  12.34 m2 ± 5% (not used with scientific notation)</dd> <dd>  •  15.34 +0.43 −0.23 × 1023 m</dd> <dd>  •  1.604(48) × 10−4 J (equivalent to (1.604 ± 0.048) × 10−4 J)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></dd> <dd>  •  Polls estimated Jones's share of the vote would be 55%, give or take about 3%</dd> <dd>Markup: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%2B-" title="Template:+-" class="mw-redirect">+-</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Su" title="Template:Su">su</a>}}</code>, and <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> may be used to format uncertainties.</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Where explicit uncertainty is unavailable (or is unimportant for the article's purposes) round to an appropriate number of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_digit" title="Significant digit" class="mw-redirect">significant digits</a>; the precision presented should usually be conservative. Precise values (often given in sources for formal or matter-of-record reasons) should be used only where stable and appropriate to the context, or significant in themselves for some special reason.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   The speed of light is defined to be 299,792,458 m/s <dl> <dd>but Particle velocities eventually reached almost two-thirds the 300-million-metre-per-second speed of light</dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>  •   The city's 1920 population was 667,000 (not population was 666,666—an official figure unlikely to be accurate at full precision) <dl> <dd>but The town was ineligible because its official census figure (9,996) fell short of the statutory minimum of ten thousand (unusual case in which the full-precision official population figure is helpful to readers)</dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>  •   The accident killed 337 passengers and crew, and three airport workers (likely that accurate and precise figures were determined)</dd> <dd>  •   At least 800 persons died in the ensuing mudslides (unlikely that any precise number can be accurate, even if an official figure is issued) <dl> <dd>or Officials listed 835 deaths, but the Red Cross said dozens more may have gone unreported (in reporting conflicting information, give detail sufficient to make the contrast intelligible)</dd> </dl> </dd> <dd>  •   The jury's award was $8.5 million ... (where the actual figure was $8,462,247.63) ... – reduced on appeal to $3,000,001 (one dollar in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_damages" title="Actual damages" class="mw-redirect">actual damages</a>, the remainder in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">punitive damages</a>)</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (The response rates were 41.0 and 47.4 percent, respectively, not 41 and 47.4 percent), unless different precisions are actually intended.</li> <li>It may sometimes be appropriate to note the lack of uncertainty information, especially where such information is normally provided and necessary for full interpretation of the figures supplied.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   A local newspaper poll predicted 52% of the vote would go to Smith, but did not publish information on the uncertainty of this estimate</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Undue_precision" title="Template:Undue precision">undue precision</a>}}</code> template may be added to figures appearing to be overprecise.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Avoid using "approximately", "about" and similar terms with figures that have merely been approximated or rounded in a normal and expected way, unless the reader might otherwise be misled.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •   The tallest player was 6 feet 3 inches (not ... about 6 feet 3 inches—heights are conventionally reported only to the nearest inch, even though greater precision may be available in principle) <dl> <dd>but The witness said the assailant was about 5 feet 8 inches tall (about because here the precise value is unknown, with substantial uncertainty)</dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>The reader may be assumed to interpret large round numbers (100,000 troops) as approximations. Writing a quantity in words (one hundred thousand troops) can further emphasize its approximate nature.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>See <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a> below for precision issues when converting units.</li> </ul> <h3>Non-<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">base</a>-10 notations[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-base-10 notations">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BASE" title="MOS:BASE" class="mw-redirect">MOS:BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:RADIX" title="MOS:RADIX" class="mw-redirect">MOS:RADIX</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BINARY" title="MOS:BINARY" class="mw-redirect">MOS:BINARY</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:HEX" title="MOS:HEX" class="mw-redirect">MOS:HEX</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>In computer-related articles, use the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> prefixes <tt>0x</tt> (zero-ex) for hexadecimal and <tt>0</tt> (zero) for octal. For binary, use <tt>0b</tt>. Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.</li> <li>In all other articles, use <code></code> to create subscripts: 1379, 2413. Markup: 1379, 2413</li> <li>For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_16" title="Base 16" class="mw-redirect">base 16</a> use 0–9A–F.</li> </ul> <h2>Units of measurement[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Units of measurement">edit</a>]</h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNIT" title="Wikipedia:UNIT" class="mw-redirect">WP:UNIT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNITS" title="Wikipedia:UNITS" class="mw-redirect">WP:UNITS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:METRIC" title="Wikipedia:METRIC" class="mw-redirect">WP:METRIC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MEASUREMENT" title="Wikipedia:MEASUREMENT" class="mw-redirect">WP:MEASUREMENT</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <h3>Unit choice and order[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Unit choice and order">edit</a>]</h3> Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed by a conversion in parentheses, when appropriate, e.g. 200 kilometres (120 mi). For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a>. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Strong_national_ties" title="Wikipedia:Strong national ties" class="mw-redirect">strong national ties</a>", where applicable: <ul> <li>In most articles, including all scientific articles, the primary units chosen will be <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI</a>, or such other units as are conventional in reliable-source discussions of the article topic (such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a> (rpm) for angular speed, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> for heights of horses, et cetera).</li> <li>In non-scientific articles relating to the United States, the primary units are <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a>, e.g. 97 pounds (44 kg).</li> <li>In non-scientific articles relating to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,<a href="#cite_note-UKmetricUnits-11">[10]</a> except that: <ul> <li>the primary units for distance/length, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);</li> <li>the primary units for personal height and weight are feet/inches and stones/pounds;</li> <li>imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/cider and bottled milk;</li> <li>UK engineering-related articles, including all bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units that the topic was drawn-up in (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> Special considerations: <ul> <li>Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: During metrification, the speed limit was changed from 30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour) to 50 km/h (31 mph). <ul> <li>This may benefit from a slightly non-standard structure, such as ...from 30 miles per hour (about 48 kilometers per hour) to 50 km/h (about 31 mph). In this sort of case, using "about" can help make clear which is the statutory, exact value.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Nominal quantities (e.g. "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2x4" title="2x4" class="mw-disambig">2 × 4</a>" lumber) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases only the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.</li> <li>Whenever a conversion is used, ensure that the precision of the converted quantity in the article is comparable to the precision of the value given by the source (see <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a>).</li> <li>Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a>}}</code> template's <code>|order=flip</code> flag can be used; this causes the original unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the converted unit to be shown as primary.</li> </ul> <h3>Unit names and symbols[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Unit names and symbols">edit</a>]</h3> <dl> <dd>Definitions: <ul> <li>Examples of unit names: foot, meter, kilometer.</li> <li>Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.</li> <li>In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. Up to 15 kilograms of filler is used for a batch of 250 kg).</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Certain unit names (e.g. °C) need never be written in full unless required stylistically (automatic conversion of degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit).</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.</li> <li>Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a name–symbol pair (Energies were originally 2.3 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaelectronvolt" title="Megaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect">megaelectronvolts</a> (MeV), but were eventually 6 MeV).</li> <li>Ranges use unspaced en dash (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ndash" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code>) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. 