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id="toc-Second_World_War_and_subsequent_years:_1939–1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Modern literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Māori_and_Pasifika_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_and_Pasifika_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Māori and Pasifika writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_and_Pasifika_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_and_young_adult_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_and_young_adult_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Children's and young adult literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_and_young_adult_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playwriting" 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href="#Literary_journals_and_periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Literary journals and periodicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_journals_and_periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="নিউজিল্যান্ডের সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউজিল্যান্ডের সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuseel%C3%A4ndische_Literatur" title="Neuseeländische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuseeländische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_n%C3%A9o-z%C3%A9landaise" title="Littérature néo-zélandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature néo-zélandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%A7%88%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="뉴질랜드 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴질랜드 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նոր Զելանդիայի գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր Զելանդիայի գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Z%C3%A9land_irodalma" title="Új-Zéland irodalma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-Zéland irodalma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="ニュージーランド文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュージーランド文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Литература Новой Зеландии – Russian" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwiana1_(greyscale).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png/150px-Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png/225px-Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png/300px-Kiwiana1_%28greyscale%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Kiwiana" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_settlers_in_New_Zealand" title="European settlers in New Zealand">Pākehā settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_M%C4%81ori" title="Pākehā Māori">Pākehā Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">"Kiwi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_humour" title="New Zealand humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_Zealand" title="Alcohol in New Zealand">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_and_New_Zealand_dishes" title="List of Australian and New Zealand dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">Hāngī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_music_festivals" title="New Zealand music festivals">Music festivals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of New Zealand">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori art">Māori art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_poetry" title="Māori poetry">Māori poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_New_Zealand" title="Performing arts in New Zealand">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">Kapa haka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in New Zealand">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_sportspeople" title="List of New Zealand sportspeople">Sportspeople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_New_Zealand" title="Cricket in New Zealand">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_New_Zealand" title="Association football in New Zealand">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball_in_New_Zealand" title="Netball in New Zealand">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_New_Zealand" title="Rugby league in New Zealand">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Rugby union in New Zealand">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_New_Zealand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand" title="Heritage New Zealand">Heritage New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of New Zealand">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">National anthems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_Zealand" title="List of museums in New Zealand">Museums and art galleries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/16px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/24px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Culture of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Culture of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> New Zealand literature is <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, both oral and written, produced by the people of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. It often deals with New Zealand themes, people or places, is written predominantly in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, and features <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and the use of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>. Before the arrival and settlement of Europeans in New Zealand in the 19th century, Māori culture had a strong oral tradition. Early European settlers wrote about their experiences travelling and exploring New Zealand. The concept of a "New Zealand literature", as distinct from <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, did not originate until the 20th century, when authors began exploring themes of landscape, isolation, and the emerging New Zealand national identity.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Māori writers became more prominent in the latter half of the 20th century, and Māori language and culture have become an increasingly important part of New Zealand literature.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> New Zealand literature has developed into a major part of modern New Zealand culture through a growing readership, financial support and publicity for writers through literary awards and fellowships, and the development of literary journals and magazines. Many New Zealand writers have obtained local and international renown over the years, including the short-story writers <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sargeson" title="Frank Sargeson">Frank Sargeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacquie_Sturm" title="Jacquie Sturm">Jacquie Sturm</a>, novelists <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Grace" title="Patricia Grace">Patricia Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witi_Ihimaera" title="Witi Ihimaera">Witi Ihimaera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gee" title="Maurice Gee">Maurice Gee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hulme" title="Keri Hulme">Keri Hulme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Catton" title="Eleanor Catton">Eleanor Catton</a>, poets <a href="/wiki/James_K._Baxter" title="James K. Baxter">James K. Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleur_Adcock" title="Fleur Adcock">Fleur Adcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh" title="Selina Tusitala Marsh">Selina Tusitala Marsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hone_Tuwhare" title="Hone Tuwhare">Hone Tuwhare</a>, children's authors <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahy" title="Margaret Mahy">Margaret Mahy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joy_Cowley" title="Joy Cowley">Joy Cowley</a>, historians <a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">Michael King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Binney" title="Judith Binney">Judith Binney</a>, and playwright <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hall_(playwright)" title="Roger Hall (playwright)">Roger Hall</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works:_pre-1870">Early works: pre-1870</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early works: pre-1870">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books" title="Early New Zealand Books">Early New Zealand Books</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bul01BirdP020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bul01BirdP020.jpg/170px-Bul01BirdP020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bul01BirdP020.jpg/255px-Bul01BirdP020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bul01BirdP020.jpg/340px-Bul01BirdP020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations of the <a href="/wiki/Morepork" title="Morepork">morepork</a> (left) and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Laughing_owl" title="Laughing owl">laughing owl</a> (right) by <a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walter_Buller" title="Walter Buller">Walter Buller</a>'s A History of the Birds of New Zealand. 2nd edition. Published 1888.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> settlers began arriving in New Zealand in the late 13th or early 14th century, and became known as <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> developing a distinct culture, including oral myths, legends, poetry, songs (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music#Waiata" title="Māori music">waiata</a>), and prayers. Public speaking on the <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a>, a communal and sacred gathering place, was (and remains) a particularly important part of Māori culture, and performance was a key part of the oral tradition; for example the <a href="/wiki/Karanga_(M%C4%81ori_culture)" title="Karanga (Māori culture)">karanga</a> (a ceremonial call) as part of the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dwhiri" title="Pōwhiri">pōwhiri</a> (welcoming ceremony).<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> The first book published in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> was in 1815 called A korao (korero) no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander's first book; being an attempt to compose some lessons for the instruction of the natives, printed in Sydney and written by Thomas Kendell in collaboration with Tuai, a young chief.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> Kendell, chief <a href="/wiki/Hongi_Hika" title="Hongi Hika">Hongi Hika</a>, his nephew <a href="/wiki/Waikato_(rangatira)" title="Waikato (rangatira)">Waikato</a> and linguist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lee_(linguist)" title="Samuel Lee (linguist)">Samuel Lee</a> developed a systematic written form of Māori language at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> in England in 1820.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The first printing press arrived in New Zealand in 1834, and the first book printed in New Zealand was a Māori translation of a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> in 1830 by <a href="/wiki/William_Yate" title="William Yate">William Yate</a>, Ko Te Katikihama III.