CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Józef Piłsudski - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"81e5f098-32b0-4086-a64b-dd4e44c90954","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Józef_Piłsudski","wgTitle":"Józef Piłsudski","wgCurRevisionId":1258005932,"wgRevisionId":1258005932,"wgArticleId":66951,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2023","Articles with hAudio microformats", "Pages with Polish IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024","CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","Commons link is on Wikidata","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","Featured articles","Józef Piłsudski","1867 births","1935 deaths","Burials at Wawel Cathedral","Candidates for President of Poland","Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members","Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism","Deaths from liver cancer in Poland","Government ministers of Poland","Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun","Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour","Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta","Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari","Heads of state of Poland","Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus","Leaders who took power by coup","Marshals of Poland", "Members of the Provisional Council of State","People from Švenčionys District Municipality","People from Sventsyansky Uyezd","People of the Polish May Coup (pro-Piłsudski side)","Polish anti-communists","Polish exiles in the Russian Empire","Polish generals","Polish independence activists","Polish legionnaires (World War I)","Polish Military Organisation members","Polish nationalists","19th-century Polish nobility","Polish people of World War I","Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War","Polish Roman Catholics","Polish Socialist Party politicians","Prime ministers of Poland","Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords","Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)","Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)","Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I","Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 1st class","Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","Sanacja politicians", "20th-century Polish nobility"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Józef_Piłsudski","wgRelevantArticleId":66951,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q885","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1649"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/800px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1099"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/640px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="879"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Józef Piłsudski - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Józef_Piłsudski rootpage-Józef_Piłsudski skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siberian_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberian_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Siberian exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberian_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_Socialist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_Socialist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Polish Socialist Party </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polish_Socialist_Party-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polish Socialist Party subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polish_Socialist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armed_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Armed resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Revolution_of_1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Revolution_of_1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Russian Revolution of 1905 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Revolution_of_1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Prelude to World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuilding_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Rebuilding Poland </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rebuilding_Poland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rebuilding Poland subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Head of state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Soviet_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Polish–Soviet War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polish–Soviet_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polish–Soviet War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Miracle_at_the_Vistula"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Miracle_at_the_Vistula""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 "Miracle at the Vistula" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Miracle_at_the_Vistula"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Retirement and coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Internal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Józef Piłsudski</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="يوزف بيوسودسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوزف بيوسودسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozef_Pilsudski" title="Yozef Pilsudski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yozef Pilsudski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Пилсудский Юзеф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пилсудский Юзеф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Юзаф Пілсудскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юзаф Пілсудскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Юзэф Пілсудзкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юзэф Пілсудзкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Йозеф Пилсудски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йозеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Γιούζεφ Πιουσούτσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούζεφ Πιουσούτσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="یوزف پیلسودسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوزف پیلسودسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%ED%94%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%88%98%ED%8A%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="유제프 피우수트스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유제프 피우수트스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Յուզեֆ Պիլսուդսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուզեֆ Պիլսուդսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="יוזף פילסודסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוזף פילסודסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Iosephus Piłsudski – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzefs_Pilsudskis" title="Juzefs Pilsudskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juzefs Pilsudskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzefas_Pilsudskis" title="Juzefas Pilsudskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juzefas Pilsudskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="योझेफ पियुसुद्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योझेफ पियुसुद्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუზეფ პილსუდსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="يوزف بيوسودسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوزف بيوسودسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Юзеф Пилсудски – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जोसेफ् पिल्सुड्स्की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोसेफ् पिल्सुड्स्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD" title="ユゼフ・ピウスツキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユゼフ・ピウスツキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Пилсудский, Юзеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пилсудский, Юзеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудскай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудскай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јозеф Пилсудски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јозеф Пилсудски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пилсудский – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юзеф Пилсудский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ยูแซฟ ปิวซุตสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแซฟ ปิวซุตสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юзеф Пілсудський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юзеф Пілсудський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف پیلسوڈسکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزف پیلسوڈسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Klemens_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Klemens Piłsudski – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Józef Klemens Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_J%C3%B3zef" title="Piłsudski Józef – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Piłsudski Józef" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="畢蘇斯基 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="畢蘇斯基" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Józef Piłsudski" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="畢蘇斯基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="畢蘇斯基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·毕苏斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&oldid=1258005932" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&id=1258005932&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ%25C3%25B3zef_Pi%25C5%2582sudski">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ%25C3%25B3zef_Pi%25C5%2582sudski">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q885" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish statesman (1867–1935)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pilsudski" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pilsudski_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pilsudski (disambiguation)">Pilsudski (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal (Poland)">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Józef Piłsudski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Piłsudski <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_State_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of State of Poland">Chief of State of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 November 1918 – 14 December 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Moraczewski" title="Jędrzej Moraczewski">Jędrzej Moraczewski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Skulski" title="Leopold Skulski">Leopold Skulski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Władysław Grabski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Antoni Ponikowski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Śliwiński">Artur Śliwiński</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Nowak" title="Julian Nowak">Julian Nowak</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 October 1926 – 27 June 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Poland">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kazimierz Bartel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Kazimierz Bartel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kazimierz Bartel</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Józef Klemens Piłsudski</div> (1867-12-05)5 December 1867 <a href="/wiki/Zalavas" title="Zalavas">Zułów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna Governorate</a>, Russian Empire (now Lithuania)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1935(1935-05-12) (aged 67) <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> (1893–1918)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_cnone">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Maria Piłsudska">Maria Koplewska</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1899; died 1921)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska">Aleksandra Szczerbińska</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1921)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Wanda Piłsudska">Wanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Jadwiga Piłsudska">Jadwiga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Józef Piłsudski's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/128px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/192px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg/256px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="37" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)">Polish Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1914–1923</li> <li>1926–1935</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Pi%C5%82sudski_-_%C5%BBywio%C5%82_pracy.ogg" title="File:J. Piłsudski - Żywioł pracy.ogg">Józef Piłsudski's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="200" data-mwtitle="J._Piłsudski_-_Żywioł_pracy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/J._Pi%C5%82sudski_-_%C5%BBywio%C5%82_pracy.ogg/J._Pi%C5%82sudski_-_%C5%BBywio%C5%82_pracy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/J._Pi%C5%82sudski_-_%C5%BBywio%C5%82_pracy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJ._Pi%C5%82sudski_-_%C5%BBywio%C5%82_pracy.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Recorded on 5 September 1924</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Józef Klemens Piłsudski<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈjuzɛf ˈklɛmɛns piwˈsutskʲi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg\/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg" title="File:Pl-Józef Piłsudski.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_State_(Poland)" title="Chief of State (Poland)">Chief of State</a> (1918–1922) and first <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> (from 1920). In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, he became an increasingly dominant figure in <a href="/wiki/Polish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish politics">Polish politics</a> and exerted significant influence on shaping the country's foreign policy. Piłsudski is viewed as a father of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which was re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">partition of Poland</a> in 1795, and was considered de facto leader (1926–1935) of the Second Republic as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Military_Affairs_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Military Affairs (Poland)">Minister of Military Affairs</a>. Seeing himself as a descendant of the culture and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, Piłsudski believed in a multi-ethnic Poland—"a home of nations" including indigenous ethnic and religious minorities. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>. Believing Poland's independence would be won militarily, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>. In 1914, he predicted a new major war would defeat the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began in 1914, Piłsudski's Legions fought alongside <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> against Russia. In 1917, with Russia faring poorly in the war, he withdrew his support for the Central Powers, and was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> by the Germans. Piłsudski was Poland's Chief of State from November 1918, when Poland regained its independence, until 1922. From 1919 to 1921 he commanded <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)">Polish forces</a> in six wars that re-defined the country's borders. On the verge of defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> in August 1920, his forces repelled the invading Soviet Russians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a>. In 1923, with a government dominated by his opponents, in particular the <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a>, Piłsudski retired from active politics. Three years later he returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a> and became the strongman of the <a href="/wiki/Sanation" title="Sanation">Sanation</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-BEIPCQ-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMBALNPLPSC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TFARPRP-3">[3]</a> He focused on military and foreign affairs until his death in 1935, developing <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality">a cult of personality</a> that has survived into the 21st century. Although some aspects of Piłsudski's administration, such as imprisoning his political opponents at <a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_Prison" title="Bereza Kartuska Prison">Bereza Kartuska</a>, are controversial, he remains one of the most <a href="#Legacy">influential</a> figures in Polish 20th-century history and is widely regarded as a founder of modern Poland. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piludski_w_szkole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a young boy, looking towards the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Piludski_w_szkole.jpg/170px-Piludski_w_szkole.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Piludski_w_szkole.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski, schoolboy</figcaption></figure> Piłsudski was born 5 December 1867 to the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">noble</a> <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Piłsudski family">Piłsudski family</a> at their manor of Zułów near the village of <a href="/wiki/Zalavas" title="Zalavas">Zułów</a> (now Zalavas in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetherington201292-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> At his birth, the village was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and had been so since 1795. Before that, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> from 1569 to 1795. After World War I, the village was part of the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">Vilnius Region</a> that was contested between Lithuania and Poland throughout the interwar period. From 1922 until 1939, the village was in the Second Polish Republic. During World War II, the village suffered Soviet and German occupations. The estate was part of the dowry brought by his mother, Maria, a member of the wealthy Billewicz family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetherington201295-6">[6]</a> The Piłsudski family, although pauperized,<a href="#cite_note-POleksa04-7">[7]</a> cherished Polish patriotic traditions,<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_13-5-9">[9]</a> and are characterized either as Polish<a href="#cite_note-Lerski96_439-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies05_40-11">[11]</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Polonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonized">Polonized</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-POleksa04-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BidJef98_186-12">[12]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_bnone">[b]</a> Józef was the second son born to the family.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Józef was not an especially diligent student when he attended the Russian <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_in_Vilnius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasium in Vilnius">Gymnasium in Vilnius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshwald200136-14">[14]</a> Along with his brothers <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Bronisław Piłsudski">Bronisław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Adam Piłsudski">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Jan Piłsudski">Jan</a>, Józef was introduced by his mother Maria to Polish history and literature, which were suppressed by the Imperial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_208-15">[15]</a> His father, also named Józef, fought in the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January 1863 Uprising</a> against Russian rule.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> The family resented the government's <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policies. Young Józef profoundly disliked having to attend <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> services <a href="#cite_note-McM03_208-15">[15]</a> and left school with an aversion for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Tsar">Russian Tsar</a>, its empire, and its culture.<a href="#cite_note-POleksa04-7">[7]</a> In 1885 Piłsudski started <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kharkov_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov University">Kharkov University</a> where he became involved with <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a>, part of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a> revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> In 1886, he was suspended for participating in student demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> He was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dorpat">University of Dorpat</a>, whose authorities had been informed of his political affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> On 22 March 1887, he was arrested by Tsarist authorities on a charge of plotting with <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> socialists to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>; Piłsudski's main connection to the plot was the involvement of his brother Bronisław.<a href="#cite_note-ICRAP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_50-18">[18]</a> Józef was sentenced to five years' exile in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, first at <a href="/wiki/Kirensk" title="Kirensk">Kirensk</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena River</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Tunka_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunka (village)">Tunka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_50-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberian_exile">Siberian exile</h3></div> While being transported in a prisoners' convoy to Siberia, Piłsudski was held for several weeks at a prison in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LandauDunlop30_30-19">[19]</a> During his stay, another inmate insulted a guard and refused to apologize; Piłsudski and other political prisoners were beaten by the guards for their defiance and Piłsudski lost two teeth. He took part in a subsequent hunger strike until the authorities reinstated political prisoners' privileges that had been suspended after the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_62-6-20">[20]</a> For his involvement, he was sentenced in 1888 to six months' imprisonment. He had to spend the first night of his incarceration in 40-degree-below-zero Siberian cold; this led to an illness that nearly killed him and health problems that would plague him throughout life.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_68-9-21">[21]</a> During his exile, Piłsudski met many <a href="/wiki/Sybiraks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybiraks">Sybiraks</a>, groups of people who have resettled to Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_74–7-22">[22]</a> He was allowed to work in an occupation of his choosing and tutored local children in mathematics and foreign languages<a href="#cite_note-POleksa04-7">[7]</a> (he knew French, German and Lithuanian in addition to Russian and his native Polish; he would later learn English).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewiczCisek199413-23">[23]</a> Local officials decided that, as a Polish noble, he was not entitled to the 10-<a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a> pension received by others.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_71-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_Socialist_Party">Polish Socialist Party</h2></div> In 1892 Piłsudski returned from exile and settled in Adomavas Manor near <a href="/wiki/Teneniai" title="Teneniai">Teneniai</a>. In 1893, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> (PPS)<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a>, and helped organize their Lithuanian branch.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_88-25">[25]</a> Initially, he sided with the Socialists' more radical wing, but despite the socialist movement's ostensible <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalism</a>, he remained a Polish nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_209-26">[26]</a> In 1894, as its <a href="/wiki/Chief_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief editor">chief editor</a>, he published an <a href="/wiki/Bibu%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibuła">underground</a> socialist newspaper called <a href="/wiki/Robotnik_(1894%E2%80%931939)" title="Robotnik (1894–1939)">Robotnik</a> (The Worker); he would also be one of its chief writers and a <a href="/wiki/Typesetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Typesetter">typesetter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_93-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiłsudski198912-28">[28]</a> In 1895, he became a PPS leader, promoting the position that doctrinal issues were of minor importance and socialist ideology should be merged with nationalist ideology because this combination offered the greatest chance of restoring Polish independence.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a young man, looking towards the left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg/220px-Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg/330px-Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg/440px-Jozef_Pilsudski_in_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski, 1899</figcaption></figure> On 15 July 1899, while an underground organizer, Piłsudski married a fellow socialist organizer, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Maria Piłsudska">Maria Juszkiewiczowa</a>, née Koplewska.<a href="#cite_note-Alabrud99_99-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garlicki195_63-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pobog-Ma90_7-31">[31]</a> According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz">Wacław Jędrzejewicz</a>, the marriage was less romantic than pragmatic. Robotnik's printing press was housed in their apartment first in Vilnius, then in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. A pretext of regular family life made them less suspect. Also, Russian law protected a wife from prosecution for the illegal activities of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz1990pp._27–8_(1982_ed.)-32">[32]</a> The marriage deteriorated when, several years later, Piłsudski began an affair with a younger socialist,<a href="#cite_note-McM03_209-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska">Aleksandra Szczerbińska</a>. Maria died in 1921; in October that year, Piłsudski married Aleksandra. By then, the couple had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Wanda Piłsudska">Wanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Jadwiga Piłsudska">Jadwiga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In February 1900 Piłsudski was imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a> when Russian authorities found Robotnik's underground printing press in Łódź. He feigned mental illness in May 1901 and escaped from a mental hospital at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> with the help of a Polish physician, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Mazurkiewicz_(physician)" title="Władysław Mazurkiewicz (physician)">Władysław Mazurkiewicz</a>, and others. He fled to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and thence to <a href="/wiki/Leytonstone" title="Leytonstone">Leytonstone</a> in London, staying with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wasilewski" title="Leon Wasilewski">Leon Wasilewski</a> and his family.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_resistance">Armed resistance</h3></div> In the early 1900s, almost all parties in Russian Poland and Lithuania took a conciliatory position toward the Russian Empire and aimed at negotiating within it a limited autonomy for Poland. Piłsudski's PPS was the only political force prepared to fight the Empire for Polish independence and to resort to violence to achieve that goal.<a href="#cite_note-POleksa04-7">[7]</a> On the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in the summer of 1904, Piłsudski traveled to Tokyo, Japan, where he tried unsuccessfully to obtain that country's assistance for an uprising in Poland. He offered to supply Japan with <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> to support its war with Russia, and proposed the creation of a Polish Legion from Poles,<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_109–11-34">[34]</a> conscripted into the Russian Army, who had been captured by Japan. He also suggested a <a href="/wiki/Prometheism#Sources_of_Prometheism" title="Prometheism">"Promethean" project</a> directed at breaking up the Russian Empire, a goal that he later continued to pursue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200056-35">[35]</a> Meeting with <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a>, he suggested that starting a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> in Poland would distract Russia and asked for Japan to supply him with weapons. Although the Japanese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Tadasu" title="Hayashi Tadasu">Hayashi Tadasu</a> supported the plan, the Japanese government, including Yamagata, was more skeptical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKowner2006285-36">[36]</a> Piłsudski's arch-rival, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>, travelled to Japan and argued against Piłsudski's plan, discouraging the Japanese government from supporting a Polish revolution because he thought it was doomed to fail.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_109–11-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> The Japanese offered Piłsudski much less than he hoped; he received Japan's help in purchasing weapons and ammunition for the PPS and their combat organisation, and the Japanese declined the Legion proposal.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_109–11-34">[34]</a> In the fall of 1904, Piłsudski formed a paramilitary unit (the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_the_Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party">Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party</a>, or bojówki) aiming to create an armed <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> against the Russian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> The PPS organized demonstrations, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. On 28 October 1904, Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> attacked a demonstration, and in reprisal, during a demonstration on 13 November, Piłsudski's paramilitary opened fire on Russian police and military.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_113–6-38">[38]</a> Initially concentrating their attention on spies and informers, in March 1905, the paramilitary began using bombs to assassinate selected Russian police officers.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_117–8-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Revolution_of_1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, Piłsudski played a leading role in events in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>. In early 1905 he ordered the PPS to launch a general strike there; it involved some 400,000 workers and lasted two months until it was broken by the Russian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> In June 1905, Piłsudski sent paramilitary aid to an uprising in Łódź, later called <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection_(1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź insurrection (1905)">June Days</a>. In Łódź, armed clashes broke out between Piłsudski's paramilitaries and gunmen loyal to Dmowski and his <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> On 22 December 1905, Piłsudski called for all Polish workers to rise up; the call went largely unheeded.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> Piłsudski instructed the PPS to boycott the elections to the <a href="/wiki/First_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="First Duma">First Duma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">[37]</a> The decision, and his resolve to try to win Polish independence through revolution, caused tensions within the PPS, and in November 1906, the party fractured over Piłsudski's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a> His faction came to be called the "Old Faction" or "<a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Revolutionary_Faction" title="Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a>" ("Starzy" or "Frakcja Rewolucyjna"), while their opponents were known as the "Young Faction", "Moderate Faction" or "<a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Left" title="Polish Socialist Party – Left">Left</a>" ("Młodzi", "Frakcja Umiarkowana", "Lewica"). The "Young" sympathized with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democrats of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a>, and believed priority should be given to co-operation with Russian revolutionaries in toppling the Russian Empire and creating a socialist <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> to facilitate negotiations for independence.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> Piłsudski and his supporters in the Revolutionary Faction continued to plot a revolution against Tsarist Russia to secure Polish independence.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> By 1909, his faction was the majority in the PPS, and Piłsudski remained an important PPS leader until the outbreak of the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_131-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_World_War_I">Prelude to World War I</h3></div> Piłsudski anticipated a coming European war<a href="#cite_note-Roos+Rothschild-42">[42]</a> and the need to organize the leadership of a future Polish army. He wanted to secure Poland's independence from the three empires that partitioned Poland out of political existence in the late 18th century. In 1906 Piłsudski, with the connivance of the Austrian authorities, founded a military school in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> for the training of paramilitary units.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a> In 1906 alone, the 800-strong paramilitaries, operating in five-man teams in Congress Poland, killed 336 Russian officials; in subsequent years, the number of their casualties declined, and the paramilitaries' numbers increased to some 2,000 in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_121–2-43">[43]</a> The paramilitaries also held up Russian currency transports that were leaving Polish territories. On the night of 26/27 September 1908, they robbed a Russian mail train that was carrying tax revenues from Warsaw to Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a> Piłsudski, who took part in this <a href="/wiki/Bezdany_raid" title="Bezdany raid">Bezdany raid</a> near Vilnius, used the funds so obtained to finance his secret military organization.