5.9–6.3 kg), and spaced en dash (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Snd" title="Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect">snd</a>}}</code>) if two symbols are used (e.g. 3 μm – 1 mm); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (e.g. from 5.9 to 6.3 kilograms, from 5.9 kilograms to 6.3 kilograms, from 5.9 to 6.3 kg and from 5.9 kg to 6.3 kg are all acceptable).</li> <li>Length–width, length–width–height and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%97" title="×" class="mw-redirect">×</a>) or the word by. <ul> <li>With the multiplication sign, each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol (if appropriate):</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd>  •  1 m × 3 m × 6 m, not 1 × 3 × 6 m , (1 × 3 × 6) m nor 1 × 3 × 6 m3</dd> <dd>  •  a metal plate 1 ft × 3 ft × 0.25 in</dd> <dd>  •  a railroad <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a> 10 ft × 2.5 mi</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>With by the unit need be given only once: 1 by 3 by 6 metres or 1 by 3 by 6 m</li> <li>The unspaced letter x may be used in common terms such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4x4" title="4x4" class="mw-redirect">4x4</a>.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>General guidelines on unit names and symbols</caption> <tr> <th>Aspect</th> <th width="500px">Guideline</th> <th><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/17px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/22px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/> Acceptable</th> <th><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png" width="11" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/17px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/22px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/> Unacceptable</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Spelling</td> <td>The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in <a href="#Specific_units">§ Specific units</a>, below) varies with the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect">variety of English followed by the article</a>.</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12">Format</td> <td>Do not spell out numbers before unit symbols ...</td> <td>5 min</td> <td>five min</td> </tr> <tr> <td>... but words or numerals may be used with unit names.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>five minutes</li> <li>5 minutes</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Values not accompanied by units are usually given in figures.</td> <td>Set the control to 10.</td> <td>Set the control to ten.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Write unit names and symbols in upright roman type.</td> <td>10 m</td> <td>10 m</td> </tr> <tr> <td>29 kilograms</td> <td>29 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Unit names are given in lower case except: where any word would be capitalized; where otherwise specified in the SI brochure; where otherwise specified in this Manual of Style.[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>He walked several miles.</li> <li>Miles of trenches were dug.</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>A Gallon equals 4 Quarts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Except as listed in the "Specific units" table below, unit symbols are uncapitalized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></td> <td>8 kg</td> <td>8 Kg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>100 kPa</td> <td>100 kpa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Unit symbols are undotted.</td> <td>38 cm</td> <td>38 cm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Except as shown in the "Specific units" table below, a space appears between a numeric value and a unit name or symbol. In the case of unit symbols, <code>&nbsp;</code> (or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code>‍) should be used to prevent linebreak.</td> <td>29 kg Markup: <code>29&nbsp;kg</code></td> <td>29kg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>To form a value and a unit name into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphens ...</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>a five-day holiday</li> <li>a five-cubic-foot box</li> <li>a 10-centimeter blade</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit symbol.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>a blade 10 cm long</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>a 10-cm blade</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Plurals</td> <td>SI unit names are pluralized by adding s or es...</td> <td>1 ohm, 10 ohms</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">... except for these irregular forms.</td> <td>1 henry, 10 henries</td> <td>10 henrys</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 hertz, 10 hertz</td> <td>10 hertzes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 lux, 10 lux</td> <td>10 luxes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 siemens, 10 siemens</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Some non-SI units have irregular plurals.</td> <td>1 foot, 10 feet</td> <td>10 foots</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 stratum, 10 strata (unusual)</td> <td>10 stratums</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Unit symbols (in any system) are identical in singular and plural.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>grew from 1 in to 2 in</li> <li>grew from 1 inch to 2 inches</li> <li>grew from one to two inches</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>grew from 1 in to 2 ins</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Powers</td> <td>Format exponents using <code></code>, not special characters.</td> <td>km2 Markup: <code>km2</code></td> <td>km² </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Or use squared or cubed (after the unit being modified).</td> <td rowspan="2">ten metres per second squared</td> <td>ten metres per squared second</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">For areas or volumes only, square or cubic may be used (before the unit being modified).</td> <td>ten metres per square second</td> </tr> <tr> <td>grams per square centimeter</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">The abbreviations sq and cu may be used for US customary and imperial units but not for SI units.</td> <td>15 sq mi</td> <td>15 sq km</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 cu ft</td> <td>3 cu m</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Products</td> <td>Indicate a product of unit names with either a hyphen or a space.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>foot-pound</li> <li>foot pound</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>footpound</li> <li>foot·pound</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indicate a product of unit symbols with <code>&<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_dot" title="Middle dot" class="mw-redirect">middot</a>;</code> or <code>&<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">nbsp</a>;</code> (Note: <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middot" title="Template:Middot" class="mw-redirect">middot</a>}}</code> is not equivalent to <code>&middot;</code>.)</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>ms = millisecond</li> <li>m·s or m s = metre-second.</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Exception: In some topic areas such as power engineering, certain products take neither space nor <code>&middot;</code>. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_hour" title="Watt hour" class="mw-redirect">Wh</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt_ampere" title="Volt ampere" class="mw-redirect">VA</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere_hour" title="Ampere hour" class="mw-redirect">Ah</a></li> <li>kWh, MVA, GAh</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>To pluralize a product of unit names, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.)</td> <td>ten foot-pounds</td> <td>ten feet-pounds</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Ratios, Rates, Densities</td> <td>Indicate a ratio of unit names with per.</td> <td>meter per second</td> <td>meter/second</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Indicate a ratio of unit symbols with a slash (followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbols—do not use multiple slashes); or use −1, −2, etc.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>metre per second</li> <li>m/s</li> <li>m·s−1</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>mps</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>kg/(m·s)</li> <li>kg·m−1·s−1</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>kg/m·s</li> <li>kg/m/s</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>To pluralize a ratio of unit names, pluralize only the "numerator" unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.)</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>ten newton-metres per second</li> <li>10 N·m/s</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown here ...</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>mph = miles per hour</li> <li>mpg = miles per gallon</li> <li>psi = pounds per square inch</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>g/m2</li> <li>g·m−2</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>gsm</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>km/h</li> <li>km·h−1</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>kph</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Prefixes</td> <td>Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen.</td> <td>25 kilopascals</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>25 kilo pascals</li> <li>25 kilo-pascals</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here:</td> <td>kilohm</td> <td>kiloohm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>megohm</td> <td>megaohm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hectare</td> <td>hectoare</td> </tr> <tr> <td>centi-, deci-, deca-, and hecto- should be avoided; exceptions include centimetre, decibel, hectolitre, hectare, hectopascal.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>100 metres</li> <li>0.1 km</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>1 hectometre</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Do not use <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/M#Number" class="extiw" title="wikt:M">M</a> for 103, MM for 106, or B for 109.