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In New Zealand, as European settlers arrived, they collected many Māori oral stories and poems, which were translated into English and published, such as Polynesian Mythology (1855) by <a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">George Grey</a> and Maori Fairy Tales (1908) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andersen_(librarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Andersen (librarian)">Johannes Andersen</a>. These stories, such as those about the god <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>, became widely known among the non-Māori population of New Zealand as well as the Māori people.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> A foundation was also laid for future Māori literature through Māori newspapers, Māori histories and literature associated with Māori religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pai_M%C4%81rire" title="Pai Mārire">Pai Mārire</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-Roots-8">[8]</a> In the 19th century, most <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> New Zealanders saw themselves as British, and most publications were written by British authors for a British audience. While the first uses of the term "New Zealand literature" appeared in the 1860s, it was used in an aspirational sense; it took time for a distinctly New Zealand literature to develop.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercer-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_19th-10">[10]</a> Early New Zealand books were generally narratives of visits and travel to New Zealand, such as A Narrative of a Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand in 1827 (1832) by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Earle" title="Augustus Earle">Augustus Earle</a> or Station Life in New Zealand (1870) by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Barker" title="Mary Anne Barker">Mary Anne Barker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or scientific works such as The New Zealanders Illustrated, a rare book by natural history artist <a href="/wiki/George_French_Angas" title="George French Angas">George French Angas</a> (1847) and A History of the Birds of New Zealand (1872) by ornithologist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Buller" title="Walter Buller">Walter Buller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Early expressions of New Zealand identity in literature included, notably, Old New Zealand by "a <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_M%C4%81ori" title="Pākehā Māori">Pakeha Maori</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Edward_Maning" title="Frederick Edward Maning">Frederick Edward Maning</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Erewhon" title="Erewhon">Erewhon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a>, which drew on the author's experiences of living in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> for five years.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_19th-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maoriland_movement:_1870–1914">Maoriland movement: 1870–1914</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maoriland movement: 1870–1914">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, New Zealand nationalism began to emerge, with Pākehā writers adopting Māori stories and mythology. The term "Maoriland", proposed and often used as an alternative name for New Zealand around this time, became the centre of a literary movement in which colonialist writers were inspired by and adopted Māori traditions and legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams200610-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cultural-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ray-17">[17]</a> They were encouraged by a widespread belief among settlers that the Māori were a dying race who would not survive contact with Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-17">[17]</a> Māori themselves were not creators or proponents of Maoriland work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams201217-18">[18]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bracken" title="Thomas Bracken">Thomas Bracken's</a> book Musings in Maoriland included the poem "New Zealand Hymn", which later became the New Zealand national anthem under the title "<a href="/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Ray-17">[17]</a> Bracken and other poets such as <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Adams" title="Arthur Henry Adams">Arthur Henry Adams</a> published poems about the Māori <a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a> (chief) <a href="/wiki/Te_Rauparaha" title="Te Rauparaha">Te Rauparaha</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Augustus_Grace" title="Alfred Augustus Grace">Alfred Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Weston_(writer)" title="Jessie Weston (writer)">Jessie Weston</a>, and others wrote fictional short stories and novels with Māori themes.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural-16">[16]</a> New Zealand's fourth premier, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a>, wrote an epic poem, Ranolf and Amohia: A South-Sea Day-Dream (1872), which was over 100,000 words long and described a romance between a shipwrecked European man and a Māori woman.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-17">[17]</a> In 1901, <a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Satchell" class="mw-redirect" title="William Arthur Satchell">William Satchell</a> launched a magazine called The Maorilander, and the leftwing labour journal <a href="/wiki/Maoriland_Worker" title="Maoriland Worker">The Maoriland Worker</a> ran from 1910 to 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams200611-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Colonial romances were popular, for example the works of <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Alice_Baker" title="Louisa Alice Baker">Louisa Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Elizabeth_Ellis" title="Ellen Elizabeth Ellis">Ellen Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Searle_Grossmann" title="Edith Searle Grossmann">Edith Searle Grossmann</a> and others,<a href="#cite_note-Romance-21">[21]</a> as were books about the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> were popular subject, typified by The Rebel Chief: A Romance of New Zealand (1896), by <a href="/wiki/Hume_Nisbet" title="Hume Nisbet">Hume Nisbet</a>. The popular English children's author <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a> wrote Maori and Settler: A Tale of the New Zealand Wars (1890). <a href="/wiki/Lady_Barker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Barker">Lady Barker</a> wrote two books about life in New Zealand; Station Life in New Zealand (1870) and Station Amusements in New Zealand (1873), and her husband <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Broome" title="Frederick Broome">Frederick Broome</a> wrote Poems from New Zealand (1868). Maoriland culture was artificial and grounded in romance rather than reality; as academics <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stafford_(New_Zealand_professor)" title="Jane Stafford (New Zealand professor)">Jane Stafford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Williams_(writer)" title="Mark Williams (writer)">Mark Williams</a> have said, "Maoriland signifies an effort to deny the real presence of Maori in New Zealand in favour of a mythologised or decorative presence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams200620-22">[22]</a> For this reason, the term is now seen as archaic and colonial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams200610-15">[15]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, apart from a few individuals such as <a href="/wiki/James_Cowan_(New_Zealand_writer)" title="James Cowan (New Zealand writer)">James Cowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudall_Hayward" title="Rudall Hayward">Rudall Hayward</a>, the movement had largely ended.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural-16">[16]</a> The term has been adopted in current times by the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81oriland_Film_Festival" title="Māoriland Film Festival">Māoriland Film Festival</a>, an organisation in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctaki,_New_Zealand" title="Ōtaki, New Zealand">Ōtaki</a> that promotes indigenous storytelling on screen.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century:_1914–1939">Early 20th century: 1914–1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 20th century: 1914–1939">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Mansfield_(no_signature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg/170px-Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg/255px-Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg/340px-Katherine_Mansfield_%28no_signature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a></figcaption></figure> New Zealand literature continued to develop in the early 20th century, with notable writers including the poet <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Edith_Baughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Edith Baughan">Blanche Edith Baughan</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Mander" title="Jane Mander">Jane Mander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> New Zealand's most famous and influential writer in these years was the short-story writer <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>, who left New Zealand in 1908 and became one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">literary modernism</a>. She published three collections of stories in her lifetime: In a German Pension (1911), Bliss and Other Stories (1920) and The Garden Party and Other Stories (1922).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003382-27">[27]</a> She died in 1923, having (in the words of <a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a>) "laid the foundations for a reputation that has gone on to grow and influence the development of New Zealand literature ever since".<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Another notable early writer was <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Bethell" title="Ursula Bethell">Ursula Bethell</a>, whose first poetry collection was published in 1929; her poetry is ascribed by the Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English as having "a plainness and spareness (as well as freshness of image) which distinguishes it from the more ornamented verse the country had previously produced".<a href="#cite_note-OCTCL-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Joan_Lyttleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Joan Lyttleton">Edith Joan Lyttleton</a>, who wrote as G.B. Lancaster, was New Zealand's most commercially successful writer in this period, known for her epic colonial romances.