<a href="#cite_note-EBritannica_JP-44">[44]</a> The funds totaled 200,812 rubles which was a fortune for the time and equaled the paramilitaries' entire income for the two preceding years.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_121–2-43">[43]</a> In 1908, Piłsudski transformed his paramilitary units into a "<a href="/wiki/Union_of_Active_Struggle" title="Union of Active Struggle">Union of Active Struggle</a>" (Związek Walki Czynnej, or ZWC), headed by three of his associates, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marian_Kukiel" title="Marian Kukiel">Marian Kukiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a> The ZWC's main purpose was to train officers and <a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncommissioned officer">noncommissioned officers</a> for a future Polish Army.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> In 1910, two legal paramilitary organizations were created in the Austrian zone of Poland, one in Lwów (now <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine), and one in Kraków, to conduct training in <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>. With the permission of the Austrian officials, Piłsudski founded a series of "sporting clubs", then the <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Strzelecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Strzelecki">Riflemen's Association</a>, as cover for the training of a Polish military force. In 1912, Piłsudski (using the pseudonym "Mieczysław") became commander-in-chief of a Riflemen's Association (Związek Strzelecki). By 1914, they had increased to 12,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a> In 1914, while giving a lecture in Paris, Piłsudski declared, "Only the sword now carries any weight in the balance for the destiny of a nation", arguing that Polish independence can only be achieved through military struggle against the partitioning powers.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">History of Poland during World War I</a></div> At a meeting in Paris in 1914, Piłsudski presciently declared that for Poland to regain independence in the impending war, Russia must be beaten by the Central Powers (the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires) and the latter powers must in turn be beaten by <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Roos+Rothschild-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> At the outbreak of war, on 3 August in Kraków Piłsudski formed a small <a href="/wiki/En_cadre" class="mw-redirect" title="En cadre">cadre</a> military unit called the <a href="/wiki/First_Cadre_Company" title="First Cadre Company">First Cadre Company</a> from members of the <a href="/wiki/Riflemen%27s_Association" title="Riflemen's Association">Riflemen's Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Rifle_Squads" title="Polish Rifle Squads">Polish Rifle Squads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_171–2-47">[47]</a> That same day, <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lancers_of_Belina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Lancers of Belina">a cavalry unit</a> under <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Belina-Pra%C5%BCmowski" title="Władysław Belina-Prażmowski">Władysław Belina-Prażmowski</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Reconnoitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnoitre">reconnoitre</a> across the Russian border before the official <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> between Austria-Hungary and Russia on 6 August 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_168-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kielce_pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men standing in front of a building. They are dressed in military uniforms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kielce_pilsudski.jpg/220px-Kielce_pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kielce_pilsudski.jpg/330px-Kielce_pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kielce_pilsudski.jpg/440px-Kielce_pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski and his staff in Kielce, 12 August 1914</figcaption></figure> Piłsudski's strategy was to send his forces north across the border into <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian Poland</a> into an area the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Imperial Russia">Russian Army</a> had evacuated in the hope of breaking through to Warsaw and sparking a nationwide revolution.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> Using his limited forces in those early days, he backed his orders with the sanction of a fictitious "National Government in Warsaw",<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_174–5-50">[50]</a> and he bent and stretched Austrian orders to the utmost, taking initiatives, moving forward, and establishing Polish institutions in liberated towns, whereas the Austrians saw his forces as good only for scouting or for supporting main Austrian formations.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_178–9-51">[51]</a> On 12 August 1914 Piłsudski's forces took the town of <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kielce_Governorate" title="Kielce Governorate">Kielce Governorate</a>, but Piłsudski found the residents less supportive than he had expected.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_170–1_180–2-52">[52]</a> On 27 August 1914 Piłsudski established the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>, formed within the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and took personal command of their <a href="/wiki/I_Brigade_of_the_Polish_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="I Brigade of the Polish Legions">First Brigade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> which he would lead into several victorious battles.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> He also secretly informed the British government in the fall of 1914 that his Legions would never fight against France or Britain, only Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> Piłsudski decreed that Legions' personnel were to be addressed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>-inspired "Citizen" (Obywatel), and he was referred to as "the Commandant" ("Komendant").<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_333-54">[54]</a> Piłsudski enjoyed extreme respect and loyalty from his men, which would remain for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_333-54">[54]</a> The Polish Legions fought against Russia, at the side of the Central Powers, until 1917.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In August 1914 Piłsudski had set up the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Military_Organisation" title="Polish Military Organisation">Polish Military Organisation</a> (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa), which served as a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish intelligence">Polish intelligence</a> agency and was designed to perform espionage and sabotage missions.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacek_Malczewski,_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a man looking to the left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg/220px-Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg/330px-Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg/440px-Jacek_Malczewski%2C_Portret_brygadiera_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Brigadier General Józef Piłsudski, by <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> In mid-1916, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kostiuchn%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kostiuchnówka">Battle of Kostiuchnówka</a>, in which the Polish Legions delayed a Russian offensive at a cost of over 2,000 casualties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERąkowski2005109–11-57">[57]</a> Piłsudski demanded that the Central Powers issue a guarantee of independence for Poland. He supported that demand with his own proffered resignation and that of many of the Legions' officers.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_251–2-58">[58]</a> On 5 November 1916 the Central Powers proclaimed the independence of Poland, hoping to increase the number of Polish troops that could be sent to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> against Russia, thereby relieving German forces to bolster the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBritannica_JP-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biskupski2000-59">[59]</a> Piłsudski agreed to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1916%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)">Regency Kingdom of Poland</a>, created by the Central Powers, and acted as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of war">minister of war</a> in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Polish_Regency_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Regency government">Polish Regency government</a>; as such, he was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Polnische_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Polnische Wehrmacht">Polnische Wehrmacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zamo87_333-54">[54]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">Russian Revolution in early 1917</a>, and in view of the worsening situation of the Central Powers, Piłsudski took an increasingly uncompromising stance by insisting that his men no longer be treated as "German <a href="/wiki/Colonial_troops" title="Colonial troops">colonial troops</a>" and be only used to fight Russia. Anticipating the Central Powers' defeat in the war, he did not wish to be allied with the losing side.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild90_45-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_253-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of several men grouped together and looking forward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_with_Supreme_Command_of_Polish_Military_Organisation_in_1917.PNG 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski with leadership of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Military_Organisation" title="Polish Military Organisation">Polish Military Organisation</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the July 1917 "<a href="/wiki/Oath_crisis" title="Oath crisis">oath crisis</a>", when Piłsudski forbade Polish soldiers to swear <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">loyalty</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> of Germany, he was arrested and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Polish units were disbanded and the men were incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Army,<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Military Organization">Polish Military Organization</a> began attacking German targets.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> Piłsudski's arrest greatly enhanced his reputation among Poles, many of whom began to see him as a leader willing to take on all the partitioning powers.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> On 8 November 1918, three days before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a>, Piłsudski and his colleague, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a>, were released by the Germans from Magdeburg and soon placed on a train bound for the Polish capital, Warsaw – the collapsing Germans hoping that Piłsudski would create a force friendly to them.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebuilding_Poland">Rebuilding Poland</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_state">Head of state</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Mokotowska_50,_Warsaw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/220px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/330px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG/440px-Ulica_Mokotowska_50%2C_Warsaw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mokotowska_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokotowska Street">Ulica Mokotowska</a> 50, Warsaw, where Piłsudski stayed 13–29 November 1918, after his release from Magdeburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man standing in front of an armored car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/220px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/330px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/440px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski improvised armored car, 1919, named after Piłsudski</figcaption></figure> On 11 November 1918, Piłsudski was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of Polish forces by the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a> and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. Later that day, which would become <a href="/wiki/Poland%27s_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland's Independence Day">Poland's Independence Day</a>, he proclaimed an independent Polish state.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> That week, Piłsudski negotiated the evacuation of the German garrison from Warsaw and of other German troops from <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a>. Over 55,000 Germans peacefully departed Poland, leaving their weapons to the Poles. In the coming months, over 400,000 in total departed over Polish territories.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_256_277–8-63">[63]</a> On 14 November 1918, Piłsudski was asked to supervise provisionally the running of the country. On 22 November he officially received, from the new government of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Moraczewski" title="Jędrzej Moraczewski">Jędrzej Moraczewski</a>, the title of Provisional Chief of State (Tymczasowy Naczelnik Państwa) of renascent Poland.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> Various Polish military organizations and provisional governments (the Regency Council in Warsaw; <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Ignacy Daszyński</a>'s government in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee" title="Polish Liquidation Committee">Polish Liquidation Committee</a> in Kraków) supported Piłsudski. He established a coalition government that was predominantly socialist and introduced many reforms long proclaimed as necessary by the Polish Socialist Party, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>, free school education and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, to avoid major unrest. As head of state, Piłsudski believed he must remain separated from partisan politics.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> The day after his arrival in Warsaw, he met with old colleagues from his time working with the underground resistance, who addressed him socialist-style as "<a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">Comrade</a>" (Towarzysz) and asked for his support for their revolutionary policies. He refused it and supposedly answered: <blockquote>"Comrades, I took the red tram of socialism to the stop called Independence, and that's where I got off. You may keep on to the final stop if you wish, but from now on let's address each other as '<a href="/wiki/Slavic_honorifics" title="Slavic honorifics">Mister'</a> [rather than continue using the socialist term of address, 'Comrade']!"<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a></blockquote>However, the authenticity of this quote is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Piłsudski declined to support any party and did not form any political organization of his own; instead, he advocated creating a coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suleja04_202-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_policies">First policies</h3></div> Piłsudski set about organizing a Polish army out of Polish veterans of the German, Russian, and Austrian armies. Much of former Russian Poland had been destroyed in the war, and systematic looting by the Germans had reduced the region's wealth by at least 10%.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_210-67">[67]</a> A British diplomat who visited Warsaw in January 1919 reported: "I have nowhere seen anything like the evidence of extreme poverty and wretchedness that meet one's eye at almost every turn."<a href="#cite_note-McM03_210-67">[67]</a> In addition, the country had to unify the disparate systems of law, economics, and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a> in the former German, Austrian, and Russian sectors of Poland. There were nine legal systems, five currencies, and 66 types of rail systems (with 165 models of locomotives), each needing to be consolidated.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_210-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawaid4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/220px-Warszawaid4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/330px-Warszawaid4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Warszawaid4.jpg/440px-Warszawaid4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Piłsudski in front of Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a> Palace, Piłsudski's official residence during his years in power</figcaption></figure> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz">Wacław Jędrzejewicz</a> described Piłsudski as very deliberate in his decision-making: Piłsudski collected all available pertinent information, then took his time weighing it before arriving at a final decision. He held long working hours, and maintained a simple lifestyle, eating plain meals alone at an inexpensive restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_210-67">[67]</a> Though he was popular with much of the Polish public, his reputation as a loner (the result of many years' underground work) and as a man who distrusted almost everyone led to strained relations with other Polish politicians.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_209-26">[26]</a> Piłsudski and the first Polish government were distrusted in the West because he had co-operated with the Central Powers from 1914 to 1917 and because the governments of Daszyński and Moraczewski were primarily socialist.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> It was not until January 1919, when pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a> and foreign minister of a new government, that Poland was recognized in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> Two separate governments were claiming to be Poland's legitimate government: Piłsudski's in Warsaw and Dmowski's in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_210-67">[67]</a> To ensure that Poland had a single government and to avert civil war, Paderewski met with Dmowski and Piłsudski and persuaded them to join forces, with Piłsudski acting as Provisional Chief of State and Commander-in-Chief, while Dmowski and Paderewski represented Poland at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference of 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McM03_213-4-68">[68]</a> Articles 87–93 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a><a href="#cite_note-VersaillesTreaty1919_87-93-69">[69]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a>, signed on 28 June 1919, formally established Poland as an independent and sovereign state in the international arena.<a href="#cite_note-Grant99_114-70">[70]</a> Piłsudski often clashed with Dmowski for viewing the Poles as the dominant nationality in renascent Poland, and attempting to send the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_(Poland)" title="Blue Army (Poland)">Blue Army</a> to Poland through Danzig, Germany (now <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland).<a href="#cite_note-McM03_211-214-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke98_314-72">[72]</a> On 5 January 1919, some of Dmowski's supporters (<a href="/wiki/Marian_Januszajtis-%C5%BBegota" title="Marian Januszajtis-Żegota">Marian Januszajtis-Żegota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eustachy_Sapieha" title="Eustachy Sapieha">Eustachy Sapieha</a>) attempted <a href="/wiki/Polish_Coup_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Coup (1919)">a coup</a> against Piłsudski but failed.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_499–501-73">[73]</a> On 20 February 1919, Polish parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) confirmed his office when it passed the <a href="/wiki/Little_Constitution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Constitution of 1919">Little Constitution of 1919</a>, although Piłsudski proclaimed his intention to eventually relinquish his powers to the parliament. "Provisional" was struck from his title, and Piłsudski held the office of the Chief of State until 9 December 1922, after <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a> was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> Piłsudski's major foreign policy initiative was a proposed federation (to be called "Międzymorze" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> for "Between-Seas"), and known from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a>, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. In addition to Poland and Lithuania, it was to consist of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> somewhat in emulation of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">pre-partition</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz199093-74">[74]</a> Piłsudski's plan met with opposition from most of the prospective member states, which refused to relinquish their independence, as well as the Allied powers, who thought it to be too bold a change to the existing <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance-of-power</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-HistNet_01-75">[75]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(political_scientist)" title="George Sanford (political scientist)">George Sanford</a>, it was around 1920 that Piłsudski came to realize the infeasibility of that version of his Intermarium project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford20025–6-76">[76]</a> Instead of a Central and Eastern European alliance, there soon appeared a series of border conflicts, including the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19), the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920, culminating in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBeligowski%27s_Mutiny" title="Żeligowski's Mutiny">Żeligowski's Mutiny</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts</a> (beginning in 1918), and most notably the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21).<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> commented, "The war of giants has ended; the wars of the pygmies have begun."<a href="#cite_note-HydeP01_75-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish–Soviet_War">Polish–Soviet War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd of men wearing military uniforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/220px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/330px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg/440px-Jozef_Pilsudski_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, there was unrest on all Polish borders. Regarding Poland's future frontiers, Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the Entente—on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany." The situation was different in the east, of which Piłsudski said that "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far."<a href="#cite_note-McM03_211-78">[78]</a> In the east, Polish forces clashed with Ukrainian forces in the Polish–Ukrainian War, and Piłsudski's first orders as Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, on 12 November 1918, were to provide support for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Polish struggle in Lviv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_281-79">[79]</a> Piłsudski was aware that the Bolsheviks would not ally with an independent Poland and predicted that war with them was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_90-80">[80]</a> He viewed their advance west as a major problem, but he also considered the Bolsheviks less dangerous for Poland than their <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White opponents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kenez99_37-81">[81]</a> The "White Russians", representatives of the old Russian Empire, were willing to accept limited independence for Poland, probably within borders similar to those of the former <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>. They objected to Polish control of Ukraine, which was crucial for Piłsudski's Intermarium project.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_83-82">[82]</a> This contrasted with the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed the partitions of Poland null and void.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_291-83">[83]</a> Piłsudski speculated that Poland would be better off with the Bolsheviks, alienated from the Western powers, than with a restored Russian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Kenez99_37-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_45-84">[84]</a> By ignoring the strong pressures from the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> to join the attack on Lenin's struggling Bolshevik government, Piłsudski probably saved it in the summer and the fall of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_92-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The profile of a man in a military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/170px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/255px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/340px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>In March 1920, Piłsudski was made "First <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a>".</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a>, and a series of escalating battles that resulted in the Poles advancing eastward, on 21 April 1920, <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> Piłsudski (as his rank had been since March 1920) signed a military alliance called the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> with Ukrainian leader <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>. The treaty allowed both countries to conduct joint operations against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>. The goal of the Polish-Ukrainian Treaty was to establish an independent Ukraine and independent Poland in alliance, resembling that once existing within <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies03_95ff-86">[86]</a> The Polish and Ukrainian Armies under Piłsudski's command launched <a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">a successful offensive</a> against the Russian forces in Ukraine and on 7 May 1920, with remarkably little fighting, they captured <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies03_00-87">[87]</a> The Bolshevik leadership framed the Polish actions as an invasion, successfully generating popular support for their cause at home.<a href="#cite_note-Figes96_699-88">[88]</a> The Soviets then launched a counter-offensive from <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and counterattacked in Ukraine, advancing into Poland<a href="#cite_note-Davies03_00-87">[87]</a> in a drive toward Germany to encourage the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> in their struggles for power.<a href="#cite_note-Lenin1920-89">[89]</a> The Soviets announced their plans to invade Western Europe; Soviet Communist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, hoped for the resources to carry the campaign beyond Warsaw "straight to London and Paris".<a href="#cite_note-CohenS80_101-90">[90]</a> Soviet commander <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>'s order of the day for 2 July 1920 read: "To the West! Over the corpse of White Poland lies the road to worldwide conflagration. March upon Vilnius, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Warsaw!"<a href="#cite_note-Lawrynowicz-91">[91]</a> and "onward to Berlin over the corpse of Poland!"<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_and_Rydz-Smigly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski (left) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a>, 1920, during <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a></figcaption></figure> On 1 July 1920, in view of the rapidly advancing Soviet offensive, Poland's parliament, the Sejm, formed a <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Defense_of_the_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Defense of the Nation">Council for Defense of the Nation</a>, chaired by Piłsudski, to provide expeditious decision-making as a temporary supplanting of the fractious Sejm.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_341–6_357–8-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a> contended that the string of Bolshevik victories had been Piłsudski's fault<a href="#cite_note-Suleja04_265-93">[93]</a> and demanded that he resign; some even accused him of treason.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_341–6-94">[94]</a> On 19 July they failed to carry a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no-confidence">vote of no-confidence</a> in the council and this led to Dmowski's withdrawal from the council.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_341–6-94">[94]</a> On 12 August, Piłsudski tendered his resignation to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a>, offering to be the scapegoat if the military solution failed, but Witos refused to accept his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_341–6-94">[94]</a> The Entente pressured Poland to surrender and enter into negotiations with the Bolsheviks. Piłsudski, however, was a staunch advocate of continuing the fight.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_341–6-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Miracle_at_the_Vistula"">"Miracle at the Vistula"</h3></div> Piłsudski's plan called for Polish forces to withdraw across the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River and to defend the bridgeheads at Warsaw and on the <a href="/wiki/Wieprz" title="Wieprz">Wieprz</a> River while some 25% of the available <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> concentrated to the south for a counteroffensive. Afterwards, two armies under General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller" title="Józef Haller">Józef Haller</a>, facing Soviet frontal attack on Warsaw from the east, were to hold their <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">entrenched</a> positions while an army under General <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a> was to strike north from outside Warsaw, cutting off Soviet forces that sought to envelop the Polish capital from that direction. The most important role of the plan was assigned to a relatively small, approximately 20,000-man, newly assembled "Reserve Army" (also known as the "Strike Group", "Grupa Uderzeniowa"), comprising the most determined, battle-hardened Polish units that were commanded by Piłsudski. Their task was to spearhead a lightning northward offensive, from the Vistula-Wieprz triangle south of Warsaw, through a weak spot that had been identified by Polish intelligence between the Soviet Western and Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">Fronts</a>. That offensive would separate the Soviet Western Front from its reserves and disorganize its movements. Eventually, the gap between Sikorski's army and the "Strike Group" would close near the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussian</a> border, bringing about the destruction of the encircled Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-Cisek02_1401-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_346-441_357-8-96">[96]</a> Piłsudski's plan was criticized as "amateurish" by high-ranking army officers and military experts, quick to point out Piłsudski's lack of formal military education. However, the desperate situation of the Polish forces persuaded other commanders to support it. When a copy of the plan was acquired by the Soviets, Western Front commander <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a> thought it was a ruse and disregarded it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003197-97">[97]</a> Days later, the Soviets were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a>, halting the Soviet advance in one of the worst defeats for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies03_00-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_346-441_357-8-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stro%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Stroński">Stanisław Stroński</a>, a National Democrat Sejm deputy, coined the phrase "Miracle at the Vistula" (Cud nad Wisłą)<a href="#cite_note-Głos05-98">[98]</a> to express his disapproval of Piłsudski's "Ukrainian adventure". Stroński's phrase was adopted as praise for Piłsudski by some patriotically- or piously minded Poles, who were unaware of Stroński's ironic intent.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_346-441_357-8-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1998935-99">[99]</a> While Piłsudski had a major role in crafting the war strategy, he was aided by others, notably <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rozwadowski" title="Tadeusz Rozwadowski">Tadeusz Rozwadowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson01_95-100">[100]</a> Later, some supporters of Piłsudski would seek to portray him as the sole author of the Polish strategy, while his opponents would try to minimize his role.<a href="#cite_note-LönnrothEt94_230-101">[101]</a> On the other hand, in the West, the role of General <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Poland" title="French Military Mission to Poland">French Military Mission to Poland</a> was, for a time, exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-Cienciala02-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-LönnrothEt94_230-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szczep-102">[102]</a> In February 1921, Piłsudski visited Paris, where, in negotiations with French President <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a>, he laid the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance" title="Franco-Polish alliance">Franco-Polish alliance</a>, which would be signed later that year.