</td> <td>3 km</td> <td>3 Mm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8 MW</td> <td>8 MMW</td> </tr> <tr> <td>125 GeV</td> <td>125 BeV</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Mixed units</td> <td rowspan="2">Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systems …</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1 ft 6 in</li> <li>1 foot 6 inches</li> <li>1.5 ft</li> <li>18 in</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1 US fl pt 8 oz</li> <li>1 US fl pt 8 US fl oz</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>... and in expressing time durations ...</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1:30:07</li> <li>1:30 <a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></li> <li>1 hr 30 min 7 sec</li> <li>1 h 30 m 7 s</li> <li>1h 30m 07s</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1 h 30 min 7 s</li> <li>1 hr 30 m 7 sec</li> <li>1:30′07″</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>… but are not normally used in SI.</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1.33 m</li> <li>133 cm</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>1 m 33 cm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>No comma.</td> <td>6 lb 3 oz</td> <td>6 lb, 3 oz</td> </tr> </table> Note to table: <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Only use this format if it is clear from the context whether this means hours and minutes (H:MM) or minutes and seconds (M:SS).</li> </ol> </div> <h3>Specific units[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Specific units">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>The following table lists only units that need special attention.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/">SI Brochure</a> should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI units. "Chapter 4" tables 6, 7, 8, and 9 give additional guidance on non-SI units.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Guidelines on specific units</caption> <tr> <th width="79px">Group</th> <th width="160px">Name</th> <th width="140px">Symbol</th> <th>Comment</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">Length Speed</td> <td>inch</td> <td>in</td> <td rowspan="2">Do not use <code>&prime;</code> (′), <code>&Prime;</code> (″), apostrophe/single quote (') or double quote (")</td> </tr> <tr> <td>foot</td> <td>ft</td> </tr> <tr> <td>foot per second</td> <td>ft/s (not fps)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hand</a></td> <td>h or hh</td> <td>Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. 16.2 hh indicates 16 hands 2 inches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>knot</td> <td>kn (not <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilotonne" title="Kilotonne" class="mw-redirect">kt</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonewton" title="Kilonewton" class="mw-redirect">kN</a>)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>metre</li> <li>meter (U.S.)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>m</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>micron</td> <td>μm (not μ)</td> <td>Markup: <code>&mu;m</code>  Link to <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a> (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mile</td> <td>mi</td> <td rowspan="3">In nautical and aeronautical contexts use statute mile rather than mile to avoid confusion with nautical mile.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mile per hour</td> <td>mph</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nautical mile</td> <td>nmi or NM (not <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect">nm</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">Volume Flow</td> <td rowspan="2"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>cubic centimetre</li> <li>cubic centimeter (U.S.)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>cm3</td> <td>Markup: <code>cm3</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>cc</td> <td>Non-SI symbol used for certain <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">engine displacements</a>; link to <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cubic centimetre</a> on first use.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>imperial fluid ounce</td> <td>imp fl oz</td> <td rowspan="8">US or imperial/imp must be specified; fluid/fl must be specified, except with gallon. (Without fluid, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> is ambiguous – versus avoirdupois ounce or troy ounce – and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">quart</a> is ambiguous – versus US dry pint or US dry quart.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>imperial fluid pint</td> <td>imp fl pt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>imperial fluid quart</td> <td>imp fl qt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>imperial gallon</td> <td>imp gal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>US fluid ounce</td> <td>US fl oz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>US fluid pint</td> <td>US fl pt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>US fluid quart</td> <td>US fl qt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>US gallon</td> <td>US gal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cubic foot</td> <td>cu ft (not cf)</td> <td>Write five million cubic feet, 5,000,000 cu ft or 7005141584232960000♠5×106 cu ft, not 5 MCF.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cubic foot per second</td> <td>cu ft/s (not cfs)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>litre</li> <li>liter (U.S.)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>l or L</td> <td>The symbol l in isolation (i.e. not in such forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digit 1 or the capital letter I.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Mass Force Density Pressure</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long ton</a></td> <td>long ton</td> <td rowspan="2">Spell out in full.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a></td> <td>short ton</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pound per square inch</td> <td>psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric ton</a> (U.S.)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>t (not mt or MT)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>troy ounce</td> <td>oz t</td> <td rowspan="2">t or troy must be specified. Articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify whether ounces and pounds are <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>troy pound</td> <td>lb t</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">carat</a></td> <td>carat</td> <td>Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Purity</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(purity)" title="Carat (purity)" class="mw-redirect">carat or karat</a></td> <td>k or Kt</td> <td>A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Time</td> <td>second</td> <td>s</td> <td rowspan="3">Do not use <code>&prime;</code> (′), <code>&Prime;</code> (″), apostrophe (') or quote (") for minutes or seconds. Use m for minute only where there is no danger of confusion with meter, as in the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the <a href="#Mixed_units">Unit names and symbols table</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>minute</td> <td>min</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hour</td> <td>h</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">year</td> <td>a</td> <td>Use a only with an SI prefix (a rock formation 540 Ma old, not Life expectancy rose to 60 a).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>y or yr</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"> Information </td> <td>bit</td> <td>bit (not b or B)</td> <td rowspan="4">See also <a href="#Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits">§ Quantities of bytes and bits</a>, below.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>byte</td> <td>B or byte (not b or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">o</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bit per second</td> <td>bit/s (not bps or b/s)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>byte per second</td> <td>B/s or byte/s (not Bps or Bps)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Angle</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminute" title="Arcminute" class="mw-redirect">arcminute</a></td> <td>′</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">Prime: ′</a>. Markup: <code>&prime;</code>  (not apostrophe/single quote '). No space between numerals and symbol (47′, not 47 ′)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsecond" title="Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect">arcsecond</a></td> <td>″</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_prime_(symbol)" title="Double prime (symbol)" class="mw-redirect">Double prime: ″</a>. Markup: <code>&Prime;</code>  (not double-quote "). No space between numerals and symbol (22″, not 22 ″)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>degree</td> <td rowspan="2">°</td> <td>Markup: <code>&deg;</code>  (not <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine_ordinal" title="Masculine ordinal" class="mw-redirect">masculine ordinal</a> º or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">ring</a>  ̊ ). No space between numerals and symbol (23°, not 23 °)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> Temperature </td> <td>degree</td> <td rowspan="2">Markup: <code>&deg;</code>. Nonbreaking space (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}</code>) between numerals and symbol (40 °, not 40°; 12 °C, not 12°C, nor 12° C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>degree Celsius (not degree centigrade)</td> <td>°C (not C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Energy</td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a></li> <li>small calorie</li> <li>gram calorie</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>cal</td> <td rowspan="2">In certain subject areas calorie is conventionally used alone. Articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (kcal) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C. A kilocalorie is therefore also a kilogram calorie.