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003385-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Guthrie-Smith" title="Herbert Guthrie-Smith">Herbert Guthrie-Smith's</a> Tutira: The Story of a New Zealand Sheep Station (1921) was New Zealand's first significant environmentalist publication, and remains a classic of ecological writing; <a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">Michael King</a> said in 2003 that it is "still the best example of this genre."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By the 1930s, New Zealand writing was starting to become established, assisted by the growth of universities and small publishers.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> Notable works included <a href="/wiki/Man_Alone" title="Man Alone">Man Alone</a> (1939) by <a href="/wiki/John_Mulgan" title="John Mulgan">John Mulgan</a>, an influential classic describing an isolated and alienated New Zealand man (which has itself become a cultural stereotype), influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Show Down (1936) by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Escott" title="Margaret Escott">Margaret Escott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sargeson" title="Frank Sargeson">Frank Sargeson</a>'s short story collection, A Man and His Wife (1940).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It was common at this time for writers, like Mansfield, to leave New Zealand and establish careers overseas: including Mulgan, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Davin" title="Dan Davin">Dan Davin</a>, who joined the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, and journalist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(journalist)" title="Geoffrey Cox (journalist)">Geoffrey Cox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003505-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh" title="Ngaio Marsh">Ngaio Marsh</a>, who divided her time between New Zealand and England, wrote detective fiction in the 1930s and was known as one of the <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction#Golden_Age_detective_novels" title="Detective fiction">"Queens of Crime"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New-35">[35]</a> After the Depression, foreign theatre companies stopped touring New Zealand, which led to the establishment of a thriving amateur dramatic scene and playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Isobel_Andrews" title="Isobel Andrews">Isobel Andrews</a> achieving success through competitions held by the New Zealand Branch of the <a href="/wiki/British_Drama_League" class="mw-redirect" title="British Drama League">British Drama League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> Writing was still largely a Pākehā endeavour at this time; many Māori were living in rural areas and recovering from the loss of their land and language, depopulation, and educational challenges. <a href="/wiki/Te_Rangi_H%C4%ABroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Rangi Hīroa">Te Rangi Hīroa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata" title="Āpirana Ngata">Āpirana Ngata</a> wrote non-fiction and collected Māori songs and chants for publication, but there were limited opportunities for Māori in written literature.<a href="#cite_note-Roots-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_and_subsequent_years:_1939–1960">Second World War and subsequent years: 1939–1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War and subsequent years: 1939–1960">edit</a>]</div> From 1941, New Zealand writing gained an international audience through <a href="/wiki/John_Lehmann" title="John Lehmann">John Lehmann</a>'s periodical, <a href="/wiki/New_Writing" title="New Writing">Penguin New Writing</a>. A local version was produced between 1942 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sargeson" title="Frank Sargeson">Frank Sargeson</a> edited an anthology of short stories by New Zealand writers, called Speaking for Ourselves, published by Caxton Press in New Zealand and by Reed & Harris in Melbourne, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It received favourable reviews and writer <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a> later remembered how the stories in the collection "overwhelmed me by the fact of their belonging".<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_SFO-37">[37]</a> In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Curnow" title="Allen Curnow">Allen Curnow</a> published the anthology A Book of New Zealand Verse 1923–45, which marked the beginning of New Zealand literature's post-colonial and nationalist phase;<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brasch" title="Charles Brasch">Charles Brasch</a> compared it to "a hard frost" that "killed off weeds, and promoted sound growth", and said it "set a standard not for poetry alone but for all the arts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasch1980391-38">[38]</a> Curnow and Brasch were just two of their generation of poets who began their careers with <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Press_(New_Zealand)" title="Caxton Press (New Zealand)">Caxton Press</a> in the 1930s, and had a major influence on New Zealand poetry; others in the group were <a href="/wiki/A._R._D._Fairburn" title="A. R. D. Fairburn">A. R. D. Fairburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._A._K._Mason" title="R. A. K. Mason">R. A. K. Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Glover" title="Denis Glover">Denis Glover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caxton-39">[39]</a> Their poems can be contrasted with the work of South African-born <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hyde" title="Robin Hyde">Robin Hyde</a>, who was excluded from this nationalist group, but whose novel The Godwits Fly (1938) was considered a New Zealand classic and continuously in print until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Caxton-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaffordWilliams20125-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1946, the New Zealand Literary Fund was established to provide subsidies and scholarships for local publishing and writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003508-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> It was in the 1950s that, as historian and poet <a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Keith Sinclair</a> said, "New Zealand intellect and imagination came alive".<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> By the 1950s there were a wide range of outlets for local literature, such as the influential journal <a href="/wiki/Landfall_(journal)" title="Landfall (journal)">Landfall</a> (established in 1947), and the bilingual quarterly <a href="/wiki/Te_Ao_Hou_/_The_New_World" title="Te Ao Hou / The New World">Te Ao Hou / The New World</a>, which from 1952 to 1975 was a vehicle for Māori writers.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a>'s first novel, <a href="/wiki/Owls_Do_Cry" title="Owls Do Cry">Owls Do Cry</a>, was published in 1957, and she became the most acclaimed and well-known New Zealand novelist of the 20th century. Her work often drew on her experiences in psychiatric hospitals and featured stylistic experimentation and exploration of social conditions.<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_Frame-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A new generation of young New Zealand poets eventually emerged, in particular the "<a href="/wiki/Wellington_Group" title="Wellington Group">Wellington Group</a>", which rejected the nationalism of Curnow and the other Caxton poets.<a href="#cite_note-James-46">[46]</a> They argued that New Zealand poets could now focus on universal themes, rather than the New Zealand identity.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Baxter" title="James K. Baxter">James K. Baxter</a> was the most famous and prolific of these poets, and is widely regarded today as the definitive New Zealand poet.<a href="#cite_note-James-46">[46]</a> Baxter was a controversial figure who was known for his incorporation of European myths into his New Zealand poems, his interest in Māori culture and language, his religious experiences, and the establishment of a commune at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem,_New_Zealand" title="Jerusalem, New Zealand">Jerusalem, New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Other members of the Wellington Group included <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Te_Ariki_Campbell" title="Alistair Te Ariki Campbell">Alistair Te Ariki Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleur_Adcock" title="Fleur Adcock">Fleur Adcock</a>; the scholars <a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_O%27Sullivan_(New_Zealand_writer)" title="Vincent O'Sullivan (New Zealand writer)">Vincent O'Sullivan</a> also became well-known for their poetry around this time.<a href="#cite_note-James-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_literature">Modern literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māori_and_Pasifika_writing">Māori and Pasifika writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Māori and Pasifika writing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witi_Ihimaera_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Witi_Ihimaera_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Witi_Ihimaera" title="Witi Ihimaera">Witi Ihimaera</a> at the premiere of his play, All My Sons, at the <a href="/wiki/Circa_Theatre" title="Circa Theatre">Circa Theatre</a>, Wellington, on 11 November 2015</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Māori began to move into urban areas and had more educational opportunities available, which led to the emergence of Māori writing in English.<a href="#cite_note-Roots-8">[8]</a> In 1948 the debut novel The Cunninghams by Māori author <a href="/wiki/David_Ballantyne" title="David Ballantyne">David Ballantyne</a> was published. He was not promoted at that time as being a Maori author.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Hone_Tuwhare" title="Hone Tuwhare">Hone Tuwhare</a>, the first Māori poet to be distinguished for English poetry, published his first book, No Ordinary Sun, and in 1966 <a href="/wiki/Jacquie_Sturm" title="Jacquie Sturm">Jacquie Sturm</a> became the first Māori writer to appear in a major anthology of New Zealand short stories.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Authors like Sturm, <a href="/wiki/Arapera_Blank" title="Arapera Blank">Arapera Blank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowley_Habib" title="Rowley Habib">Rowley Habib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Grace" title="Patricia Grace">Patricia Grace</a> were published for the first time in Te Ao Hou and became widely known and respected.<a href="#cite_note-Development-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Witi_Ihimaera" title="Witi Ihimaera">Witi Ihimaera</a> was the first Māori writer to publish a collection of short stories (Pounamu, Pounamu) in 1972 and the first to publish a novel (Tangi) in 1973. His novel Whale Rider (1987) was adapted into an <a href="/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">internationally successful film</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Development-49">[49]</a> The notable anthology Into the World of Light (1982), edited by Ihimaera and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Long_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Long (writer) (page does not exist)">Don Long</a>, collected the work of 39 Māori writers. The editors observed that publishers in the mid-20th century were reluctant to publish books by Māori writers because of a belief that Māori "don't read books".