CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Church architecture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"30f4de37-91a8-40c2-8fad-a36212a86d7a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Church_architecture","wgTitle":"Church architecture","wgCurRevisionId":1257591005,"wgRevisionId":1257591005,"wgArticleId":2213191,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles using infobox templates with no data rows","Use dmy dates from June 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from April 2017", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Church architecture","Sacral architecture","Architectural styles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Church_architecture","wgRelevantArticleId":2213191,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2860334","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="834"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="556"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="445"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Church architecture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Church_architecture rootpage-Church_architecture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Church+architecture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Church+architecture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Church+architecture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Church+architecture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_development_of_the_church_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development_of_the_church_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and development of the church building</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_development_of_the_church_building-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and development of the church building subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development_of_the_church_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_house_church_to_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_house_church_to_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>From house church to church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_house_church_to_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_early_Christian_church_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_early_Christian_church_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Characteristics of the early Christian church building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_early_Christian_church_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Atrium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basilica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Basilica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Bema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Mausoleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_cross_and_Greek_cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_cross_and_Greek_cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Latin cross and Greek cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_cross_and_Greek_cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergence_of_Eastern_and_Western_church_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergence_of_Eastern_and_Western_church_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Divergence of Eastern and Western church architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divergence_of_Eastern_and_Western_church_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Divergence of Eastern and Western church architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divergence_of_Eastern_and_Western_church_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Byzantine_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Byzantine_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Byzantine_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting_the_architecture_of_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting_the_architecture_of_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Factors affecting the architecture of churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_affecting_the_architecture_of_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors affecting the architecture of churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting_the_architecture_of_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wooden churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallachia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallachia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Wallachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia–Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia–Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ethiopia–Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia–Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>East and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_era_church_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_era_church_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gothic era church architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gothic_era_church_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gothic era church architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gothic_era_church_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_periods_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_periods_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Time periods and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_periods_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Reformation and its influence on church architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_of_church_architecture_from_different_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_of_church_architecture_from_different_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Images of church architecture from different centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_of_church_architecture_from_different_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Church architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="عمارة الكنائس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة الكنائس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_de_iglesias" title="Arquitectura de iglesias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura de iglesias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="معماری کلیسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری کلیسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Architecture ecclésiastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture ecclésiastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="교회 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교회 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkveno_graditeljstvo" title="Crkveno graditeljstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crkveno graditeljstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Gereja" title="Arsitektur Gereja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Gereja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות כנסיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות כנסיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9ny_templom%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Keresztény templomépítészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztény templomépítészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC" title="ചർച്ച് ആർക്കിടെക്ചർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചർച്ച് ആർക്കിടെക്ചർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83_bisericeasc%C4%83" title="Arhitectură bisericească – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectură bisericească" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerkvena_arhitektura" title="Cerkvena arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cerkvena arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkkoarkkitehtuuri" title="Kirkkoarkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirkkoarkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2860334#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Church_architecture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Church_architecture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Church_architecture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&oldid=1257591005" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Church_architecture&id=1257591005&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChurch_architecture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChurch_architecture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Church_architecture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Church_architecture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2860334" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of architecture focused on church buildings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Church architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png/250px-Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png/375px-Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sophia,_Constantinopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/250px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/375px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/500px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6270" data-file-height="3631" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_(VA)_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/250px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/375px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/500px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/375px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5230" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Etchmiadzin cathedral">Etchmiadzin cathedral</a> plan; Arches of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> sketch; Centre: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>; Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul's Cathedral">Saint Paul's Cathedral</a> nave</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termunterzijlkerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Termunterzijlkerk.jpg/250px-Termunterzijlkerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Termunterzijlkerk.jpg/375px-Termunterzijlkerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Termunterzijlkerk.jpg/500px-Termunterzijlkerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The 800-year-old <i>Ursuskerk</i> of <a href="/wiki/Termunten" title="Termunten">Termunten</a> in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Church architecture</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of Christian buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, chapels, <a href="/wiki/Convents" class="mw-redirect" title="Convents">convents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>, etc. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a>, partly by innovation and partly by borrowing other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. From the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> to the present, the most significant objects of transformation for Christian architecture and design were the great churches of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque abbey churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic cathedrals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> with its emphasis on harmony. These large, often ornate and architecturally prestigious buildings were dominant features of the towns and countryside in which they stood. However, far more numerous were the <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, the focus of Christian devotion in every town and village. While a few are counted as sublime works of architecture to equal the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">great cathedrals and churches</a>, the majority developed along simpler lines, showing great regional diversity and often demonstrating local vernacular technology and decoration. </p><p>Buildings were at first from those originally intended for other purposes but, with the rise of distinctively ecclesiastical architecture, church buildings came to influence secular ones which have often imitated <a href="/wiki/Religious_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious architecture">religious architecture</a>. In the 20th century, the use of new materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, has had an effect upon the design of churches. </p><p>The history of church architecture divides itself into periods, and into countries or regions and by religious affiliation. The matter is complicated by the fact that buildings put up for one purpose may have been re-used for another, that new building techniques may permit changes in style and size, that changes in liturgical practice may result in the alteration of existing buildings and that a building built by one religious group may be used by a successor group with different purposes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development_of_the_church_building">Origins and development of the church building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and development of the church building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest church building comprises a single meeting space, built of locally available material and using the same skills of construction as the local domestic buildings. Such churches are generally rectangular, but in African countries where circular dwellings are the norm, vernacular churches may be circular as well. A simple church may be built of mud brick, <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a>, split logs or rubble. It may be roofed with thatch, shingles, corrugated iron or banana leaves. However, church congregations, from the 4th century onwards, have sought to construct church buildings that were both permanent and aesthetically pleasing. This had led to a tradition in which congregations and local leaders have invested time, money and personal prestige into the building and decoration of churches. </p><p>Within any parish, the local church is often the oldest building and is larger than any pre-19th-century structure except perhaps a barn. The church is often built of the most durable material available, often dressed stone or brick. The requirements of liturgy have generally demanded that the church should extend beyond a single meeting room to two main spaces, one for the congregation and one in which the priest performs the rituals of the Mass. To the two-room structure is often added aisles, a tower, <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestries</a> and sometimes transepts and mortuary chapels. The additional chambers may be part of the original plan, but in the case of a great many old churches, the building has been extended piecemeal, its various parts testifying to its long architectural history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oldest_churches_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest churches in the world">Oldest churches in the world</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:856px;max-width:856px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">An early Christian house church and 4th-century basilica</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DuraEuropos-Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DuraEuropos-Church.jpg/210px-DuraEuropos-Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DuraEuropos-Church.jpg/315px-DuraEuropos-Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DuraEuropos-Church.jpg/420px-DuraEuropos-Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_house_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Dura-Europos house church">Dura-Europos house church</a>, built <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 232</span> AD, with a <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> area on right</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/210px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/315px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/420px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, built c. 301 AD in <a href="/wiki/Vagarshapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagarshapat">Vagarshapat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg/210px-%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg/315px-%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg/420px-%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">4th-century <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy Cross">Basilica of the Holy Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aparan" title="Aparan">Aparan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/210px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/315px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/420px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">4th-century <a href="/wiki/Yererouk" title="Yererouk">Yererouk Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In the first three centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Livia Christian Church</a>, the practice of Christianity was illegal and few <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> were constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a> and in private houses. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to worship in people's houses, known as <a href="/wiki/House_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="House churches">house churches</a>. These were often the homes of the wealthier members of the faith. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">first letter to the Corinthians</a> writes: "The churches of Asia send greetings. <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila and Prisca</a>, together with the church in their house, greet you warmly in the Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some domestic buildings were adapted to function as churches. One of the earliest of adapted residences is at <a href="/wiki/Dura_Europos_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Dura Europos church">Dura Europos church</a>, built shortly after 200 AD, where two rooms were made into one, by removing a wall, and a <a href="/wiki/Dais" title="Dais">dais</a> was set up. To the right of the entrance a small room was made into a <a href="/wiki/Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry">baptistry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some church buildings were specifically built as church assemblies, such as that opposite the emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s palace in Nicomedia. Its destruction was recorded thus: </p> <blockquote><p>When that day dawned, in the eighth consulship of Diocletian and seventh of <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, suddenly, while it was yet hardly light, the prefect, together with chief commanders, tribunes, and officers of the treasury, came to the church in Nicomedia, and the gates having been forced open, they searched everywhere for an idol of the Divinity. The books of the Holy Scriptures were found, and they were committed to the flames; the utensils and furniture of the church were abandoned to pillage: all was rapine, confusion, tumult. That church, situated on rising ground, was within view of the palace; and Diocletian and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> stood as if on a watchtower, disputing long whether it ought to be set on fire. The sentiment of Diocletian prevailed, who dreaded lest, so great a fire being once kindled, some part of the city might he burnt; for there were many and large buildings that surrounded the church. Then the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Pretorian Guards</a> came in battle array, with axes and other iron instruments, and having been let loose everywhere, they in a few hours leveled that very lofty edifice with the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_house_church_to_church">From house church to church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From house church to church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the first to the early fourth centuries most Christian communities worshipped in private homes, often secretly. Some Roman churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Clemente">Basilica of San Clemente</a> in Rome, are built directly over the houses where early Christians worshipped. Other early Roman churches are built on the sites of Christian <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> or at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Catacomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacomb">catacombs</a> where Christians were buried. </p><p>With the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milvian_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Milvian Bridge">Battle of Milvian Bridge</a> in 312 AD, Christianity became a lawful and then the privileged religion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The faith, already spread around the Mediterranean, now expressed itself in buildings. Christian architecture was made to correspond to civic and imperial forms, and so the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a>, a large rectangular meeting hall became general in east and west, as the model for churches, with a <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">galleries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestories</a>. While civic basilicas had apses at either end, the Christian basilica usually had a single apse where the bishop and <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> sat in a dais behind the altar. While pagan basilicas had as their focus a statue of the emperor, Christian basilicas focused on the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> as the symbol of the eternal, loving and forgiving God. </p><p>The first very large Christian churches, notably <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, were built in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the early 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_the_early_Christian_church_building">Characteristics of the early Christian church building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the early Christian church building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png/350px-Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png/525px-Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png/700px-Old_St_Peters_Basilica_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Old <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, showing <i><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a></i> (courtyard), <i><a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a>), central <i><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a></i> with double <i><a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a></i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a></i> for the clergy extending into a <i><a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a></i>, and an <i><a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedra</a></i> or semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The church building as we know it grew out of a number of features of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> period: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house church</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>: centrally-planned building</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> ground plan: Latin or Greek cross</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atrium">Atrium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atrium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> communities began to build churches they drew on one particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the <i><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a></i>, or courtyard with a <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> surrounding it. Most of these atriums have disappeared. A fine example remains at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Clemente">Basilica of San Clemente</a> in Rome and another was built in the Romanesque period at <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio,_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Ambrogio, Milan">Sant'Ambrogio, Milan</a>. The descendants of these <i>atria</i> may be seen in the large square <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisters">cloisters</a> that can be found beside many cathedrals, and in the huge colonnaded squares or piazza at the Basilicas of St Peter's in Rome and St Mark's in Venice and the Camposanto (Holy Field) at the Cathedral of Pisa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basilica">Basilica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early church architecture did not draw its form from Roman temples, as they did not have large internal spaces where worshipping congregations could meet. It was the Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> used for meetings, markets, and courts of law that provided a model for the large Christian church and that gave its name to the Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Roman basilicas and Roman <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">bath houses</a> had at their core a large vaulted building with a high roof, braced on either side by a series of lower chambers or a wide arcaded passage. An important feature of the Roman basilica was that at either end it had a projecting <a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedra</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>, a semicircular space roofed with a half-dome. This was where the magistrates sat to hold court. It passed into the church architecture of the Roman world and was adapted in different ways as a feature of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture">cathedral architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest large churches, such as the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a> in Rome, consisted of a single-ended basilica with one apsidal end and a courtyard, or <i>atrium</i>, at the other end. As Christian <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> developed, processions became part of the proceedings. The processional door was that which led from the furthest end of the building, while the door most used by the public might be that central to one side of the building, as in a basilica of law. This is the case in many cathedrals and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-B&G_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&G-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bema">Bema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As numbers of clergy increased, the small apse which contained the altar, or table upon which the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> and wine were offered in the rite of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, was not sufficient to accommodate them. A raised dais called a <i><a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a></i>, a concept taken from synagogue architecture, formed part of many large basilican churches. In the case of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_Fuori_le_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="San Paolo Fuori le Mura">San Paolo Fuori le Mura</a> (St Paul's outside the Walls) in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms so that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse. From this beginning, the plan of the church developed into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cross">Latin Cross</a> which is the shape of most Western Cathedrals and large churches. The arms of the cross are called the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:906px;max-width:906px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG/211px-San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG" decoding="async" width="211" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG/317px-San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG/422px-San_Clemente_0511-06_chiostro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="1639" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The atrium at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Clemente">Basilica di San Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, with reused ancient Roman columns</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravenna_BW_3.JPG/231px-Ravenna_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="231" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravenna_BW_3.JPG/347px-Ravenna_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravenna_BW_3.JPG/462px-Ravenna_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="2556" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg/211px-Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg/317px-Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg/422px-Roma-sanpaoloforilemura01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "bema" of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/237px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="237" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/356px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/474px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Mausoleum of Santa Costanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, was built by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>) as the tomb of his daughter.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mausoleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the influences on church architecture was the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> built for his daughter Costanza a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>'s burial place became a place of worship as well as a tomb. It is one of the earliest church buildings that was central, rather than longitudinally planned. Constantine was also responsible for the building of the circular, mausoleum-like <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which in turn influenced the plan of a number of buildings, including that constructed in Rome to house the remains of the proto-martyr <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Stefano_Rotondo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Stefano Rotondo">San Stefano Rotondo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in Ravenna. </p><p>Ancient circular or polygonal churches are comparatively rare. A small number, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a>, London were built during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as isolated examples in England, France, and Spain. In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> such churches in the Romanesque style are much more numerous. In parts of Eastern Europe, there are also round tower-like churches of the Romanesque period but they are generally vernacular architecture and of small scale. Others, like St Martin's Rotunda at Visegrad, in the Czech Republic, are finely detailed. </p><p>The circular or polygonal form lent itself to those buildings within church complexes that perform a function in which it is desirable for people to stand, or sit around, with a centralized focus, rather than an axial one. In Italy, the circular or polygonal form was used throughout the medieval period for <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptisteries</a>, while in England it was adapted for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter houses</a>. In France, the aisled polygonal plan was adopted as the eastern terminal and in Spain, the same form is often used as a chapel. </p><p>Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was another significant place of worship in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, with its numerous statue-filled niches. This too was to become a Christian church and lend its style to the development of Cathedral architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_cross_and_Greek_cross">Latin cross and Greek cross</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin cross and Greek cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cathedrals and great churches have a cruciform <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">groundplan</a>. In churches of Western European tradition, the plan is usually longitudinal, in the form of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cross">Latin Cross</a>, with a long <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> crossed by a <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>. The transept may be as strongly projecting as at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> or not project beyond the aisles as at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Many of the earliest churches of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> have a longitudinal plan. At <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, Istanbul, there is a central dome, the frame on one axis by two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a>, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have a <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Bramante" class="mw-redirect" title="Bramante">Bramante</a>'s plan for <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BF_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:645px;max-width:645px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Comparative plans</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_dura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Church_dura.jpg/235px-Church_dura.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Church_dura.jpg/353px-Church_dura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Church_dura.jpg/470px-Church_dura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2179" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Early Christian: House Church at Dura, Syria, domestic rooms around a courtyard were adapted as a meeting place and baptistry.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg/230px-HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg/345px-HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg/460px-HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_102.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Byzantine: Chora Church, Istanbul: a domed church with an apsidal chancel, galleries at either side and a narthex. A modified <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> plan.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg/168px-Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg/252px-Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg/336px-Dehio_48_Eschau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Romanesque: <a href="/wiki/St_Trophimus%27_Church,_Eschau" title="St Trophimus' Church, Eschau">Eschau Church, France</a>: a cruciform plan with apse and aisles, west portal, and side entrance.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divergence_of_Eastern_and_Western_church_architecture">Divergence of Eastern and Western church architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Divergence of Eastern and Western church architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">division of the Roman Empire</a> in the fourth century AD, resulted in Christian ritual evolving in distinctly different ways in the eastern and western parts of the empire. The final break was the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 1054. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Byzantine_architecture">Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/280px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/420px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/560px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An illustrated layout of the traditional interior of an Orthodox Church</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Eastern Orthodox church architecture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> was the most common form in the west, a more compact centralized style became predominant in the east. These churches were in origin <i>martyria</i>, constructed as mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died during the persecutions which only fully ended with the conversion of Emperor Constantine. An important surviving example is the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> in Ravenna, which has retained its <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> decorations. Dating from the 5th century, it may have been briefly used as an oratory before it became a mausoleum. </p><p>These buildings copied pagan tombs and were square, cruciform with shallow projecting arms or polygonal. They were roofed by domes which came to symbolize heaven. The projecting arms were sometimes roofed with domes or semi-domes that were lower and abutted the central block of the building. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine churches</a>, although centrally planned around a domed space, generally maintained a definite axis towards the apsidal chancel which generally extended further than the other apses. This projection allowed for the erection of an <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a>, a screen on which icons are hung and which conceals the altar from the worshippers except at those points in the liturgy when its doors are opened. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungula_kirche.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dungula_kirche.png/200px-Dungula_kirche.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dungula_kirche.png/300px-Dungula_kirche.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dungula_kirche.png/400px-Dungula_kirche.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Coptic cruciform church in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Dongola</a>, ninth century</figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul) in the 6th century produced churches that effectively combined centralized and basilica plans, having semi-domes forming the axis, and arcaded galleries on either side. The church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (now a mosque) was the most significant example and had an enormous influence on both later Christian and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Great_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad Great Mosque">Umayyad Great Mosque</a> in Damascus. Many later Eastern Orthodox churches, particularly large ones, combine a centrally planned, domed eastern end with an aisled nave at the west. </p><p>A variant form of the centralized church was developed in Russia and came to prominence in the sixteenth century. Here the dome was replaced by a much thinner and taller hipped or conical roof which perhaps originated from the need to prevent snow from remaining on roofs. One of the finest examples of these <a href="/wiki/Tented_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tented church">tented churches</a> is St. Basil's in Red Square in Moscow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_West">Medieval West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg/220px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg/330px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg/440px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8379" data-file-height="11212" /></a><figcaption>West elevation of the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Chartres">Notre-Dame de Chartres</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg/220px-Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg/330px-Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg/440px-Strasbourg_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Strasbourg Cathedral west front</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></div> <p>Participation in worship, which gave rise to the porch church, began to decline as the church became increasingly clericalized; with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> church buildings changed as well. The 'two-room' church' became, in Europe, the norm. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated. This could then only be seen from a distance by the congregation through the arch between the rooms (from late mediaeval times closed by a wooden partition, the <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">Rood screen</a>), and the elevation of the host, the bread of the communion, became the focus of the celebration: it was not at that time generally partaken of by the congregation. Given that the liturgy was said in Latin, the people contented themselves with their own private devotions until this point. Because of the difficulty of sight lines, some churches had holes, 'squints', cut strategically in walls and screens, through which the elevation could be seen from the nave. Again, from the twin principles that every priest must say his mass every day and that an altar could only be used once, in religious communities a number of altars were required for which space had to be found, at least within monastic churches. </p><p>Apart from changes in the liturgy, the other major influence on church architecture was in the use of new materials and the development of new techniques. In northern Europe, early churches were often built of wood, for which reason almost none survive. With the wider use of stone by the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, larger structures were erected. </p><p>The two-room church, particularly if it were an <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> or a cathedral, might acquire <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>. These were effectively arms of the cross which now made up the ground plan of the building. The buildings became more clearly symbolic of what they were intended for. Sometimes this crossing, now the central focus of the church, would be surmounted by its own tower, in addition to the west end towers, or instead of them. (Such precarious structures were known to collapse – as at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a> – and had to be rebuilt.) Sanctuaries, now providing for the singing of the offices by <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>, grew longer and became <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancels</a>, separated from the nave by a screen. Practical function and symbolism were both at work in the process of development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting_the_architecture_of_churches">Factors affecting the architecture of churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Factors affecting the architecture of churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistina-interno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sistina-interno.jpg/220px-Sistina-interno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sistina-interno.jpg/330px-Sistina-interno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sistina-interno.jpg/440px-Sistina-interno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> with Christian Mosaics feature prominently.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur,_Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Sacred Heart Cathedral of Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> (1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>Across Europe, the process by which church architecture developed and individual churches were designed and built was different in different regions, and sometimes differed from church to church in the same region and within the same historic period. </p><p>Among the factors that determined how a church was designed and built are the nature of the local community, the location in city, town or village, whether the church was an abbey church, whether the church was a collegiate church, whether the church had the patronage of a bishop, whether the church had the ongoing patronage of a wealthy family and whether the church contained relics of a saint or other holy objects that were likely to draw pilgrimage. </p><p>Collegiate churches and abbey churches, even those serving small religious communities, generally demonstrate a greater complexity of form than parochial churches in the same area and of a similar date. </p><p>Churches that have been built under the patronage of a bishop have generally employed a competent church architect and demonstrate in the design refinement of style unlike that of the parochial builder. </p><p>Many parochial churches have had the patronage of wealthy local families. The degree to which this has an effect on the architecture can differ greatly. It may entail the design and construction of the entire building having been financed and influenced by a particular patron. On the other hand, the evidence of patronage may be apparent only in accretion of chantry chapels, tombs, memorials, fittings, stained glass, and other decorations. </p><p>Churches that contain famous relics or objects of veneration and have thus become pilgrimage churches are often very large and have been elevated to the status of <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. However, many other churches enshrine the bodies or are associated with the lives of particular saints without having attracted continuing pilgrimage and the financial benefit that it brought. </p><p>The popularity of saints, the veneration of their relics, and the size and importance of the church built to honor them are without consistency and can be dependent upon entirely different factors. Two virtually unknown warrior saints, <a href="/wiki/John_and_Paul" title="John and Paul">San Giovanni and San Paolo</a>, are honoured by <a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_Venice" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice">one of the largest churches in Venice</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Friars in competition to the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> who were building the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Gloriosa_dei_Frari" title="Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari">Frari Church</a> at the same time. The much smaller church that contained the body of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</a>, a martyr venerated by <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> across the world and the titular saint of numerous locations, was demolished in the late 19th century to make way for Venice's railway station. </p><p>The first truly <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> façade was built in Rome between 1568 and 1584 for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (Jesuits). It introduced the baroque style into architecture. Corresponding with the Society's theological task as the spearhead of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the new style soon became a triumphant feature in Catholic church architecture. </p><p>After the second world war, modern materials and techniques such as concrete and metal panels were introduced in Norwegian church construction. <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_Cathedral" title="Bodø Cathedral">Bodø Cathedral</a> for instance was built in reinforced concrete allowing a wide basilica to be built. During the 1960s there was a more pronounced break from tradition as in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cathedral" title="Arctic Cathedral">Arctic Cathedral</a> built in lightweight concrete and covered in aluminum sidings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_churches">Wooden churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wooden churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Articular_church" title="Articular church">Articular church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_meeting_house" title="Colonial meeting house">Colonial meeting house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palisade_church" title="Palisade church">Palisade church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">Stave church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairthech" title="Dairthech">Dairthech</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg/220px-Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg/330px-Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg/440px-Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen%2C_2013_June.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borgund_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgund stave church">Borgund stave church</a>, Norway, late 12th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg/220px-Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg/330px-Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg/440px-Olden_gamle_kirke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Olden_Church" title="Old Olden Church">Old Olden Church</a>, a 1759 log building</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, church architecture has been affected by wood as the preferred material, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Churches built until the second world war are about 90% wooden except medieval constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Muri_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Middle Ages all wooden churches in Norway (about 1000 in total) were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave church</a> technique, but only 271 masonry constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Protestant reformation when the construction of new (or replacement of old) churches was resumed, wood was still the dominant material but the log technique became dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The log construction gave a lower more sturdy style of building compared to the light and often tall stave churches. Log construction became structurally unstable for long and tall walls, particularly if cut through by tall windows. Adding transepts improved the stability of the log technique and is one reason why the cruciform floor plan was widely used during 1600 and 1700s. For instance the <a href="/wiki/Old_Olden_Church" title="Old Olden Church">Old Olden Church</a> (1759) replaced a building damaged by hurricane, the 1759 church was then constructed in cruciform shape to make it withstand the strongest winds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of trees (logs) also determined the length of walls according to Sæther.<sup id="cite_ref-Saether_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saether-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Samnanger church for instance, outside corners have been cut to avoid splicing logs, the result is an octagonal floor plan rather than rectangular.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cruciform constructions provided a more rigid structure and larger churches, but view to the pulpit and altar was obstructed by interior corners for seats in the transept. The <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> floor plan offers good visibility as well as a rigid structure allowing a relatively wide nave to be constructed – <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Christie" title="Håkon Christie">Håkon Christie</a> believes that this is a reason why the <a href="/wiki/Octagonal_churches_in_Norway" title="Octagonal churches in Norway">octagonal church design</a> became popular during the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Halvor_Vreim" title="Halvor Vreim">Vreim</a> believes that the introduction of log technique after the reformation resulted in a multitude of church designs in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Vreim_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vreim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_in_Ukraine" title="Wooden churches in Ukraine">wood church constructions</a> originate from the introduction of Christianity and continued to be widespread, particularly in rural areas, when masonry churches dominated in cities and in Western Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Church architecture varies depending on both the sect of the faith, as well as the geographical location and the influences acting upon it. Variances from the typical church architecture as well as unique characteristics can be seen in many areas around the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_church_architecture" title="Armenian church architecture">Armenian church architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>The style of churches in England has gone through many changes under the influence of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest style changes is shown in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, which was built in a foreign style and was a cause for concern for many as it heralded change.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second example is the current <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London. There are many other notable churches that have each had their own influence on the ever-changing style in England, such as <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the style of church architecture could be called 'Early English' and 'Decorated'. This time is considered to be when England was in its prime in the category of a church building. It was after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> that the style went through another change, the 'perpendicular style', where ornamentation became more extravagant.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An architectural element that appeared soon after the Black Death style change and is observed extensively in Medieval English styles is fan vaulting, seen in the Chapel of Henry VII and the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a> in Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the prevalent style was Gothic for around 300 years but the style was clearly present for many years before that as well. In these late Gothic times, there was a specific way in which the foundations for the churches were built. First, a stone skeleton would be built, then the spaces between the vertical supports filled with large glass windows, then those windows supported by their own transoms and mullions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the topic of church windows, the windows are somewhat controversial as some argue that the church should be flooded with light and some argue that they should be dim for an ideal praying environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most church plans in England have their roots in one of two styles, Basilican and Celtic and then we see the later emergence of a 'two-cell' plan, consisting of nave and sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the time before the last war, there was a movement towards a new style of architecture, one that was more functional than embellished.