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocalorie" title="Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect">kilocalorie</a></li> <li>large calorie</li> <li>kilogram calorie</li> <li>(not Calorie – can be ambiguous)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td>kcal</td> </tr> </table> <h4>Quantities of bytes and bits [<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Quantities of bytes and bits">edit</a>]</h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COMPUNITS" title="Wikipedia:COMPUNITS" class="mw-redirect">WP:COMPUNITS</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> In quantities of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(computing)" title="Bit (computing)" class="mw-redirect">bits</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>, the prefixes kilo (symbol k or K), mega (M), giga (G), tera (T), etc. are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> prefixes), meaning 103, 106, 109, 1012, etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 210, 220, 230, 240, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. <table class="infobox" style="padding: 0; text-align: left; width: 0"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center">Prefixes for multiples of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (b) or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> (B)</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#edf; text-align: center">Decimal</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#edf; text-align: center">Value</th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#edf; text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>k</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10002</td> <td>M</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10003</td> <td>G</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10004</td> <td>T</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera-" title="Tera-">tera</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10005</td> <td>P</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta-" title="Peta-">peta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10006</td> <td>E</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exa-" title="Exa-">exa</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10007</td> <td>Z</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetta-" title="Zetta-">zetta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10008</td> <td>Y</td> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotta-" title="Yotta-">yotta</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#edf; text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#edf;">Value</th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#edf; text-align: center"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards">JEDEC</a></th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#edf; text-align: center"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_80000-13" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1024</td> <td>K</td> <td>kilo</td> <td>Ki</td> <td>kibi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10242</td> <td>M</td> <td>mega</td> <td>Mi</td> <td>mebi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10243</td> <td>G</td> <td>giga</td> <td>Gi</td> <td>gibi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10244</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td>Ti</td> <td>tebi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10245</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td>Pi</td> <td>pebi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10246</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td>Ei</td> <td>exbi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10247</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td>Zi</td> <td>zebi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10248</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td>Yi</td> <td>yobi</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template:Bit and byte prefixes">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template talk:Bit and byte prefixes">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles: <ul> <li>Following the SI standard, a lower-case k should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital K should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. (If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use Ki instead).</li> <li>Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BDprefix" title="Template:BDprefix">BDprefix</a>}}</code> is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.</li> <li>The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drives" title="Hard drives" class="mw-redirect">hard drives</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rates</a>, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.</li> <li>Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.</li> <li>Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>  •  A 64 MB (64 × 10242-byte) video card and a 100 GB (100 × 10003-byte) hard drive</dd> <dd>  •  A 64 MB (64 × 220-byte) video card and a 100 GB (100 × 109-byte) hard drive</dd> <dd>  •  A 64 MB (67,108,864-byte) video card and a 100 GB (100,000,000,000-byte) hard drive</dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Avoid inconsistent combinations such as A 64 MB (67,108,864-byte) video card and a 100 GB (100 × 10003-byte) hard drive. Footnotes, such as those seen in <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Macintosh_5500&oldid=218088888">Power Macintosh 5500</a>, may be used for disambiguation.</li> <li>Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits (see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte#History" title="Byte">History of byte</a>).</li> </ul> The <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_prefix" title="IEC prefix" class="mw-redirect">IEC prefixes</a> kibi-, mebi-, gibi-, etc. (symbols Ki, Mi, Gi, etc.) are rarely used, even in technical articles, so are generally not to be used except:<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <ul> <li>when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes,</li> <li>in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes,</li> <li>when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes,</li> <li>in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.</li> </ul> <h3>Unit conversions[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Unit conversions">edit</a>]</h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:CONVERSIONS" title="MOS:CONVERSIONS" class="mw-redirect">MOS:CONVERSIONS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSCONVERSIONS" title="Wikipedia:MOSCONVERSIONS" class="mw-redirect">WP:MOSCONVERSIONS</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, follow the "primary" quantity with a conversion in parentheses: the Mississippi River is 2,320 miles (3,734 km) long; the Murray River is 2,375 kilometres (1,476 mi) long. In science-related articles, however, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so. <ul> <li>Where an <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_unit" title="Imperial unit" class="mw-redirect">imperial unit</a> is not part of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary system</a>, or vice-versa—and in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitions—a double conversion may be appropriate: Rosie weighed 80 kilograms (180 lb; 12 st 8 lb) (markup: <code>{{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}</code>); The car had a fuel economy of 5 L/100 km (47 mpg-US; 56 mpg-imp) (markup: <code>{{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}</code>).</li> <li>Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except: <ul> <li>When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (The four-minute mile).</li> <li>When units are part of the subject of a topic—nautical miles in articles about the history of nautical law (5 nautical miles), SI units in scientific articles (a 600-kilometer asteroid), yards in articles about American football—it can be excessive to provide conversions every time a unit occurs. It could be best to note that this topic will use the units (possibly giving the conversion factor to another familiar unit in a parenthetical note or a footnote), and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Converted quantity values should use a level of precision similar to that of the source quantity value, so the Moon is 380,000 kilometres (240,000 mi) from Earth, not (236,121 mi). Small numbers may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so one mile (1–2 km), not one mile (2 km). Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). See <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">false precision</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conversion_templates" title="Category:Conversion templates">Conversion templates</a> can be used to convert and format many common units, including <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a>}}</code>, which includes non-breaking spaces.</li> <li>In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. See <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect">footnoting</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citing sources</a>.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Units_attention" title="Template:Units attention">Units attention</a>}}</code> may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.</li> </ul> <h2> Currencies and monetary values[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Currencies and monetary values">edit</a>]</h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:$" title="Wikipedia:$" class="mw-redirect">WP:$</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%C2%A3" title="Wikipedia:£" class="mw-redirect">WP:£</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E2%82%AC" title="Wikipedia:€" class="mw-redirect">WP:€</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:CURRENCY" title="MOS:CURRENCY" class="mw-redirect">MOS:CURRENCY</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Numismatics/Style#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style">Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style § Article titles</a></div> <h3>Choice of currency[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Choice of currency">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>In country-specific articles, such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a>, use the currency of the subject country.</li> <li>In non-country-specific articles such as <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a>, use US dollars ($123), euros (€123), or pounds sterling (£123).</li> </ul> <h3>Currency names[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Currency names">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Do not capitalize the names of currencies, currency subdivisions, coins and banknotes except e.g. at the start of a sentence.</li> <li>To pluralize euro use the standard English plurals (ten euros and fifty cents), not the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro#English" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">invariant plurals used for European Union legislation and banknotes</a> (ten euro and fifty cent). For the adjectival form, use a hyphenated singular: (a two-euro pen;   a ten-cent coin).