<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_Into-50">[50]</a> Grace was the first Māori woman writer to publish a short story collection (Waiariki) in 1975 and has since received international awards and acclaim for her books for adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-Development-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hulme" title="Keri Hulme">Keri Hulme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Duff" title="Alan Duff">Alan Duff</a> were the best-known Māori writers to follow Grace and Ihimaera. Duff is known for the widely acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors" title="Once Were Warriors">Once Were Warriors</a> (1990), which became a <a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">successful 1994 film</a> and has never been out of print.<a href="#cite_note-Māori_and_Pacific-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlo_Mila_MNZM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/256px-Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Karlo_Mila_MNZM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karlo_Mila" title="Karlo Mila">Karlo Mila</a> MNZM </figcaption></figure> A 1985 article published in the literary journal Landfall by <a href="/wiki/Miriama_Evans" title="Miriama Evans">Miriama Evans</a> outlined a lack of publishing of Māori writers with the following being recognised but "largely unpublished": <a href="/wiki/Ani_Hona" title="Ani Hona">Ani Hona (Te Aniwa Bisch)</a> who received a Literary Fund grant in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Rowley_Habib" title="Rowley Habib">Rowley Habib</a> who held the <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield_Menton_Fellowship" title="Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship">Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship</a> in 1984, <a href="/wiki/Bub_Bridger" title="Bub Bridger">Bub Bridger</a> who received a grant to attend the First International Feminist Book Fair (London) in 1984, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Stewart_(playwright)" title="Bruce Stewart (playwright)">Bruce Stewart</a>, who received grants from the <a href="/wiki/Creative_New_Zealand" title="Creative New Zealand">Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> to represent New Zealand at The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies Conference in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Māori owned independent publisher <a href="/wiki/Huia_Publishers" title="Huia Publishers">Huia Publishers</a> was established in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Bargh" title="Robyn Bargh">Robyn Bargh</a> to platform Māori writers and perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Māori literature is closely connected to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pasifika</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-Makereti-55">[55]</a> Notable <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a> (Pacific Islander) writers with connections to New Zealand include <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wendt" title="Albert Wendt">Albert Wendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Te_Ariki_Campbell" title="Alistair Te Ariki Campbell">Alistair Te Ariki Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Mila" title="Karlo Mila">Karlo Mila</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pule" title="John Pule">John Pule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lani_Wendt_Young" title="Lani Wendt Young">Lani Wendt Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Sina_Meredith" title="Courtney Sina Meredith">Courtney Sina Meredith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Kightley" title="Oscar Kightley">Oscar Kightley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh" title="Selina Tusitala Marsh">Selina Tusitala Marsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodger-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Wendt is known for Sons for the Return Home (1973), which describes the experiences of a young Samoan man in New Zealand, and his later novels and short-story collections have formed the foundations for a Pasifika literature in English.<a href="#cite_note-Māori_and_Pacific-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="words in metal on a wooden boardwalk with the harbour in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Knox_Wellington_Writers_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Words from New Zealand writer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Knox" title="Elizabeth Knox">Elizabeth Knox</a> as public art in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.</figcaption></figure> Notable writers in the post-Second World War period include <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Marshall" title="Owen Marshall">Owen Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hugh_Morrieson" title="Ronald Hugh Morrieson">Ronald Hugh Morrieson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearson_(New_Zealand_writer)" title="Bill Pearson (New Zealand writer)">Bill Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Ashton-Warner" title="Sylvia Ashton-Warner">Sylvia Ashton-Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essie_Summers" title="Essie Summers">Essie Summers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the 1960s, two young novelists, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Shadbolt" title="Maurice Shadbolt">Maurice Shadbolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gee" title="Maurice Gee">Maurice Gee</a>, both became well-known for their traditional, socially realistic novels featuring New Zealand politics and history.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Gee's <a href="/wiki/Plumb_(novel_series)" title="Plumb (novel series)">Plumb trilogy</a> continues to be widely read, and the first novel, Plumb (1979), was voted by literary experts in 2018 to be the best New Zealand novel of the last fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-Best_50-59">[59]</a> The feminist movement in the 1970s and 1980s was the context for many women writers who emerged in that period, including <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Kidman" title="Fiona Kidman">Fiona Kidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Duckworth" title="Marilyn Duckworth">Marilyn Duckworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Anderson_(writer)" title="Barbara Anderson (writer)">Barbara Anderson</a>, who wrote works exploring and challenging gender roles.<a href="#cite_note-New_1970s-60">[60]</a> New Zealand fiction has grown exponentially since the mid-1970s, due to a growing readership locally and internationally, creative writing courses such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Modern_Letters" title="International Institute of Modern Letters">International Institute of Modern Letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, and financial support through <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_literary_awards" title="List of New Zealand literary awards">literary awards and scholarships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Contemporary-61">[61]</a> Internationally successful New Zealand writers include <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Knox" title="Elizabeth Knox">Elizabeth Knox</a>, known for <a href="/wiki/The_Vintner%27s_Luck" title="The Vintner's Luck">The Vintner's Luck</a> (1998) and her other diverse fiction, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Perkins_(novelist)" title="Emily Perkins (novelist)">Emily Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Farrell" title="Fiona Farrell">Fiona Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Wilkins_(writer)" title="Damien Wilkins (writer)">Damien Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Cox_(author)" title="Nigel Cox (author)">Nigel Cox</a> and crime novelist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cleave" title="Paul Cleave">Paul Cleave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Contemporary-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hulme" title="Keri Hulme">Keri Hulme</a> gained prominence when her novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Bone_People" title="The Bone People">The Bone People</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> in 1985; she was the first New Zealander and the first debut novelist to win the prestigious award. Writer <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Jones_(New_Zealand_author)" title="Lloyd Jones (New Zealand author)">Lloyd Jones</a> was shortlisted for his 2007 novel <a href="/wiki/Mister_Pip" title="Mister Pip">Mister Pip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_1970s-60">[60]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Catton" title="Eleanor Catton">Eleanor Catton</a> became the second New Zealand winner (as well as the youngest winner) of the award for her novel <a href="/wiki/The_Luminaries" title="The Luminaries">The Luminaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> New Zealand has a significant non-fiction tradition, with natural history, colonisation, Māori/Pākehā relations, childhood and identity being recurring themes.<a href="#cite_note-NF_summary-63">[63]</a> Important autobiographical works by New Zealand writers include trilogies by Frank Sargeson in the 1970s (Once is Enough, More than Enough and Never Enough!), <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a> in the 1980s (To the Is-land, An Angel at my Table and The Envoy from Mirror City), and <a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a>'s two-part series South-west of Eden (2010) and You Have a Lot to Lose (2020).<a href="#cite_note-Becoming-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Much of New Zealand's significant non-fiction is historical in nature. <a href="/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)" title="James Belich (historian)">James Belich</a> is known for his writing on the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judith_Binney" title="Judith Binney">Judith Binney</a> is known for her biography of <a href="/wiki/Te_Kooti" title="Te Kooti">Te Kooti</a>, Redemption Songs (1995) and her history of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABhoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tūhoe">Tūhoe</a>, Encircled Lands (2009).<a href="#cite_note-Questioning-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Tuhiwai_Smith" title="Linda Tuhiwai Smith">Linda Tuhiwai Smith</a>'s 1999 academic work <a href="/wiki/Decolonizing_Methodologies" title="Decolonizing Methodologies">Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples</a> has been an important contribution to Māori and indigenous research.