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_484-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a>, ending the Polish-Soviet War in March 1921, partitioned <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> between Poland and Russia. Piłsudski called the treaty an "act of cowardice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._399_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)-104">[104]</a> The treaty and his secret approval of General <a href="/wiki/Lucjan_%C5%BBeligowski" title="Lucjan Żeligowski">Lucjan Żeligowski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBeligowski%27s_Mutiny" title="Żeligowski's Mutiny">capture of Vilnius</a> from the Lithuanians marked an end to this incarnation of Piłsudski's federalist <a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a> plan.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> After Vilnius was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Army of Central Lithuania">Central Lithuanian Army</a>, Piłsudski said that he "could not help but regard them [Lithuanians] as brothers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200470-105">[105]</a> In parliament, Piłsudski once said: "I cannot not reach out to Kaunas. .. I cannot disregard those brothers who consider the day of our triumph a day of shock and mourning."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On 25 September 1921, when Piłsudski visited Lwów (now <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>) for the opening of the first <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trade_Fair" title="Eastern Trade Fair">Eastern Trade Fair</a> (Targi Wschodnie), he was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt by <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fedak" title="Stepan Fedak">Stepan Fedak</a>, acting on behalf of Ukrainian-independence organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Military_Organization" title="Ukrainian Military Organization">Ukrainian Military Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_485-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_coup">Retirement and coup</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg/220px-Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg/330px-Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg/440px-Narutowicz_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Belweder_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Belweder Palace">Belweder Palace</a>, Piłsudski (left) transfers his powers to President-elect <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Narutowicz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd of men dressed in tuxedoes and military uniforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/330px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg/440px-Pilsudski_in_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>At Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Bristol,_Warsaw" title="Hotel Bristol, Warsaw">Hotel Bristol</a>, 3 July 1923, Piłsudski announces his retirement from active politics.</figcaption></figure> The Polish <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Poland)" title="March Constitution (Poland)">Constitution of March 1921</a> severely limited the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">presidency</a> intentionally, to prevent Piłsudski from waging war. This caused Piłsudski to decline to run for the office.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> In the run-up to the first presidential election, a <a href="/wiki/1922_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1922 Polish parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a> was held, in which Piłsudski endorsed two lists: the National-State Union, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Unity_in_the_Kresy" class="mw-redirect" title="State Unity in the Kresy">State Unity in the Kresy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> neither of which secured any seats in the Sejm. On 9 December 1922, the Polish <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Poland">National Assembly</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"">Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"</a>; his election, opposed by the right-wing parties, caused public unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_487-8-109">[109]</a> On 14 December at the <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a> Palace, Piłsudski officially transferred his powers as Chief of State to his friend Narutowicz; the Naczelnik was replaced by the President.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_488-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBritannica_JP-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/220px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/330px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg/440px-Pi%C5%82sudski_on_Poniatowski%27s_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski on Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_Bridge" title="Poniatowski Bridge">Poniatowski Bridge</a> during <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May 1926 coup</a>. At right is General <a href="/wiki/Gustaw_Orlicz-Dreszer" title="Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer">Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer</a>.</figcaption></figure> Two days later, on 16 December 1922, Narutowicz was shot dead by a right-wing painter and art critic, <a href="/wiki/Eligiusz_Niewiadomski" title="Eligiusz Niewiadomski">Eligiusz Niewiadomski</a>, who had originally wanted to kill Piłsudski but had changed his target, influenced by National Democrat anti-Narutowicz propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_489-111">[111]</a> For Piłsudski, that was a major shock; he started to doubt that Poland could function as a democracy<a href="#cite_note-Suleja04_300-112">[112]</a> and supported a government led by a strong leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1986140-113">[113]</a> He became <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the General Staff (Poland)">Chief of the General Staff</a> and, together with <a href="/wiki/Polish_Minister_of_Military_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Minister of Military Affairs">Minister of Military Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, quelled the unrest by instituting a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_489–90-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%931931)" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)">Polish People's Party "Piast"</a> (PSL Piast), another of Piłsudski's old colleagues, was elected the new president, and <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a>, also of PSL Piast, became prime minister. The new government, an alliance among the centrist PSL Piast, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Popular_National_Union" title="Popular National Union">Popular National Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polskie_Stronnictwo_Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84skiej_Demokracji" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji">Christian Democrat</a> parties, contained right-wing enemies of Piłsudski. He held them responsible for Narutowicz's death and declared that it was impossible to work with them.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_490–1-115">[115]</a> On 30 May 1923, Piłsudski resigned as Chief of the General Staff.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_490-116">[116]</a> Piłsudski criticized General <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szeptycki" title="Stanisław Szeptycki">Stanisław Szeptycki</a>'s proposal that the military should be supervised by civilians as an attempt to politicize the army, and on 28 June, he resigned his last political appointment. The same day, the Sejm's left-wing deputies voted for a resolution, thanking him for his work.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_490-116">[116]</a> Piłsudski went into retirement in <a href="/wiki/Sulej%C3%B3wek" title="Sulejówek">Sulejówek</a>, outside Warsaw, at his country manor, "Milusin", presented to him by his former soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1979210-117">[117]</a> There, he wrote a series of political and military memoirs, including Rok 1920 (The Year 1920).<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> Meanwhile, Poland's economy was a shambles. <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a> fueled public unrest, and the government was unable to find a quick solution to the mounting unemployment and economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_502-118">[118]</a> Piłsudski's allies and supporters repeatedly asked him to return to politics, and he began to create a new power base, centred on former members of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Military Organization">Polish Military Organization</a> and some left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> parties. In 1925, after several governments had resigned in short order and the political scene was becoming increasingly chaotic, Piłsudski became more and more critical of the government and eventually issued statements demanding the resignation of the Witos cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Chjeno-Piast" title="Chjeno-Piast">Chjeno-Piast</a> coalition, which Piłsudski had strongly criticized, formed a new government,<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> on 12–14 May 1926, Piłsudski returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a>, supported by the Polish Socialist Party, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"">Liberation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stronnictwo_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Stronnictwo Chłopskie">Peasant Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_515-119">[119]</a> Piłsudski had hoped for a bloodless coup but the government had refused to surrender;<a href="#cite_note-Suleja04_343-120">[120]</a> 215 soldiers and 164 civilians had been killed, and over 900 persons had been wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoszkowski1992p._53,_section_5.1-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_government">In government</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Warszawa_083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/220px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/330px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Warszawa_083.jpg/440px-5_Warszawa_083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a> Palace, Warsaw, Piłsudski's official residence during his years in power</figcaption></figure>On 31 May 1926, the Sejm elected Piłsudski president of the Republic, but Piłsudski refused the office due to the presidency's limited powers. Another of his old friends, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a>, was elected in his stead. Mościcki then appointed Piłsudski as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Poland)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Poland)">Minister of Military Affairs</a> (defence minister), a post he held for the rest of his life through eleven successive governments, two of which he headed from 1926 to 1928 and for a brief period in 1930. He also served as <a href="/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="General Inspector of the Armed Forces">General Inspector of the Armed Forces</a> and Chairman of the War Council.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> Piłsudski had no plans for major reforms; he quickly distanced himself from the most radical of his left-wing supporters and declared that his coup was to be a "revolution without revolutionary consequences".<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> His goals were to stabilize the country, reduce the influence of political parties (which he blamed for corruption and inefficiency) and strengthen the army.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_528–9-122">[122]</a> His role in the Polish government over the subsequent years has been called a dictatorship or a "quasi-dictatorship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupski201246-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_politics">Internal politics</h3></div> Piłsudski's coup entailed sweeping limitations on parliamentary government, as his <a href="/wiki/Sanation" title="Sanation">Sanation</a> government (1926–1939), at times employing authoritarian methods, sought to curb perceived corruption and incompetence of the parliament rule, and in Piłsudski's words, restore "moral health" to public life (hence the name of his faction, "Sanation", which could be understood as "moral purification").<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEIPCQ-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMBALNPLPSC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TFARPRP-3">[3]</a> From 1928, the Sanation government was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_Bloc_for_Cooperation_with_the_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government">Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government</a> (BBWR).<a href="#cite_note-BEIPCQ-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMBALNPLPSC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TFARPRP-3">[3]</a> Popular support and an effective propaganda apparatus allowed Piłsudski to maintain his authoritarian powers, which could not be overruled either by the president, who was appointed by Piłsudski, or by the Sejm.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> The powers of the Sejm were curtailed by <a href="/wiki/August_Novelization" title="August Novelization">constitutional amendments</a> that were introduced soon after the coup, on 2 August 1926.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> From 1926 to 1930, Piłsudski relied chiefly on propaganda to weaken the influence of opposition leaders.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> The culmination of his dictatorial and supralegal policies came in the 1930s, with the imprisonment and trial of political opponents (the <a href="/wiki/Brest_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest trial">Brest trials</a>) on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/1930_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Polish legislative election">1930 Polish legislative election</a> and with the 1934 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_Detention_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereza Kartuska Detention Camp">Bereza Kartuska Detention Camp</a> for political prisoners in present-day <a href="/wiki/Biaroza" class="mw-redirect" title="Biaroza">Biaroza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> where some prisoners were brutally mistreated.<a href="#cite_note-Śleszyński03-125">[125]</a> After the BBWR's 1930 victory, Piłsudski allowed most internal matters to be decided by <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_colonels" title="Piłsudski's colonels">his colonels</a> while he concentrated on military and foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> His treatment of political opponents and their 1930 arrest and imprisonment was internationally condemned and the events damaged Poland's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Biskupski2000-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man, a woman, and a child are on the left, posed to face the camera. To the right is a girl, drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG/220px-Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG/330px-Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG/440px-Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski, second wife <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska">Aleksandra</a>, daughters, 1928</figcaption></figure> Piłsudski became increasingly disillusioned with democracy in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-CohenY89_65-126">[126]</a> His intemperate public utterances (he called the Sejm a "prostitute") and his sending of 90 armed officers into the Sejm building in response to an impending <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no-confidence">vote of no-confidence</a> caused concern in contemporary and modern observers who have seen his actions as setting precedents for authoritarian responses to political challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Times7Apr1930-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times11Nov1929-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT12091993_Perlez-129">[129]</a> He sought to transform the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>; however, he opposed the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> The adoption of a new Polish constitution in April 1935 was tailored by Piłsudski's supporters to his specifications, providing for a strong presidency; but the <a href="/wiki/April_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="April Constitution">April Constitution</a> served Poland until World War II, and carried its <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government in Exile">Government in Exile</a> until the end of the war and beyond. Piłsudski's government depended more on his <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> than on <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> None of his followers could claim to be his legitimate heir, and after his death the <a href="/wiki/Sanacja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanacja">Sanation</a> structure would quickly fracture, returning Poland to the pre-Piłsudski era of parliamentary political contention.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb,_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man is standing, facing a staircase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_homaging_at_John_III_Sobieski_tomb%2C_commemorating_250_anniversary_of_battle_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>In 1933 Piłsudski pays homage at tomb of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>, commemorating 250th anniversary of victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>.</figcaption></figure> Piłsudski's government began a period of national stabilization and of improvement in the situation of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, which formed about a third of the Second Republic's population.<a href="#cite_note-Stachura04_79-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColuEncyclPoland-131">[131]</a> Piłsudski replaced the <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">ethnic-assimilation</a>" with a "state-assimilation" policy: citizens were judged not by their ethnicity but by their loyalty to the state.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder04_144-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimm04_166-133">[133]</a> Widely recognized for his opposition to the National Democrats' anti-Semitic policies,<a href="#cite_note-Vital99_788-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne95_141-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lieven94_163-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engelking01_75-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flannery05_200-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimm03_19-139">[139]</a> he extended his policy of "state-assimilation" to <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder04_144-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimm04_166-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prizel98_61-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wein90_292-141">[141]</a> The years 1926 to 1935 and Piłsudski himself were favorably viewed by many Polish Jews whose situation improved especially under Piłsudski-appointed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Kazimierz Bartel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cieplinski02-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paulsson03_37-143">[143]</a> Many Jews saw Piłsudski as their only hope for restraining antisemitic currents in Poland and for maintaining public order; he was seen as a guarantor of stability and a friend of the Jewish people, who voted for him and actively participated in his political bloc.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder07_66-144">[144]</a> Piłsudski's death in 1935 brought a deterioration in the quality of life of Poland's Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Zimm03_19-139">[139]</a> During the 1930s, a combination of developments, from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a><a href="#cite_note-Snyder04_144-132">[132]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vicious_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicious spiral">vicious spiral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">OUN</a> terrorist attacks and government pacifications, caused government relations with the national minorities to deteriorate.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder04_144-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._407_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)-145">[145]</a> Unrest among national minorities was also related to foreign policy. Troubles followed repressions in the largely-Ukrainian eastern Galicia, where nearly 1,800 persons were arrested. Tension also arose between the government and Poland's German minority, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. The government did not yield to calls for antisemitic measures, but the Jews (8.6% of Poland's population) grew discontented for economic reasons that were connected with the Depression. By the end of Piłsudski's life, his government's relations with national minorities were increasingly problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1983182-146">[146]</a> In the military sphere, Piłsudski was praised for his plan at the Battle of Warsaw in 1920, but was criticized for subsequently concentrating on personnel management and neglecting modernization of military strategy and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garlicki195_178-147">[147]</a> According to his detractors, his experiences in World War I and the Polish-Soviet War led him to over-estimate the importance of cavalry, and to neglect the development of armor and air forces.<a href="#cite_note-Garlicki195_178-147">[147]</a> His supporters, on the other hand, contend that, particularly from the late 1920s, he supported the development of these military branches.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_330-7-148">[148]</a> Modern historians concluded that the limitations on Poland's military modernization in this period was less doctrinal than financial.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293,_Warschau,_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men are posed, facing the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-293%2C_Warschau%2C_Empfang_Goebbels_bei_Marschall_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>German ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_von_Moltke" title="Hans-Adolf von Moltke">Hans-Adolf von Moltke</a>, Piłsudski, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a>, Polish Foreign minister, in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on 15 June 1934, five months after the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a></figcaption></figure>Piłsudski sought to maintain his country's independence in the international arena. Assisted by his protégé, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a>, he sought support for Poland in alliances with western powers, such as France and Britain, and with friendly neighbors such as Romania and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_539–40-150">[150]</a> A supporter of the Franco-Polish Military Alliance and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Romanian_alliance" title="Polish–Romanian alliance">Polish–Romanian alliance</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, Piłsudski was disappointed by the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> pursued by the French and British governments, evident in their signing of the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prizel98_71-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs01_30-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan02_23-153">[153]</a> The Locarno treaties were intended by the British government to ensure a peaceful handover of the territories claimed by Germany such as the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland) by improving Franco-German relations to such extent that France would dissolve its alliances in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuker199948-49-154">[154]</a> Piłsudski aimed to maintain good relations with the Soviet Union and Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Prizel98_71-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs01_30-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan02_23-153">[153]</a> and relations with Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during Piłsudski's tenure could, for the most part, be described as neutral.<a href="#cite_note-Prizel98_71-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_538-40-155">[155]</a> Under Piłsudski, Poland maintained good relations with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, but were strained with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and worse with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein200229-156">[156]</a> A recurring fear of Piłsudski was that France would reach an agreement with Germany at the expense of Poland. In 1929, the French agreed to pull out of the Rhineland in 1930, five years earlier than the Treaty of Versailles specified. The same year, the French announced plans for the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> along the border with Germany, and construction of the Maginot line began in 1930. The Maginot line was a tacit French admission that Germany would be rearming beyond the limits set by the Treaty of Versailles in the near-future and that France intended to pursue a defensive strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199619-21-157">[157]</a> At the time Poland signed the alliance with France in 1921, the French were occupying the Rhineland and Polish plans for a possible war with Reich were based on the assumption of a French offensive into the north German plain from their bases in the Rhineland. The French pullout from the Rhineland and a shift to a defensive strategy as epitomized by the Maginot line completely upset the entire basis of Polish foreign and defense policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199621-158">[158]</a> In June 1932, just before the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a> opened, Piłsudski heard reports that the new German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> was about to make an offer for a Franco-German alliance to the French Premier Édouard Herriot which would be at the expense of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237-159">[159]</a> In response, Piłsudski sent the destroyer <a href="/wiki/ORP_Wicher_(1928)" title="ORP Wicher (1928)">ORP Wicher</a> into the harbour of Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237-159">[159]</a> Though the issue was ostensibly about access rights for the Polish Navy in Danzig, the real purpose of sending Wircher was as a way to warn Herriot not to disadvantage Poland in a deal with Papen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237-159">[159]</a> The ensuring <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis_(1932)" title="Danzig crisis (1932)">Danzig crisis</a> sent the desired message to the French and improved the Polish Navy's access rights to Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237-159">[159]</a> Poland signed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact">Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_539–40-150">[150]</a> Critics of the pact state that it allowed Stalin to eliminate his socialist opponents, primarily in Ukraine. The pacts were supported by advocates of Piłsudski's <a href="/wiki/Prometheism" title="Prometheism">Promethean</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200064-160">[160]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">came to power</a> in Germany in January 1933, Piłsudski is rumored to have proposed to France a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a> against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_2_317-26-161">[161]</a> Lack of French enthusiasm may have been a reason for Poland signing the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-EBritannica_JP-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_539–40-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-TT_NGP-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-GQH-163">[163]</a> Little evidence has, however, been found in French or Polish diplomatic archives that such a proposal for preventive war was ever actually advanced.<a href="#cite_note-Bel-164">[164]</a> Critics of Poland's pact with Germany accused Piłsudski of underestimating Hitler's aggressiveness,<a href="#cite_note-Hehn05_76-165">[165]</a> and giving Germany time to re-arm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001237-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidson04_25-167">[167]</a> Hitler repeatedly suggested a German-Polish alliance against the Soviet Union, but Piłsudski declined, instead seeking precious time to prepare for a potential war with either Germany or the Soviet Union. Just before his death, Piłsudski told <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a> that it must be Poland's policy to maintain neutral relations with Germany, keep up the Polish alliance with France and improve relations with the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_539–40-150">[150]</a> The two non-aggression pacts were intended to strengthen Poland's position in the eyes of its allies and neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a> Piłsudski was probably aware of the weakness of the pacts, stating: "Having these pacts, we are straddling two stools. This cannot last long. We have to know from which stool we will tumble first, and when that will be".<a href="#cite_note-Kipp93_95-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> Despite coming from a socialist background and initially implementing socialist reforms, Piłsudski's government followed the conservative free-market economic tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> throughout its existence. Poland had one of the lowest taxation rates in Europe, with 9.3% of taxes as a distribution of national income. Piłsudski's government was also heavily dependent on foreign investments and economies, with 45.4% of Polish equity capital controlled by foreign corporations. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the Polish economy crumbled and failed to recover until <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a>'s government introduced economic reforms with more government interventions with an increase in tax revenues and public spending after Piłsudski's death. These interventionist policies saw Poland's economy recover from the recession until the USSR and the German invasion of Poland in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> Piłsudski's religious views are a matter of debate. He was baptised Roman Catholic on 15 December 1867 in the church of Powiewiórka (then <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dionys" title="Švenčionys">Sventsiany</a> deanery). His godparents were Joseph and Constance Martsinkovsky Ragalskaya.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> On 15 July 1899, at the village of Paproć Duża, near <a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a>, he married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Maria Piłsudska">Maria Juskiewicz</a>, a divorcée. As the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> did not recognise divorces, she and Piłsudski had converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Pilsudski later returned to the Catholic Church to marry <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska">Aleksandra Szczerbińska</a>. Piłsudski and Aleksandra could not get married as Piłsudski's wife Maria refused to divorce him. It was only after Maria's death in 1921 that they were married, on 25 October that year.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_old2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pilsudski_old2.jpg/170px-Pilsudski_old2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pilsudski_old2.jpg/255px-Pilsudski_old2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Pilsudski_old2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Piłsudski, 1935</figcaption></figure> By 1935, unbeknown to the public, Piłsudski had for several years been in declining health. On 12 May 1935, he died of <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">liver cancer</a> at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a> Palace. The celebration of his life began spontaneously within half an hour of the announcement of his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdowskiSzwankowska19955-174">[174]</a> It was led by military personnel – former <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Legionnaires</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Military Organization">Polish Military Organization</a>, veterans of the wars of 1919–21 – and by his political collaborators from his service as Chief of State, and later, Prime Minister and Inspector-General.<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a> immediately smeared Piłsudski as a "<a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)#Eastern_Europe" title="Fascist (insult)">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">capitalist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Other opponents of the Sanation government were more civil; socialists (such as <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Ignacy Daszyński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" title="Tomasz Arciszewski">Tomasz Arciszewski</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Polish Christian Democratic Party">Christian Democrats</a> (represented by Ignacy Paderewski, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Władysław Grabski</a>) expressed condolences. The peasant parties split in their reactions. <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a> voiced criticism of Piłsudski. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Thugutt" title="Stanisław Thugutt">Stanisław Thugutt</a> were supportive, while <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a> expressed a toned-down criticism.<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg/170px-10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg/255px-10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg/340px-10z%C5%82_j%C3%B3zef_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Silver 1935 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">10-złoty</a> coin showing Piłsudski</figcaption></figure> Condolences were officially expressed by senior clergy, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Cardinal_Hlond" class="mw-redirect" title="August Cardinal Hlond">August Cardinal Hlond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Poland">Primate of Poland</a>. The Pope called himself a "personal friend" of Piłsudski. Notable appreciation for Piłsudski was expressed by Poland's ethnic and religious minorities. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, Protestant, Jewish, and Islamic organizations expressed condolences, praising Piłsudski for his policies of religious tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a> His death was a shock to members of the Jewish minority amongst which he was respected for his lack of prejudice and vocal opposition to the Endecja.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus2011-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woznica2008-178">[178]</a> Mainstream organizations of ethnic minorities similarly expressed their support for his policies of ethnic tolerance, though he was still criticized by Ukrainian, German, Lithuanian activists and Jewish supporters of the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a> On the international scene, Pope Pius XI held a special ceremony on 18 May in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, a commemoration was conducted at <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> headquarters, and dozens of messages of condolence arrived in Poland from <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> across the world, including Germany's Adolf Hitler, the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Italy's <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, France's <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>, Austria's <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Wilhelm Miklas</a>, Japan's Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, and Britain's King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">[175]</a> In Berlin, a service for Piłsudski was ordered by Adolf Hitler. This was the only time that Hitler attended a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Mass">Holy Mass</a> as a leader of the Third Reich and probably one of the last times when he was in a church.<a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg/220px-Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg/330px-Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg/440px-Pogrzeb_Pilsudski_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession, 15 May 1935 along <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a> Street in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> State funeral ceremonies for Piłsudski was held in Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> between 15 and 18 May 1935, including official <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> and funeral processions in both cities. A <a href="/wiki/Funeral_train" title="Funeral train">funeral train</a> toured Poland before the remains of Piłsudski were laid to rest at <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A series of postcards, stamps and postmarks were also released to commemorate the event. The nation-wide ceremonies were accompanied by extensive media coverage and reflected the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality">personality cult</a> of Piłsudski. The final funeral procession in Krakow on 18 May, with an estimated 300,000 participants and official representatives from 16 foreign states, constituted the largest public funeral in Poland's history.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Separate funeral ceremonies were held for the burial of his brain, which Piłsudski had willed for study to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Stefan Batory University</a>, and his heart, which was interred in his mother's grave at Vilnius's <a href="/wiki/Rasos_Cemetery" title="Rasos Cemetery">Rasos Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PolandGov-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1979338-182">[182]</a> In 1937, after a two-year display at <a href="/wiki/St._Leonard%27s_Crypt" title="St. Leonard's Crypt">St. Leonard's Crypt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, Piłsudski's remains were transferred to the cathedral's Crypt under the Silver Bells. The decision, made by his long-standing adversary <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefan_Sapieha" title="Adam Stefan Sapieha">Adam Sapieha</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krakow" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Krakow">Archbishop of Krakow</a>, incited widespread protests that included calls for Sapieha's removal, setting off a series of clashes between the representatives of the Polish Catholic Church and the Polish government in what has come to be known as "konflikt wawelski" ("Wawel conflict"). Despite heavy and protracted criticism, Sapieha never allowed Piłsudski's coffin to be transferred back to St. Leonard's Crypt.<a href="#cite_note-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal's_Body-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerski1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQTUTqE2difgCpgPA525_p._525]-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">I am not going to dictate to you what you write about my life and work. I only ask that you not make me out to be a 'whiner and sentimentalist.'<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Józef Piłsudski, 1908<a href="#cite_note-Urbank97_133–41-185">[185]</a></cite></div></blockquote> On 13 May 1935, in accordance with Piłsudski's last wishes, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> was named by Poland's president and government to be <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">Inspector General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a>, and on 10 November 1936, he was elevated to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabłonowskiStawecki199813-186">[186]</a> As the Polish government became increasingly authoritarian and conservative, the Rydz-Śmigły faction was opposed by the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a>, who remained President.<a href="#cite_note-JabStaw98_14-187">[187]</a> Although Rydz-Śmigły reconciled with the President in 1938, the ruling group remained divided into the "President's Men", mostly civilians (the "Castle Group", after the President's official residence, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw%27s_Royal_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw's Royal Castle">Warsaw's Royal Castle</a>), and the "Marshal's Men" ("<a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_colonels" title="Piłsudski's colonels">Piłsudski's colonels</a>"), professional military officers and Piłsudski's old comrades-in-arms.<a href="#cite_note-AjnenkielDrzycimski19912-188">[188]</a> Some of this political division would continue in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> after the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg/170px-Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg/255px-Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg/340px-Side_View_of_the_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Pi%C5%82sudski_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument_in_Warsaw_(Pi%C5%82sudski_Square)" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Piłsudski Monument in Warsaw (Piłsudski Square)">Statue of Piłsudski</a> on Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Piłsudski Square</a>—one of many <a href="/wiki/Statuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuary">statuary</a> tributes throughout Poland</figcaption></figure> After World War II, little of Piłsudski's political ideology influenced the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, a de facto <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> For a decade after World War II, Piłsudski was either ignored or condemned by Poland's Communist government, along with the entire interwar <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. This began to change after <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> in 1956, and historiography in Poland gradually moved away from a purely negative view of Piłsudski toward a more balanced and neutral assessment.<a href="#cite_note-Władyka+Żuławnik-192">[192]</a> After the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Piłsudski once again came to be publicly acknowledged as a Polish national hero.<a href="#cite_note-Roshwald-193">[193]</a> On the sixtieth anniversary of his death on 12 May 1995, Poland's Sejm adopted a resolution: <blockquote>"Józef Piłsudski will remain, in our nation's memory, the founder of its independence and the victorious leader who fended off a foreign assault that threatened the whole of Europe and its civilization. Józef Piłsudski served his country well and has entered our history forever."<a href="#cite_note-Sejm1995-194">[194]</a> </blockquote>Piłsudski continues to be viewed by most Poles as a providential figure in the country's 20th-century history.<a href="#cite_note-KoppNizynska2012-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-ErsoyG¢rny2010-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_carricature_by_Szwajcer.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Pilsudski_carricature_by_Szwajcer.PNG/170px-Pilsudski_carricature_by_Szwajcer.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Pilsudski_carricature_by_Szwajcer.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> of Józef Piłsudski by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Szwajcer" title="Jerzy Szwajcer">Jerzy Szwajcer</a></figcaption></figure> Several military units have been named for Piłsudski, including the <a href="/wiki/1st_Legions_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" title="1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)">1st Legions Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_trains_of_Poland" title="Armoured trains of Poland">armoured train No. 51</a> ("I Marszałek"—"the First Marshal"),<a href="#cite_note-PIBWL-197">[197]</a> and the Romanian <a href="/wiki/634th_Infantry_Battalion_(Romania)" title="634th Infantry Battalion (Romania)">634th Infantry Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Also named for Piłsudski have been <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_Mound" title="Piłsudski's Mound">Piłsudski's Mound</a>, one of four-man-made <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>;<a href="#cite_note-mound-199">[199]</a> the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Institute_of_America" title="Józef Piłsudski Institute of America">Józef Piłsudski Institute of America</a>, a New York City research center and museum on the modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history of Poland</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Institute-200">[200]</a> the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_University_of_Physical_Education_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw">Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw</a>;<a href="#cite_note-MON-201">[201]</a> a passenger ship, <a href="/wiki/MS_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="MS Piłsudski">MS Piłsudski</a>; a gunboat, <a href="/wiki/ORP_Komendant_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="ORP Komendant Piłsudski">ORP Komendant Piłsudski</a>; and a racehorse, <a href="/wiki/Pilsudski_(horse)" title="Pilsudski (horse)">Pilsudski</a>. Many Polish cities <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Ulice_i_place_nazwane_imieniem_J%C3%B3zefa_Pi%C5%82sudskiego" class="extiw" title="pl:Kategoria:Ulice i place nazwane imieniem Józefa Piłsudskiego">have their own "Piłsudski Street"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smele2015-202">[202]</a> There are statues of Piłsudski in many Polish cities; Warsaw, which has three in little more than a mile between the <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a> Palace, Piłsudski's residence, and <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Piłsudski Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smele2015-202">[202]</a> In 2020, Piłsudski's manor house in Sulejówek opened as a museum as part of the celebrations of the one hundredth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Piłsudski has been a character in numerous works of fiction, a trend already visible during his lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> including the 1922 novel Generał Barcz (General Barcz) by <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kaden-Bandrowski" title="Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski">Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Later works in which he is featured include the 2007 novel <a href="/wiki/Ice_(Dukaj_novel)" title="Ice (Dukaj novel)">Ice</a> (Lód) by <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Dukaj" title="Jacek Dukaj">Jacek Dukaj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Poland's <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library</a> lists over 500 publications related to Piłsudski;<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, over 300.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Online_Catalog-208">[208]</a> Piłsudski's life was the subject of a 2001 Polish television documentary, Marszałek Piłsudski, directed by Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki.<a href="#cite_note-Mazierska2007-209">[209]</a> He was also the subject of paintings by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a> (1916) and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kossak" title="Wojciech Kossak">Wojciech Kossak</a> (leaning on his sword, 1928; and astride his horse, <a href="/wiki/Kasztanka" title="Kasztanka">Kasztanka</a>, 1928), as well as photos and caricatures.<a href="#cite_note-Milewska1998-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-JedrzejewiczCisek1998-211">[211]</a> He has been reported to be quite fond of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Szałapak2005-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2></div> Both daughters of Marshal Piłsudski returned to Poland in 1990, after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the fall of the Communist system. Jadwiga Piłsudska's daughter Joanna Jaraczewska returned to Poland in 1979. She married a Polish <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Onyszkiewicz" title="Janusz Onyszkiewicz">Janusz Onyszkiewicz</a> in a political prison in 1983. Both were very involved in the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> between 1979 and 1989.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_awarded_to_J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours awarded to Józef Piłsudski">List of honours awarded to Józef Piłsudski</a></div> Piłsudski was awarded numerous honours, domestic and foreign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality">Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s</a> – 7 June 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_people#Politics" title="List of Polish people">List of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudskiite" title="Piłsudskiite">Piłsudskiite</a> (Piłsudczyk)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_anone">^</a> Józef Klemens Piłsudski was commonly referred to without his middle name, as "Józef Piłsudski". A few English sources translate his first name as "Joseph", but this is not the common practice. As a young man, he belonged to underground organizations and used various pseudonyms, including "Wiktor", "Mieczysław" and "Ziuk" (the latter also being his family nickname). Later he was often affectionately called "Dziadek" ("Grandpa" or "the Old Man") and "Marszałek" ("the Marshal"). His ex-soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Legions</a> also referred to him as "Komendant" ("the Commandant"). b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_bnone">^</a> Piłsudski sometimes spoke of being a Lithuanian of Polish culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1986139-214">[214]</a> For several centuries, declaring both <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian identity">Lithuanian and Polish identity</a> was commonplace, but around the turn of the last century it became much rarer in the wake of arising modern nationalisms. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, who calls him a "Polish-Lithuanian", notes that Piłsudski did not think in terms of 20th-century nationalisms and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicities</a>; he considered himself both a Pole and a Lithuanian, and his homeland was the historic <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200470-105">[105]</a> c. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_cnone">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party_%E2%80%93_Revolutionary_Faction" title="Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction">Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction</a> from 1906 to 1909 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BEIPCQ-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEIPCQ_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEIPCQ_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEIPCQ_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuchalski2019" class="citation book cs1">Puchalski, Piotr (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/bfe22980348fd04646924c8349f0eb72">Beyond Empire: Interwar Poland and the Colonial Question, 1918–1939</a>. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Press. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Empire%3A+Interwar+Poland+and+the+Colonial+Question%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Madison+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Puchalski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fbfe22980348fd04646924c8349f0eb72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMBALNPLPSC-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FMBALNPLPSC_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMBALNPLPSC_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMBALNPLPSC_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalski, Wawrzyniec (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=985623">"From May to Bereza: A Legal Nihilism in the Political and Legal Practice of the Sanation Camp 1926–1935"</a>. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia (5). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej: 133–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17951%2Fsil.2020.29.5.133-147">10.17951/sil.2020.29.5.133-147</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Iuridica+Lublinensia&rft.atitle=From+May+to+Bereza%3A+A+Legal+Nihilism+in+the+Political+and+Legal+Practice+of+the+Sanation+Camp+1926%E2%80%931935&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=133-147&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17951%2Fsil.2020.29.5.133-147&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Wawrzyniec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D985623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFARPRP-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TFARPRP_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFARPRP_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFARPRP_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlstowski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Olstowski, Przemysław (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1256530">"The Formation of Authoritarian Rule in Poland between 1926 and 1939 as a Research Problem"</a>. Zapiski Historyczne (2). Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu: 27–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15762%2FZH.2024.13">10.15762/ZH.2024.13</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2024. <q>The case of authoritarian rule in Poland [...] following the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup of 1926</a>, is notable for its unique origins [...] Rooted in a period when Poland lacked statehood [...] Polish authoritarianism evolved [...] Central to this phenomenon was Marshal <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Józef Piłsudski</a>, the ideological leader of Poland's ruling camp after the May Coup of 1926</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zapiski+Historyczne&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Authoritarian+Rule+in+Poland+between+1926+and+1939+as+a+Research+Problem&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-60&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15762%2FZH.2024.13&rft.aulast=Olstowski&rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D1256530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetherington201292-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetherington201292_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHetherington2012">Hetherington 2012</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchini2017" class="citation book cs1">Bianchini, Stefano (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLIzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+Zu%C5%82%C3%B3w+Zu%C5%82owo&pg=PT30">Liquid Nationalism and State Partitions in Europe</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78643-661-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78643-661-0"><bdi>978-1-78643-661-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liquid+Nationalism+and+State+Partitions+in+Europe&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-78643-661-0&rft.aulast=Bianchini&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLIzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPi%25C5%2582sudski%2BZu%25C5%2582%25C3%25B3w%2BZu%25C5%2582owo%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetherington201295-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetherington201295_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHetherington2012">Hetherington 2012</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-POleksa04-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POleksa04_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POleksa04_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POleksa04_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POleksa04_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POleksa04_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPidlutskyi2004">Pidlutskyi 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PolandGov-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandGov_8-22">w</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213175243/http://poland.gov.pl/Jozef,Pilsudski,(1867-1935),1972.html">"History – Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935)"</a>. Poland.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poland.gov.pl/Jozef,Pilsudski,(1867-1935),1972.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland.gov&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+%281867%E2%80%931935%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoland.gov.pl%2FJozef%2CPilsudski%2C%281867-1935%29%2C1972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_13-5-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_13-5_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski96_439-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerski96_439_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLerski1996">Lerski 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&pg=PA439">p. 439</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies05_40-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies05_40_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&pg=PA40">p. 40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BidJef98_186-12"><a href="#cite_ref-BidJef98_186_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998">Bideleux & Jeffries 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC&pg=PA186">p. 186</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddaway1939" class="citation book cs1">Reddaway, William Fiddian (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jExpAAAAMAAJ&q=Pilsudski+%22second+son%22">Marshal Pilsudski</a>. Routledge. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Pilsudski&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Reddaway&rft.aufirst=William+Fiddian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjExpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPilsudski%2B%2522second%2Bson%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoshwald200136-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoshwald200136_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoshwald2001">Roshwald 2001</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_208-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_208_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_208_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-26">aa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChojnowski" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chojnowski, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503141011/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301">"Piłsudski Józef Klemens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301">the original</a> on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetowa+encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+J%C3%B3zef+Klemens&rft.aulast=Chojnowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3957301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRAP-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ICRAP_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921205628/http://panda.bg.univ.gda.pl/ICRAP/en/BPcv-eng.html">"Bronisław Piotr Piłsudski – Calendar of events"</a>. ICRAP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panda.bg.univ.gda.pl/ICRAP/en/BPcv-eng.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICRAP&rft.atitle=Bronis%C5%82aw+Piotr+Pi%C5%82sudski+%E2%80%93+Calendar+of+events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanda.bg.univ.gda.pl%2FICRAP%2Fen%2FBPcv-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_50-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_50_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_50_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-LandauDunlop30_30-19"><a href="#cite_ref-LandauDunlop30_30_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauDunlop1930" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Rom; Dunlop, Geoffrey (1930). Pilsudski, Hero of Poland. <a href="/wiki/Jarrolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarrolds">Jarrolds</a>. pp. 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilsudski%2C+Hero+of+Poland&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=Jarrolds&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Rom&rft.au=Dunlop%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_62-6-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_62-6_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 62–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_68-9-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_68-9_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_74–7-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_74–7_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewiczCisek199413-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewiczCisek199413_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJędrzejewiczCisek1994">Jędrzejewicz & Cisek 1994</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_71-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_71_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_88-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_88_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_209-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_209_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_209_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_209_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_93-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_93_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiłsudski198912-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiłsudski198912_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiłsudski1989">Piłsudski 1989</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alabrud99_99-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Alabrud99_99_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlabrudzińska1999">Alabrudzińska 1999</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlicki195_63-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki195_63_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlicki1995">Garlicki 1995</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pobog-Ma90_7-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Pobog-Ma90_7_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPobóg-Malinowski1990">Pobóg-Malinowski 1990</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz1990pp._27–8_(1982_ed.)-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz1990pp._27–8_(1982_ed.)_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJędrzejewicz1990">Jędrzejewicz 1990</a>, pp. 27–8 (1982 ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrążek2021" class="citation web cs1">Drążek, Aleksandra (8 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kronikidziejow.pl/porady/corki-pilsudskiego-co-wiemy-o-losach-corek-marszalka/">"Córki Piłsudskiego - co wiemy o losach córek marszałka"</a>. kronikidziejow.pl. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kronikidziejow.pl&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3rki+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+-+co+wiemy+o+losach+c%C3%B3rek+marsza%C5%82ka&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft.aulast=Dr%C4%85%C5%BCek&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkronikidziejow.pl%2Fporady%2Fcorki-pilsudskiego-co-wiemy-o-losach-corek-marszalka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_109–11-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_109–11_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_109–11_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_109–11_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 109–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200056-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200056_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKowner2006285-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKowner2006285_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKowner2006">Kowner 2006</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamo87_330-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_330_37-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_113–6-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_113–6_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 113–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_117–8-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_117–8_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamo87_332-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_332_40-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_131-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_131_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roos+Rothschild-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roos+Rothschild_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roos+Rothschild_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoos1966">Roos 1966</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFRothschild1990">Rothschild 1990</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_121–2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_121–2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_121–2_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-EBritannica_JP-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBritannica_JP_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBritannica_JP_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBritannica_JP_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBritannica_JP_44-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/460674">Józef Piłsudski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChimiakCierlik2020" class="citation book cs1">Chimiak, Galia; Cierlik, Bożena (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5_UDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Only+the+sword+now+carries+any+weight+in+the+balance+for+the+destiny+of+a+nation%22&pg=PA13">Polish and Irish Struggles for Self-Determination: Living near Dragons</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4764-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4764-3"><bdi>978-1-5275-4764-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+and+Irish+Struggles+for+Self-Determination%3A+Living+near+Dragons&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-4764-3&rft.aulast=Chimiak&rft.aufirst=Galia&rft.au=Cierlik%2C+Bo%C5%BCena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5_UDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Only%2Bthe%2Bsword%2Bnow%2Bcarries%2Bany%2Bweight%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bbalance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdestiny%2Bof%2Ba%2Bnation%2522%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> and his family – who had arrived in Kraków on 28 July 1914, exactly on the outbreak of World War I – in the first days of August took refuge in the Polish mountain resort of <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>. There Conrad opined – as Piłsudski had in Paris earlier in 1914 – that, for Poland to regain independence, Russia must be defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires), and the Central Powers must in turn be beaten by France and Britain. <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Zdzisław Najder</a>, Joseph Conrad: A Life, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-347-2">978-1-57113-347-2</a>, p. 464. Soon after the war, Conrad said of Piłsudski: "He was the only great man to emerge on the scene during the war." <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Zdzisław Najder</a>, Conrad under Familial Eyes, Cambridge University Press, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25082-X">0-521-25082-X</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_171–2-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_171–2_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 171–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_168-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_168_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cienciala02-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala02_49-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFCienciala2002">Cienciala 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_174–5-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_174–5_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_178–9-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_178–9_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_170–1_180–2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_170–1_180–2_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 170–171, 180–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLDwAAQBAJ&dq=polish+legions+august+22+27&pg=PT20">Polish Legions 1914–19</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2543-8"><bdi>978-1-4728-2543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Legions+1914%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2543-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwxLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpolish%2Blegions%2Baugust%2B22%2B27%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamo87_333-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_333_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_333_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamo87_333_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2016" class="citation book cs1">May, Arthur J. (11 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71IrEAAAQBAJ&dq=polish+legions+1914+1917+%22central+powerS%22&pg=PA505">The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarchy, 1914-1918, Volume 2</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0753-0"><bdi>978-1-5128-0753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passing+of+the+Hapsburg+Monarchy%2C+1914-1918%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-0753-0&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71IrEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpolish%2Blegions%2B1914%2B1917%2B%2522central%2BpowerS%2522%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWróbel2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wróbel, Piotr J. (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHdqaZBfHggC&dq=%22Polish+Military+Organisation%22+November+1914&pg=PA286">"The Revival of Poland and Paramilitary Violence, 1918-1920"</a>. In Bergien, Rüdiger; Pröve, Ralf (eds.). Spießer, Patrioten, Revolutionäre: Militärische Mobilisierung und gesellschaftliche Ordnung in der Neuzeit (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86234-113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86234-113-9"><bdi>978-3-86234-113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Poland+and+Paramilitary+Violence%2C+1918-1920&rft.btitle=Spie%C3%9Fer%2C+Patrioten%2C+Revolution%C3%A4re%3A+Milit%C3%A4rische+Mobilisierung+und+gesellschaftliche+Ordnung+in+der+Neuzeit&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.isbn=978-3-86234-113-9&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3bel&rft.aufirst=Piotr+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHdqaZBfHggC%26dq%3D%2522Polish%2BMilitary%2BOrganisation%2522%2BNovember%2B1914%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERąkowski2005109–11-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERąkowski2005109–11_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRąkowski2005">Rąkowski 2005</a>, pp. 109–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_251–2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_251–2_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Biskupski2000-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biskupski2000_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biskupski2000_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupski2000">Biskupski 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschild90_45-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild90_45_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothschild1990">Rothschild 1990</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_253-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_253_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/dream-of-the-polish-eagle/">"Dream of the Polish Eagle"</a>. Warfare History Network. October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Dream+of+the+Polish+Eagle&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fdream-of-the-polish-eagle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_256_277–8-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_256_277–8_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 256, 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histmag.org/Gdzie-Pilsudski-wysiadl-z-tramwaju-czyli-historie-poprzekrecane-14909">"Gdzie Piłsudski wysiadł z tramwaju, czyli historie poprzekręcane"</a>. histmag.org. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histmag.org&rft.atitle=Gdzie+Pi%C5%82sudski+wysiad%C5%82+z+tramwaju%2C+czyli+historie+poprzekr%C4%99cane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistmag.org%2FGdzie-Pilsudski-wysiadl-z-tramwaju-czyli-historie-poprzekrecane-14909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurierhistoryczny.pl/artykul/wysiadlem-z-czerwonego-tramwaju-czyli-czego-nie-powiedzial-jozef-pilsudski,368">""Wysiadłem z czerwonego tramwaju...", czyli czego NIE powiedział Józef Piłsudski"</a>. Kurier Historyczny. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurier+Historyczny&rft.atitle=%22Wysiad%C5%82em+z+czerwonego+tramwaju...%22%2C+czyli+czego+NIE+powiedzia%C5%82+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurierhistoryczny.pl%2Fartykul%2Fwysiadlem-z-czerwonego-tramwaju-czyli-czego-nie-powiedzial-jozef-pilsudski%2C368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja04_202-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja04_202_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_210-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_210_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_210_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_210_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_210_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McM03_210_67-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_213-4-68"><a href="#cite_ref-McM03_213-4_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-VersaillesTreaty1919_87-93-69"><a href="#cite_ref-VersaillesTreaty1919_87-93_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214175104/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">"The Versailles Treaty 28 June 1919: Part III"</a>. The Avalon Project. articles 87–93. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=The+Versailles+Treaty+28+June+1919%3A+Part+III&rft.pages=articles+87-93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fimt%2Fpartiii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant99_114-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant99_114_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1999">Grant 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC&pg=PA114">p. 114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_211-214-71"><a href="#cite_ref-McM03_211-214_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, pp. 211, 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boemeke98_314-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke98_314_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoemeke_et_al.1998">Boemeke et al. 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqj-oHp4KsgC&pg=RA1-PA314">p. 314</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_499–501-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_499–501_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 499–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz199093-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJędrzejewicz199093_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJędrzejewicz1990">Jędrzejewicz 1990</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-HistNet_01-75"><a href="#cite_ref-HistNet_01_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzymczak" class="citation web cs1">Szymczak, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007194853/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/3038436.html?featured=y&c=y">"Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw"</a>. TheHistoryNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/3038436.html?featured=y&c=y">the original</a> on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheHistoryNet&rft.atitle=Polish-Soviet+War%3A+Battle+of+Warsaw&rft.aulast=Szymczak&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fwars_conflicts%2F20_21_century%2F3038436.html%3Ffeatured%3Dy%26c%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford20025–6-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanford20025–6_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanford2002">Sanford 2002</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-HydeP01_75-77"><a href="#cite_ref-HydeP01_75_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyde-Price2001">Hyde-Price 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-2Obqk-VZUC&pg=PA75">p. 75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McM03_211-78"><a href="#cite_ref-McM03_211_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2003">MacMillan 2003</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_281-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_281_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_90-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_90_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenez99_37-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenez99_37_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenez99_37_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenez1999">Kenez 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIY9qb6iIEcC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_83-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_83_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_291-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_291_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_45-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_45_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_92-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_92_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies03_95ff-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies03_95ff_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, pp. 95ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies03_00-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies03_00_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies03_00_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies03_00_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figes96_699-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Figes96_699_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiges1996">Figes 1996</a>, p. 699. "Within weeks of Brusilov's appointment, 14,000 officers had joined the army to fight the Poles, thousands of civilians had volunteered for war-work, and well over 100,000 deserters had returned to the Red Army on the Western Front". </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin1920-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Lenin1920_89-0">^</a> See Lenin's speech on 22 September 1920 at the 9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party. English translation in <a href="#CITEREFPipes1993">Pipes 1993</a>, pp. 181–182 and excerpts in <a href="#CITEREFCienciala2002">Cienciala 2002</a>. The speech was first published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtizovUsov1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Artizov, Andrey; Usov, R.A. (1992). ""Я прошу записывать меньше: это не должно попадать в печать ...": Выступления В.И.Ленина на IX конференции РКП(б) 22 сентября 1920 г.". Istoricheskii Arkhiv (in Russian). 1 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0869-6322">0869-6322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istoricheskii+Arkhiv&rft.atitle=%22%D0%AF+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%3A+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+...%22%3A+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92.%D0%98.%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+IX+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9F%28%D0%B1%29+22+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1920+%D0%B3.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0869-6322&rft.aulast=Artizov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Usov%2C+R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenS80_101-90"><a href="#cite_ref-CohenS80_101_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1980">Cohen 1980</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUg-lWpZcsIC&pg=RA1-PA101">p. 101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrynowicz-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrynowicz_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrynowicz" class="citation web cs1">Lawrynowicz, Witold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065334/http://www.hetmanusa.org/engarticle1.html">"Battle of Warsaw 1920"</a>. Polish Militaria Collector's Association in memory of Andrzej Zaremba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetmanusa.org/engarticle1.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+Militaria+Collector%27s+Association+in+memory+of+Andrzej+Zaremba&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Warsaw+1920&rft.aulast=Lawrynowicz&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetmanusa.org%2Fengarticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_341–6_357–8-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_341–6_357–8_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 341–346, 357–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja04_265-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja04_265_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_341–6-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_341–6_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_341–6_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_341–6_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_341–6_94-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 341–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisek02_1401-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Cisek02_1401_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCisek2002">Cisek 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNuGZOGk6UoC&pg=PA140">pp. 140–141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_346-441_357-8-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_346-441_357-8_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_346-441_357-8_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_346-441_357-8_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 346–441 [357–358] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003197-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003197_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-Głos05-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Głos05_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrątczak2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frątczak, Sławomir Z. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510063137/http://glos.com.pl/Archiwum_nowe/Rok%202005/032/strona/Cud.html">"Cud nad Wisłą"</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82os_(1991)" title="Głos (1991)">Głos</a> (in Polish) (32). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glos.com.pl/Archiwum_nowe/Rok%202005/032/strona/Cud.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C5%82os&rft.atitle=Cud+nad+Wis%C5%82%C4%85&rft.issue=32&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fr%C4%85tczak&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglos.com.pl%2FArchiwum_nowe%2FRok%25202005%2F032%2Fstrona%2FCud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1998935-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1998935_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1998">Davies 1998</a>, p. 935. </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson01_95-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson01_95_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkSxFpKmIsC&pg=PA95">p. 95</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LönnrothEt94_230-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LönnrothEt94_230_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LönnrothEt94_230_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLönnroth_et_al.1994">Lönnroth et al. 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIVvQoxIHQkC&pg=PA230">p. 230</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Szczep-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Szczep_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepański" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szczepański, Janusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202074444/http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=404">"Kontrowersje Wokół Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 Roku (Controversies surrounding the Battle of Warsaw in 1920)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3wi%C4%85_Wieki" title="Mówią Wieki">Mówią Wieki</a> online (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=404">the original</a> on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%B3wi%C4%85+Wieki+online&rft.atitle=Kontrowersje+Wok%C3%B3%C5%82+Bitwy+Warszawskiej+1920+Roku+%28Controversies+surrounding+the+Battle+of+Warsaw+in+1920%29&rft.aulast=Szczepa%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mowiawieki.pl%2Fartykul.html%3Fid_artykul%3D404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_484-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_484_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._399_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._399_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, p. 399 (1982 ed. Columbia Univ. Press). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200470-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200470_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200470_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2004">Snyder 2004</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partizanai.org/index.php/i-laisve-1957-13-50/956-dialogas-tarp-lenku-ir-lietuviu">"Dialogas tarp lenkų ir lietuvių"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%AE_Laisv%C4%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Į Laisvę (page does not exist)">Į Laisvę</a> (in Lithuanian). 13 (50). 1957. <q>Pilsudskis seime kalbėjo; "Negaliu netiesti rankos Kaunui. .. negaliu nelaikyti broliais tų, kurie mūsų triumfo dieną laiko smūgio ir gedulo diena".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%AE+Laisv%C4%99&rft.atitle=Dialogas+tarp+lenk%C5%B3+ir+lietuvi%C5%B3&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=50&rft.date=1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartizanai.org%2Findex.php%2Fi-laisve-1957-13-50%2F956-dialogas-tarp-lenku-ir-lietuviu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_485-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_485_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCat-Mackiewicz2012" class="citation book cs1">Cat-Mackiewicz, Stanisław (2012). Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939. Universitas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/97883-242-3740-1" title="Special:BookSources/97883-242-3740-1"><bdi>97883-242-3740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+od+11+listopada+1918+do+17+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1939&rft.pub=Universitas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=97883-242-3740-1&rft.aulast=Cat-Mackiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_487-8-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_487-8_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 487–488. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_488-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_488_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_489-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_489_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja04_300-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja04_300_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1986140-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1986140_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1986">Davies 1986</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_489–90-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_489–90_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 489–490. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_490–1-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_490–1_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 490–491. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_490-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_490_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_490_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1979210-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt1979210_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_502-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_502_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_515-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_515_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suleja04_343-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Suleja04_343_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuleja2004">Suleja 2004</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoszkowski1992p._53,_section_5.1-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoszkowski1992p._53,_section_5.1_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoszkowski1992">Roszkowski 1992</a>, p. 53, section 5.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_528–9-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_528–9_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 528–539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupski201246-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupski201246_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupski2012">Biskupski 2012</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupskiPulaWróbel2010" class="citation book cs1">Biskupski, M. B. B.; Pula, James S.; Wróbel, Piotr J. (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&dq=Pilsudski+%22moral+health%22&pg=PA145">The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4309-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4309-5"><bdi>978-0-8214-4309-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Modern+Polish+Democracy&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4309-5&rft.aulast=Biskupski&rft.aufirst=M.+B.+B.&rft.au=Pula%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Wr%C3%B3bel%2C+Piotr+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-ySkJHOQsIC%26dq%3DPilsudski%2B%2522moral%2Bhealth%2522%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Śleszyński03-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Śleszyński03_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚleszyński2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_%C5%9Aleszy%C5%84ski" title="Wojciech Śleszyński">Śleszyński, Wojciech</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325004142/http://kamunikat.net.iig.pl/www/czasopisy/bzh/20/15.htm">"Aspekty prawne utworzenia obozu odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej i reakcje środowisk politycznych. Wybór materiałów i dokumentów 1"</a>. Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne (in Polish). 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kamunikat.net.iig.pl/www/czasopisy/bzh/20/15.htm">the original</a> on 25 March 2005 – via kamunikat / Belarusian history journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bia%C5%82oruskie+Zeszyty+Historyczne&rft.atitle=Aspekty+prawne+utworzenia+obozu+odosobnienia+w+Berezie+Kartuskiej+i+reakcje+%C5%9Brodowisk+politycznych.+Wyb%C3%B3r+materia%C5%82%C3%B3w+i+dokument%C3%B3w+1&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aleszy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkamunikat.net.iig.pl%2Fwww%2Fczasopisy%2Fbzh%2F20%2F15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenY89_65-126"><a href="#cite_ref-CohenY89_65_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1989">Cohen 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aN96TB0RUB8C&pg=PA65">p. 65</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Times7Apr1930-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Times7Apr1930_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717043739/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html">"Pilsudski Bros"</a>. Time. 7 April 1930. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pilsudski+Bros.&rft.date=1930-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C787573%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times11Nov1929-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Times11Nov1929_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815041117/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737985,00.html">"Pilsudski v. Daszynski"</a>. Time. 11 November 1929. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737985,00.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pilsudski+v.+Daszynski&rft.date=1929-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C737985%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT12091993_Perlez-129"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT12091993_Perlez_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Perlez" title="Jane Perlez">Perlez, Jane</a> (12 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFD61430F931A2575AC0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">"Visions of the Past Are Competing for Votes in Poland"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Visions+of+the+Past+Are+Competing+for+Votes+in+Poland&rft.date=1993-09-12&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CEFD61430F931A2575AC0A965958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stachura04_79-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Stachura04_79_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachura2004">Stachura 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkKuir9oQYMC&pg=PA79">p. 79</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ColuEncyclPoland-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ColuEncyclPoland_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.tfd.com/Poland">"Poland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.tfd.com%2FPoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder04_144-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder04_144_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder04_144_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder04_144_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder04_144_132-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2004">Snyder 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&pg=PA144">p. 144</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimm04_166-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimm04_166_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimm04_166_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2004">Zimmerman 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA166">p. 166</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vital99_788-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Vital99_788_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVital1999">Vital 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XB1d1JhKoVUC&pg=PA788">p. 788</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne95_141-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne95_141_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA141">p. 141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieven94_163-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieven94_163_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieven1994">Lieven 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA163">p. 163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engelking01_75-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Engelking01_75_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngelking2001">Engelking 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oystlNB7JAC&pg=PA75">p. 75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flannery05_200-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Flannery05_200_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery2005">Flannery 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1ulI_N0zW8C&pg=PA200">p. 200</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimm03_19-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimm03_19_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimm03_19_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2003">Zimmerman 2003</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prizel98_61-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Prizel98_61_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrizel1998">Prizel 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&pg=PA61">p. 61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wein90_292-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Wein90_292_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWein1990">Wein 1990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC&pg=PA292">p. 292</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cieplinski02-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Cieplinski02_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieplinski2002" class="citation web cs1">Cieplinski, Feigue (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020918204723/http://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/bjoh/PolesAndJews.htm">"Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919–1934"</a>. Binghamton University History Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/bjoh/PolesAndJews.htm">the original</a> on 18 September 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Binghamton+University+History+Department&rft.atitle=Poles+and+Jews%3A+The+Quest+For+Self-Determination+1919%E2%80%931934&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cieplinski&rft.aufirst=Feigue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binghamton.edu%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fbjoh%2FPolesAndJews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulsson03_37-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Paulsson03_37_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulsson2003">Paulsson 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjJimC--9-kC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder07_66-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder07_66_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2007">Snyder 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKrjew-H0JMC&pg=PA66">p. 66</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._407_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005p._407_(1982_ed._Columbia_Univ._Press)_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, p. 407 (1982 ed. Columbia Univ. Press). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1983182-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeslie1983182_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeslie1983">Leslie 1983</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlicki195_178-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki195_178_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlicki195_178_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlicki1995">Garlicki 1995</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_330-7-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_330-7_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, pp. 330–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaMadej1990" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steve; Madej, W. Victor (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1EpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+financial+rather+than+doctrinal%22">The Polish Campaign, 1939</a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-013-6"><bdi>978-0-87052-013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Campaign%2C+1939&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87052-013-6&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Madej%2C+W.+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1EpAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2Bfinancial%2Brather%2Bthan%2Bdoctrinal%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_539–40-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_539–40_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_539–40_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_539–40_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_539–40_150-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 539–540. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prizel98_71-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prizel98_71_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prizel98_71_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prizel98_71_151-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrizel1998">Prizel 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&pg=PA71">p. 71</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukacs01_30-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukacs01_30_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukacs01_30_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukacs2001">Lukacs 2001</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan02_23-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan02_23_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan02_23_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordan2002">Jordan 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iQQrESpA48C&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuker199948-49-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuker199948-49_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuker1999">Schuker 1999</a>, p. 48-49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_538-40-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_538-40_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 538–540. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein200229-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein200229_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2002">Goldstein 2002</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199619-21-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199619-21_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1996">Young 1996</a>, p. 19-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199621-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung199621_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1996">Young 1996</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWandycz1988237_159-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWandycz1988">Wandycz 1988</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200064-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharaszkiewicz200064_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_2_317-26-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_2_317-26_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 2, pp. 317–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-TT_NGP-162"><a href="#cite_ref-TT_NGP_162-0">^</a> <a href="#refTorbus1999">Torbus 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xH6iEYILvuYC&pg=PA25">p. 25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GQH-163"><a href="#cite_ref-GQH_163-0">^</a> <a href="#refQuester2000">Quester 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5ApNEq4L0IC&dq=Pilsudski+France+1933&pg=PA27">p. 27</a>. The author gives a source: <a href="#CITEREFWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bel-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Bel_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliszewski2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Baliszewski" title="Dariusz Baliszewski">Baliszewski, Dariusz</a> (28 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=70406">"Ostatnia wojna marszałka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a> (in Polish) (48/2004, 1148). Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa "Wprost". Retrieved 24 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Ostatnia+wojna+marsza%C5%82ka&rft.issue=48%2F2004%2C+1148&rft.date=2004-11-28&rft.aulast=Baliszewski&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D70406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hehn05_76-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Hehn05_76_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHehn2005">Hehn 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001237-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001237_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson04_25-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson04_25_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2004">Davidson 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qncE3wy3TTsC&pg=PA25">p. 25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipp93_95-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Kipp93_95_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKipp1993">Kipp 1993</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__zem3Mlm8AC&pg=PA95">95</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dadak, Casimir (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/abs/national-heritage-and-economic-policies-in-free-and-sovereign-poland-after-1918/B65FA110EF9020504F284BB52EB5B907">"National Heritage and Economic Policies in Free and Sovereign Poland after 1918"</a>. Contemporary European History. 21 (2): 193–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777312000112">10.1017/S0960777312000112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-2171">1469-2171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161683968">161683968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=National+Heritage+and+Economic+Policies+in+Free+and+Sovereign+Poland+after+1918&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-214&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161683968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-2171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777312000112&rft.aulast=Dadak&rft.aufirst=Casimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary-european-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnational-heritage-and-economic-policies-in-free-and-sovereign-poland-after-1918%2FB65FA110EF9020504F284BB52EB5B907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> [Adam Borkiewicz: Źródła do biografii Józefa Piłsudskiego the z lat 1867–1892, Niepodległość. T. XIX. Warszawa: 1939.] </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Andrzej Garlicki, Józef Piłsudski: 1867–1935, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czytelnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Czytelnik">Czytelnik</a>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8307017157" title="Special:BookSources/8307017157">8307017157</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Adviser Daria and Thomas, Jozef Pilsudski: Legends and Facts, Warsaw 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-203-1967-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-203-1967-6">83-203-1967-6</a>, p. 132.] </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Suleja Vladimir, Jozef Pilsudski, Wroclaw – Warsaw – Kraków 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-04706-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-04-04706-3">83-04-04706-3</a>, pp. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdowskiSzwankowska19955-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdowskiSzwankowska19955_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdowskiSzwankowska1995">Drozdowski & Szwankowska 1995</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-DroSzwa95_911-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DroSzwa95_911_175-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdowskiSzwankowska1995">Drozdowski & Szwankowska 1995</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwMOAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22a+liberal+democrat+in+the+clothes+of+an+old-world+knight.%22&pg=PA138">Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History, 1880–1950</a> R. J. Bullen, Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, A. B. Polonsky, Taylor & Francis, 1984, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus2011-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcus2011_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Marcus2011" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Marcus (18 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEfDKjjX5AEC&pg=PA349">Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland 1919–1939</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-083868-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-083868-8"><bdi>978-3-11-083868-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Political+History+of+the+Jews+in+Poland+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.isbn=978-3-11-083868-8&rft.au=Joseph+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEfDKjjX5AEC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woznica2008-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Woznica2008_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviva_Woznica2008" class="citation book cs1">Aviva Woznica (11 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YOMAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Fire Unextinguished</a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0600-7"><bdi>978-1-4691-0600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Unextinguished&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2008-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4691-0600-7&rft.au=Aviva+Woznica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YOMAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-179"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/adolf-hitler-memorial-pilsudski-1935/">"Adolf Hitler attending memorial service of the Polish First Marshall Jozef Pilsudski in Berlin, 1935 – Rare Historical Photos"</a>. 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler+attending+memorial+service+of+the+Polish+First+Marshall+Jozef+Pilsudski+in+Berlin%2C+1935+%E2%80%93+Rare+Historical+Photos&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarehistoricalphotos.com%2Fadolf-hitler-memorial-pilsudski-1935%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#refHumphrey1936">Humphrey 1936</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNkwAAAAIAAJ&q=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22funeral+train%22">p. 295</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kowalski, Waldemar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/artykulyhistoryczne/pilsudski-posrod-krolow-droga-marszalka-na-wawel">"Piłsudski pośród królów - droga marszałka na Wawel"</a>. dzieje.pl Portal Historyczny (in Polish). Polish Press Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl+Portal+Historyczny&rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+po%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w+-+droga+marsza%C5%82ka+na+Wawel&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fartykulyhistoryczne%2Fpilsudski-posrod-krolow-droga-marszalka-na-wawel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1979338-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt1979338_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1979">Watt 1979</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal's_Body-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowds_urge_Poland_to_banish_Archbishop;_Pilsudski_Legionnaires_also_Assail_Catholic_Church_on_the_Removal_of_Marshal's_Body_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTo1937" class="citation news cs1">To, Wireless (26 June 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/26/archives/crowds-urge-poland-to-banish-archbishop-pilsudski-legionnaires-also.html">"Crowds urge Poland to banish Archbishop; Pilsudski Legionnaires also Assail Catholic Church on the Removal of Marshal's Body"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Crowds+urge+Poland+to+banish+Archbishop%3B+Pilsudski+Legionnaires+also+Assail+Catholic+Church+on+the+Removal+of+Marshal%27s+Body&rft.date=1937-06-26&rft.aulast=To&rft.aufirst=Wireless&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fcrowds-urge-poland-to-banish-archbishop-pilsudski-legionnaires-also.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELerski1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQTUTqE2difgCpgPA525_p._525]-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerski1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQTUTqE2difgCpgPA525_p._525]_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLerski1996">Lerski 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA525">p. 525</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbank97_133–41-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbank97_133–41_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbankowski1997">Urbankowski 1997</a>, vol. 1, pp. 133–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabłonowskiStawecki199813-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJabłonowskiStawecki199813_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJabłonowskiStawecki1998">Jabłonowski & Stawecki 1998</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-JabStaw98_14-187"><a href="#cite_ref-JabStaw98_14_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJabłonowskiStawecki1998">Jabłonowski & Stawecki 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-AjnenkielDrzycimski19912-188"><a href="#cite_ref-AjnenkielDrzycimski19912_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_AjnenkielAndrzej_DrzycimskiJanina_Paradowska1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrzej Ajnenkiel; Andrzej Drzycimski; Janina Paradowska (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUFFAAAAIAAJ">Prezydenci Polski</a> (in Polish). Wydawn. Sejmowe. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788370590000" title="Special:BookSources/9788370590000"><bdi>9788370590000</bdi></a>. <q>grupa pułkowników, zespół wywodzących się z wojska najbliższych współpracowników Marszałka, takich jak płk Sławek czy płk Prystor; ich koncepcje różniły się wyraźnie od stanowiska zajmowanego przez prezydenta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prezydenci+Polski&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Sejmowe&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788370590000&rft.au=Andrzej+Ajnenkiel&rft.au=Andrzej+Drzycimski&rft.au=Janina+Paradowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUFFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dworski, Michał (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=700313">"Republic in Exile ͵ Political Life of Polish Emigration in United Kingdom After Second World War"</a>. Toruńskie Studia Międzynarodowe. 1 (10): 101–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2FTSM.2017.008">10.12775/TSM.2017.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2391-7601">2391-7601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toru%C5%84skie+Studia+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowe&rft.atitle=Republic+in+Exile+%CD%B5+Political+Life+of+Polish+Emigration+in+United+Kingdom+After+Second+World+War&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=101-110&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2FTSM.2017.008&rft.issn=2391-7601&rft.aulast=Dworski&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D700313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPra_ż_mowska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pra ż mowska, Anita (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0265691413490495">"The Polish Underground Resistance During the Second World War: A Study in Political Disunity During Occupation"</a>. European History Quarterly. 43 (3): 464–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691413490495">10.1177/0265691413490495</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-6914">0265-6914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220737108">220737108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+Resistance+During+the+Second+World+War%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Disunity+During+Occupation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=464-488&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220737108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-6914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691413490495&rft.aulast=Pra+%C5%BC+mowska&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0265691413490495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharaszkiewicz2000">Charaszkiewicz 2000</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Władyka+Żuławnik-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Władyka+Żuławnik_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWładyka2005">Władyka 2005</a>, pp. 285–311; <a href="#CITEREFŻuławnik,_Małgorzata_&_Mariusz2005">Żuławnik, Małgorzata & Mariusz 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roshwald-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Roshwald_193-0">^</a> <a href="#refRoshwald2002">Roshwald 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uteV3ytfmqQC&pg=PA60">p. 60</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sejm1995-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Sejm1995_194-0">^</a> Translation of Oświadczenie Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 12 maja 1995 r. w sprawie uczczenia 60 rocznicy śmierci Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego. (<a href="/wiki/Monitor_Polski" title="Monitor Polski">MP</a> z dnia 24 maja 1995 r.). For Polish original online, see here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bankier.pl/firma/narzedzia/akty-prawne/monitor-polski-1995/pozycja-0297.html">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-KoppNizynska2012-195"><a href="#cite_ref-KoppNizynska2012_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._KoppJ._Nizynska2012" class="citation book cs1">K. Kopp; J. Nizynska (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZpmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT121">Germany, Poland and Postmemorial Relations: In Search of a Livable Past</a>. Springer. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05205-6"><bdi>978-1-137-05205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+Poland+and+Postmemorial+Relations%3A+In+Search+of+a+Livable+Past&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-137-05205-6&rft.au=K.+Kopp&rft.au=J.+Nizynska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZpmAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ErsoyG¢rny2010-196"><a href="#cite_ref-ErsoyG¢rny2010_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmet_ErsoyMaciej_G¢rnyVangelis_Kechriotis2010" class="citation book cs1">Ahmet Ersoy; Maciej G¢rny; Vangelis Kechriotis (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8j-Uemo6SfoC&pg=PA407">Modernism: The Creation of Nation-States: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770?1945: Texts and Commentaries, Volume III/1</a>. Central European University Press. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-61-5"><bdi>978-963-7326-61-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism%3A+The+Creation+of+Nation-States%3A+Discourses+of+Collective+Identity+in+Central+and+Southeast+Europe+1770%3F1945%3A+Texts+and+Commentaries%2C+Volume+III%2F1&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-61-5&rft.au=Ahmet+Ersoy&rft.au=Maciej+G%C2%A2rny&rft.au=Vangelis+Kechriotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8j-Uemo6SfoC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIBWL-197"><a href="#cite_ref-PIBWL_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507193450/http://derela.republika.pl/marszal.htm">"Polish Armoured Train Nr. 51 ("I Marszałek")"</a>. PIBWL (Prywatny Instytut Badawczy Wojsk Lądowych). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derela.republika.pl/marszal.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PIBWL+%28Prywatny+Instytut+Badawczy+Wojsk+L%C4%85dowych%29&rft.atitle=Polish+Armoured+Train+Nr.+51+%28%22I+Marsza%C5%82ek%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderela.republika.pl%2Fmarszal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ziarpiatraneamt.ro/de-ce-batalionul-634-infanterie-din-piatra-neamt-se-numeste-maresal-jozef-pilsudski">"De ce Batalionul 634 Infanterie din Piatra-Neamț se numește "Mareşal Józef Piłsudski"?"</a>. ziarpiatraneamt.ro (in Romanian). 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ziarpiatraneamt.ro&rft.atitle=De+ce+Batalionul+634+Infanterie+din+Piatra-Neam%C8%9B+se+nume%C8%99te+%22Mare%C5%9Fal+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%22%3F&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziarpiatraneamt.ro%2Fde-ce-batalionul-634-infanterie-din-piatra-neamt-se-numeste-maresal-jozef-pilsudski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mound-199"><a href="#cite_ref-mound_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707232437/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/geo/krakow/kopiec_p.html">"Kopiec Józefa Piłsudskiego"</a>. Pedagogical University of Kraków (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/geo/krakow/kopiec_p.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pedagogical+University+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Kopiec+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.krakow.pl%2Fgeo%2Fkrakow%2Fkopiec_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Institute_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615113226/http://pilsudski.org/English/Institute/Welcome.htm">"Józef Piłsudski Institute of America Welcome Page"</a>. Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Institute/Welcome.htm">the original</a> on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Institute+of+America&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Institute+of+America+Welcome+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilsudski.org%2FEnglish%2FInstitute%2FWelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MON-201"><a href="#cite_ref-MON_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050923063522/http://www.menis.gov.pl/menis_en/higher_education/f_wawa.php">"Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw"</a>. Polish Ministry of Education and Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menis.gov.pl/menis_en/higher_education/f_wawa.php">the original</a> on 23 September 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+Ministry+of+Education+and+Science&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Academy+of+Physical+Education+in+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menis.gov.pl%2Fmenis_en%2Fhigher_education%2Ff_wawa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smele2015-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smele2015_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smele2015_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D._Smele2015" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D. Smele (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA872">Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 872. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-5281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Civil+Wars%2C+1916-1926&rft.pages=872&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5281-3&rft.au=Jonathan+D.+Smele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwquCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/house-and-home-pilsudskis-old-manor-opens-as-museum-14922">"House and home: Piłsudski's old manor opens as museum"</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+and+home%3A+Pi%C5%82sudski%27s+old+manor+opens+as+museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-and-home-pilsudskis-old-manor-opens-as-museum-14922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUjma2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ujma, Martyna (2016). "Od nadziei do rozczarowania - Józef Piłsudski w międzywojennej literaturze (na wybranych przykładach)". In Krywoszeja, Igor; Morawiec, Norbert; Terszak, Rafał; Częstochowa, Oddział (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i65fzgEACAAJ">Polsko-ukraińskie spotkania z Klio</a> (in Polish). Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. Oddział Częstochowa. pp. 61–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-947379-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-947379-1-7"><bdi>978-83-947379-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Od+nadziei+do+rozczarowania+-+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+w+mi%C4%99dzywojennej+literaturze+%28na+wybranych+przyk%C5%82adach%29&rft.btitle=Polsko-ukrai%C5%84skie+spotkania+z+Klio&rft.pages=61-76&rft.pub=Polskie+Towarzystwo+Historyczne.+Oddzia%C5%82+Cz%C4%99stochowa&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-947379-1-7&rft.aulast=Ujma&rft.aufirst=Martyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di65fzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goss, Łukasz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_10754">""Okno na Barcza" (o powieści Juliusza Kadena-Bandrowskiego "Generał Barcz")"</a>. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-1908">2353-1908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Lodziensis.+Folia+Litteraria+Polonica&rft.atitle=%22Okno+na+Barcza%22+%28o+powie%C5%9Bci+Juliusza+Kadena-Bandrowskiego+%22Genera%C5%82+Barcz%22%29&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=2353-1908&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_10754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyrych2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ryrych, Tomasz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=819574">"Biały steampunk – dwa oblicza carskiej Rosji. "Lód" Jacka Dukaja i cykl opowiadań o doktorze Skórzewskim Andrzeja Pilipiuka"</a>. Creatio Fantastica (in Polish). 60 (1): 97–114. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2300-2514">2300-2514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creatio+Fantastica&rft.atitle=Bia%C5%82y+steampunk+%E2%80%93+dwa+oblicza+carskiej+Rosji.+%22L%C3%B3d%22+Jacka+Dukaja+i+cykl+opowiada%C5%84+o+doktorze+Sk%C3%B3rzewskim+Andrzeja+Pilipiuka&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-114&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2300-2514&rft.aulast=Ryrych&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D819574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalogi.bn.org.pl/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Pi%C5%82sudski&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=48OMNIS_NLOP:48OMNIS_NLOP&lang=en&offset=0">"Piłsudski (keyword)"</a>. National Library Of Poland. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Of+Poland&rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+%28keyword%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatalogi.bn.org.pl%2Fdiscovery%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3Dany%2Ccontains%2CPi%25C5%2582sudski%26tab%3DLibraryCatalog%26search_scope%3DMyInstitution%26vid%3D48OMNIS_NLOP%3A48OMNIS_NLOP%26lang%3Den%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Online_Catalog-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Online_Catalog_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov">"Library of Congress Online Catalog"</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Online+Catalog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazierska2007-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazierska2007_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwa_Mazierska2007" class="citation book cs1">Ewa Mazierska (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEaaNtRd9T8C&pg=PA122">Polish Postcommunist Cinema: From Pavement Level</a>. Peter Lang. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-529-8"><bdi>978-3-03910-529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Postcommunist+Cinema%3A+From+Pavement+Level&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-529-8&rft.au=Ewa+Mazierska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEaaNtRd9T8C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milewska1998-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Milewska1998_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacława_Milewska1998" class="citation book cs1">Wacława Milewska (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OdwAAAAIAAJ">Legiony Polskie 1914–1918: zarys historii militarnej i politycznej</a>. Księg. Akademicka. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-228-9"><bdi>978-83-7188-228-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legiony+Polskie+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+zarys+historii+militarnej+i+politycznej&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99g.+Akademicka&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-83-7188-228-9&rft.au=Wac%C5%82awa+Milewska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OdwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JedrzejewiczCisek1998-211"><a href="#cite_ref-JedrzejewiczCisek1998_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacław_JedrzejewiczJanusz_Cisek1998" class="citation book cs1">Wacław Jedrzejewicz; Janusz Cisek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBIsAQAAMAAJ">Kalendarium życia Józefa Piłsudskiego: 1867-1935. 1918-1926. TomII</a>. Oficyna wydawnicza RYTM. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-86678-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-86678-97-6"><bdi>978-83-86678-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalendarium+%C5%BCycia+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego%3A+1867-1935.+1918-1926.+TomII&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Oficyna+wydawnicza+RYTM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-83-86678-97-6&rft.au=Wac%C5%82aw+Jedrzejewicz&rft.au=Janusz+Cisek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiBIsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szałapak2005-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Szałapak2005_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Szałapak2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sza%C5%82apak" title="Anna Szałapak">Anna Szałapak</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f1oAAAAMAAJ">Legends and mysteries of Cracow: from King Krak to Piotr Skrzynecki</a>. Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389599070" title="Special:BookSources/9788389599070"><bdi>9788389599070</bdi></a>. <q>Piłsudski... bardzo lubił karykatury na swój temat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+and+mysteries+of+Cracow%3A+from+King+Krak+to+Piotr+Skrzynecki&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Muzeum+Historyczne+Miasta+Krakowa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788389599070&rft.au=Anna+Sza%C5%82apak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachowicz,_Teofil" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lachowicz, Teofil. Karkowska, Julita (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095525/http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-06/pp-03-03-02.html">"Droga na szczyty"</a>. Nowy Dziennik (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-06/pp-03-03-02.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nowy+Dziennik&rft.atitle=Droga+na+szczyty&rft.au=Lachowicz%2C+Teofil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dziennik.com%2Fwww%2Fdziennik%2Fkult%2Farchiwum%2F01-06-06%2Fpp-03-03-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1986139-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1986139_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1986">Davies 1986</a>, p. 139. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlabrudzińska1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alabrudzińska, Elżbieta (1999). Kościoły ewangelickie na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Toruń: <a href="/wiki/The_Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_Press" title="The Nicolaus Copernicus University Press">The Nicolaus Copernicus University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-231-1087-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-231-1087-3"><bdi>978-83-231-1087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y+ewangelickie+na+Kresach+Wschodnich+II+Rzeczypospolitej&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pub=The+Nicolaus+Copernicus+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-83-231-1087-3&rft.aulast=Alabrudzi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=El%C5%BCbieta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4"><bdi>978-0-415-16111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16111-4&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupski2000" class="citation book cs1">Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgaX6q9tycC">The History of Poland</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30571-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30571-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30571-9&rft.aulast=Biskupski&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDgaX6q9tycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupski2012" class="citation book cs1">Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2012). Independence Day: Myth, Symbol, and the Creation of Modern Poland. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199658817" title="Special:BookSources/9780199658817"><bdi>9780199658817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+Day%3A+Myth%2C+Symbol%2C+and+the+Creation+of+Modern+Poland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199658817&rft.aulast=Biskupski&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlobaum1984" class="citation book cs1">Blobaum, Robert (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feliksdzierzynsk00robe">Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the origins of Polish Communism</a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-046-6"><bdi>978-0-88033-046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feliks+Dzierzynsky+and+the+SDKPiL%3A+A+study+of+the+origins+of+Polish+Communism&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-046-6&rft.aulast=Blobaum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeliksdzierzynsk00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoemeke_et_al.1998" class="citation book cs1">Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Glaser, Elisabeth (1998). The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%3A+A+Reassessment+After+75+Years&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62132-8&rft.aulast=Boemeke&rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Gerald+D.&rft.au=Glaser%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharaszkiewicz2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Charaszkiewicz" title="Edmund Charaszkiewicz">Charaszkiewicz, Edmund</a> (2000). Grzywacz, Andrzej; Kwiecień, Marcin; Mazur, Grzegorz (eds.). Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza [A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz] (in Polish). Kraków: Fundacja Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego – Księgarnia Akademicka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7188-449-8"><bdi>978-83-7188-449-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbi%C3%B3r+dokument%C3%B3w+pp%C5%82k.+Edmunda+Charaszkiewicza&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Fundacja+Centrum+Dokumentacji+Czynu+Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bciowego+%E2%80%93+Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-7188-449-8&rft.aulast=Charaszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCienciala2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Cienciala" title="Anna M. Cienciala">Cienciala, Anna M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">"The Rebirth of Poland (lecture notes)"</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Poland+%28lecture+notes%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~eceurope%2Fhist557%2Flect11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCienciala2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cienciala, Anna M. (2011). "The Foreign Policy of Józef Pi£sudski and Józef Beck, 1926–1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations". <a href="/wiki/The_Polish_Review" title="The Polish Review">The Polish Review</a>. 56 (1/2): 111–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41549951">10.2307/41549951</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F10043">1808/10043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2970">0032-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41549951">41549951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C2%A3sudski+and+J%C3%B3zef+Beck%2C+1926%E2%80%931939%3A+Misconceptions+and+Interpretations&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=111-151&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F10043&rft.issn=0032-2970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41549951%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41549951&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisek2002" class="citation book cs1">Cisek, Janusz (2002). Kościuszko, We Are Here: American Pilots of the Kościuszko Squadron in Defense of Poland, 1919–1921. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1240-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-1240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%2C+We+Are+Here%3A+American+Pilots+of+the+Ko%C5%9Bciuszko+Squadron+in+Defense+of+Poland%2C+1919%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1240-2&rft.aulast=Cisek&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Cohen" title="Stephen F. Cohen">Cohen, Stephen F.</a> (1980). Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502697-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502697-9"><bdi>978-0-19-502697-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bukharin+and+the+Bolshevik+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography%2C+1888%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502697-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Cohen" title="Yohanan Cohen">Cohen, Yohanan</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smallnationsinti0000cohe">Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0018-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+in+Times+of+Crisis+and+Confrontation&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0018-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmallnationsinti0000cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2003) [1972]. <a href="/wiki/White_Eagle,_Red_Star" title="White Eagle, Red Star">White Eagle, Red Star</a>: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712606943" title="Special:BookSources/9780712606943"><bdi>9780712606943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Eagle%2C+Red+Star%3A+The+Polish-Soviet+War%2C+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780712606943&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davies, Norman (2005) [1981]. <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a>: A History of Poland. Vol. 2 – 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1"><bdi>978-0-19-925340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925340-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1986" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1986) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192851529">Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285152-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285152-9"><bdi>978-0-19-285152-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%3A+A+Short+History+of+Poland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285152-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192851529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1998) [1996]. <a href="/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097468-8"><bdi>978-0-06-097468-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097468-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Eugene (2004). The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1529-1"><bdi>978-0-8262-1529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unmaking+of+Adolf+Hitler&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1529-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozdowskiSzwankowska1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drozdowski, Marian Marek; Szwankowska, Hanna (1995). "Przedmowa". Pożegnanie Marszałka: Antologia tekstów historycznych i literackich (in Polish). Warsaw: Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii – Komisja Badań Dziejów Warszawy Instytutu Historii PAN: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Typografika". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-86417-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-86417-18-6"><bdi>978-83-86417-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Przedmowa&rft.btitle=Po%C5%BCegnanie+Marsza%C5%82ka%3A+Antologia+tekst%C3%B3w+historycznych+i+literackich&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Mi%C5%82o%C5%9Bnik%C3%B3w+Historii+%E2%80%93+Komisja+Bada%C5%84+Dziej%C3%B3w+Warszawy+Instytutu+Historii+PAN%3A+Oficyna+Wydawnicza+%22Typografika%22&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-83-86417-18-6&rft.aulast=Drozdowski&rft.aufirst=Marian+Marek&rft.au=Szwankowska%2C+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelking2001" class="citation book cs1">Engelking, Barbara (2001). Paulsson, Gunnar S. (ed.). Holocaust and Memory: The Experience of the Holocaust and Its Consequences: an Investigation Based on Personal Narratives. Translated by Harris, Emma. Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0159-4"><bdi>978-0-7185-0159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+and+Memory%3A+The+Experience+of+the+Holocaust+and+Its+Consequences%3A+an+Investigation+Based+on+Personal+Narratives&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0159-4&rft.aulast=Engelking&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (2001). The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941 (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5178-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-5178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+High+Command%3A+A+Military-Political+History%2C+1918%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5178-1&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes, Orlando</a> (1996). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7327-3"><bdi>978-0-7126-7327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7327-3&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2005" class="citation book cs1">Flannery, Edward H. (2005). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-4324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anguish+of+the+Jews%3A+Twenty-Three+Centuries+of+Antisemitism&rft.place=Mahwah+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4324-5&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlicki1995" class="citation book cs1">Garlicki, Andrzej (1995). Józef Piłsudski – 1867–1935. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-018-8"><bdi>978-1-85928-018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+%E2%80%93+1867%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85928-018-8&rft.aulast=Garlicki&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refGoldfarb1991" class="citation book cs1">Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. (1991). Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30098-6"><bdi>978-0-226-30098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Glasnost%3A+The+Post-Totalitarian+Mind&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30098-6&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (2002). The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925. London; New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31145-9"><bdi>978-0-582-31145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+Peace+Settlements%2C+1919%E2%80%931925&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31145-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1999" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Thomas D. (1999). The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96350-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96350-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recognition+of+States%3A+Law+and+Practice+in+Debate+and+Evolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96350-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn2005" class="citation book cs1">Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Low+Dishonest+Decade%3A+The+Great+Powers%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+the+Economic+Origins+of+World+War+II%2C+1930%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9&rft.aulast=Hehn&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeld1992" class="citation book cs1">Held, Joseph (1992). The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07697-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07697-5"><bdi>978-0-231-07697-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07697-5&rft.aulast=Held&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetherington2012" class="citation book cs1">Hetherington, Peter (2012). Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe. Houston: Pingora Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9836563-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9836563-1-9"><bdi>978-0-9836563-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unvanquished%3A+Joseph+Pilsudski%2C+Resurrected+Poland%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=Pingora+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9836563-1-9&rft.aulast=Hetherington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refHildebrand1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Klaus</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyoft0000hild">The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02528-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02528-8"><bdi>978-0-520-02528-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02528-8&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignpolicyoft0000hild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refHumphrey1936" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Grace (1936). Pilsudski: Builder of Poland. New York: Scott and More. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775309">775309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+Builder+of+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scott+and+More&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F775309&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde-Price2001" class="citation book cs1">Hyde-Price, Adrian (2001). Germany and European Order. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5428-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+European+Order&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5428-0&rft.aulast=Hyde-Price&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabłonowskiStawecki1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jabłonowski, Marek; Stawecki, Piotr (1998). Następca komendanta. Edward Śmigły-Rydz. Materiały do biografii (in Polish). Pułtusk: Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna w Pułtusku. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-909208-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-909208-0-1"><bdi>978-83-909208-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nast%C4%99pca+komendanta.+Edward+%C5%9Amig%C5%82y-Rydz.+Materia%C5%82y+do+biografii&rft.place=Pu%C5%82tusk&rft.pub=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Humanistyczna+w+Pu%C5%82tusku&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-83-909208-0-1&rft.aulast=Jab%C5%82onowski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.au=Stawecki%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabłonowskiKossewska2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jabłonowski, Marek; Kossewska, Elżbieta, eds. (2005). Piłsudski na łamach i w opiniach prasy polskiej 1918–1989 [Piłsudski as Seen in the Polish Press, 1918–1989] (in Polish). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA–JR and Warsaw University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89964-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89964-44-1"><bdi>978-83-89964-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pi%C5%82sudski+na+%C5%82amach+i+w+opiniach+prasy+polskiej+1918%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+ASPRA%E2%80%93JR+and+Warsaw+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-83-89964-44-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJędrzejewicz1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław</a> (1990) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngsWAQAAMAAJ">Pilsudski: A Life For Poland</a>. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-747-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-747-0"><bdi>978-0-87052-747-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+A+Life+For+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87052-747-0&rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngsWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJędrzejewiczCisek1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław; Cisek, Janusz (1994). Kalendarium Życia Józefa Piłsudskiego (in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04114-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04114-1"><bdi>978-83-04-04114-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalendarium+%C5%BBycia+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-83-04-04114-1&rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft.au=Cisek%2C+Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Jordan" title="Nicole Jordan">Jordan, Nicole</a> (2002). The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence 1918–1940. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52242-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Front+and+Central+Europe%3A+The+Dilemmas+of+French+Impotence+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52242-7&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez, Peter</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsovietu00kene">A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31198-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Soviet+Union+from+the+Beginning+to+the+End&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31198-4&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsovietu00kene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipp1993" class="citation book cs1">Kipp, Jacob, ed. (1993). Central European Security Concerns: Bridge, Buffer, Or Barrier?. Portland OR: F. Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4545-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-4545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+European+Security+Concerns%3A+Bridge%2C+Buffer%2C+Or+Barrier%3F&rft.place=Portland+OR&rft.pub=F.+Cass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4545-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rotem_Kowner" title="Rotem Kowner">Kowner, Rotem</a> (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5"><bdi>0-8108-4927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-4927-5&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Jan_Lerski" title="Jerzy Jan Lerski">Lerski, Jerzy Jan</a> (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Editing and emendations by Piotr Wróbel and Richard J. Kozicki. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1983" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, R. F. (1983). The History of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27501-9"><bdi>978-0-521-27501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland+Since+1863&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27501-9&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (1994). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06078-2"><bdi>978-0-300-06078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Revolution%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania+and+the+Path+to+Independence&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06078-2&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLönnroth_et_al.1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth" title="Erik Lönnroth">Lönnroth, Erik</a>; Björk, Ragnar; Molin, Karl (1994). Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 78. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013504-6"><bdi>978-3-11-013504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+National+History%3A+Proceedings+of+Nobel+Symposium+78&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013504-6&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnroth&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rk%2C+Ragnar&rft.au=Molin%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lasteuropeanwar00john">The Last European War: September 1939 – December 1941</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08915-8"><bdi>978-0-300-08915-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+European+War%3A+September+1939+%E2%80%93+December+1941&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08915-8&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flasteuropeanwar00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">MacMillan, Margaret</a> (2003). Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (Random House trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76052-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76052-5"><bdi>978-0-375-76052-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Random+House+trade+paperback&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76052-5&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Najder, Zdzisław</a>, Conrad under Familial Eyes, Cambridge University Press, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25082-X">0-521-25082-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Najder, Zdzisław</a>, Joseph Conrad: A Life, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-347-2">978-1-57113-347-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson" title="Gunnar S. Paulsson">Paulsson, Gunnar S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul">Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09546-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City%3A+The+Hidden+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09546-3&rft.aulast=Paulsson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcityhidden00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299148744">A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4"><bdi>978-0-299-14874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14874-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780299148744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidlutskyi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pidlutskyi, Oleksa (2004). "Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State". Postati XX stolittia [Figures of the 20th century]. Kyiv: Triada-A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-8290-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-8290-01-5"><bdi>978-966-8290-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+The+Chief+who+Created+Himself+a+State&rft.btitle=Postati+XX+stolittia&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Triada-A&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-966-8290-01-5&rft.aulast=Pidlutskyi&rft.aufirst=Oleksa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> (Reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a>, 5, 3–9 February 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/postati_hh_storichchyayuzef_pilsudskiy_nachalnik,_yakiy_stvoriv_sobi_derzhavu.html">available online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiłsudski1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piłsudski, Józef (1989). Urbankowski, Bohdan (ed.). Myśli, mowy i rozkazy (in Polish). Warsaw: Kwadryga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85082-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85082-01-9"><bdi>978-83-85082-01-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My%C5%9Bli%2C+mowy+i+rozkazy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Kwadryga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-83-85082-01-9&rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich">Russia under the Bolshevik Regime</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7"><bdi>978-0-394-50242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50242-7&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaunderbolsh00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlach2006" class="citation book cs1">Plach, Eva (2006). The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Pilsudski's Poland, 1926–1935. Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1695-2"><bdi>978-0-8214-1695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Moral+Nations%3A+Cultural+Politics+in+Pilsudski%27s+Poland%2C+1926%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1695-2&rft.aulast=Plach&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPobóg-Malinowski1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Pob%C3%B3g-Malinowski" title="Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski">Pobóg-Malinowski, Władysław</a> (1990). Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864–1945 (in Polish). Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-03-03163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-03-03163-1"><bdi>978-83-03-03163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Najnowsza+historia+polityczna+Polski+1864%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Krajowa+Agencja+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-83-03-03163-1&rft.aulast=Pob%C3%B3g-Malinowski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrizel1998" class="citation book cs1">Prizel, Ilya (1998). National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57697-0"><bdi>978-0-521-57697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+Nationalism+and+Leadership+in+Poland%2C+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57697-0&rft.aulast=Prizel&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refQuester2000" class="citation book cs1">Quester, George H. (2000). Nuclear Monopoly. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0022-0"><bdi>978-0-7658-0022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Monopoly&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0022-0&rft.aulast=Quester&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRąkowski2005" class="citation book cs1">Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2005). Wołyń: przewodnik krajoznawczo-historyczny po Ukrainie Zachodniej. Rewasz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89188-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-89188-32-5"><bdi>83-89188-32-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wo%C5%82y%C5%84%3A+przewodnik+krajoznawczo-historyczny+po+Ukrainie+Zachodniej&rft.pub=Rewasz&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-89188-32-5&rft.aulast=R%C4%85kowski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos1966" class="citation book cs1">Roos, Hans (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernp00roos">A History of Modern Poland, from the Foundation of the State in the First World War to the Present Day</a>. Translated by J.R. Foster from the German Geschichte der polnischen Nation, 1916–1960. (1st American ed.). New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396836">396836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Poland%2C+from+the+Foundation+of+the+State+in+the+First+World+War+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396836&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernp00roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshwald2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aviel_Roshwald" title="Aviel Roshwald">Roshwald, Aviel</a> (2001). Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24229-5"><bdi>978-0-415-24229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+and+the+Fall+of+Empires%3A+Central+Europe%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Russia%2C+1914%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24229-5&rft.aulast=Roshwald&rft.aufirst=Aviel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refRoshwald2002" class="citation book cs1">Roshwald, Aviel; Stites, Richard (2002). European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914–1918. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01324-6"><bdi>978-0-521-01324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Culture+in+the+Great+War%3A+The+Arts%2C+Entertainment+and+Propaganda%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01324-6&rft.aulast=Roshwald&rft.aufirst=Aviel&rft.au=Stites%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszkowski1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Roszkowski" title="Wojciech Roszkowski">Roszkowski, Wojciech</a> (1992). Historia Polski 1914–1991 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-11014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-11014-7"><bdi>978-83-01-11014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+1914%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-83-01-11014-7&rft.aulast=Roszkowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild1990" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Joseph (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop09jose">East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95357-1"><bdi>978-0-295-95357-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+Between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95357-1&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastcentraleurop09jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sanford (scholar)">Sanford, George</a> (2002). Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77475-5"><bdi>978-0-333-77475-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Government+in+Poland%3A+Constitutional+Politics+Since+1989&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-77475-5&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuker1999" class="citation book cs1">Schuker, Stephen (1999). "The End of Versailles". In Gordon Martel (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians' (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 38–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415163250" title="Special:BookSources/0415163250"><bdi>0415163250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Versailles&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered+A.J.P.+Taylor+and+the+Historians%27&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-56&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415163250&rft.aulast=Schuker&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10586-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations%3A+Poland%2C+Ukraine%2C+Lithuania%2C+Belarus%2C+1569%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10586-5&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSpEynLxJ1MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2007" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2007). Sketches from a Secret Warr: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-030012599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-030012599-3"><bdi>978-030012599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+a+Secret+Warr%3A+A+Polish+Artist%27s+Mission+to+Liberate+Soviet+Ukraine&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-030012599-3&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachura2004" class="citation book cs1">Stachura, Peter D. (2004). Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34358-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34358-9"><bdi>978-0-415-34358-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%2C+1918%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Interpretive+and+Documentary+History+of+the+Second+Republic&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34358-9&rft.aulast=Stachura&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleja2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suleja, Włodzimierz (2004). Józef Piłsudski (in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04706-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04706-8"><bdi>978-83-04-04706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-83-04-04706-8&rft.aulast=Suleja&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refTorbus1999" class="citation book cs1">Torbus, Tomasz (1999). Nelles Guide Poland. Munich: Hunter Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88618-088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88618-088-2"><bdi>978-3-88618-088-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelles+Guide+Poland&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-88618-088-2&rft.aulast=Torbus&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbankowski1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Urbankowski" title="Bohdan Urbankowski">Urbankowski, Bohdan</a> (1997). Józef Piłsudski: Marzyciel i strateg [Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist] (in Polish). Vol. 1–2. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo ALFA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7001-914-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7001-914-3"><bdi>978-83-7001-914-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+Marzyciel+i+strateg&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+ALFA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-83-7001-914-3&rft.aulast=Urbankowski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1996" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert (1996). France and the Origins of the Second World War. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312161867" title="Special:BookSources/0312161867"><bdi>0312161867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0312161867&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVital1999" class="citation book cs1">Vital, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleapartjewsi00vita">A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821980-4"><bdi>978-0-19-821980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Apart%3A+The+Jews+in+Europe%2C+1789%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821980-4&rft.aulast=Vital&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleapartjewsi00vita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_S._Wandycz" title="Piotr S. Wandycz">Wandycz, Piotr S.</a> (1990). "Poland's Place in Europe in the Concepts of Piłsudski and Dmowski". East European Politics & Societies. 4 (3): 451–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325490004003004">10.1177/0888325490004003004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144503092">144503092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics+%26+Societies&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+Place+in+Europe+in+the+Concepts+of+Pi%C5%82sudski+and+Dmowski&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-468&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325490004003004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144503092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz1988" class="citation book cs1">Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (1988). The Twilight of French Eastern Alliances, 1926–1936: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691635255" title="Special:BookSources/9780691635255"><bdi>9780691635255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+French+Eastern+Alliances%2C+1926%E2%80%931936%3A+French-Czechoslovak-Polish+Relations+from+Locarno+to+the+Remilitarization+of+the+Rhineland&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780691635255&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1979" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Richard M. (1979). Bitter Glory. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-22625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-22625-1"><bdi>978-0-671-22625-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Glory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-671-22625-1&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWein1990" class="citation book cs1">Wein, Berel (1990). Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650–1990. Shaar / Mesorah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-498-1-" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-498-1-"><bdi>0-89906-498-1-</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+Survival%3A+The+Story+of+the+Jews+in+the+Modern+Era+1650%E2%80%931990.&rft.pub=Shaar+%2F+Mesorah&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-89906-498-1-&rft.aulast=Wein&rft.aufirst=Berel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWładyka2005" class="citation book cs1">Władyka, Władysław (2005). Z Drugą Rzeczpospolitą na plecach. Postać Józefa Piłsudskiego w prasie i propagandzie PRL do 1980 roku.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Z+Drug%C4%85+Rzeczpospolit%C4%85+na+plecach.+Posta%C4%87+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+w+prasie+i+propagandzie+PRL+do+1980+roku&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=W%C5%82adyka&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFJabłonowskiKossewska2005">Jabłonowski & Kossewska 2005</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski, Adam</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishwaythousa00zamo">The Polish Way</a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-15069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-15069-6"><bdi>978-0-531-15069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Way&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-531-15069-6&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishwaythousa00zamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Memories%3A+Poles+and+Jews+During+the+Holocaust+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2004). Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892–1914. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19464-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19464-2"><bdi>978-0-299-19464-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poles%2C+Jews%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Nationality%3A+The+Bund+and+the+Polish+Socialist+Party+in+Late+Tsarist+Russia%2C+1892%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-299-19464-2&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻuławnik,_Małgorzata_&_Mariusz2005" class="citation book cs1">Żuławnik, Małgorzata; Żuławnik, Mariusz (2005). Powrót na łamy. Józef Piłsudski w prasie oficjalnej i podziemnej 1980–1989 [Return to the Newspapers: Józef Piłsudski in the Official and Underground Press, 1980–1989].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powr%C3%B3t+na+%C5%82amy.+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+w+prasie+oficjalnej+i+podziemnej+1980%E2%80%931989&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=%C5%BBu%C5%82awnik&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=%C5%BBu%C5%82awnik%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFJabłonowskiKossewska2005">Jabłonowski & Kossewska 2005</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <dl><dd>This is only a small selection. See also National Library in Warsaw <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekologia.neostrada.pl/hwjpl.html">lists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411184337/http://www.ekologia.neostrada.pl/hwjpl.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzubiński1988" class="citation book cs1">Czubiński, Antoni, ed. (1988). Józef Piłsudski i jego legenda [Józef Piłsudski and His Legend]. Warsaw: Państowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-07819-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-07819-5"><bdi>978-83-01-07819-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+i+jego+legenda&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-83-01-07819-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2001) [1984]. Heart of Europe, The Past in Poland's Present. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%2C+The+Past+in+Poland%27s+Present&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280126-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowski1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Kamil_Dziewanowski" title="Marian Kamil Dziewanowski">Dziewanowski, Marian Kamil</a> (1969). Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918–1922. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1791-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-1791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Pilsudski%3A+A+European+Federalist%2C+1918%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1791-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=Marian+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlicki1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garlicki, Andrzej (1981). "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens". <a href="/wiki/Polish_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Polish Biographical Dictionary">Polish Biographical Dictionary</a> (Polski Słownik Biograficzny) vol. XXVI (in Polish). Wrocław: Polska Akademia Nauk. pp. 311–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pi%C5%82sudski%2C+J%C3%B3zef+Klemens&rft.btitle=Polish+Biographical+Dictionary+%28Polski+S%C5%82ownik+Biograficzny%29+vol.