</li> <li>Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currencies (<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrögs</a>).</li> </ul> <h3>Currency symbols[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Currency symbols">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. A$52), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. $88), unless this would be unclear. Exceptions:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries – see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_symbols#dollar_variants" title="Currency symbols" class="mw-redirect">Currency symbols § dollar variants</a>) use the full signifier (e.g. US$, A$) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable.</li> <li>In articles entirely on EU-, UK- and/or US-related topics, all occurrences may be shortened (€26, £22 or $34), unless this would be unclear.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>The <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> is represented by the £ symbol, with one horizontal bar. The double-barred ₤ symbol is ambiguous, as it has also been used for the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> and other currencies. For non-British currencies that use pounds or a pound symbol (e.g. the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a>, IR£) use the symbol conventionally preferred for that currency.</li> <li>If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> standard. See also <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">List of circulating currencies</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>Formatting[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Formatting">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>A period (full stop) is used as the decimal point—never a comma ($6.57, not $6,57).</li> <li>For the grouping of digits (e.g. £1,234,567) see <a href="#Grouping_of_digits">§ Grouping of digits</a>, above.</li> <li>Do not place a currency symbol after the accompanying numeric figures (e.g. 123$, 123£, 123€) unless that is the normal convention for that currency when writing in English.[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Never use forms such as $US123 or $123 (US).</li> <li>Currency abbreviations that come before the numeric value are unspaced if they consist of a nonalphabetic symbol only, or end in a symbol (£123;   €123); but spaced if alphabetic (R 75).</li> <li>Ranges should be expressed giving the currency signifier just once: $250–300, not $250–$300.</li> <li>million and billion should be spelled out on first use, and (optionally) abbreviated M or bn (both unspaced) thereafter: She received £70 million and her son £10M; the school's share was $250–300 million, and the charity's $400–450M.</li> <li>In general, a currency symbol should be accompanied by a numeric amount e.g. not He converted his US$ to A$ but He converted his US dollars to Australian dollars or He exchanged the US$100 note for Australian dollars.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Exceptions may occur in tables and infoboxes where space is limited e.g. Currencies accepted for deposit: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">SFr</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pound" title="British pound" class="mw-redirect">GB£</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>. It may be appropriate to wikilink such uses, or add an explanatory note.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h3>Conversions[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Conversions">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Conversions of less-familiar currencies may be provided in terms of more familiar currencies—such as the US dollar, euro or pound sterling—using an appropriate rate (which is often not the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, rounding to avoid <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">false precision</a> (two significant digits is usually sufficient, as most exchange rates fluctuate significantly), with at least the year given as a rough point of conversion rate reference; e.g. Since 2001 the grant has been 10,000,000 <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> ($1.4M, €1.0M, or £800k as of August 2009<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit">[update]</a>), not ($1,390,570, €971,673 or £848,646).</li> <li>For obsolete currencies, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.</li> <li>In some cases it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. See <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Inflation" title="Template:Inflation">Inflation</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Inflation-fn" title="Template:Inflation-fn">Inflation-fn</a>}}</code>.</li> </ul> <h2>Common mathematical symbols[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Common mathematical symbols">edit</a>]</h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COMMONMATH" title="Wikipedia:COMMONMATH" class="mw-redirect">WP:COMMONMATH</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:MINUS" title="MOS:MINUS" class="mw-redirect">MOS:MINUS</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a></div> <ul> <li>This is not an complete list of symbols that may be used.</li> <li>Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used with <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operation" title="Binary operation">two operands</a>, but no space with <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">one operand</a></li> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nbsp" title="Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect">nbsp</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks in mathematical material.</li> </ul> <div style="clear:right;"></div> <table class="wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: center;"> <caption>Common mathematical symbols</caption> <tr> <th width="110">Symbol name</th> <th width="80">Example</th> <th width="335">Markup</th> <th>Comments</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_sign" title="Plus sign" class="mw-redirect">Plus / positive</a></td> <td>x + y</td> <td><code>''x'' + ''y''</code></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td>+y</td> <td><code>+''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus_sign" title="Minus sign" class="mw-redirect">Minus / negative</a></td> <td>x − y</td> <td><code>''x'' &minus; ''y''</code></td> <td rowspan="2">Do not use hyphen (<code>-</code>) or dashes (<code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ndash" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mdash" title="Template:Mdash" class="mw-redirect">mdash</a>}}</code>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>−y</td> <td><code>&minus;''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-minus_sign" title="Plus-minus sign">Plus-minus / minus-plus</a></td> <td>41.5 ± 0.3</td> <td><code>41.5 &plusmn; 0.3</code></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td>−(±a) = ∓a</td> <td><code>&minus;(&plusmn;''a'') = &#8723;''a''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">Multiplication</a>, cross</td> <td>x × y</td> <td><code>''x'' &times; ''y''</code></td> <td>Do not use the letter "x" to indicate multiplication. However, an unspaced "x" may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as "<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4x4" title="4x4" class="mw-redirect">4x4</a>".</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign" class="mw-redirect">Division</a>, obelus</td> <td>x ÷ y</td> <td><code>''x'' &divide; ''y''</code></td> <td rowspan="8"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_sign" title="Equal sign" class="mw-redirect">Equal / equals</a></td> <td>x = y</td> <td><code>''x'' = ''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_equal_sign" title="Not equal sign" class="mw-redirect">Not equal</a></td> <td>x ≠ y</td> <td><code>''x'' &ne; ''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_sign" title="Approximate sign" class="mw-redirect">Approx. equal</a></td> <td>π ≈ 3.14</td> <td><code>{{pi}} &asymp; 3.14</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_sign" title="Less than sign" class="mw-redirect">Less than</a></td> <td>x < y</td> <td><code>''x'' &lt; ''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_or_equal_to" title="Less than or equal to" class="mw-redirect">L.T. or equal</a></td> <td>x ≤ y</td> <td><code>''x'' &le; ''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_than_sign" title="Greater than sign" class="mw-redirect">Greater than</a></td> <td>x > y</td> <td><code>''x'' &gt; ''y''</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_than_or_equal_to" title="Greater than or equal to" class="mw-redirect">G.T. or equal</a></td> <td>x ≥ y</td> <td><code>''x'' &ge; ''y''</code></td> </tr> </table> <h2>Geographical coordinates[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Geographical coordinates">edit</a>]</h2> <div style="float:right; width:100px;"> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Coordinates" class="mw-redirect">WP:Coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:COORDS" title="MOS:COORDS" class="mw-redirect">MOS:COORDS</a></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> </div> <dl> <dd>For draft guidance on, and examples of, coordinates for linear features, see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates/Linear" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/Linear">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/Linear</a>.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd>Quick guide:</dd> </dl> <table class="wikitable" style="background:#f5fffa;"> <tr> <th style="background:#cef2e0;"> <div style="text-align:center; position:relative; white-space:nowrap;">Quick how to <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord_how-to" title="Template:Coord how-to">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Coord_how-to" title="Template talk:Coord how-to">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Coord_how-to&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td>To add <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=57_18_22_N_4_27_32_W_">57°18′22″N 4°27′32″W / 57.30611°N 4.45889°W / 57.30611; -4.45889</a> to the top of an article, use {{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">Coord</a>}}, thus: <dl> <dd><code>{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|W|display=title}}</code></dd> </dl> These <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">coordinates</a> are in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc" title="Minute of arc">minutes</a>, and seconds of arc. 