CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913542b75c9b4b68',cH: '02sJMVGBMbkdMzX1tLLZOG.nAImfTISD7dLMjzliKd4-1739789889-1.2.1.1-A2nXmHNsnJLGXMbG5B9tAGvaLdD_avIaBPoayij0pMBaGaabchMhwH3ct5UMaoH6',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=investment%20casting&__cf_chl_tk=kmlkz6VibpZmiHawKzIOaR9g8Fi08iR71BKT_.eyiHw-1739789889-1.0.1.1-VbanRzgUFW79lxUYxVg4Wzp0gtDkJsiRbJUQlpd2qg8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789889',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=investment%20casting&__cf_chl_f_tk=kmlkz6VibpZmiHawKzIOaR9g8Fi08iR71BKT_.eyiHw-1739789889-1.0.1.1-VbanRzgUFW79lxUYxVg4Wzp0gtDkJsiRbJUQlpd2qg8",md: "0AVN9zC.SrcFHWQrwKU8vpzszaWlaEun5SQNY_x4.Cw-1739789889-1.2.1.1-.ng9IXvyKxaAxOYaquUkuOlf1D7u.gF_n6zg4ZXdXhgfE_aGszleQCUtvOt7wu9bJxqDP86cFm5gRP3btB9UsfgxmQ1m05ReCy0RAkJrdjDVDrrUWM.0ZsQP18aEPf.EBLESqxkEHphkkq76q6BTw.I5Y2hdCIJvYXxOY7Mc_zxZfg533dIIPzGwjEA8.yjsA2nvVQ4zzs23rFjnFLOZY07DhZsDqD1ccvZwQumPZYN3NAAoZdA4RYpWP6icBrrsWBulxF5s3TfGK2kWHYj_7qffXYSFM2mndAU_tLk1Kfmj3Pl1xyCpuvKe3.MIbxf8jhgk2Xo2vr3mGwE1c7hxL0OGq_WwV0BUOrmpX1H4KeimIgs8mKkaD1PSJKK3lMdG_4fZuHFjkA1eLO2Zueu1i7b2QoMzuuYa9WBUOgwBKYu7es6TG6hxggJ.xBkrKA2teTB3tZ6r_3HFDHxECqI04I6AWxYASvzhm.PDdbQD5vAeTlEgpzFCvAtzaZVBZD60qljG9vQji6ZRHWgV_0qVusFEFSZdfT8nFk2tmnBy0cFrWiv.cH4skmYNLmk4YPEJmAH4vmeawOmzRIb.wcReCsCMdMstDcMP890DBzNDmIElwoLEXywj0hKNiRxTo12j0A1gloSBiHv1Tyc0ybWNyq9ZUz1LxTHxCEaMGNKQ43ak0BaaPxFJ8I0KglSu8s6wn258FCGai1atHAPr6mvasyvHk7pOqREa_.IwxSBnXCPQYnONcYOunIMd2q_YtiUQj0JKTE4fT9LnDv_j4yzhpEVt47WIxEXetcyyq6YvK7zfNW9jlLq7PIx25enwC0PCcOG7u5O6ZgM4E1rM5WjAfgRH9jtHKS0v5VkiAlPauFhgg2HxY4JX56LsIIhaAF95rJApK7cxK754PhjyxubPXU_IOdzExverr2Rn5ZqJCYu6yEJ8nUtYjXoOPx7FZmldjF0M0tZhSXgghDj_BAvVLEAaQXe69bsFi59biAJjhit5JCf2Tc93yRiXGLciklaQ1XV0r6N9Xku5qSMWaBy0A7jN8VwUDMQ.cPjcJu51.i.tdY0qv4GOmBl8gBHOcXB3EZFNk_XiAI._RDqPT_OuX9ntvy0pRJfyvaWdVdJJfvSa8oU3guGLn1vwBOYJzUgGN6eiMLh6V.mkFfrwyAfNnU8Q2MNjN4qFM6oWficlIN_U7PXUB3VJpSzbQ0O5V3GRvQ1IX5UthPNfZVANaPc4CncK_zHkYEb24RXTU5BZ2NNA35ifn1q2hmifJyijzANH_V6u.wOviNSTe48g75wKRu5m7KEZyUXLxlIWFISgCL3Ken3BP8dXXfI2w3rXSsfaxVXeBwXoQMrwexHiq08uJTx0P_6B2DuC_.fnLGIbUD8E__ipac5UOME55XP1ivyBn_FRAHKg3FEakV7nminLS90HESNUHOmprJ0wUzgODNjMSxGHLs8wkeGVgJCv5tHSo0NGqCD_mC13cFWHCdYDCzkMrsvqfHOPBt3DY4tK3_GwR1s6_X0z2PuAcxYygmDDp7oS0LSOjD0bQhYrJTaYqFTnWUsWqdqz8mJ_6W4FnuzUTv7k01IhilAxF9LyEBtOj9AxxN46pdtJoqvBHssucy_RfE2pJplWQoxWEboPSGfE3fyh91tGI80btLrNXkKl5A0poKfuZClr9ceCGupB8CDerVVniAFqfYVWc9bklFRL4WjOgpckUibey1qSwqo.joQdGCFytdy8zdgDmDtCxqKoe.jMep9B3TDdz_zS._r_HF.3R4H5nqO1AtGfYxLA0FX2DI5NeeDqj15T9PGehHbrBNjkM0hsbK4.Xuhtgi81_suI5.ZuuCWFjK9o0Py89jZdV7Mm2rWjsmmjtClZaEks4CdjPeORggxt_v5GiBUtshjPaenII8MD.i5yIDF89CZQghb.LzpIjTr4CS46muBZ.ruK9kOINFzMA61PD7k",mdrd: "1SAm0LuEUhf8ko0QHp_FkOIPf.2WMkrYuzySFSXPrqQ-1739789889-1.2.1.1-nhMZvRWsg.Jntls8JfdB3zJEHfgZ6uyinaRbB0AO9reraHt6TqjyoLD1lJM56VgvOmVCFj9Fr98oN6cjzjNGD4Z5KHVJbbbJ1O1Uflns5uz5iEzcnrRfrsV3KAjHanrfkqnbpaENBbjHIIIp20_MfjMQn3fCGHD1zw5ANK5Hio.YgULrGSiYNWcE_j7RlHUMiJ2Sqo4HiwRavfFR1VE6cYmFufxWMvxn_8X1bbPjfVEmJLSdEGTZn_xVHq1O3CLlu3pK.2Bsb68iCqlBqxiCQoRkcUBdQhhErA7ud7NjyjIWQwQhEabzOWv0xdslUvCQHgA3Y8pFS8i0bYaoaCHxA4d22VhhkyH1Ld8.Ra_ghRlfMHYisTwOeF8FsgSKSmcxe9mLe3l6L4holrJQl.VgxfeR3IlhOZWbyS.DbTZcoWI0UqtrsJQclKJ6BlOIMhzy12LLAugFVe1XQHHV1wdA3xD6IJQgxy6gjhqy2GSbdfNwVyCw8bm57iYtVHTbeVlxKYlijkFgf.IZBXC5ZsEqWnOmxEaRVOvxrPcSF9GY1O7tmjj.9dLBvC.SCL94ki.K7Sc5BIafdNAS3_ITy2ukPDwkFc8fAob2WflE4Ww7ItKgl3.N7lajzY78stO.EaPEFGyzjhGmdYFg99Up0ORigkpFA3MmUpJceJWjd9aUKdCGvRX3BBW6U5fsA2wdmpgUUdb1OaamKMTreo2aHt.NHAu.1vKEarl19lvzOA5d0lnlVmJx_ofg7DR57TQeyODFfVzCGgkbvDFWaXqYDcRDjJEzv2YOmo8KDxUUeTYUMFjIw.kUfPY9ts0OWW_78OOGsccrzlk.iWsQXlY5pDxYMizmMgiNqGJ0E0OK7.RZ7nq3gj8svblhDrbv9WD_BGkb9Yud3zFL8tVssWLSC5oqwIqtUDGYnj3W7lrnsuktBuU0MKyeUoqkdizRFGtmKvbulHLTvJujaeF5mBLy0qDryReQsETNtggnk7D0HVwyGq0dyUxgMU4eAbNg3.SX2RAgWi9543cipVqpwkttfAMpCDFlB2f6hbLdXSSSULZ_2yA28vXcYOc6y91KqXSOgy8MeY1TC6eNYx6jJVKeGi7oHndP9U46OUWxDofzsFXVtDOLS6XAdxbLHLuXFPi0AnGKySCXDf_iNBs9Y8XVx4P9jlBg_49FIlFV3HVKUCCJ9fGo8HpSgmKF63Tmr.KoXEZq10xGh00w8GuGrgdcL_XfAM7ESDSv9kdEolu6._oEAdbRFC9V4yMVQVPAphrq75CPO3C2B.vb.KbLn7MeEjvoDwbO_UPg6y7oOyHTFYkl9P6gzq9nP76_uEp19mLtcTKAuHdklIWI6yX.FbEzdOc2oPZQjVQ6whY8ySnbGwRcjkBsrZVg3mU53RF62lDuwkWoEFuGQ.8yluGpF7k1EQdbIxxLDBkJVCabt2QnBxVhNBGsC50gwaNSYWuu46hmBDMeflzcyMU5yv.U5IDwEErc4iCy3bIeDunI_3kLECGrcVIQN0.DYHRoswA_B_N8mU4nGO4pGkk0uYjdADrCkNTtICH0mu.MpnXk6vGo5XSkprscTi2Qdcz5YLiOSPmTvRYISZ8ubOkZMVezh3ADcgS1f3g1nEQOkLOGZV6JisksOdfsr5QRdD.YcX69O41eoinVbpy8Qu7Efyc5d2LKWb3irXlDyNbgEDUUUYbDgfE_OPLzTH1O.A1ev7xxYZZ1K1qXatM0blZuyJX.6yAsefmvHNOQJ6vyq88Dt0mAvwjzySSvOquP_QZzCYj1.FWpl4_X9j7l__cQTlYOP0FGjw2fFvSwtM9rIfzi7_kQ5zuX4_IiTJNr7MWHsP.rYGgOdNIs7TC7MWkrkC2wQzU0Oomx7fZL8mJJHOsYWre4UM1H_m_09eK6N73hCjkZK6WFBuCNNiE7xSC8TaT9mfiDufy2r02EEiePdyMJ8h9BmMtY3KRF7073Orx_l3Ih6Xhxl.wg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913542b75c9b4b68';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=investment%20casting&__cf_chl_rt_tk=kmlkz6VibpZmiHawKzIOaR9g8Fi08iR71BKT_.eyiHw-1739789889-1.0.1.1-VbanRzgUFW79lxUYxVg4Wzp0gtDkJsiRbJUQlpd2qg8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>