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">Michael King</a> began his career writing biographies about notable Māori people, including biographies of <a href="/wiki/Te_Puea_H%C4%93rangi" title="Te Puea Hērangi">Te Puea Hērangi</a> (1977) and <a href="/wiki/Whina_Cooper" title="Whina Cooper">Whina Cooper</a> (1983). In the mid-1980s, aware of the importance of allowing Māori voices to speak, he wrote about what it meant to be a non-Māori New Zealander in Being Pākehā (1985), and published biographies of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sargeson" title="Frank Sargeson">Frank Sargeson</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-Questioning-66">[66]</a> His Penguin History of New Zealand was the most popular New Zealand book of 2004 and was named by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a> in 2009 as the best book of the preceding decade.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Recent essay collections by Asian New Zealand writers include All Who Live on Islands (2019) by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Lu" title="Rose Lu">Rose Lu</a> and Small Bodies of Water (2021) by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Mingya_Powles" title="Nina Mingya Powles">Nina Mingya Powles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_and_young_adult_literature">Children's and young adult literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children's and young adult literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg/170px-Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg/255px-Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg/340px-Tantrum_2011518_354.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahy" title="Margaret Mahy">Margaret Mahy</a> and her winning book The Moon & Farmer McPhee at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Children%27s_Book_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards">New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahy" title="Margaret Mahy">Margaret Mahy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joy_Cowley" title="Joy Cowley">Joy Cowley</a> both had their first children's books published in 1969. Both became prolific and beloved authors, and have made a significant contribution to New Zealand children's literature.<a href="#cite_note-Fantasy-72">[72]</a> Mahy won the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)" title="Carnegie Medal (literary award)">Carnegie Medal</a> twice in the 1980s and in 2001 she won the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award" title="Hans Christian Andersen Award">Hans Christian Andersen Award</a>, the world's most prestigious children's literature award.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Cowley is internationally known for her children's educational books for children learning to read, as well as for her picture books, children's fiction, and <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Other well-known authors for young children include <a href="/wiki/Lynley_Dodd" title="Lynley Dodd">Lynley Dodd</a> (known for her picture books featuring small dog <a href="/wiki/Hairy_Maclary_and_Friends" title="Hairy Maclary and Friends">Hairy Maclary</a>), Patricia Grace, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81terina_Mataira" title="Kāterina Mataira">Kāterina Mataira</a> (a leading Māori language author), <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bishop" title="Gavin Bishop">Gavin Bishop</a> (known particularly for illustration) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gossage" title="Peter Gossage">Peter Gossage</a> (known for his picture book retellings of Māori myths and legends).<a href="#cite_note-Fantasy-72">[72]</a> New Zealand has a strong tradition of fantasy and social realism in novels for children and young adults. Maurice Gee became well-known for his science fiction and fantasy books, notably <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Mountain_(novel)" title="Under the Mountain (novel)">Under the Mountain</a> (1979) and The Halfmen of O (1982).<a href="#cite_note-Fantasy-72">[72]</a> Other internationally well-known fantasy writers for children and young adults include <a href="/wiki/Sherryl_Jordan" title="Sherryl Jordan">Sherryl Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelyn_Gordon" title="Gaelyn Gordon">Gaelyn Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Knox" title="Elizabeth Knox">Elizabeth Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Else" title="Barbara Else">Barbara Else</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hair" title="David Hair">David Hair</a>. From the 1980s, young adult literature emerged in New Zealand, with authors like Gee, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lasenby" title="Jack Lasenby">Jack Lasenby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Boock" title="Paula Boock">Paula Boock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_De_Goldi" title="Kate De Goldi">Kate De Goldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleur_Beale" title="Fleur Beale">Fleur Beale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hill_(author)" title="David Hill (author)">David Hill</a> tackling serious and controversial topics for teenage readers. <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Duder" title="Tessa Duder">Tessa Duder</a>'s Alex quartet (1987–1992) explored issues of sexism, racism and personal trauma in 1950s and 1960s New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Beckett" title="Bernard Beckett">Bernard Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandy_Hager" title="Mandy Hager">Mandy Hager</a> became well-known in the 2000s for socially realistic and dystopian young adult fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Fantasy-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_poets" title="List of New Zealand poets">List of New Zealand poets</a></div> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Baxter" title="James K. Baxter">James K. Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Te_Ariki_Campbell" title="Alistair Te Ariki Campbell">Alistair Te Ariki Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleur_Adcock" title="Fleur Adcock">Fleur Adcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_O%27Sullivan_(New_Zealand_writer)" title="Vincent O'Sullivan (New Zealand writer)">Vincent O'Sullivan</a> became well-known for their poetry in the 1950s and 1960s, with Baxter in particular dominating New Zealand poetry in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Adcock is one of only two New Zealanders to have received the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gold_Medal_for_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry">Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry</a> (2006), with the other being Allen Curnow (who received the award in 1989).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The 1970s and 1980s saw a shift away from New Zealand nationalism and the rise of confident young poets, often influenced by American writing and counterculture and writing about personal relationships; poets included <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wedde" title="Ian Wedde">Ian Wedde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Manhire" title="Bill Manhire">Bill Manhire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilla_McQueen" title="Cilla McQueen">Cilla McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Smither" title="Elizabeth Smither">Elizabeth Smither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hunt_(poet)" title="Sam Hunt (poet)">Sam Hunt</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Edmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Edmond (page does not exist)">Murray Edmond</a>. Cilla McQueen and Hunt are both well-known for their performance poetry.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1985, Ian Wedde and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_McQueen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey McQueen (page does not exist)">Harvey McQueen</a> edited and published a new edition of The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse, which included poetry in Māori, a first for a New Zealand poetry anthology. Since then, New Zealand poetry has become more diverse and more difficult to characterise by theme.<a href="#cite_note-Diversity-77">[77]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Selina_Tusitala_Marsh" title="Selina Tusitala Marsh">Selina Tusitala Marsh</a> ONZM </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand" title="National Library of New Zealand">National Library of New Zealand</a> appoints a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Poet_Laureate" title="New Zealand Poet Laureate">New Zealand Poet Laureate</a> every two years.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pasifika poet Selina Tusitala Marsh was the Poet Laureate from 2017 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Eggleton" title="David Eggleton">David Eggleton</a> is the Poet Laureate from 2019 to 2022 (his position being extended due to the COVID-19 pandemic).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Other notable contemporary poets include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sullivan_(poet)" title="Robert Sullivan (poet)">Robert Sullivan</a>, known for his first collection Jazz Waiata (1990) and more recent work including the collection Shout Ha! to the Sky (2010),<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hera_Lindsay_Bird" title="Hera Lindsay Bird">Hera Lindsay Bird</a>, known for her popular autobiographical and provocative work,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Mila" title="Karlo Mila">Karlo Mila</a>, whose work addresses both personal and political issues such as concerns of identity, migration, and community, some of which is included in the collections Dream Fish Floating (2006) and Goddess Muscle (2020).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playwriting">Playwriting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Playwriting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_New_Zealand" title="Performing arts in New Zealand">Performing arts in New Zealand</a></div> The 1960s saw significant developments in New Zealand playwriting, and the country's first professional theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Downstage_Theatre" title="Downstage Theatre">Downstage Theatre</a>, opened in Wellington in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Explosion-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Playmarket" title="Playmarket">Playmarket</a> was also founded in 1973 to represent and market New Zealand playwrights and their work.<a href="#cite_note-Social-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mason" title="Bruce Mason">Bruce Mason</a> was the country's first professional playwright.<a href="#cite_note-170_Years-87">[87]</a> His one-person show <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Golden_Weather" title="The End of the Golden Weather">The End of the Golden Weather</a> (1962), about a boy's loss of innocence in Depression-era New Zealand, was performed widely throughout New Zealand, and he explored Māori themes and the disintegration of Māori identity in The Pohutakawa Tree (1960) and Awatea (1969).