'title' means that the coordinates will be displayed next to the title. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>To add <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=44.112_N_87.913_W_">44°06′43″N 87°54′47″W / 44.112°N 87.913°W / 44.112; -87.913</a> to the top of an article, use either <dl> <dd><code>{{Coord|44.112|N|87.913|W|display=title}}</code></dd> </dl> or <dl> <dd><code>{{Coord|44.112|-87.913|display=title}}</code></dd> </dl> These coordinates are in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_fraction" title="Decimal fraction" class="mw-redirect">decimal</a> degrees. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Degrees, minutes and seconds must be separated by <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">a pipe ("|")</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_system" title="Geodetic system" class="mw-redirect">Map datum</a> must be WGS84 (except for off-earth bodies).</li> <li>Avoid <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates#Precision" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">excessive precision</a> (0.0001° is <11 m, 1″ is <31 m).</li> <li>Latitude (N/S) must appear before longitude (E/W).</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Optional coordinate parameters follow the longitude and are separated by <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">an underscore ("_")</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord#dim:D" title="Template:Coord">dim</a>: <code>dim:</code>N (viewing diameter in metres)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord#region:R" title="Template:Coord">region</a>: <code>region:</code>R (<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a> code)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord#type:T" title="Template:Coord">type</a>: <code>type:</code>T (<code>landmark</code> or <code>city(30,000)</code>, for example)</li> </ul> Other optional parameters are separated by <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">a pipe ("|")</a>: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord#Display" title="Template:Coord">display</a> <dl> <dd><code class="nowrap">|display=inline</code> (the default) to display in the body of the article only,</dd> <dd><code class="nowrap">|display=title</code> to display at the top of the article only, or</dd> <dd><code class="nowrap">|display=inline,title</code> to display in both places.</dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord#Name" title="Template:Coord">name</a> <dl> <dd><code>name=</code>X to label the place on maps (default is <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words#Page_names" class="extiw" title="mw:Help:Magic words">PAGENAME</a>)</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> Thus: <code>{{Coord|44.117|-87.913|dim:30_region:US-WI_type:event</code> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd><code>|display=inline,title|name=accident site}}</code></dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> Use <code class="nowrap">|display=title</code> (or <code class="nowrap">|display=inline,title</code>) once per article, for the subject of the article, where appropriate. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>Per <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ORDER" title="Wikipedia:ORDER" class="mw-redirect">WP:ORDER</a>, the template is placed in articles after any <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Navigation templates">navigation templates</a>, but before any <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a> or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category#Default_sort_key" title="Help:Category">Defaultsort</a> templates, or <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categories</a>.</li> <li>For full details, refer to {{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord/doc" title="Template:Coord/doc">Coord/doc</a>}}.</li> <li>Additional guidance is available: <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Obtaining_geographic_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates">obtaining coordinates</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion" title="Geographic coordinate conversion">converting coordinates</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_coordinates" title="Geographical coordinates" class="mw-redirect">Geographical coordinates</a> on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically. First, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Obtaining_geographic_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates">obtain the coordinates</a>. Avoid <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates#Precision" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">excessive precision</a>. Two types of template are available: <ul> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">coord</a>}}</code> offers users a choice of display format through <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user styles</a>, emits a <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_microformat" title="Geo microformat" class="mw-redirect">Geo microformat</a>, and is recognised (in the title position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external partners such as Google (-Maps and -Earth) and Yahoo.</li> <li>Infoboxes such as <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_settlement" title="Template:Infobox settlement">Infobox settlement</a>}}</code>, which automatically emit <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">Coord</a>}}</code>.</li> </ul> The following formats are available. <ul> <li>For degrees only (including decimal values): <code>{{coord|<var>dd</var>|<var>N/S</var>|<var>dd</var>|<var>E/W</var>}}</code></li> <li>For degrees/minutes: <code>{{coord|<var>dd</var>|<var>mm</var>|<var>N/S</var>|<var>dd</var>|<var>mm</var>|<var>E/W</var>}}</code></li> <li>For degrees/minutes/seconds: <code>{{coord|<var>dd</var>|<var>mm</var>|<var>ss</var>|<var>N/S</var>|<var>dd</var>|<var>mm</var>|<var>ss</var>|<var>E/W</var>}}</code></li> </ul> where: <ul> <li><var>dd</var>, <var>mm</var>, <var>ss</var> are the degrees, minutes and seconds, respectively;</li> <li><var>N/S</var> is either N for northern or S for southern <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>;</li> <li><var>E/W</var> is either E for eastern or W for western <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitudes</a>;</li> <li>negative values may be used in lieu of S and W to denote southern and western <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemisphere" title="Hemisphere" class="mw-disambig">hemispheres</a></li> </ul> For example: The city of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, located at 59° 55′ N, 10° 44′ E, enter: <dl> <dd><code>{{coord|59|55|N|10|44|E}}</code>—which becomes <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=59_55_N_10_44_E_">59°55′N 10°44′E / 59.917°N 10.733°E / 59.917; 10.733</a></dd> </dl> For a country, like <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, less precision is appropriate: <dl> <dd><code>{{coord|22|S|24|E}}</code>—which becomes <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=22_S_24_E_">22°S 24°E / 22°S 24°E / -22; 24</a></dd> </dl> Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds: <dl> <dd><code>{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}</code>—which becomes <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=33_56_24_N_118_24_00_W_">33°56′24″N 118°24′00″W / 33.94000°N 118.40000°W / 33.94000; -118.40000</a></dd> </dl> Coordinates can be entered as decimal values <dl> <dd><code>{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}</code>—which becomes <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FDates_and_numbers&params=33.94_S_118.40_W_">33°56′S 118°24′W / 33.94°S 118.40°W / -33.94; -118.40</a></dd> </dl> Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places controls the precision. Trailing zeros should be used as needed to ensure that both values have the same level of precision. <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates. Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the less precise the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than 100 meters is not needed unless specifying a particular point in the city, for example the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10 meters or even one meter in some cases (1′′ ~15 m to 30 m, 0.0001° ~5.6 m to 10 m). The final field, following the E/W, is available for attributes such as type, region and scale. When adding coordinates, please remove the <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord_missing" title="Template:Coord missing">coord missing</a>}}</code> tag from the article, if present. For more information, see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">the geographical coordinates WikiProject</a>. Templates other than <code>{{<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">coord</a>}}</code> should use the following variable names for coordinates: <var>lat_d</var>, <var>lat_m</var>, <var>lat_s</var>, <var>lat_NS</var>, <var>long_d</var>, <var>long_m</var>, <var>long_s</var>, <var>long_EW</var>. <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(numbers_and_dates)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Date_formattings" title="Wikipedia:Date formattings">Wikipedia:Date formattings</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Date_formatting_feature" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Date formatting feature">m:Help:Date formatting feature</a> at Meta</li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Calculation#Displaying_numbers_and_numeric_expressions" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Calculation">m:Help:Calculation § Displaying numbers and numeric expressions</a> at Meta</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks plainlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Math_templates" title="Template:Math templates">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Math_templates" title="Template talk:Math templates">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Math_templates&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Math templates</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Functions</li> <li>Numeral