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an increased use of steel and concrete and a rebellion against the romantic nature of the traditional style. This resulted in a 'battle of the styles'<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which one side was leaning towards the modernist, functional way of design, and the other was following traditional <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> styles,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as reflected in the architecture of all buildings, not just churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallachia">Wallachia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wallachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/220px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/330px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg/440px-Man_Curtea_de_Arges.SV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4221" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99_Cathedral" title="Curtea de Argeș Cathedral">Curtea de Argeș Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early Romanian territory of Wallachia, there were three major influences that can be seen. The first are the western influences of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> styles,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before later falling to the greater influence of the Byzantine styles. The early western influences can be seen in two places, the first is a church in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a>, that showcases distinctly Romanesque styles, and the second are the remnants of a church in <a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta-Turnu Severin</a>, which has features of the Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are not many remaining examples of those two styles, but the Byzantine influence is much more prominent. A few prime examples of the direct Byzantine influence are the St. Nicoara and Domneasca in <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99" title="Curtea de Argeș">Curtea de Arges</a>, and church at Nicopolis in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. These all show the characteristic features such as sanctuaries, rectangular naves, circular interiors with non-circular exteriors, and small chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nicopolis church and the Domneasca both have Greek-inspired plans, but the Domneasca is far more developed than the Nicopolis church. Alongside these are also traces of Serbian, Georgian, and Armenian influences that found their way to Wallachia through Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/220px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/330px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/440px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="5069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Northwest (Washington, D.C.)">Northwest, Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The split between Eastern and Western Church Architecture extended its influence into the churches we see in America today as well. America's churches are an amalgamation of the many styles and cultures that collided here, examples being St. Constantine, a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Minneapolis, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cathedral style">Polish Cathedral style</a> churches, and Russian Orthodox churches, found all across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> inspired architecture in many of the churches, such as the large domed ceilings, extensive stonework, and a maximizing of space to be used for religious iconography on walls and such.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches classified as Ukrainian or Catholic also seem to follow the trend of being overall much more elaborately decorated and accentuated than their Protestant counterparts, in which decoration is simple.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically in Texas, there are remnants of the Anglo-American colonization that are visible in the architecture itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas in itself was a religious hotbed, and so ecclesiastical architecture developed at a faster pace than in other areas. Looking at the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum period</a>, (1835–1861) Church architecture shows the values and personal beliefs of the architects who created them, while also showcasing Texan cultural history.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Catholic and Protestant buildings showed things such as the architectural traditions, economic circumstances, religious ordinances, and aesthetic tastes<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of those involved. The movement to keep ethnicities segregated during this time was also present in the very foundations of this architecture. Their physical appearances vary wildly from area to area though, as each served its own local purpose, and as mentioned before, due to the multitude of religious groups, each held a different set of beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, many Catholic churches in the southwestern United States – especially in the coastal portions of California – are built with exterior elements in the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival architecture</a> style, as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a>, though often with stained glass windows added and more modern interior elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia–Eritrea"><span id="Ethiopia.E2.80.93Eritrea"></span>Ethiopia–Eritrea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethiopia–Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bete_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bete Giyorgis">Bete Giyorgis</a> from above, one of the <a href="/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela" title="Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela">rock-hewn churches of Lalibela</a>, Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture of Ethiopia</a></div> <p>Although having its roots in the traditions of Eastern Christianity – especially the Syrian church – as well as later being exposed to European influences – the traditional architectural style of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox</a>) churches has followed a path all its own. The earliest known churches show the familiar basilican layout. For example, the church of <a href="/wiki/Debre_Damo" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Damo">Debre Damo</a> is organized around a nave of four bays separated by re-used monolithic columns; at the western end is a low-roofed <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a>, while on the eastern is the <i>maqdas</i>, or Holy of Holies, separated by the only arch in the building.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>The next period, beginning in the second half of the first millennium AD and lasting into the 16th century, includes both structures built of conventional materials, and those hewn from rock. Although most surviving examples of the first are now found in caves, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Thomas Pakenham</a> discovered an example in <a href="/wiki/Wollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollo">Wollo</a>, protected inside the circular walls of later construction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of these built-up churches would be the <a href="/wiki/Yemrehana_Krestos#Yemrehana_Krestos_church" title="Yemrehana Krestos">church of Yemrehana Krestos</a>, which has many resemblances to the church of Debre Damo both in plan and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other style of this period, perhaps the most famous architectural tradition of Ethiopia, are the numerous <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_church" title="Monolithic church">monolithic churches</a>. This includes houses of worship carved out of the side of mountains, such as <a href="/wiki/Abreha_we_Atsbeha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abreha we Atsbeha">Abreha we Atsbeha</a>, which although approximately square the nave and transepts combine to form a cruciform outline – leading experts to categorize Abreha we Atsbeha as an example of <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> churches. Then there are the <a href="/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela" title="Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela">churches of Lalibela</a>, which were created by excavating into "a hillside of soft, reddish <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, variable in hardness and composition". Some of the churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Biete_Amanuel" title="Biete Amanuel">Biete Amanuel</a> and the cross-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bete_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bete Giyorgis">Bete Giyorgis</a>, are entirely free-standing with the volcanic tuff removed from all sides, while other churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Biete_Gabriel-Rufael" title="Biete Gabriel-Rufael">Biete Gabriel-Rufael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biete_Abba_Libanos" title="Biete Abba Libanos">Biete Abba Libanos</a>, are only detached from the <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">living rock</a> on one or two sides. All of the churches are accessed through a labyrinth of tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final period of Ethiopian church architecture, which extends to the present day, is characterized by round churches with conical roofs – quite similar to the ordinary houses the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian highlands">Ethiopian highlands</a> live in. Despite this resemblance, the interiors are quite different in how their rooms are laid out, based on a three-part division of: </p> <ol><li>A <i>maqdas</i> where the <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">tabot</a> is kept, and only priests may enter;</li> <li>An inner ambulatory called the <i>qiddist</i> used by communicants at mass; and</li> <li>An outer ambulatory, the <i>qene mehlet</i>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Dabtara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabtara">dabtaras</a> and accessible to anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Southeast_Asia">East and Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: East and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg/177px-Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg/266px-Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg/354px-Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral_03_20170916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG/177px-Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG/266px-Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG/354px-Trinity_Catholic_Church_in_Dalidiocese.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phatdiemk-77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phatdiemk-77.jpg/177px-Phatdiemk-77.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phatdiemk-77.jpg/266px-Phatdiemk-77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phatdiemk-77.jpg/354px-Phatdiemk-77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makiki_Christian_Church,_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street,_Ala_Moana,_Honolulu,_HI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg/177px-Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg/266px-Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg/354px-Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_Pensacola_Street_and_Elm_Street%2C_Ala_Moana%2C_Honolulu%2C_HI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2868" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Anglican_Cathedral" title="Ganghwa Anglican Cathedral">Ganghwa Anglican Cathedral</a> (South Korea), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dali" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali">Sacred Heart Cathedral of Dali</a> (China), <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_Di%E1%BB%87m_Cathedral" title="Phát Diệm Cathedral">Phát Diệm Cathedral</a> (Vietnam), <a href="/wiki/Makiki_Christian_Church" title="Makiki Christian Church">Makiki Christian Church</a> (built by a Japanese pastor in Hawaii)</div></div></div></div> <p>Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese architectures have been integrated into church building design. Hundreds of timber-framed churches in Northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> are constructed with traditional methods, exhibiting great cultural and historical values.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first decades of the 20th century, a new Sino-Christian church architecture emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some churches across Southeast Asia have also incorporated traditional architecture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ganjuran_Church" title="Ganjuran Church">Church of the Sacred Heart, Ganjuran</a>, Java, Indonesia, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Redeemer_Church,_Bangkok" title="Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok">Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok</a>, Thailand. </p> <dl><dt>Taiwan</dt></dl> <p>In East Asia, Taiwan is one of several countries famous for its church architecture. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santo_Domingo" title="Fort Santo Domingo">Fort Santo Domingo</a> in the 17th century had an adjacent church. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)">Dutch Fort Zeelandia</a> in Tainan also included a chapel. In modern architecture several churches have been inspired to use traditional designs. These include the Church of the Good Shepherd in Shihlin (Taipei), which was designed by Su Hsi Tsung and built in the traditional siheyuan style. The chapel of Taiwan Theological College and Seminary includes a pagoda shape and traditional tile-style roof. Zhongshan and Jinan Presbyterian churches were built during the Japanese era (1895–1945) and reflect a Japanese aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tunghai University's <a href="/wiki/Luce_Memorial_Chapel" title="Luce Memorial Chapel">Luce Memorial Chapel</a>, designed by IM Pei's firm, is often held up as an example of a modern, contextualized style. </p> <dl><dt>The Philippines</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boljoon_Church,_Cebu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg/208px-Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg/312px-Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg/416px-Boljoon_Church%2C_Cebu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5810" data-file-height="3094" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg/166px-Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg/249px-Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg/332px-Lazi_convent_sept2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg/160px-San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg/240px-San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg/320px-San_Agustin_Church_of_Paoay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miagao_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Miagao_Church.jpg/214px-Miagao_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Miagao_Church.jpg/321px-Miagao_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Miagao_Church.jpg/428px-Miagao_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><b>Clockwise from top left</b>: <a href="/wiki/Boljoon_Church" title="Boljoon Church">Boljoon Church</a> and convent, <a href="/wiki/Lazi,_Siquijor" title="Lazi, Siquijor">Lazi</a> convent, <a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Paoay Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miag-ao_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Miag-ao Church">Miag-ao Church</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a></div> <p>Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian architecture">Austronesian</a>, and Chinese construction ideas merged during the Spanish era of the Philippines (late 15th to late 19th century), which is the only Christian-majority nation in the Far East together with East Timor, specifically Catholic. These traditions had to adapt to the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment, which resulted in a new types of <i>arquitectura mestiza</i> unique to the archipelago developed over three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_and_Lim_201322_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_and_Lim_201322-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convents and monasteries were primarily built in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a></i> tradition, which had the architectural principle of native Austronesian framework, stone masonry introduced by Spaniards, and ornaments incorporated by both as well as from Chinese architects.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_and_Lim_201322_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_and_Lim_201322-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-City2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most early churches, though illiterate, with limited knowledge from the cooperation between Spanish friars and Chinese architects with native manpower, drew from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> traditions while complying with the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment of the islands, resulting in an architectural style known as Filipino Baroque or <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>, characterized by fortress-like thick walls and contrafuetes (buttresses); squat cylindrical, rectangular or octagonal belfries also serving as watch towers; local motifs; and in some extent, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Asian guardian lions</a> as <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesques</a>. Though still retaining its unique local characteristics, the styles became more literate as more architects arrived from the other parts of the Spanish Empire, and even started incorporating newer styles such as Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Romanesque.