+XXVI&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=311-324&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Garlicki&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser, Przemysław (1992). "Józef Piłsudski's Views on the Territorial Shape of the Polish State and His Endeavours to Put them into Effect, 1918–1921". Polish Western Affairs (2). Dorosz, Janina (transl.). Poznań: Komisja Naukowa Zachodniej Agencji Prasowej: 235–249. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3039">0032-3039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Western+Affairs&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%27s+Views+on+the+Territorial+Shape+of+the+Polish+State+and+His+Endeavours+to+Put+them+into+Effect%2C+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-249&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0032-3039&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJędrzejewicz1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Wacław Jędrzejewicz">Jędrzejewicz, Wacław</a> (1989). Józef Piłsudski 1867–1935. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo LTW. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88736-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88736-25-4"><bdi>978-83-88736-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+1867%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+LTW&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-83-88736-25-4&rft.aulast=J%C4%99drzejewicz&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiłsudska1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Aleksandra Piłsudska">Piłsudska, Aleksandra</a> (1941). Pilsudski: A Biography by His Wife. New York: Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65700731">65700731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilsudski%3A+A+Biography+by+His+Wife&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65700731&rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudska&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiłsudskiGillie,_Darsie_Rutherford1931" class="citation book cs1">Piłsudski, Józef; Gillie, Darsie Rutherford (1931). Joseph Pilsudski, the Memories of a Polish Revolutionary and soldier. Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Pilsudski%2C+the+Memories+of+a+Polish+Revolutionary+and+soldier&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft.au=Gillie%2C+Darsie+Rutherford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiłsudski1972" class="citation book cs1">Piłsudski, Józef (1972). Year 1920 and its Climax: Battle of Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920, with the Addition of Soviet Marshal Tukhachevski's March beyond the Vistula. New York: Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006EIT3A">B0006EIT3A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+1920+and+its+Climax%3A+Battle+of+Warsaw+during+the+Polish-Soviet+War%2C+1919%E2%80%931920%2C+with+the+Addition+of+Soviet+Marshal+Tukhachevski%27s+March+beyond+the+Vistula&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+Institute+of+America&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006EIT3A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddaway1939" class="citation book cs1">Reddaway, William Fiddian (1939). Marshal Pilsudski. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1704492">1704492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Pilsudski&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1704492&rft.aulast=Reddaway&rft.aufirst=William+Fiddian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild1967" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Joseph (1967). Pilsudski's Coup d'État. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02984-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02984-1"><bdi>978-0-231-02984-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilsudski%27s+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-231-02984-1&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz1970" class="citation journal cs1">Wandycz, Piotr S. (1970). "Polish Federalism 1919–1920 and its Historical Antecedents". East European Quarterly. 4 (1). Boulder, Colorado: 25–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Polish+Federalism+1919%E2%80%931920+and+its+Historical+Antecedents&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-39&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWójcik1987" class="citation book cs1">Wójcik, Włodzimierz (1987). Legenda Piłsudskiego w Polskiej literaturze międzywojennej (Piłsudski's Legend in Polish Interwar Literature). Warsaw: Śląsk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-216-0533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-216-0533-3"><bdi>978-83-216-0533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legenda+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+w+Polskiej+literaturze+mi%C4%99dzywojennej+%28Pi%C5%82sudski%27s+Legend+in+Polish+Interwar+Literature%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-83-216-0533-3&rft.aulast=W%C3%B3jcik&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zimmerman, Joshua D. Jozef Pilsudski: Founding Father of Modern Poland (Harvard University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59107">online review</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" class="extiw" title="commons:Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpilsudski.org/">A site dedicated to Józef Piłsudski and the prewar Poland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817212035/http://www.jpilsudski.org/">Archived</a> 17 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilsudski.org">Józef Piłsudski Institute of America</a> (in English and Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423005635/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/bibula/index.htm">Bibuła</a> – Book by Józef Piłsudski (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231707/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/media/index.htm">Historical media</a> – Recording of short speech by Piłsudski from 1924 (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013635">Newspaper clippings about Józef Piłsudski</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None (Independence regained) (eventually <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Chief of State of the Republic of Poland</a> 18 November 1918 – 9 December 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a> President of the Republic</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliusz_Tarnawa-Malczewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliusz Tarnawa-Malczewski (page does not exist)">Juliusz Tarnawa-Malczewski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland">Minister of Military Affairs</a> 16 May 1926 – 12 May 1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kasprzycki" title="Tadeusz Kasprzycki">Tadeusz Kasprzycki</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President-elect of the Republic of Poland</a> (did not take office) elected 31 May 1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Kazimierz Bartel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland">Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland</a> 2 October 1926 – 27 June 1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Kazimierz Bartel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Walery Sławek</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland">Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland</a> 15 August – 4 December 1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Walery Sławek</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_I_of_the_Polish_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade I of the Polish Legions">Brigade I of the Polish Legions</a> 1914–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marian_%C5%BBegota-Januszajtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Żegota-Januszajtis">Marian Żegota-Januszajtis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Polish Army">Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Army</a> 17 December 1922 – 9 June 1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller" title="Stanisław Haller">Stanisław Haller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="General Inspector of the Armed Forces">General Inspector of the Armed Forces</a> 27 August 1926 – 12 May 1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marshals_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marshals_of_Poland" title="Template:Marshals of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marshals_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Marshals of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marshals_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshals of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Army-POL-OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/20px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/30px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Army-POL-OF-10.svg/40px-Army-POL-OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1860" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/30px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/45px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/60px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_(1851-1929),_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/30px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/45px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3266" /></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/30px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/45px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg/60px-Marshal_Rydz-Smigly_LOC_hec_27123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="3917" /></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/30px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/45px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg/60px-Rola-%C5%BBymierski_Micha%C5%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3500" /></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/30px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/45px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/60px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2100" /></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Spychalski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/30px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/45px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/60px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="581" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Józef Piłsudski</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski" title="Michał Rola-Żymierski">Michał Rola-Żymierski</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstanty Rokossowski</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/40px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/60px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/80px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Template:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">Heads of state of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">Provisional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack of the President of Poland"><img alt="Jack of the President of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Republic of Poland</a> (1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Józef Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> (1939–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Raczkiewicz" title="Władysław Raczkiewicz">Władysław Raczkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Zaleski" title="August Zaleski">August Zaleski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ostrowski" title="Stanisław Ostrowski">Stanisław Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernard_Raczy%C5%84ski" title="Edward Bernard Raczyński">Edward Raczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sabbat" title="Kazimierz Sabbat">Kazimierz Sabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kaczorowski" title="Ryszard Kaczorowski">Ryszard Kaczorowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (1944–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Tr%C4%85balski" title="Franciszek Trąbalski">Franciszek Trąbalski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kowalski_(politician)" title="Władysław Kowalski (politician)">Władysław Kowalski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki" title="Aleksander Zawadzki">Aleksander Zawadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Józef Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Jabłoński">Henryk Jabłoński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Republic of Poland</a> (1990–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz" title="Bogdan Borusewicz">Bogdan Borusewicz</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Schetyna" title="Grzegorz Schetyna">Grzegorz Schetyna</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Template:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">Prime ministers of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski" title="Stanisław Małachowski">Małachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Szymon_Gutakowski" title="Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski">Gutakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Potocki" title="Stanisław Kostka Potocki">Potocki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" title="Jan Kucharzewski">Kucharzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Ponikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kanty_Steczkowski" title="Jan Kanty Steczkowski">Kanty Steczkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Świeżyński">Świeżyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Władysław Wróblewski">Wróblewski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of Poland">Republic of Poland</a> (1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Moraczewski" title="Jędrzej Moraczewski">Moraczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Skulski" title="Leopold Skulski">Skulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Grabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Ponikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Śliwiński">Śliwiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Nowak" title="Julian Nowak">Nowak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Sikorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Grabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Skrzy%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Skrzyński">Skrzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Witos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%9Awitalski" title="Kazimierz Świtalski">Świtalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel" title="Kazimierz Bartel">Bartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Prystor" title="Aleksander Prystor">Prystor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Janusz Jędrzejewicz">Jędrzejewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Koz%C5%82owski" title="Leon Kozłowski">Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walery_S%C5%82awek" title="Walery Sławek">Sławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Zyndram-Ko%C5%9Bcia%C5%82kowski" title="Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski">Zyndram-Kościałkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicjan_S%C5%82awoj_Sk%C5%82adkowski" title="Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski">Składkowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> (1939–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Sikorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski" title="Tomasz Arciszewski">Arciszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Tomaszewski_(Prime_Minister)" title="Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Prime Minister)">Tomaszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Odzierzy%C5%84ski" title="Roman Odzierzyński">Odzierzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Hryniewski" title="Jerzy Hryniewski">Hryniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mackiewicz" title="Stanisław Mackiewicz">Mackiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugon_Hanke" title="Hugon Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Paj%C4%85k" title="Antoni Pająk">Pająk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawisza" title="Aleksander Zawisza">Zawisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Muchniewski" title="Zygmunt Muchniewski">Muchniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Urba%C5%84ski" title="Alfred Urbański">Urbański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sabbat" title="Kazimierz Sabbat">Sabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Szczepanik" title="Edward Szczepanik">Szczepanik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (1944–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Osóbka-Morawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Jaroszewicz" title="Piotr Jaroszewicz">Jaroszewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Babiuch" title="Edward Babiuch">Babiuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%84kowski" title="Józef Pińkowski">Pińkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Messner" title="Zbigniew Messner">Messner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Rakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kiszczak" title="Czesław Kiszczak">Kiszczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Republic of Poland</a> (1990–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki" title="Jan Krzysztof Bielecki">Bielecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olszewski" title="Jan Olszewski">Olszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Suchocka" title="Hanna Suchocka">Suchocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Oleksy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz" title="Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz">Cimoszewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Miller" title="Leszek Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Belka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Marcinkiewicz" title="Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz">Marcinkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz" title="Ewa Kopacz">Kopacz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Szydło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Morawiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Inspectors_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Inspectors_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Template:General Inspectors of the Polish Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Inspectors_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:General Inspectors of the Polish Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Inspectors_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Inspectors of the Polish Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Inspectors_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="General Inspector of the Armed Forces">General Inspectors of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Józef Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Władysław Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dembi%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Dembiński">Stefan Dembiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kopa%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Kopański">Stanisław Kopański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bohusz-Szyszko" title="Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko">Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bronis%C5%82aw_Duch" title="Bolesław Bronisław Duch">Bronisław Duch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych"><img alt="Flag of Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg/50px-Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg/75px-Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg/100px-Flaga_Generalnego_Inspektora_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123206202">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000068458086">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46782964">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3273/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCVPywjgXcY3d4cC7PwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118742574">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011072">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120671599">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120671599">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35423409">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010091949&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000054880&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1196333">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070290385">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90247846">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000087428&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz13t1546pr0mt">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592045005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/190040">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007305854505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519205006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01629253?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947442">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118742574.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118742574">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028939727">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w95bwp">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50047679">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Józef_Piłsudski&oldid=1258005932">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Józef_Piłsudski&oldid=1258005932</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Category:Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1867_births" title="Category:1867 births">1867 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_deaths" title="Category:1935 deaths">1935 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Wawel_Cathedral" title="Category:Burials at Wawel Cathedral">Burials at Wawel Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_for_President_of_Poland" title="Category:Candidates for President of Poland">Candidates for President of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_Organization_of_the_Polish_Socialist_Party_members" title="Category:Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members">Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Roman_Catholicism_from_Lutheranism" title="Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism">Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_liver_cancer_in_Poland" title="Category:Deaths from liver cancer in Poland">Deaths from liver cancer in Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Poland" title="Category:Government ministers of Poland">Government ministers of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cordons_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta">Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Virtuti_Militari" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari">Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Category:Heads of state of Poland">Heads of state of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy">Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_who_took_power_by_coup" title="Category:Leaders who took power by coup">Leaders who took power by coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshals_of_Poland" title="Category:Marshals of Poland">Marshals of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Category:Members of the Provisional Council of State">Members of the Provisional Council of State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dionys_District_Municipality" title="Category:People from Švenčionys District Municipality">People from Švenčionys District Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sventsyansky_Uyezd" title="Category:People from Sventsyansky Uyezd">People from Sventsyansky Uyezd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Polish_May_Coup_(pro-Pi%C5%82sudski_side)" title="Category:People of the Polish May Coup (pro-Piłsudski side)">People of the Polish May Coup (pro-Piłsudski side)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-communists" title="Category:Polish anti-communists">Polish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_exiles_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Polish exiles in the Russian Empire">Polish exiles in the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_generals" title="Category:Polish generals">Polish generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_independence_activists" title="Category:Polish independence activists">Polish independence activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_legionnaires_(World_War_I)" title="Category:Polish legionnaires (World War I)">Polish legionnaires (World War I)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Military_Organisation_members" title="Category:Polish Military Organisation members">Polish Military Organisation members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_nationalists" title="Category:Polish nationalists">Polish nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Polish_nobility" title="Category:19th-century Polish nobility">19th-century Polish nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_people_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Polish people of World War I">Polish people of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_people_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Category:Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War">Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholics">Polish Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Socialist_Party_politicians" title="Category:Polish Socialist Party politicians">Polish Socialist Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="Category:Prime ministers of Poland">Prime ministers of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Cross_of_Independence_with_Swords" title="Category:Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords">Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Cross_of_Valour_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)">Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Gold_Cross_of_Merit_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)">Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Military_Order_of_the_Cross_of_the_Eagle,_Class_I" title="Category:Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I">Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave">Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanacja_politicians" title="Category:Sanacja politicians">Sanacja politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_nobility" title="Category:20th-century Polish nobility">20th-century Polish nobility</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 17:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-ghjqw","wgBackendResponseTime":254,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.441","walltime":"3.895","ppvisitednodes":{"value":82348,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":471099,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50569,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":616665,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3489.674 1 -total"," 21.83% 761.924 194 Template:R"," 20.71% 722.538 245 Template:R/ref"," 19.23% 670.914 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.63% 615.068 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 16.04% 559.838 111 Template:Cite_book"," 6.36% 221.936 245 Template:R/superscript"," 5.49% 191.489 37 Template:Sfn"," 5.37% 187.460 245 Template:R/where"," 5.02% 175.300 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.649","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32765475,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmet_ErsoyMaciej_G¢rnyVangelis_Kechriotis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlabrudzińska1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrzej_AjnenkielAndrzej_DrzycimskiJanina_Paradowska1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_Szałapak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtizovUsov1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAviva_Woznica2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaliszewski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianchini2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupskiPulaWróbel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlobaum1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoemeke_et_al.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCat-Mackiewicz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharaszkiewicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChimiakCierlik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChojnowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCienciala2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCienciala2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCieplinski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCisek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzubiński1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrozdowskiSzwankowska1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrążek2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDziewanowski1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelking2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwa_Mazierska2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrątczak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarlicki1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarlicki1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauser1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHehn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeld1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHetherington2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyde-Price2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabłonowskiKossewska2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabłonowskiStawecki1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_D._Smele2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Marcus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJędrzejewicz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJędrzejewicz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJędrzejewiczCisek1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._KoppJ._Nizynska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenez1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipp1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachowicz,_Teofil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandauDunlop1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrynowicz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerski1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLönnroth_et_al.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlstowski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulsson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlez1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidlutskyi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiłsudska1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiłsudski1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiłsudski1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiłsudskiGillie,_Darsie_Rutherford1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlach2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPobóg-Malinowski1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPra_ż_mowska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrizel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuchalski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddaway1939\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoos1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshwald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoszkowski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyrych2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRąkowski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachura2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleja2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczepański\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzymczak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTo1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUjmaHistoryczne)2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbankowski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVital1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacław_JedrzejewiczJanusz_Cisek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacława_Milewska1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWandycz1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWandycz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWandycz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWróbel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWójcik1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWładyka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalogaMadej1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamoyski1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŚleszyński2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŻuławnik,_Małgorzata_\u0026amp;_Mariusz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"refGoldfarb1991\"] = 1,\n [\"refHildebrand1973\"] = 1,\n [\"refHumphrey1936\"] = 1,\n [\"refQuester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"refRoshwald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"refTorbus1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 111,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Pilsudski, Jozef Klemens\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation\"] = 3,\n [\"General Inspectors of the Polish Armed Forces\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 114,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"MS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Marshals of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Note label\"] = 3,\n [\"ORP\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 194,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","24.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","6.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.1"],["(for generator)","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.1"],["[others]","440","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-bb444","timestamp":"20241125142942","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q885","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q885","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-02T13:14:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:24:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/61\/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg","headline":"Polish politician, First Marshall, and Prime Minister (1867\u20131935)"}</script> </body> </html>