<a href="#cite_note-NZ_History-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Thompson" title="Mervyn Thompson">Mervyn Thompson</a>, a controversial playwright, wrote plays with autobiographical and political elements such as O Temperance! (1974).<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> In 1976, a group of Downstage actors left to found the <a href="/wiki/Circa_Theatre" title="Circa Theatre">Circa Theatre</a>, and produced Glide Time by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hall_(playwright)" title="Roger Hall (playwright)">Roger Hall</a> as one of their first productions.<a href="#cite_note-Explosion-85">[85]</a> Hall became New Zealand's most commercially successful playwright, and Glide Time became a New Zealand icon and was turned into a TV sitcom.<a href="#cite_note-Explosion-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-170_Years-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_McGee" title="Greg McGee">Greg McGee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Foreskin%27s_Lament" title="Foreskin's Lament">Foreskin's Lament</a> (1981), about small-town <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> culture in New Zealand, likewise achieved iconic status.<a href="#cite_note-Social-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a> Drama further developed in the 1980s and 1990s with new playwrights finding success, including <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_(writer)" title="Renée (writer)">Renée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hoar" title="Stuart Hoar">Stuart Hoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hone_Kouka" title="Hone Kouka">Hone Kouka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Briar_Grace-Smith" title="Briar Grace-Smith">Briar Grace-Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_CK-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Betts" title="Jean Betts">Jean Betts's</a> feminist play Ophelia Thinks Harder (1993) was still widely performed in New Zealand and overseas as of 2014, and may be the most widely performed New Zealand play.<a href="#cite_note-Social-86">[86]</a> The collective <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Underground" title="Pacific Underground">Pacific Underground</a> developed the groundbreaking play Fresh off the Boat (1993), written by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Kightley" title="Oscar Kightley">Oscar Kightley</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Small (page does not exist)">Simon Small</a>, which was praised for its portrayal of Samoan life in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> New Zealand also has a tradition of independent theatre with companies creating original plays and collective works, including the <a href="/wiki/Red_Mole_(Theatre_Company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mole (Theatre Company)">Red Mole</a> theatre group (1970s–2002), Barbarian Productions in Wellington (led by <a href="/wiki/Jo_Randerson" title="Jo Randerson">Jo Randerson</a>), the Christchurch Free Theatre, the work of poet Murray Edmond with the Living Theatre Troupe, and the early work of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maunder" title="Paul Maunder">Paul Maunder</a> with the Amamus Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Explosion-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-2000s_theatre-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_awards">Literary awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literary awards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_literary_awards" title="List of New Zealand literary awards">List of New Zealand literary awards</a></div> In the early 20th century, literary competitions in New Zealand were hosted by newspapers and magazines, and the university colleges hosted some literary prizes such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macmillan_Brown_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macmillan Brown Prize (page does not exist)">Macmillan Brown Prize</a>. In the 1940s the government-run New Zealand Literary Fund began to offer state-sponsored literary prizes in a wide range of genres.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-91">[91]</a> The first private literary award was the biennial <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield_Memorial_Award" title="Katherine Mansfield Memorial Award">Katherine Mansfield Memorial Award</a>, a short-story competition organised by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Women_Writers%27_Society" title="New Zealand Women Writers' Society">New Zealand Women Writers' Society</a> and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Bank of New Zealand">Bank of New Zealand</a>, which became available in 1959;<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page_2-92">[92]</a> this award ran until 2015.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit">[update]</a>, the annual <a href="/wiki/Ockham_New_Zealand_Book_Awards" title="Ockham New Zealand Book Awards">Ockham New Zealand Book Awards</a> offer five principal prizes: fiction (currently known as the Jann Medlicott Acorn Prize for Fiction), general non-fiction (sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Te_Ap%C4%81rangi" title="Royal Society Te Apārangi">Royal Society Te Apārangi</a>), illustrated non-fiction, poetry (currently known as the <a href="/wiki/Mary_and_Peter_Biggs_Award_for_Poetry" title="Mary and Peter Biggs Award for Poetry">Mary and Peter Biggs Award for Poetry</a>) and Te Mūrau o te Tuhi Māori Language Award for books written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo Māori">te reo (Māori language)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-About-94">[94]</a> These annual awards have changed names several times due to different sponsors over the years, and were created in 1996 from the amalgamation of the Montana Book Awards (previously the Goodman Fielder Wattie Awards, running from 1968 to 1995) and the government-run New Zealand Book Awards (running from 1976 to 1995).<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page_2-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Book_Awards_for_Children_and_Young_Adults" title="New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults">New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults</a> are also presented annually to recognise excellence in literature for children and young adults. These awards began in 1982 and have had several name changes due to different sponsors over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Page_2-92">[92]</a> A number of literary fellowships are available in New Zealand. These fellowships give writers the opportunity to stay at a particular place with their accommodation and other costs funded. The first fellowship was the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Fellowship" title="Robert Burns Fellowship">Robert Burns Fellowship</a>, set up anonymously (although widely attributed to Charles Brasch) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a> in 1958. Another prestigious fellowship is the <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield_Menton_Fellowship" title="Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship">Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship</a>, founded by a trust in 1970, which enables writers to spend at least three months in <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Menton</a>, France, where Katherine Mansfield lived and wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page_2-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Awards_for_Literary_Achievement" title="Prime Minister's Awards for Literary Achievement">Prime Minister's Awards for Literary Achievement</a> were established in 2003 and are awarded annually to writers who have made a significant contribution to New Zealand literature.<a href="#cite_note-Page_2-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_festivals">Literary festivals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literary festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hannah_Parry_and_Elizabeth_Knox_at_DWRF_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>Hannah Parry and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Knox" title="Elizabeth Knox">Elizabeth Knox</a> at the Dunedin Writers and Readers Festival 2021</figcaption></figure> There are a number of regular literary festivals held in different locations across New Zealand. Some are stand-alone and some are part of arts festivals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> Stand-alone festivals include <a href="/wiki/Going_West" title="Going West">Going West</a> (established in 1996), <a href="/wiki/WORD_Christchurch" title="WORD Christchurch">WORD Christchurch</a> (established in 1997),<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Writers_Festival" title="Auckland Writers Festival">Auckland Writers Festival</a> (established in 1999),<a href="#cite_note-:3-97">[97]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Writers_%26_Readers_Festival" title="Dunedin Writers & Readers Festival">Dunedin Writers and Readers Festival</a> (established in 2014), the <a href="/wiki/Verb_Wellington" title="Verb Wellington">Verb Writers Festival & LitCrawl</a> (established in 2014),<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-99">[99]</a> the Hokianga Book Festival and the Whanganui Literary Festival.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The small town of <a href="/wiki/Featherston,_New_Zealand" title="Featherston, New Zealand">Featherston</a> is one of 22 recognised <a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a> in the world and holds a Featherston Booktown event annually in May.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Former literary festivals include <a href="/wiki/NZ_Book_Month" title="NZ Book Month">New Zealand Book Month</a>, which ran from 2006 to 2014.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Verb festival in Wellington in 2019 held a panel event where three out of five panellists were writers of Chinese heritage, Rosabel Tan, Gregory Kan and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Chen_(poet)" title="Chen Chen (poet)">Chen Chen</a>; writer Nina Mingya Powles said she thought this was the first time that had happened in New Zealand and that this felt like a "groundbreaking moment" for Chinese New Zealand writers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-70">[70]</a> Other literary events include the writers' section of the Hamilton Gardens Summer Festival (held in February and March),<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> the Verb Wellington writers and readers programme at the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Festival_of_the_Arts" title="New Zealand Festival of the Arts">New Zealand Festival</a> (held every two years in March),<a href="#cite_note-:4-99">[99]</a> the Aspiring Conversations with authors at the Festival of Colour (held in April in <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81naka" title="Wānaka">Wānaka</a>),<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> the New Zealand Mountain Film & Book Festival focusing on adventurous sports and lifestyles (held every two years in <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> in July),<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> the readers and writers' week at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taranaki_Arts_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taranaki Arts Festival (page does not exist)">Taranaki Arts Festival</a> (held every two years in July and August),<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> the readers and writers programme at the Tauranga Arts Festival (held every two years in October),<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[106]</a> the Hawke’s Bay Readers and Writers Festival (held annually in conjunction with the Hawke’s Bay Arts Festival, usually in mid to late October)<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the Nelson Arts Festival Readers and Writers week (held annually in October).