systems</li> </ul> </div> </div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:110%;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Functions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elementary_arithmetic" title="Template:Elementary arithmetic">elementary arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Precision" title="Template:Precision">precision</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Precision1" title="Template:Precision1">precision1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Value" title="Template:Value">value</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Numeral systems</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Base_36" title="Template:Base 36">base 36</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Binary" title="Template:Binary">binary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dec2hex" title="Template:Dec2hex">dec2hex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Decimal2Base" title="Template:Decimal2Base">decimal2Base</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Duodecimal" title="Template:Duodecimal">duodecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hex2dec" title="Template:Hex2dec">hex2dec</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hexadecimal" title="Template:Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Octal" title="Template:Octal">octal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Quaternary" title="Template:Quaternary">quaternary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Quinary" title="Template:Quinary">quinary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rn" title="Template:Rn">rn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman" title="Template:Roman">roman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Senary" title="Template:Senary">senary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ternary" title="Template:Ternary">ternary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vigesimal" title="Template:Vigesimal">vigesimal</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">Conversions</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:110%;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table style="margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <table style="padding-right:2.5em;"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bbl_to_t" title="Template:Bbl to t">bbl to t</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">barrels of oil to tonnes</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convert/scale" title="Template:Convert/scale">convert/scale</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">to convert any linearly related units</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Long_ton" title="Template:Long ton">long ton</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">long hundredweights, quarters and pounds to kilograms; long tons and hundredweights to pounds and metric tonnes</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Convinfobox" title="Template:Convinfobox">convinfobox</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">for use in infoboxes</td> </tr> </table> </td> <td> <table> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Decdeg" title="Template:Decdeg">decdeg</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">degrees, minutes and seconds to <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_degrees" title="Decimal degrees">decimal degrees</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hms2deg" title="Template:Hms2deg" class="mw-redirect">hms2deg</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle" title="Hour angle">hour angle</a> (in hours, minutes, and seconds) to decimal degrees</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deg2hms" title="Template:Deg2hms" class="mw-redirect">deg2hms</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">decimal degrees to <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle" title="Hour angle">hour angle</a> (in hours, minutes, and seconds)</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Inflation" title="Template:Inflation">inflation</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">to calculate inflation of Consumer Price Index-related prices</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Miles-chains" title="Template:Miles-chains">miles-chains</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">miles and chains to kilometres linking "chains"</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pop_density" title="Template:Pop density">pop density</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">density of a population in an area</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Track_gauge" title="Template:Track gauge">track gauge</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">railway track gauges</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">Notation</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:110%;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table style="margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <table style="padding-right:2.5em;"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bigmath" title="Template:Bigmath">bigmath</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">for stand-alone formulas, using a bigger font to match PNG-rendered <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> formulas</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bra-ket" title="Template:Bra-ket">bra-ket</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Braket" title="Template:Braket">braket</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bra" title="Template:Bra">bra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ket" title="Template:Ket">ket</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">bra–ket notation</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Frac" title="Template:Frac">frac</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">for creating fractions</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Intmath" title="Template:Intmath">intmath</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbols</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Langle" title="Template:Langle">langle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rangle" title="Template:Rangle">rangle</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_bracket" title="Angular bracket" class="mw-redirect">angular brackets</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ldelim" title="Template:Ldelim">ldelim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rdelim" title="Template:Rdelim">rdelim</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">multiline delimiters (2-5 lines inclusive)</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mathcal" title="Template:Mathcal">mathcal</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td> <table> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">a short form to refer to individual italicized maths variables in normal text</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Overset" title="Template:Overset">overset</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Underset" title="Template:Underset">underset</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">arbitrary characters/diacritics set above/below one another</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radic" title="Template:Radic">radic</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sqrt" title="Template:Sqrt">sqrt</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Su" title="Template:Su">su</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sub" title="Template:Sub">sub</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sup" title="Template:Sup">sup</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:right;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tmath" title="Template:Tmath">tmath</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">wraps a TeX math expression in <math> tags</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">to report measurement values, uncertainties and units</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vec" title="Template:Vec">vec</a></td> <td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;">for various overarrows, underarrows, pointing left, right or both ways</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Boxes</li> <li>Tags</li> <li>Notices</li> </ul> </div> </div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:110%;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Boxes</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Tags</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Notices</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calculation_results" title="Template:Calculation results">calculation results</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calculus" title="Template:Calculus">calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_mathematics_function" title="Template:Infobox mathematics function">Infobox mathematics function</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Functions" title="Template:Functions">functions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Metricate" title="Template:Metricate">metricate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Undue_precision" title="Template:Undue precision">undue precision</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Units_attention" title="Template:Units attention">units attention</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calculation" title="Template:Calculation">calculation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"> <div><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics_templates" title="Category:Mathematics templates">Category</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <h2>Notes and references[<a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk § Principles</a>, <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/jguk_2#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2 § Principles</a>, and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan § Principles</a></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> See CCTF/09-32: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). BIPM. n.d. Retrieved on 2015-03-05 (UTC).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/http://www.bipm.org/cc/CCTF/Allowed/18/CCTF_09-32_noteUTC.pdf">[1]</a> – On page 3: "This coordination began on January 1, 1960, and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time.'"