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href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="אפשרויות נוספות" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="כלים אישיים" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">כלים אישיים</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="תפריט משתמש" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_he.wikipedia.org&uselang=he"><span>תרומה לוויקיפדיה</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מומלץ ליצור חשבון ולהיכנס אליו, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>יצירת חשבון</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> דפים לעורכים שלא נכנסו לחשבון <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%94:%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" aria-label="מידע נוסף על עריכה"><span>מידע נוסף</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רשימת העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [y]" accesskey="y"><span>תרומות</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="דיון על העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [n]" accesskey="n"><span>שיחה</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eהסתרה\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">העברה לסרגל הצד</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">הסתרה</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">התחלה</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-מחקר_פסיכולוגי" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#מחקר_פסיכולוגי"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>מחקר פסיכולוגי</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-מחקר_פסיכולוגי-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-קישורים_חיצוניים" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#קישורים_חיצוניים"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>קישורים חיצוניים</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-קישורים_חיצוניים-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-הערות_שוליים" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#הערות_שוליים"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>הערות שוליים</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-הערות_שוליים-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="תוכן עניינים" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="מצב תוכן העניינים" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">מצב תוכן העניינים</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">מדליית ארד</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="מעבר לערך בשפה אחרת. זמין ב־42 שפות" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 שפות</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal – אנגלית" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bronze medal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="אנגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ميدالية برنزية – ערבית" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميدالية برنزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ערבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCr%C3%BCnc_medal" title="Bürünc medal – אזרית" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bürünc medal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="אזרית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalyang_bronse" title="Medalyang bronse – ביקולית מרכזית" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Medalyang bronse" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ביקולית מרכזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бронзавы медаль – בלארוסית" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бронзавы медаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="בלארוסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бронзавы мэдаль – בלארוסית טרשקביץ׳" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бронзавы мэдаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="בלארוסית טרשקביץ׳" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madali_gangsa" title="Madali gangsa – בנג׳רית" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Madali gangsa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="בנג׳רית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95" title="ব্রোঞ্জপদক – בנגלית" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রোঞ্জপদক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="בנגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_de_bronze" title="Medalla de bronze – קטלאנית" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medalla de bronze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="קטלאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бронза медаль – צ׳ובשית" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бронза медаль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="צ׳ובשית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzemedaille" title="Bronzemedaille – גרמנית" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronzemedaille" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="גרמנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χάλκινο μετάλλιο – יוונית" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάλκινο μετάλλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="יוונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza_medalo" title="Bronza medalo – אספרנטו" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronza medalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="אספרנטו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_de_bronce" title="Medalla de bronce – ספרדית" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medalla de bronce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ספרדית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronksmedal" title="Pronksmedal – אסטונית" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pronksmedal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="אסטונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontzezko_domina" title="Brontzezko domina – בסקית" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brontzezko domina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="בסקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2" title="مدال برنز – פרסית" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدال برنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="פרסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronssimitali" title="Pronssimitali – פינית" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronssimitali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="פינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_de_bronze" title="Médaille de bronze – צרפתית" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médaille de bronze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="צרפתית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBnzen_medalje" title="Brûnzen medalje – פריזית מערבית" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brûnzen medalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="פריזית מערבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_de_bronce" title="Medalla de bronce – גליסית" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medalla de bronce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="גליסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="कांस्य पदक – הינדי" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांस्य पदक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="הינדי" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A5_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Բրոնզե մեդալ – ארמנית" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնզե մեդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ארמנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medali_perunggu" title="Medali perunggu – אינדונזית" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medali perunggu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="אינדונזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaglia_di_bronzo" title="Medaglia di bronzo – איטלקית" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medaglia di bronzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="איטלקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E3%83%A1%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB" title="銅メダル – יפנית" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅メダル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="יפנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95" title="ಕಂಚಿನ ಪದಕ – קנאדה" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂಚಿನ ಪದಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="קנאדה" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="동메달 – קוריאנית" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동메달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="קוריאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzas_meda%C4%BCa" title="Bronzas medaļa – לטבית" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bronzas medaļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="לטבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хүрэл медаль – מונגולית" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүрэл медаль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="מונגולית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="कांस्यपदक – מראטהית" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कांस्यपदक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="מראטהית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalha_de_bronze" title="Medalha de bronze – פורטוגזית" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medalha de bronze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="פורטוגזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бронзовая медаль – רוסית" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронзовая медаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="רוסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronasta_medalja" title="Bronasta medalja – סלובנית" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bronasta medalja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="סלובנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsmedalj" title="Bronsmedalj – שוודית" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bronsmedalj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="שוודית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz_madalya" title="Bronz madalya – טורקית" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronz madalya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="טורקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бронзова медаль – אוקראינית" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронзова медаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="אוקראינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronza_medal" title="Bronza medal – אוזבקית" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bronza medal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="אוזבקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%89%8C" title="铜牌 – סינית וו" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铜牌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="סינית וו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%89%8C" title="铜牌 – סינית" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铜牌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="סינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2ng-p%C3%A2i" title="Tâng-pâi – מין נאנית" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâng-pâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="מין נאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E7%89%8C" title="銅牌 – קנטונזית" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銅牌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="קנטונזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="עריכת קישורים בין־לשוניים" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bronze_medals" hreflang="en"><span>ויקישיתוף</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873364" title="קישור לפריט המשויך במאגר הנתונים [g]" accesskey="g"><span>פריט ויקינתונים</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="כלי דף"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="מראה"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">מראה</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">העברה לסרגל הצד</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">הסתרה</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="he" dir="rtl"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG/220px-1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG/330px-1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG/440px-1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>מדליית ארד מ<a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94_(1980)" title="אולימפיאדת מוסקבה (1980)">אולימפיאדת הקיץ 1980</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>מדליית ארד</b> ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ספורט">ספורט</a> ותחומים דומים אחרים הכוללים תחרות היא <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="מדליות ועיטורים">מדליה</a> העשויה <a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ארד">ארד</a>, המוענקת למקום השלישי בתחרויות או תחרויות כגון <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המשחקים האולימפיים">המשחקים האולימפיים</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="משחקי חבר העמים הבריטי">משחקי חבר העמים</a> וכו'. הזוכה המוחלט מקבל <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91" title="מדליית זהב">מדליית זהב</a> והמקום השני <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A3" title="מדליית כסף">מדליית כסף</a>. </p><p>באופן כללי יותר, ארד היא באופן מסורתי הסגסוגת הנפוצה ביותר המשמשת לכל סוגי המדליות האיכותיות, כולל אמנותיות. הנוהג של הענקת מדליות <a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ארד">ארד</a> למקום השלישי החל ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_(1904)" title="אולימפיאדת סנט לואיס (1904)">אולימפיאדת סנט לואיס (1904)</a>. לפניה הוענקו רק המקומות הראשונים והשניים. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="מחקר_פסיכולוגי"><span id=".D7.9E.D7.97.D7.A7.D7.A8_.D7.A4.D7.A1.D7.99.D7.9B.D7.95.D7.9C.D7.95.D7.92.D7.99"></span>מחקר פסיכולוגי</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93&action=edit&section=1" title="עריכת קוד המקור של הפרק: מחקר פסיכולוגי"><span>עריכת קוד מקור</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93&veaction=edit&section=1" title="עריכת פסקה: "מחקר פסיכולוגי"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>עריכה</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>בשנת 1995 בוצע מחקר על ידי <a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פסיכולוגיה חברתית">הפסיכולוגים החברתיים</a> ויקטוריה מדווק, סקוט מיידי ותומאס גילוביץ' על השפעות החשיבה הנגדית <small class="noprint" dir="rtl">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking" class="extiw" title="en:Counterfactual thinking">אנ'</a>)</small> על האולימפיאדה. </p><p>המחקר הראה כי ספורטאים שזכו במדליית הארד היו שמחים יותר משמעותית עם זכייתם מאותם ספורטאים שזכו במדליית הכסף. זוכי מדליות הכסף היו מתוסכלים יותר מכיוון שהחמיצו את מדליית הזהב, ואילו זוכי מדליות הארד פשוט שמחו שקיבלו בכלל הצטיינות במקום לא לקבל מדליה עבור המקום הרביעי.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>הדבר בולט יותר ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="שיטת גביע">שיטת גביע</a>, שם מדליות הארד מושגות על ידי זכייה בפלייאוף, ואילו מדליות כסף מוענקות לאחר הפסד בגמר. </p><p>התופעה הפסיכולוגית הזו זכתה לפרודיה בספיישל של <a href="/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'רי סיינפלד">ג'רי סיינפלד</a> I'm Telling You for the Last Time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="קישורים_חיצוניים"><span id=".D7.A7.D7.99.D7.A9.D7.95.D7.A8.D7.99.D7.9D_.D7.97.D7.99.D7.A6.D7.95.D7.A0.D7.99.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>קישורים חיצוניים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93&action=edit&section=2" title="עריכת קוד המקור של הפרק: קישורים חיצוניים"><span>עריכת קוד מקור</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93&veaction=edit&section=2" title="עריכת פסקה: "קישורים חיצוניים"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>עריכה</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterwikilinkT"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="ויקישיתוף"><img alt="ויקישיתוף" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> מדיה וקבצים בנושא <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bronze_medals" class="extiw" 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