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gothic_era_church_architecture">Gothic era church architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gothic era church architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG/220px-Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG/330px-Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG/440px-Kotkan_kirkko_keskiy%C3%B6ll%C3%A4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> Kotka Church at summer midnight in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gothic-era architecture, originating in 12th-century France, is a style where curves, arches, and complex geometry are highly emphasized. These intricate structures, often of immense size, required great amounts of planning, effort and resources; involved large numbers of engineers and laborers; and often took hundreds of years to complete—all of which was considered a tribute to God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The characteristics of a Gothic-style church are largely in congruence with the ideology that the more breathtaking a church is, the better it reflects the majesty of God. This was accomplished through clever math and engineering in a time period where complex shapes, especially in huge cathedrals, were not typically found in structures. Through this newly implemented skill of being able to design complex shapes churches consisted of namely pointed arches, curved lights and windows, and rib vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these newly popular designs were implemented with respect to the width of the church rather than height, width was much more desired rather than height.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gothic architecture in churches had a heavy emphasis on art. Just like the structure of the building, there was an emphasis on complex geometric shapes. An example of this is stained glass windows, which can still be found in modern churches. Stained glass windows were both artistic and functional in the way that they allowed colored light to enter the church and create a heavenly atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular art styles in the Gothic era were sculptures. Creating lifelike depictions of figures, again with the use of complex curves and shapes. Artists would include a high level of detail to best preserve and represent their subject.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_periods_and_styles">Time periods and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Time periods and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gothic era, first referred to by historiographer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began in northeastern France and slowly spread throughout Europe. It was perhaps most characteristically expressed in the Rayonnant style, originating in the 13th century, known for its exaggerated geometrical features that made everything as astounding and eye-catching as possible. Gothic churches were often highly decorated, with geometrical features applied to already complex structural forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Gothic period neared its close, its influence had spread to residences, guild halls, and public and government buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Santa Maria del Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Batalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Batalha">Monastery of Batalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz_Cathedral" title="Metz Cathedral">Metz Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture">The Reformation and its influence on church architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Reformation and its influence on church architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art § Reformation era</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_altar" title="Pulpit altar">Pulpit altar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg/220px-Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg/330px-Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg/440px-Schmalkalden_2008-013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Court chapel at <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg_Castle" title="Wilhelmsburg Castle">Wilhelmsburg Castle</a>, Germany, built in 1590</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> brought a period of radical change to church design. On Christmas Day 1521, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> performed the first <i>reformed</i> <a href="/wiki/Communion_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion service">communion service</a>. In early January 1522, the <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> city council authorized the removal of imagery from churches and affirmed the changes introduced by Karlstadt on Christmas. According to the ideals of the Protestant Reformation, the spoken word, the sermon, should be central act in the church service. This implied that the pulpit became the focal point of the church interior and that churches should be designed to allow all to hear and see the minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosar_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosar-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">Pulpits</a> had always been a feature of Western churches. The birth of Protestantism led to extensive changes in the way that Christianity was practiced (and hence the design of churches). </p><p>During the Reformation period, there was an emphasis on "full and active participation". The focus of Protestant churches was on the preaching of the Word, rather than a sacerdotal emphasis. Holy Communion tables became wood to emphasise that Christ's sacrifice was made once for all and were made more immediate to the congregation to emphasise man's direct access to God through Christ. Therefore, Catholic churches were redecorated when they became reformed: Paintings and statues of saints were removed and sometimes the altar table was placed in front of the pulpit, as in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> in 1524. The pews were turned towards the pulpit. Wooden galleries were built to allow more worshippers to follow the sermon. </p><p>The first newly built Protestant church was the court chapel of <a href="/wiki/Neuburg_Castle_(Bavaria)" title="Neuburg Castle (Bavaria)">Neuburg Castle</a> in 1543, followed by the court chapel of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartenfels_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartenfels Castle (page does not exist)">Hartenfels Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a>, consecrated by Martin Luther on 5 October 1544. </p><p>Images and statues were sometimes removed in disorderly attacks and unofficial mob actions (in the Netherlands called the <a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a>). Medieval churches were stripped of their decorations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grossm%C3%BCnster" title="Grossmünster">Grossmünster</a> in Zürich in 1524, a stance enhanced by the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> reformation, beginning with its main church, <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre_Cathedral" title="St. Pierre Cathedral">St. Pierre Cathedral</a> in Geneva, in 1535. At the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> of 1555, which ended a period of armed conflict between Roman Catholic and Protestant forces within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the rulers of the German-speaking states and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the Habsburg Emperor, agreed to accept the principle <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>, meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled. </p><p>In the Netherlands the Reformed church in <a href="/wiki/Willemstad,_North_Brabant" title="Willemstad, North Brabant">Willemstad, North Brabant</a> was built in 1607 as the first Protestant church building in the Netherlands, a domed church with an octagonal shape, according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</a> of Amsterdam was built between 1620 and 1631 in Renaissance style and remains the largest church in the Netherlands that was built for Protestants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG/220px-Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG/330px-Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG/440px-Dreven%C3%BD_kostol_Hronsek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The Protestant wooden church in <a href="/wiki/Hronsek" title="Hronsek">Hronsek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) was built in 1726.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of the 17th century, in spite of the <i>cuius regio</i> principle, the majority of the peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> had become Protestant, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> by the Habsburg emperors which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1618. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> treaties of 1648 which ended the war, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> were obliged to tolerate three Protestant churches in their province of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, where the counter-reformation had not been completely successful, as in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, and about half of the population still remained Protestant. However, the government ordered these three churches to be located outside the towns, not to be recognisable as churches, they had to be wooden structures, to look like barns or residential houses, and they were not allowed to have towers or bells. The construction had to be accomplished within a year. Accordingly, the Protestants built their three <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a>, huge enough to give space for more than 5,000 people each. Two of them are still existing and have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. When Protestant troops under Swedish leadership again threatened to invade the Habsburg territories during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, the Habsburgs were forced to allow more Protestant churches within their empire with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_(1707)" title="Treaty of Altranstädt (1707)">Treaty of Altranstädt (1707)</a>, however limiting these with similar requirements, the so-called <i>Gnadenkirchen</i> (Churches of Grace). They were mostly smaller wooden structures like the one in <a href="/wiki/Hronsek" title="Hronsek">Hronsek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) of 1726. </p><p>In Britain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became usual for Anglican churches to display the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal Arms</a> inside, either as a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, to symbolise the monarch's role as head of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, Protestant churches were built in the baroque style that originated in Italy, however consciously more simply decorated. Some could still become fairly grand, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Church" title="Katarina Church">Katarina Church</a>, Stockholm, <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church, Hamburg</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a>, built between 1726 and 1743 as a sign of the will of the citizen to remain Protestant after their ruler had converted to Catholicism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg/220px-Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg/330px-Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg/440px-Saarbruecken_Ludwigskirche_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigskirche" title="Ludwigskirche">Ludwigskirche</a> in Saarbrücken</figcaption></figure> <p>Some churches were built with a new and genuinely Protestant alignment: the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> became the main church while the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> was omitted, for instance at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwigskirche" title="Ludwigskirche">Ludwigskirche</a> in Saarbrücken; this building scheme was also quite popular in Switzerland, with the largest being the churches of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4denswil" title="Wädenswil">Wädenswil</a> (1767) and <a href="/wiki/Horgen" title="Horgen">Horgen</a> (1782). A new Protestant interior design scheme was established in many German Lutheran churches during the 18th century, following the example of the court chapel of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsburg_Castle" title="Wilhelmsburg Castle">Wilhelmsburg Castle</a> of 1590: The connection of altar with baptismal font, pulpit and organ in a vertical axis. The central painting above the altar was replaced with the pulpit. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a> in the early 19th century criticized this scheme as being too profane. The German Evangelical Church Conference, therefore, recommended the Gothic language of forms for church building in 1861. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> began its triumphal march. With regard to Protestant churches, it was not only an expression of <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historism</a>, but also of a new theological programme which put the Lord's supper above the sermon again. Two decades later liberal Lutherans and Calvinists expressed their wish for a new genuinely Protestant church architecture, conceived on the basis of liturgical requirements. The spaces for altar and worshippers should no longer be separated from each other. Accordingly, churches should not only give space for service, but also for social activities of the parish. Churches were to be seen as meeting houses for the celebrating faithful. The <a href="/wiki/Ringkirche" title="Ringkirche">Ringkirche</a> in Wiesbaden was the first church realised according to this ideology in 1892–94. The unity of the parish was expressed by an architecture that united the pulpit and the altar in its circle, following early Calvinist tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernism">Modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Church_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Church architecture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The idea that worship was a corporate activity and that the congregation should be in no way excluded from sight or participation derives from the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">Liturgical Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple one-room plans are almost of the essence of modernity in architecture. In France and Germany between the first and second World Wars, some of the major developments took place. The church at Le Raincy near Paris by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a> is cited as the starting point of process, not only for its plan but also for the materials used, reinforced concrete. More central to the development of the process was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Rothenfels-am-Main&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Rothenfels-am-Main (page does not exist)">Schloss Rothenfels-am-Main</a> in Germany which was remodelled in 1928. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwarz_(architect)" title="Rudolf Schwarz (architect)">Rudolf Schwartz</a>, its architect, was hugely influential on later church building, not only on the continent of Europe but also in the United States of America. Schloss Rothenfels was a large rectangular space, with solid white walls, deep windows and a stone pavement. It had no decoration. The only furniture consisted of a hundred little black cuboid moveable stools. For worship, an altar was set up and the faithful surrounded it on three sides. </p><p>Corpus Christi in Aachen was Schwartz's first parish church and adheres to the same principles, very much reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> movement of art.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Externally it is a plan cube; the interior has white walls and colourless windows, a <i>langbau</i> i.e. a narrow rectangle at the end of which is the altar. It was to be, said Schwartz not '<a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">christocentric</a>' but '<a href="/wiki/Theocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentric">theocentric</a>'. In front of the altar were simple benches. Behind the altar was a great white void of a back wall, signifying the region of the invisible Father. The influence of this simplicity spread to Switzerland with such architects as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Metzger" title="Fritz Metzger">Fritz Metzger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominikus_B%C3%B6hm" title="Dominikus Böhm">Dominikus Böhm</a>. </p><p>After the Second World War, Metzger continued to develop his ideas, notably with the church of St. Franscus at Basel-Richen. Another notable building is <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_du_Haut" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame du Haut">Notre Dame du Haut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ronchamp" title="Ronchamp">Ronchamp</a> by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar principles of simplicity and continuity of style throughout can be found in the United States, in particular at the Roman Catholic Abbey church of <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_S%C3%A1zava" title="Procopius of Sázava">St. Procopius</a>, in Lisle, near Chicago (1971). </p><p>A theological principle which resulted in change was the decree <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> issued in December 1963. This encouraged 'active participation' (in Latin: <i>participatio actuosa</i>) by the faithful in the celebration of the liturgy by the people and required that new churches should be built with this in mind (para 124) Subsequently, rubrics and <a href="/wiki/GIRM" class="mw-redirect" title="GIRM">instructions</a> encouraged the use of a freestanding altar allowing the priest to face the people. The effect of these changes can be seen in such churches as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop#Roman_Catholic" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> Cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral">Liverpool</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Cathedral of Brasília">Brasília</a>, both circular buildings with a free-standing altar. </p><p>Different principles and practical pressures produced other changes. Parish churches were inevitably built more modestly. Often shortage of finances, as well as a 'market place' theology suggested the building of multi-purpose churches, in which secular and sacred events might take place in the same space at different times. Again, the emphasis on the unity of the liturgical action, was countered by a return to the idea of movement. Three spaces, one for the baptism, one for the liturgy of the word and one for the celebration of the Eucharist with a congregation standing around an altar, were promoted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Giles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Giles (page does not exist)">Richard Giles</a> in England and the United States. The congregation were to process from one place to another. Such arrangements were less appropriate for large congregations than for small; for the former, proscenium arch arrangements with huge amphitheatres such as at <a href="/wiki/Willow_Creek_Community_Church" title="Willow Creek Community Church">Willow Creek Community Church</a> in Chicago in the United States have been one answer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">Postmodern</a> movements, the <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern movement in architecture</a> formed in reaction to the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and utopianism of the Modern movement. While rare in designs of church architecture, there are nonetheless some notable for recover and renew historical styles and "cultural memory" of Christian architecture. Notable practitioners include Dr. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Schloeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Schloeder">Steven Schloeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Stroik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Stroik">Duncan Stroik</a>, and Thomas Gordon Smith. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functional</a> and formalized shapes and spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> movement are replaced by unapologetically diverse <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building—often maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and art—but which had been abandoned by the modern movement. Church buildings in Nigeria evolved from its foreign monument look of old to the contemporary design which makes it look like a factory.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_of_church_architecture_from_different_centuries">Images of church architecture from different centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Images of church architecture from different centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rotunda of St. George, Sofia; some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foreground (early 4th century)"><img alt="The Rotunda of St. George, Sofia; some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foreground (early 4th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/120px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/180px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/240px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">Rotunda of St. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>; some remains of <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> can be seen in the foreground (early 4th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kizhi Pogost, Kizhi island, Lake Onega, Russia"><img alt="Kizhi Pogost, Kizhi island, Lake Onega, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG/120px-Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG/180px-Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG/240px-Kiji_Enclos_paroissial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kizhi_Pogost" title="Kizhi Pogost">Kizhi Pogost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa María, Cambre, Galicia, Spain"><img alt="Santa María, Cambre, Galicia, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg/120px-IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg/180px-IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg/240px-IgrexaparroquialStaMar%C3%ADa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santa María, Cambre, Galicia, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Petäjävesi Old Church, Central Finland"><img alt="Petäjävesi Old Church, Central Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/120px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/180px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/240px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church" title="Petäjävesi Old Church">Petäjävesi Old Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Pedro de Dozón, Spain"><img alt="San Pedro de Dozón, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg/120px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg/180px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg/240px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_de_Doz%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">San Pedro de Dozón, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Original building of Roswell Presbyterian Church, Roswell, Georgia, USA"><img alt="Original building of Roswell Presbyterian Church, Roswell, Georgia, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG/120px-RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG/180px-RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG/240px-RoswellOldPresbChurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original building of Roswell Presbyterian Church, <a href="/wiki/Roswell,_Georgia" title="Roswell, Georgia">Roswell, Georgia</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Margarita, Cuneo, Italy"><img alt="Margarita, Cuneo, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG/120px-ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG/180px-ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG/240px-ChiesaParrMargarita.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Margarita, Cuneo, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balige_church.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balige Protestant Christian Batak Church, Balige, Indonesia"><img alt="Balige Protestant Christian Batak Church, Balige, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Balige_church.JPG/120px-Balige_church.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Balige_church.JPG/180px-Balige_church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Balige_church.JPG/240px-Balige_church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balige" title="Balige">Balige</a> <a href="/wiki/Huria_Kristen_Batak_Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huria Kristen Batak Protestan">Protestant Christian Batak Church</a>, Balige, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gereja_Santo_Yoseph,_Matraman,_Jatinegara,_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Joseph Church, Jakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="St Joseph Church, Jakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg/120px-Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg/180px-Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg/240px-Gereja_Santo_Yoseph%2C_Matraman%2C_Jatinegara%2C_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Joseph Church, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great,_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Gregory the Great, Kirknewton, Scotland"><img alt="St Gregory the Great, Kirknewton, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg/120px-Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg/180px-Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg/240px-Parish_Church_of_St_Gregory_the_Great%2C_Kirknewton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Gregory the Great, Kirknewton, Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral (483AD), Armenia"><img alt="Etchmiadzin Cathedral (483AD), Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/120px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/180px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/240px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a> (483AD), Armenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, Germany"><img alt="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/120px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/180px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/240px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="1911" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hildesheim" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim">St. Michael's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia,_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front facade of Basilica of Saint Sofia, Sofia"><img alt="Front facade of Basilica of Saint Sofia, Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/120px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/180px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/240px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front facade of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Basilica of Saint Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooroolin Church, Queensland, Australia"><img alt="Wooroolin Church, Queensland, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG/120px-WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG/180px-WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG/240px-WooroolinChurchRestaurant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooroolin Church, Queensland, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collegiate Church of St Vitus"><img alt="Collegiate Church of St Vitus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg/120px-Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg/180px-Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg/240px-Emmerich_Hochelten_-_Sankt_Vitus_ex_02_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collegiate Church of St Vitus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior view of the Boyana Church, Sofia"><img alt="Interior view of the Boyana Church, Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/120px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/180px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/240px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior view of the <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolosangimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Bartolo, San Gimignano"><img alt="San Bartolo, San Gimignano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bartolosangimi.jpg/120px-Bartolosangimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bartolosangimi.jpg/180px-Bartolosangimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bartolosangimi.jpg/240px-Bartolosangimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">San Bartolo, San Gimignano</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/120px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/180px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/240px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy"><img alt="Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg/120px-EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg/180px-EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg/240px-EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Firminy" title="Saint-Pierre, Firminy">Church of Saint-Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firminy" title="Firminy">Firminy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant%27agostino,_1_s.g..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sant'Agostino, San Gimignano, Tuscany"><img alt="Sant'Agostino, San Gimignano, Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg/120px-Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg/180px-Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg/240px-Sant%27agostino%2C_1_s.g..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sant'Agostino, San Gimignano, Tuscany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arka Pana church in Bieńczyce, Kraków, Poland"><img alt="Arka Pana church in Bieńczyce, Kraków, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg/120px-Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg/180px-Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg/240px-Krakau_-_Arka_Pana2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arka Pana church in Bieńczyce, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resiutta, Italy"><img alt="Resiutta, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg/120px-Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg/180px-Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg/240px-Resiutta_parish_church_Saint_Martin_14072007_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resiutta, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queensland Carpenter Gothic"><img alt="Queensland Carpenter Gothic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg/120px-Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg/180px-Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg/240px-Christ_the_king_church_graceville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queensland <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Road church in Baden-Baden, Germany"><img alt="Road church in Baden-Baden, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg/120px-Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg/180px-Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg/240px-Autobahnkirche-BB_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Road_church" title="Road church">Road church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Martin's in the Fields, London"><img alt="St Martin's in the Fields, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg/96px-St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg/144px-St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg/191px-St_martin_in_the_fields_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Martin's in the Fields, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_(Georgia)_Presbyterian_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Presbyterian church, Washington, Georgia, 1826"><img alt="Presbyterian church, Washington, Georgia, 1826" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG/90px-Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG/135px-Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG/180px-Washington_%28Georgia%29_Presbyterian_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presbyterian church, Washington, Georgia, 1826</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Katowice, Poland"><img alt="Katowice, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG/90px-Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG/135px-Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG/180px-Katowice_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-augsburski_-_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Katowice, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaszczurówka Chapel, Podhale, Poland, in Zakopane Style"><img alt="Jaszczurówka Chapel, Podhale, Poland, in Zakopane Style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg/90px-Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg/135px-Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg/180px-Kaplica_Jaszczurowka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jaszczurówka Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky church in Potsdam, the oldest example of Russian Revival architecture"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky church in Potsdam, the oldest example of Russian Revival architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg/85px-Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg/127px-Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg/170px-Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Alexander_Newski_Potsdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, the oldest example of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian Revival</a> architecture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog,_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newly built St. Anthony of Padua Church in Čakovec, Croatia"><img alt="Newly built St. Anthony of Padua Church in Čakovec, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg/90px-Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg/135px-Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg/180px-Crkva_sv._Antuna_Padovanskog%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_zapad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newly built St. Anthony of Padua Church in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec" title="Čakovec">Čakovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo choir of Church of Saint-Sulpice, Fougères, Brittany, 16th – 18th century"><img alt="Rococo choir of Church of Saint-Sulpice, Fougères, Brittany, 16th – 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg/120px-Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg/180px-Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg/240px-Bretagne_Ille_Fougeres4_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo choir of Church of Saint-Sulpice, Fougères, Brittany, 16th – 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_(Saint_Jean_de_Luz)-Nef.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint John the Baptist of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France"><img alt="Saint John the Baptist of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg/120px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg/180px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg/240px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_%28Saint_Jean_de_Luz%29-Nef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint John the Baptist of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque interior, Schöngrabern, Austria"><img alt="Romanesque interior, Schöngrabern, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg/120px-Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg/180px-Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg/240px-Sch%C3%B6ngrabern_z20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanesque interior, Schöngrabern, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Bartholomew_the_Great,_West_Smithfield,_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Bartholomew-the-Great, London"><img alt="St Bartholomew-the-Great, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg/120px-St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg/180px-St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg/240px-St_Bartholomew_the_Great%2C_West_Smithfield%2C_London_EC1_-_East_end_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1142514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Bartholomew-the-Great, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katowice, Poland"><img alt="Katowice, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg/120px-Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg/180px-Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg/240px-Katowice_Protestant_church_gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Katowice, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_Cregrina_church_(3423291285).