<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2020 and 2021 many literary festivals were disrupted or cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_journals_and_periodicals">Literary journals and periodicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literary journals and periodicals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine,_May_1900_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_Illustrated_Magazine%2C_May_1900_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Cover of The New Zealand Illustrated Magazine in May 1900, a short-lived periodical (1899–1905).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_print_media_in_New_Zealand" title="List of print media in New Zealand">List of print media in New Zealand</a></div> Early New Zealand literary journals included The Triad (founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nalder_Baeyertz" title="Charles Nalder Baeyertz">Charles Nalder Baeyertz</a> in 1893 and closed in 1926), The New Zealand Illustrated Magazine (founded in Auckland in 1899 and closed in 1905) and Art in New Zealand (founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allan_Marris" title="Charles Allan Marris">Charles Allan Marris</a> in 1928 and closed in 1946).<a href="#cite_note-Schrader_1890-110">[110]</a> The short-lived magazine Phoenix, published in 1932 by students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a> and edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Munro_Bertram" title="James Munro Bertram">James Munro Bertram</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._A._K._Mason" title="R. A. K. Mason">R. A. K. Mason</a>, was an early outlet for New Zealand nationalist writers such as Brasch and Curnow.<a href="#cite_note-Schrader_1930-111">[111]</a> Left-wing artist <a href="/wiki/Kennaway_Henderson" title="Kennaway Henderson">Kennaway Henderson</a> founded the fortnightly magazine <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(New_Zealand_magazine)" title="Tomorrow (New Zealand magazine)">Tomorrow</a> in 1934, which was influential in shaping New Zealand nationalist literature and literary criticisms, but was shut down by the government as subversive in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Schrader_1930-111">[111]</a> Other early journals and magazines included New Zealand Mercury (a poetry magazine established by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Langford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Langford (page does not exist)">Helen Langford</a>, 1933 to 1936), Oriflamme and Sirocco (published in 1933 by students of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">Canterbury University College</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Denis_Glover" title="Denis Glover">Denis Glover</a>), Book (featuring <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Press_(New_Zealand)" title="Caxton Press (New Zealand)">Caxton Press</a> writers and edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Vogt (page does not exist)">Anton Vogt</a>, 1942 to 1947)<a href="#cite_note-Schrader_1930-111">[111]</a> and the New Zealand Railways Magazine (published by the Railway Department from 1926 to 1940).<a href="#cite_note-Popular-112">[112]</a> In 1947, Caxton Press began publishing the quarterly journal <a href="/wiki/Landfall_(journal)" title="Landfall (journal)">Landfall</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brasch" title="Charles Brasch">Charles Brasch</a>; it is still published today on a twice-yearly basis.<a href="#cite_note-Schrader_1930-111">[111]</a> The journal has been described by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simpson_(writer)" title="Peter Simpson (writer)">Peter Simpson</a> as "the most important and long-lasting journal in New Zealand's literature".<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_Landfall-113">[113]</a> Brasch's successor as editor, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Dudding" title="Robin Dudding">Robin Dudding</a>, left Landfall in 1972 to set up a competing journal called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islands_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islands (journal) (page does not exist)">Islands</a>, and some of Landfall's key contributors switched their allegiance to this new journal; Landfall did not recover its status as the leading literary journal of New Zealand until the editorship of <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Dowling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Dowling (page does not exist)">David Dowling</a> in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_Landfall-113">[113]</a> Other important literary journals in New Zealand include <a href="/wiki/Sport_(New_Zealand_magazine)" title="Sport (New Zealand magazine)">Sport</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Barrowman" title="Fergus Barrowman">Fergus Barrowman</a> in 1988, takahē, a Christchurch journal founded in 1989 focussing on short stories, poetry, and art, and Poetry New Zealand, which has published local and overseas work since 1993.<a href="#cite_note-internet-114">[114]</a> The magazine <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener" title="New Zealand Listener">New Zealand Listener</a> was founded by the government in 1939 to publish radio listings, but extended its brief to cover current affairs, opinion, and literary works. Among the writers featured in the magazine over the years were <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duggan" title="Maurice Duggan">Maurice Duggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Hilliard" title="Noel Hilliard">Noel Hilliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Keith Sinclair</a>, Maurice Shadbolt, Fiona Kidman, and Joy Cowley, and poets James K. Baxter, Allen Curnow, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Gilbert_(poet)" title="Ruth Gilbert (poet)">Ruth Gilbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_France" title="Ruth France">Ruth France</a>. In 1990, the magazine was privatised and subsequently became more of a lifestyle magazine, although it continues to have a focus on literary works.<a href="#cite_note-Popular-112">[112]</a> Another important government-founded magazine was <a href="/wiki/Te_Ao_Hou_/_The_New_World" title="Te Ao Hou / The New World">Te Ao Hou / The New World</a>, a quarterly magazine published in both English and Māori from 1952 to 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Māori Affairs Department</a>; it was the first national magazine for Māori.<a href="#cite_note-OCNZL_Te_Ao_Hou-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_School_Journal" title="New Zealand School Journal">New Zealand School Journal</a> was founded by the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Education (New Zealand)">Department of Education</a> in 1907 and has been published by a private firm since 2013; since the 1940s it been known for the high quality of its children's literature.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_poetry" title="Māori poetry">Māori poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Writers_Guild" title="New Zealand Writers Guild">New Zealand Writers Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_writers" title="List of New Zealand writers">List of New Zealand writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_women_writers" title="List of New Zealand women writers">List of New Zealand women writers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spinoff&rft.atitle=Bottom+of+the+lake%3A+How+the+setting+for+a+classic+book+of+New+Zealand+literature+became+a+toxic+swamp&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft.aulast=Steer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthespinoff.co.nz%2Fbooks%2F19-04-2017%2Fbottom-of-the-lake-how-the-setting-for-a-classic-book-of-new-zealand-literature-became-a-toxic-swamp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/tutira">"Tutira"</a>. 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Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529203910/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/literature/page-4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand+1966&rft.atitle=LITERATURE+%E2%80%93+New+impulses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fliterature%2Fpage-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003505-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003505_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2003">King 2003</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-New-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWevers" class="citation web cs1">Wevers, Lydia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-6">"New writers after the Second World War – Story: Fiction"</a>. 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The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195583489.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1917-3519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1917-3519-6"><bdi>978-0-1917-3519-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865265749">865265749</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901042329/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195583489.001.0001/acref-9780195583489-e-1152">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021. 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Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Into+the+World+of+Light%3A+An+Anthology+of+Maori+Writing&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+New+Zealand+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865265749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-1917-3519-6&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001%2Facref-9780195583489-e-584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Māori_and_Pacific-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Māori_and_Pacific_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Māori_and_Pacific_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWevers" class="citation web cs1">Wevers, Lydia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-10">"Māori and Pacific writers and writing about Māori – Story: Fiction"</a>. 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Landfall. 39 (1): 40–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landfall&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Maori+Literature&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-44&rft.date=1985-03&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Miriama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aclals.net/conferences/">"Conferences"</a>. 