</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Only certain citation styles use abbreviated date formats. See <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources § Citation style</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> See <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Commas" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Commas</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> All-numeric yyyy-mm-dd dates might be assumed to follow the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard, which mandates the Gregorian calendar. Also, technically all must be four-digit years, but Wikipedia is unlikely to ever need to format a far-future date beyond the year 9999.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Archive_151#RFC:_Month_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 151">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 151 § RFC: Month abbreviations</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> This change was made August 24, 2008, on the basis of <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)/Archive_D6#Again_calling_for_date_linking_to_be_deprecated" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive D6">this archived discussion</a>. It was ratified in two December 2008 RfCs <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Three_proposals_for_change_to_MOSNUM" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM</a> and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Date_Linking_RFC" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Archive_144#Date_range_redux" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Archive 144">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Archive 144 § Date range redux</a></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The number in parentheses is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result – see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/http://www.physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html">NIST – Use of concise notation</a></li> <li id="cite_note-UKmetricUnits-11"><a href="#cite_ref-UKmetricUnits_11-0">^</a> If there is disagreement about the primary units used in a UK-related article, discuss the matter on the article talk-page, at <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:MOSNUM" title="Wikipedia talk:MOSNUM" class="mw-redirect">MOSNUM talk</a>, or both. If consensus cannot be reached, refer to historically stable versions of the article and retain the units used in these as the primary units. Note the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication_in_the_UK#Newspapers" title="Metrication in the UK" class="mw-redirect">style guides</a> of British publications such as The Times (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://web.archive.org/web/20110918050646/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986731.ece">archived version</a>, under "Metric").</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> This definition is consistent with all units of measure mentioned in the 8th edition of the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI brochure</a> and with all units of measure catalogued in <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">EU directive 80/181/EEC</a></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Wikipedia follows common practice regarding <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> and other data traditionally quantified using <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary prefixes</a> (e.g. mega- and kilo-, meaning 220 and 210 respectively) and their unit symbols (e.g. MB and KB) for RAM and <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_prefix" title="Decimal prefix" class="mw-redirect">decimal prefixes</a> for most other uses. Despite the IEC's 1998 International Standard creating several new binary prefixes (e.g. mebi-, kibi-) to distinguish the meaning of the decimal <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix" title="SI prefix" class="mw-redirect">SI prefixes</a> (e.g. mega- and kilo-, meaning 106 and 103 respectively) from the binary ones, and the subsequent incorporation of these IEC prefixes into the <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_80000-13" title="IEC 80000-13">International System of Quantities</a> (ISQ), consensus on Wikipedia in computing-related contexts currently favours the retention of the more familiar but ambiguous units "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB", etc. over use of unambiguous IEC binary prefixes. For detailed discussion, see <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)/Archive/Complete_rewrite_of_Units_of_Measurements_(June_2008)" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive/Complete rewrite of Units of Measurements (June 2008)">Complete rewrite of Units of Measurements (June 2008)</a>.</li> </ol> </div> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Template:Manual of Style">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Template talk:Manual of Style">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Manual_of_Style&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Content</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Formatting</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li>Dates and numbers</li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Proper names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Titles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Images</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Galleries" title="Wikipedia:Galleries" class="mw-redirect">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Layout</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">Embedded lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Legal</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Arts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime-_and_manga-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime- and manga-related articles">Anime & Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Music</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Regional</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France_and_French-related" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Wikipedians%27_notice_board/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Religion</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Science</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Command-line_examples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Command-line examples" class="mw-redirect">Computer commands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Sports</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Related</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Book:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Book</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Category</a></li> </ul> <div class="inputbox-hidecheckboxes"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""> <form name="searchbox" class="searchbox" action="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"> <input class="searchboxInput mw-ui-input mw-ui-input-inline" name="search" type="text" value="" placeholder="Search Manual of Style (except Simplified MoS)" size="50" dir="ltr"/><input name="prefix" type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" class="mw-ui-button" value="Search"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&oldid=665605250">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&oldid=665605250</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:General_style_guidelines" title="Category:General style guidelines">General style guidelines</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">Wikipedia naming conventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_with_incorrect_protection_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates">Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="View the project page [c]" accesskey="c">Project page</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label">Variants<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers">Read</a></li> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label">More<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikipedia store</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&oldid=665605250" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5525311" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Wikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Wikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers&oldid=665605250&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Schreibweise_von_Zahlen" title="Wikipedia:Schreibweise von Zahlen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_concernant_les_nombres" title="Wikipédia:Conventions concernant les nombres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_penulisan_tanggal_dan_angka" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman penulisan tanggal dan angka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ויקיפדיה:תאריכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_gaya_penulisan/Tarikh_dan_nombor" title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan/Tarikh dan nombor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Schrievwies_vun_Tallen" title="Wikipedia:Schrievwies vun Tallen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wie_schriive_mer_de_Zaahle%3F" title="Wikipedia:Wie schriive mer de Zaahle? – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Date_%C8%99i_numere" title="Wikipedia:Date și numere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Bi%C3%A7em_el_kitab%C4%B1_(Tarih_ve_numaralar)" title="Vikipedi:Biçem el kitabı (Tarih ve numaralar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E5%92%8C%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/日期和数字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5525311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 5 June 2015, at 11:22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836/https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/1.26wmf8/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/1.26wmf8/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150607072836im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/static/1.26wmf8/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>if(window.jQuery)jQuery.ready();</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150607072836cs_/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.toc","ext.cite","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.cirrusSearch.loggingSchema","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links"],null,true); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":1878,"wgHostname":"mw1245"}); }</script> </body> </html>