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of a Medieval Welsh church c. 1910"><img alt="Interior of a Medieval Welsh church c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg/85px-Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg/128px-Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg/171px-Interior_Cregrina_church_%283423291285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of a Medieval <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> church <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Andrew Memorial Church in South Bound Brook, New Jersey"><img alt="St. Andrew Memorial Church in South Bound Brook, New Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg/120px-Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg/180px-Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg/240px-Orthodox_Cathedral_of_St._Andrew_in_South_Bound_Brook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5126" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew_Memorial_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew Memorial Church">St. Andrew Memorial Church</a> in South Bound Brook, New Jersey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Altar,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Altar, Gothic Revival Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) (1894)"><img alt="High Altar, Gothic Revival Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) (1894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/90px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/135px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/180px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a>, Gothic Revival <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a> (1894)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay,_Ilocos_Norte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Augustine Church of Paoay, Ilocos Norte"><img alt="Saint Augustine Church of Paoay, Ilocos Norte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg/120px-Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg/180px-Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg/240px-Saint_Augustine_Church_of_Paoay%2C_Ilocos_Norte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Augustine Church of Paoay, Ilocos Norte</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Miagao_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miagao Church, Iloilo"><img alt="Miagao Church, Iloilo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Miagao_Church.jpg/120px-The_Miagao_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Miagao_Church.jpg/180px-The_Miagao_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Miagao_Church.jpg/240px-The_Miagao_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Miagao_Church" title="Miagao Church">Miagao Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North façade of the St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata, India"><img alt="North façade of the St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/120px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/180px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/240px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron plan">Akron plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture">Cathedral architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_porch" title="Church porch">Church porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns" title="Marian and Holy Trinity columns">Marian and Holy Trinity columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_churches_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest churches in the world">Oldest churches in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cathedral style">Polish Cathedral style</a> churches in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_close" title="Parish close">Parish close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious architecture">Religious architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_tabernacle" title="Tin tabernacle">Tin tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_architecture" title="Category:Church architecture">Category:Church architecture</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#16:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 16:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLactantius" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VII/Lactantius/Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died/Chap. XII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VII/Lactantius/Of_the_Manner_in_Which_the_Persecutors_Died/Chap._XII">"Chap. XII" </a></span>. In Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (eds.). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VII/Lactantius/Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VII/Lactantius/Of_the_Manner_in_Which_the_Persecutors_Died"><i>Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died</i> </a></span>. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 7. Translated by William Fletcher – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+XII&rft.btitle=Of+the+Manner+in+Which+the+Persecutors+Died&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.au=Lactantius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AG_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar" class="citation book cs1">Grabar, Andre. <i>The Beginnings of Christian Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Christian+Art&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard-Perkins1994" class="citation book cs1">Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1994). <i>Studies in Roman and Early Christian Architecture</i>. London: The Pindar Press. pp. 455–456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Roman+and+Early+Christian+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=455-456&rft.pub=The+Pindar+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ward-Perkins&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B&G-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B&G_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenyGunn" class="citation book cs1">Beny; Gunn. <i>Churches of Rome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churches+of+Rome&rft.au=Beny&rft.au=Gunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BF_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BF_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Banister. <i>A History of Architecture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muri-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muri_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuri1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muri, Sigurd (1975). <i>Gamle kyrkjer i ny tid</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamle+kyrkjer+i+ny+tid&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Samlaget&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Muri&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrichson1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Dietrichson" title="Lorentz Dietrichson">Dietrichson, Lorentz</a> (1892). <i>De norske stavkirker. Studier over deres system, oprindelse og historiske udvikling</i> (in Norwegian). Kristiania: Cammermeyer. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+norske+stavkirker.+Studier+over+deres+system%2C+oprindelse+og+historiske+udvikling&rft.place=Kristiania&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cammermeyer&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Dietrichson&rft.aufirst=Lorentz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Christie" title="Håkon Christie">Christie, Håkon</a> (1991). "Kirkebygging i Norge i 1600- og 1700-årene". <i>Årbok for Fortidsminneforeningen</i> (in Norwegian). <b>145</b>: 177–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%85rbok+for+Fortidsminneforeningen&rft.atitle=Kirkebygging+i+Norge+i+1600-+og+1700-%C3%A5rene&rft.volume=145&rft.pages=177-194&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054032/http://www.sffarkiv.no/sffbasar/default.asp?p=result&db=dbatlas_leks&spraak_id=1&ptype=single&art_id=124">"County archives about Olden Church"</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sffarkiv.no/sffbasar/default.asp?p=result&db=dbatlas_leks&spraak_id=1&ptype=single&art_id=124">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+archives+about+Olden+Church&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sffarkiv.no%2Fsffbasar%2Fdefault.asp%3Fp%3Dresult%26db%3Ddbatlas_leks%26spraak_id%3D1%26ptype%3Dsingle%26art_id%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saether-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saether_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSæther1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sæther, Arne E. (1990). <i>Kirken som bygg og bilde. Rom og liturgi mot et tusenårsskifte</i> (in Norwegian). Kirkerådet og Kirkekonsulenten.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirken+som+bygg+og+bilde.+Rom+og+liturgi+mot+et+tusen%C3%A5rsskifte&rft.pub=Kirker%C3%A5det+og+Kirkekonsulenten&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=S%C3%A6ther&rft.aufirst=Arne+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidén" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lidén, Hans-Emil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norgeskirker.no/wiki/Samnanger_kirke">"Samnanger kirke"</a>. <i>Norges Kirker (Churches in Norway)</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norges+Kirker+%28Churches+in+Norway%29&rft.atitle=Samnanger+kirke&rft.aulast=Lid%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Hans-Emil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norgeskirker.no%2Fwiki%2FSamnanger_kirke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vreim-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vreim_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVreim1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Halvor_Vreim" title="Halvor Vreim">Vreim, Halvor</a> (1947). <i>Norsk trearkitektur</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norsk+trearkitektur&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Vreim&rft.aufirst=Halvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp-Fisher1955" class="citation journal cs1">Knapp-Fisher, A. B. (1955). "English Church Architecture". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>. <b>103</b> (4960): 747–762. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41364749">41364749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=English+Church+Architecture&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4960&rft.pages=747-762&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41364749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knapp-Fisher&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunzer1944" class="citation journal cs1">Munzer, Zdenka (1944). "Medieval Church Architecture in Walachia". <i>Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>4</b> (3/4): 24–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F901174">10.2307/901174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/901174">901174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Medieval+Church+Architecture+in+Walachia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=24-35&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F901174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F901174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Munzer&rft.aufirst=Zdenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolniewicz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wolniewicz, Richard (1997). "Comparative Ethnic Church Architecture". <i>Polish American Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 53–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20148505">20148505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Comparative+Ethnic+Church+Architecture&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-73&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20148505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolniewicz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Willard B. (1990). "Early Anglo-American Church Architecture in Texas". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 261–298. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30241362">30241362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Early+Anglo-American+Church+Architecture+in+Texas&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-298&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30241362%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Willard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton1970" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, David (1970). <i>The Abyssinians</i>. New York: Praeger. pp. 97–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abyssinians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Pakenham, Thomas</a> (1959). <i>The Mountains of Rasselas</i>. London: Reynal and Co. pp. 124–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mountains+of+Rasselas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-137&rft.pub=Reynal+and+Co.&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillipson, David W. (2009). <i>Ancient Churches of Ethiopia</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 75ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Churches+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=75ff&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipson2009">Phillipson 2009</a>, pp. 123–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuxton1970">Buxton 1970</a>, pp. 116–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21404013"><i>Study on Architectural History of Timber-framed Churches in Northern Vietnam</i>.</a> Research project by Tokyo Metropolitan University (2009–2011).<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cipaheritagedocumentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Katano-Yamada-The-Prospects-and-Possibilities-of-an-Interactive-Database-for-Information-Sharing-and-Rebuilding-for-a-Historical-and-Cultural-Commun.pdf">"The Prospects and Possibilities of an Interactive Database for Information Sharing and Rebuilding for a Historical and Cultural Community"</a>.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/76/667/76_667_1685/_article/">"A Study on the Timber Framework of Churches in the Northern Vietnam, Bui Chu, Thai Binh, and Phat Diem Dioceses"</a>.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/77/675/77_1241/_article/">"A Study on Architectural Characteristics of Churches with Vertically-Elongated Timber-Framed Structure in Northern Vietnam"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnexpress.net/nha-tho-go-khong-dung-dinh-o-nam-dinh-3274451.html">"Nhà thờ gỗ không dùng đinh ở Nam Định"</a>. <i>VnExpress</i>. <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dantri.com.vn/giao-duc-huong-nghiep/thay-tro-vi-giao-su-nhat-me-van-hoa-viet-1328349639.htm">"Thầy trò vị giáo sư Nhật mê văn hóa Việt"</a>. <i>Dân Trí</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoomans2014" class="citation book cs1">Coomans, Thomas (2014). "Indigenizing Catholic Architecture in China: From Western-Gothic to Sino-Christian Design, 1900–1940". In Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137353658"><i>Catholicism in China, 1900–Present</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 125–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137353658_8">10.1057/9781137353658_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137353658" title="Special:BookSources/9781137353658"><bdi>9781137353658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigenizing+Catholic+Architecture+in+China%3A+From+Western-Gothic+to+Sino-Christian+Design%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=Catholicism+in+China%2C+1900%E2%80%93Present&rft.pages=125-144&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137353658_8&rft.isbn=9781137353658&rft.aulast=Coomans&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1057%2F9781137353658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoomans2017" class="citation book cs1">Coomans, Thomas (2017). "The 'Sino-Christian Style': A Major Tool for Architectural Indigenization". In Zheng, Yangwen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/33879"><i>Sinicizing Christianity</i></a>. Brill. pp. 197–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004330382_009">10.1163/9789004330382_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004330382" title="Special:BookSources/9789004330382"><bdi>9789004330382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Sino-Christian+Style%27%3A+A+Major+Tool+for+Architectural+Indigenization&rft.btitle=Sinicizing+Christianity&rft.pages=197-232&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004330382_009&rft.isbn=9789004330382&rft.aulast=Coomans&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F33879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taipei City Government, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=7873143196DAD423&sms=EEF89509F382601F&s=101333D848BD0EBC">"Religious Centers: A Grand Tour of Beloved and Blessed Local Church Architecture"</a>, accessed 2/10/2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002309/http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v2/v3.pdf"><i>The Spanish Colonial Tradition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v2/v3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2017 – via nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Colonial+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlpdl.nlp.gov.ph%3A81%2FCC01%2FNLP00VM052mcd%2Fv2%2Fv3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_and_Lim_201322-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_and_Lim_201322_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_and_Lim_201322_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimLim2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Young Hoon 김영훈; Lim, Sooyoung 임수영 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12813%2Fkieae.2013.13.6.029">"A Study on the Spatial Composition influenced by climatic conditions in 19C Bahay na Bato around Cebu city in Philippines" <bdi lang="ko">19C 필리핀 세부(Cebu) 바하이 나 바토(bahay na bato) 주택의 기후적 인자를 고려한 공간 구성에 관한 연구</bdi></a> [A Study on the Spatial Composition Influenced by Climatic Conditions in 19C Bahay na Bato Around Cebu City in Philippines]. <i>Journal of the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment</i> (in Korean). <b>13</b> (6): 29–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12813%2Fkieae.2013.13.6.029">10.12813/kieae.2013.13.6.029</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Korea+Institute+of+Ecological+Architecture+and+Environment&rft.atitle=A+Study+on+the+Spatial+Composition+influenced+by+climatic+conditions+in+19C+Bahay+na+Bato+around+Cebu+city+in+Philippines+19C+%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80+%EC%84%B8%EB%B6%80%28Cebu%29+%EB%B0%94%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4+%EB%82%98+%EB%B0%94%ED%86%A0%28bahay+na+bato%29+%EC%A3%BC%ED%83%9D%EC%9D%98+%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EC%A0%81+%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%BC+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%ED%95%9C+%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84+%EA%B5%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%97%90+%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C+%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=29-37&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12813%2Fkieae.2013.13.6.029&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Young+Hoon+%EA%B9%80%EC%98%81%ED%9B%88&rft.au=Lim%2C+Sooyoung+%EC%9E%84%EC%88%98%EC%98%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12813%252Fkieae.2013.13.6.029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002309/http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v2/v3.pdf"><i>The Spanish Colonial Tradition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v2/v3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2017 – via nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Colonial+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlpdl.nlp.gov.ph%3A81%2FCC01%2FNLP00VM052mcd%2Fv2%2Fv3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-City2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-City2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aenet.org/manila-expo/page16.htm">"The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries"</a>. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on 2011-07-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitherman2016" class="citation book cs1">Reitherman, Robert Consortium of Universities (2016). <i>Seismic Architecture – The architecture of earthquake resistant structures, Llunji Mentor, Earthquake Spectra</i>. Msproject. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789940979409" title="Special:BookSources/9789940979409"><bdi>9789940979409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seismic+Architecture+%E2%80%93+The+architecture+of+earthquake+resistant+structures%2C+Llunji+Mentor%2C+Earthquake+Spectra&rft.pub=Msproject&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789940979409&rft.aulast=Reitherman&rft.aufirst=Robert+Consortium+of+Universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot.htm">"Gothic Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. <i>Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Gothic+Art+%E2%80%93+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmgot%2Fhd_mgot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A companion to medieval art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe</i>. Rudolph, Conrad, 1951–. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405102865" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405102865"><bdi>978-1405102865</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62322358">62322358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+medieval+art%3A+Romanesque+and+Gothic+in+Northern+Europe&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62322358&rft.isbn=978-1405102865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-art">"Gothic art"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Gothic+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FGothic-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0040.xml">"Gothic Art – Medieval Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gothic+Art+%E2%80%93+Medieval+Studies+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Bibliographies+%E2%80%93+obo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396584%2Fobo-9780195396584-0040.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawonMoore2016" class="citation book cs1">Sawon, Hong; Moore, Richard (2016). <i>Guidebook Select French Gothic Cathedrals and Churches</i>. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1524644314" title="Special:BookSources/978-1524644314"><bdi>978-1524644314</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980684353">980684353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+Select+French+Gothic+Cathedrals+and+Churches&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F980684353&rft.isbn=978-1524644314&rft.aulast=Sawon&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Moore%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosar-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hosar_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosar1988" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hosar, Kåre (1988). <i>Sør-Fron kirke. Lokal bakgrunn og impulser utenfra</i> (Dissertation, Art History) (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=S%C3%B8r-Fron+kirke.+Lokal+bakgrunn+og+impulser+utenfra&rft.inst=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hosar&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A5re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauer1988" class="citation book cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1988). <i>Modern perspectives in Western art history. An anthology of twentieth-century writings on the visual arts</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press & Medieval Academy of America. p. 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+perspectives+in+Western+art+history.+An+anthology+of+twentieth-century+writings+on+the+visual+arts&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press+%26+Medieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intriguing-history.com/royal-arms-in-church/">"Royal Arms can be seen in churches throughout England but why are they there?"</a>. <i>Intriguing History</i>. 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intriguing+History&rft.atitle=Royal+Arms+can+be+seen+in+churches+throughout+England+but+why+are+they+there%3F&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intriguing-history.com%2Froyal-arms-in-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilengineerkey.com/modernism-and-the-liturgical-movement/">"Modernism and the Liturgical Movement"</a>. <i>Civilengineerkey</i>. 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civilengineerkey&rft.atitle=Modernism+and+the+Liturgical+Movement&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilengineerkey.com%2Fmodernism-and-the-liturgical-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtcp.chass.ncsu.edu/liturgical-space/">"Trinity Chapel"</a>. <i>NC State University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NC+State+University&rft.atitle=Trinity+Chapel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtcp.chass.ncsu.edu%2Fliturgical-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernism-in-architecture.org/buildings/st-corpus-christi-st-fronleichnam/">"St. Corpus Christi (St. Fronleichnam) (1930)"</a>. <i>Modernism in Architecture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modernism+in+Architecture&rft.atitle=St.+Corpus+Christi+%28St.+Fronleichnam%29+%281930%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernism-in-architecture.org%2Fbuildings%2Fst-corpus-christi-st-fronleichnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer2007" class="citation web cs1">Greer, Germaine (18 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/oct/18/architecture3">"A concrete version of dizzy rapture"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+concrete+version+of+dizzy+rapture&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Germaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2007%2Foct%2F18%2Farchitecture3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litcaf.com/architecture/">"Architecture"</a>. <i>Litcaf</i>. 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Litcaf&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitcaf.com%2Farchitecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühren2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralf_van_B%C3%BChren" title="Ralf van Bühren">Bühren, Ralf van</a> (2008). <i>Kunst und Kirche im 20. Jahrhundert. Die Rezeption des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils</i> (in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-76388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-76388-4"><bdi>978-3-506-76388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunst+und+Kirche+im+20.+Jahrhundert.+Die+Rezeption+des+Zweiten+Vatikanischen+Konzils&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-506-76388-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChren&rft.aufirst=Ralf+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBony1979" class="citation book cs1">Bony, J. (1979). <i>The English Decorated Style</i>. Oxford: Phaidon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Decorated+Style&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bony&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1971" class="citation book cs1">Davies, J.G. (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflitu0000davi"><i>Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship</i></a></span>. London: SCM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Liturgy+and+Worship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflitu0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1996" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Richard (1996). <i>Repitching the Tent</i>. Norwich: Canterbury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repitching+the+Tent&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Canterbury+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2004" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Richard (2004). <i>Uncommon Worship</i>. Norwich: Canterbury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Worship&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Canterbury+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon1996" class="citation book cs1">Graham-Dixon, Andrew (1996). "Chapter 1". <i>A History of British Art</i>. London: BBC Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=A+History+of+British+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Graham-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1972" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1972). <i>The Mediaeval Architect</i>. London: Wayland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediaeval+Architect&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wayland&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1937" class="citation book cs1">Howard, F.E. (1937). <i>The mediaeval styles of the English Parish Church</i>. London: Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mediaeval+styles+of+the+English+Parish+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Menachery, George (ed.) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 3 volumes: Trichur 1973, Trichur 1982, Ollur 2009; hundreds of photographs on Indian church architecture.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachery1998" class="citation book cs1">Menachery, George, ed. (1998). <i>The Nazranies</i>. Indian Church History Classics. Vol. 1. SARAS, Ollur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazranies&rft.series=Indian+Church+History+Classics&rft.pub=SARAS%2C+Ollur&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> 500 Photos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1951–1974). <i>The Buildings of England</i> (series), Harmondsworth: Penguin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSovik1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_S%C3%B6vik" title="Edward Sövik">Sovik, Edward A.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Architecture for Worship</i></a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8066-1320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8066-1320-8"><bdi>978-0-8066-1320-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+for+Worship&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Augsburg+Publishing+House&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8066-1320-8&rft.aulast=Sovik&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzRUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> Focusing on modern church architecture, mid-20th-century.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloeder1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Schloeder" title="Steven J. Schloeder">Schloeder, Steven J.</a> (1998). <i>Architecture in Communion</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Communion&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schloeder&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05257a.htm">"Ecclesiastical Architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Architecture&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05257a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1137605908173&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">Oldest Christian chapel in the Holy Land found</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810032859/http://envisionchurch.org/">EnVisionChurch.org, Commentaries and case studies on modern church building and architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204171155/http://www.hayquesufrir.com/">Photographs of European cathedrals, monasteries and cloisters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-011/">Digital collection with floor plans, details, sections, and elevations of three Buffalo churches</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_Libraries" title="University at Buffalo Libraries">University at Buffalo Libraries</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&oldid=1257591005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&oldid=1257591005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_architecture" title="Category:Church architecture">Church architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacral_architecture" title="Category:Sacral architecture">Sacral architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_styles" title="Category:Architectural styles">Architectural styles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)">CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows" title="Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows">Articles using infobox templates with no data rows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from April 2017">Articles with incomplete citations from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2019">Articles with dead external links from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 18:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_architecture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pzjbs","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.160","walltime":"1.392","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6117,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":133918,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10111,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":218140,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1109.980 1 -total"," 40.29% 447.196 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.05% 178.141 27 Template:Cite_book"," 10.82% 120.132 12 Template:Fix"," 9.13% 101.390 1 Template:Cite_wikisource"," 7.74% 85.877 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.42% 60.215 14 Template:Delink"," 5.04% 55.947 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.94% 54.788 2 Template:Harvnb"," 4.48% 49.717 3 Template:Page_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.625","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8685314,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBenyGunn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBony1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuxton1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBühren2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoomans2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoomans2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietrichson1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Dixon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimLim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapp-Fisher1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLactantius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidén\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachery1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunzer1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuri1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakenham1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReitherman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawonMoore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchloeder1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSovik1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSæther1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVreim1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard-Perkins1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolniewicz1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox art movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz8dh","timestamp":"20241122142956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Church architecture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_architecture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2860334","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2860334","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-11T15:51:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T18:44:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Present-day_plan_of_the_Etchmiadzin_Cathedral.png","headline":"branch of architecture focused on church buildings"}</script> </body> </html>