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In Frow, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-984">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.013.984">10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020109-8"><bdi>978-0-19-020109-8</bdi></a>. 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The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195583489.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1917-3519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1917-3519-6"><bdi>978-0-1917-3519-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865265749">865265749</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030013250/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195583489.001.0001/acref-9780195583489-e-42">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ao+Hou%2C+Te+%2F+The+New+World&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+New+Zealand+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865265749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-1917-3519-6&rft.aulast=Wattie&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195583489.001.0001%2Facref-9780195583489-e-42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae" class="citation web cs1">McRae, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-newspapers-and-magazines-nga-niupepa-me-nga-moheni/page-5">"Māori magazines – Story: Māori newspapers and magazines – ngā niupepa me ngā moheni"</a>. 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Fairies, families and adventures, 1900s–1960s"</a>. Te Ara: The New Zealand Encyclopedia. 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Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indirections%3A+A+Memoir+1909%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-19-558050-8&rft.aulast=Brasch&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-BraIndi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Penguin Group (NZ). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7422-8826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7422-8826-0"><bdi>978-1-7422-8826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28NZ%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-7422-8826-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Jane; Williams, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-StaMaor-t1-body-d0.html">Maoriland: New Zealand Literature 1872-1914</a>. Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8647-3522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8647-3522-5"><bdi>978-0-8647-3522-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maoriland%3A+New+Zealand+Literature+1872-1914&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8647-3522-5&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-StaMaor-t1-body-d0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Jane; Williams, Mark, eds. (2012). Anthology of New Zealand literature. Auckland, NZ: Auckland University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869405892" title="Special:BookSources/9781869405892"><bdi>9781869405892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthology+of+New+Zealand+literature&rft.place=Auckland%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781869405892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+literature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/">New Zealand Electronic Text Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/subject-000005.html">New Zealand literature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Electronic_Text_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Electronic Text Centre">New Zealand Electronic Text Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz/">New Zealand Electronic Poetry Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.read-nz.org/">Read NZ Te Pou Muramura</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template talk:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Zealand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">Māori history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">New Zealand and Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical geography of New Zealand">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_New_Zealand" title="List of caves in New Zealand">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of New Zealand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of rivers of New Zealand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanism of New Zealand">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_New_Zealand" title="Water in New Zealand">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting in New Zealand">Voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">Gun law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Disability rights in New Zealand">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" title="List of public sector organisations in New Zealand">Public sector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">Child poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Society of New Zealand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Zealand" title="Crime in New Zealand">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">Ethnic origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Gender inequality in New Zealand">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender equality in New Zealand">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_New_Zealand" title="Health in New Zealand">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Zealand" title="Homelessness in New Zealand">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in New Zealand">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_New_Zealand" title="Naturism in New Zealand">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">"Kiwi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Zealand" title="Prostitution in New Zealand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_New_Zealand" title="Mass media in New Zealand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts of New Zealand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_literature" title="Template:English literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_literature" title="Template talk:English literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early English Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_English_literature" title="Twentieth-century English literature">Twentieth century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_American_literature" title="Arab American literature">Arab American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_literature" title="Asian American literature">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_literature" title="American Catholic literature">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American literature">Franco American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_literature" title="Hawaiian literature">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_literature" title="New Mexican literature">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of books set in New York City">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States_literature" title="Southern United States literature">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Celtic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_drama" title="English drama">English drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">English poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel">Great American Novel</a></li> <li>Indigenous literatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_literature" title="Native American literature">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_literatures_in_Canada" title="Indigenous literatures in Canada">Canadian Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Australian Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Women's writing in English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oceanian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceanian_topic" title="Template:Oceanian 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href="/w/index.php?title=Micronesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micronesian literature (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_literature" title="Fijian literature">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiribati_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiribati literature (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshallese literature (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauruan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauruan literature (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palauan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palauan literature (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_literature" title="Papua New Guinean literature">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_literature" title="Samoan literature">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_literature" title="Solomon Islands literature">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_literature" title="Tongan literature">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvaluan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuvaluan literature (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanuatuan literature">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_literature" title="Cook Islands literature">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuean literature">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Samoan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Samoan literature (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island literature (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocossian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocossian literature (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Easter Island literature (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Polynesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Polynesian literature (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guamanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guamanian literature (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_literature" title="Hawaiian literature">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_literature" title="New Caledonian literature">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk Island literature (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Marianan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Marianan literature (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcairn_Islands_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitcairn Islands literature (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokelauan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokelauan literature (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_and_Futuna_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallis and Futuna literature (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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