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depths</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: improved depths"> <meta name="keywords" content="improved depths"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="improved depths"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4939</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: improved depths</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4939</span> Exposure to Radio Frequency Waves of Mobile Phone and Temperature Changes of Brain Tissue</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhad%20Forouharmajd">Farhad Forouharmajd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Ebrahimi"> Hossein Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siamak%20Pourabdian"> Siamak Pourabdian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Prevalent use of cell phones (mobile phones) has led to increasing worries about the effect of radiofrequency waves on the physiology of human body. This study was done to determine different reactions of the temperatures in different depths of brain tissue in confronting with radiofrequency waves of cell phones. Methodology: This study was an empirical research. A cow's brain tissue was placed in a compartment and the effects of radiofrequency waves of the cell phone was analyzed during confrontation and after confrontation, in three different depths of 2, 12, and 22 mm of the tissue, in 4 mm and 4 cm distances of the tissue to a cell phone, for 15 min. Lutron thermometer was used to measure the tissue temperatures. Data analysis was done by Lutron software. Findings: The rate of increasing the temperature at the depth of 22 mm was higher than 2 mm and 12mm depths, during confrontation of the brain tissue at the distance of 4 mm with the cell phone, such that the tissue temperatures at 2, 12, and 22 mm depths increased by 0.29 ˚C, 0.31 ˚C, and 0.37 ˚C, respectively, relative to the base temperature (tissue temperature before confrontation). Moreover, the temperature of brain tissue at the distance of 4 cm by increasing the tissue depth was more than other depths. Increasing the tissue temperature also existed by increasing the brain tissue depth after the confrontation with the cell phone. The temperature of the 22 mm depth increased with higher speed at the time confrontation. Conclusion: Not only radiofrequency waves of cell phones increased the tissue temperature in all the depths of the brain tissue, but also the temperature due to radiofrequency waves of the cell phone was more at the depths higher than 22 mm of the tissue. In fact, the thermal effect of radiofrequency waves was higher in higher depths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20phone" title="mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radio%20frequency%20waves" title=" radio frequency waves"> radio frequency waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tissue" title=" brain tissue"> brain tissue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98613/exposure-to-radio-frequency-waves-of-mobile-phone-and-temperature-changes-of-brain-tissue" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4938</span> Hydraulic Characteristics of the Tidal River Dongcheon in Busan City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Man%20Cho">Young Man Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Hyun%20Kim"> Sang Hyun Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Even though various management practices such as sediment dredging were attempted to improve water quality of Dongcheon located in Busan, the environmental condition of this stream was deteriorated. Therefore, Busan metropolitan city had pumped and diverted sea water to upstream of Dongcheon for several years. This study explored hydraulic characteristics of Dongcheon to configure the best management practice for ecological restoration and water quality improvement of a man-made urban stream. Intensive field investigation indicates that average flow velocities at depths of 20% and 80% from the water surface ranged 5 to 10 cm/s and 2 to 5 cm/s, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen for all depths were less than 0.25 mg/l during low tidal period. Even though density difference can be found along stream depth, density current seems rarely generated in Dongcheon. Short period of high tidal portion and shallow depths are responsible for well-mixing nature of Doncheon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic" title="hydraulic">hydraulic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tidal%20river" title=" tidal river"> tidal river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20current" title=" density current"> density current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20water" title=" sea water"> sea water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53392/hydraulic-characteristics-of-the-tidal-river-dongcheon-in-busan-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4937</span> Power Production Performance of Different Wave Energy Converters in the Southwestern Black Sea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajab%20G.%20Majidi">Ajab G. Majidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilal%20Bing%C3%B6lbali"> Bilal Bingölbali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adem%20Akp%C4%B1nar"> Adem Akpınar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate the amount of energy (economic wave energy potential) that can be obtained from the existing wave energy converters in the high wave energy potential region of the Black Sea in terms of wave energy potential and their performance at different depths in the region. The data needed for this purpose were obtained using the calibrated nested layered SWAN wave modeling program version 41.01AB, which was forced with Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) winds from 1979 to 2009. The wave dataset at a time interval of 2 hours was accumulated for a sub-grid domain for around Karaburun beach in Arnavutkoy, a district of Istanbul city. The annual sea state characteristic matrices for the five different depths along with a vertical line to the coastline were calculated for 31 years. According to the power matrices of different wave energy converter systems and characteristic matrices for each possible installation depth, the probability distribution tables of the specified mean wave period or wave energy period and significant wave height were calculated. Then, by using the relationship between these distribution tables, according to the present wave climate, the energy that the wave energy converter systems at each depth can produce was determined. Thus, the economically feasible potential of the relevant coastal zone was revealed, and the effect of different depths on energy converter systems is presented. The Oceantic at 50, 75 and 100 m depths and Oyster at 5 and 25 m depths presents the best performance. In the 31-year long period 1998 the most and 1989 is the least dynamic year. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annual%20power%20production" title="annual power production">annual power production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Black%20Sea" title=" Black Sea"> Black Sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20production%20performance" title=" power production performance"> power production performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20energy%20converter" title=" wave energy converter"> wave energy converter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127390/power-production-performance-of-different-wave-energy-converters-in-the-southwestern-black-sea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4936</span> Math and Religion in Arvo Pärt's Out of the Depths</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismael%20Lins%20Patriota">Ismael Lins Patriota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arvo Pärt is an Estonian composer who started his musical career under the influence of twelve-tone music and dodecaphonism. From 1968 to 1976, he isolated himself to search for a new path as a composer. In this period, he converted to Russian orthodoxy and changed his composing to tintinnabuli, a musical technique combining triadic chords with simple melodies. The recent analysis of Pärt’s output demonstrates that mathematics remained an influence after the invention of tintinnabuli. The present discussion deals with the relationship between math and religion in his work Out of the Depths (1980), proposing a musical-text approach and examining the minimum elements of the piece, such as motives and sub-phrases, which is the main focus of this work, considering text patterns and the role of the organ, which also uses the tintinnabuli system. The analysis of these elements demonstrates that Pärt uses math as a formal element, and the composer combines musical parameters to execute a personal and innovative interpretation of the text. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arvo%20P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Out%20of%20the%20Depths" title=" Out of the Depths"> Out of the Depths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=math" title=" math"> math</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religion" title=" religion"> religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167163/math-and-religion-in-arvo-parts-out-of-the-depths" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4935</span> Time Series Analysis of Radon Concentration at Different Depths in an Underground Goldmine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theophilus%20Adjirackor">Theophilus Adjirackor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederic%20Sam"> Frederic Sam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irene%20Opoku-Ntim"> Irene Opoku-Ntim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Okoh%20Kpeglo"> David Okoh Kpeglo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20K.%20Gyekye"> Prince K. Gyekye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20K.%20Quashie"> Frank K. Quashie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kofi%20Ofori"> Kofi Ofori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indoor radon concentrations were collected monthly over a period of one year in 10 different levels in an underground goldmine, and the data was analyzed using a four-moving average time series to determine the relationship between the depths of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. The detectors were installed in batches within four quarters. The measurements were carried out using LR115 solid-state nuclear track detectors. Statistical models are applied in the prediction and analysis of the radon concentration at various depths. The time series model predicted a positive relationship between the depth of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. Thus, elevated radon concentrations are expected at deeper levels of the underground mine, but the relationship was insignificant at the 5% level of significance with a negative adjusted R2 (R2 = – 0.021) due to an appropriate engineering and adequate ventilation rate in the underground mine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LR115" title="LR115">LR115</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radon%20concentration" title=" radon concentration"> radon concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rime%20series" title=" rime series"> rime series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20goldmine" title=" underground goldmine"> underground goldmine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013/time-series-analysis-of-radon-concentration-at-different-depths-in-an-underground-goldmine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4934</span> Comparison of Mean Monthly Soil Temperature at (5 and 30 cm) Depths at Compton Experimental Site, West Midlands (UK), between 1976-2008</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminu%20Mansur">Aminu Mansur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A comparison of soil temperature at (5 and 30 cm) depths at a research site over the period (1976-2008) was analyzed. Based on the statistical analysis of the database of (12,045) days of individual soil temperature measurements in sandy-loam of the (salwick series) soils, the mean soil temperature revealed a statistically significant increase of about -1.1 to 10.9°C at 5 cm depth in 1976 compared to 2008. Similarly, soil temperature at 30 cm depth increased by -0.1 to 2.1°C in 2008 compared to 1976. Although, rapid increase in soil temperature at all depths was observed during that period, but a thorough assessment of these conditions suggested that the soil temperature at 5 cm depth are progressively increasing over time. A typical example of those increases in soil temperature was provided for agriculture where Miscanthus (elephant) plant that grows within the study area is adversely affected by the mean soil temperature increase. The study concluded that these observations contribute to the growing mass of evidence of global warming and knowledge on secular trends. Therefore, there was statistically significant increase in soil temperature at Compton Experimental Site between 1976-2008. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20temperature" title="soil temperature">soil temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warming%20trend" title=" warming trend"> warming trend</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment%20science" title=" environment science"> environment science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20and%20atmospheric%20sciences" title=" climate and atmospheric sciences"> climate and atmospheric sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26304/comparison-of-mean-monthly-soil-temperature-at-5-and-30-cm-depths-at-compton-experimental-site-west-midlands-uk-between-1976-2008" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4933</span> Investigation of Several Parameters on Local Scour around Inclined Dual Bridge Piers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20%C3%87e%C5%9Fme">Murat Çeşme</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a bridge engineer to ensure a safe footing design, it is very important to estimate the maximum scour depth around the piers as accurately as possible. Many experimental studies have been performed by several investigators to obtain information about scouring mechanism. In order to examine the effect of inclination of dual bridge piers on scour depth under clear-water conditions for various uniform flow depths, an experimental research on scaled dual bridge piers has been carried over in METU Hydromechanics Lab. Dimensional and non-dimensional curves were developed and presented to show the variation of scour depth with respect to various parameters such as footing angle with the vertical, flow depth and footing dimensions. Results of the study were compared to those obtained from a similar study performed with single inclined piers to see the effect of the second pier on scour depths. Useful equations for the design engineers were developed based on multiple regression analyses to be used for predicting local scour depths around inclined piers in uniform and non-uniform sediments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20research" title="experimental research">experimental research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20dual%20bridge%20piers" title=" inclined dual bridge piers"> inclined dual bridge piers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=footing%20safety" title=" footing safety"> footing safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scour%20depth" title=" scour depth"> scour depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clear%20water%20condition" title=" clear water condition"> clear water condition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120060/investigation-of-several-parameters-on-local-scour-around-inclined-dual-bridge-piers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4932</span> Hong Kong Chinese-Speaking Adolescents Diagnosed with Dyslexia: What Is and Is Not Improved?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Kien%20Hoa%20Chung">Kevin Kien Hoa Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was to investigate cognitive-linguistic skills that might distinguish the improved dyslexics from the non-improved dyslexics. Twenty-eight improved dyslexics and 28 non-improved dyslexics were selected from a pool of 254 students diagnosed as dyslexics in Grade 1 to 2. These students were administered measures: morphological skills, visual-orthographic skills, rapid naming skills, working memory, reading comprehension, writing, word reading, word dictation, and one-minute word reading. Findings showed that the improved dyslexics performed better than the non-improved dyslexics in visual-orthographic skills, word reading, one-minute reading, writing, and reading comprehension. Furthermore, the improved dyslexics showed fewer cognitive-linguistic deficits compared with the non-improved dyslexics. Among the 4 cognitive-linguistic measures, morphological skills and visual-orthographic skills showed the greatest power in discriminating the improved and non-improved dyslexics. Results underscore the importance of cognitive-linguistic skills underlying the manifestations of the improved and non-improved dyslexia in Chinese adolescents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescents" title="adolescents">adolescents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chinese%20language" title=" chinese language"> chinese language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20dyslexics" title=" improved dyslexics"> improved dyslexics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-improved%20dyslexics" title=" non-improved dyslexics"> non-improved dyslexics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36331/hong-kong-chinese-speaking-adolescents-diagnosed-with-dyslexia-what-is-and-is-not-improved" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4931</span> Chemical Characteristics of Soils Based on Toposequence Under Wet Tropical Area Bukit Sarasah Padang</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Yulnafatmawita">Y. Yulnafatmawita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hermansah"> H. Hermansah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Topography is a factor affecting soil characteristics. Chemical characteristics of a soil is a factor determining the productivity of the land. A research was conducted in Bukit Sarasah Padang, an area receiving > 5000 mm rainfall annually. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical characteristics of soils at sequence topography in hill-slope of Bukit Sarasah. Soils were sampled at 3 different altitudes in the research area from 315 m – 515 m asl with 100 m interval. At each location, soil samples were taken from two depths (0-20 cm and 30-50 cm) for soil chemical characteristics (pH, CEC, organic-C, N-total, C/N, Ca-, Mg-, K-, Na-, Al-, and H-exchangeable). Based on the data resulted, it was found that there was a tendency of decreasing soil organic matter (SOC) content by increasing location from 315 to 515 m asl as well as from the top 0-20 cm to 30-50 cm soil depth. The same tendency was also found for the CEC, pH, N-total, and C/N ratio of the soil. On the other hand, exchangeable-Al and -H tended to increase by increasing elevation in Bukit Sarasah. There was no significant difference found for the concentration of exchangeable cations among the elevations and between the depths. The soil chemical characteristics on the top 20 cm were generally better than those on 30-50 cm soil depth, however, different elevation did not gave significant difference of the concentration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20chemical%20characteristics" title="soil chemical characteristics">soil chemical characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20depths" title=" soil depths"> soil depths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topo-sequence" title=" topo-sequence"> topo-sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wet%20tropical%20area" title=" wet tropical area"> wet tropical area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23801/chemical-characteristics-of-soils-based-on-toposequence-under-wet-tropical-area-bukit-sarasah-padang" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4930</span> An Experimental Investigation on Productivity and Performance of an Improved Design of Basin Type Solar Still</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20S.%20El-Sebaey">Mahmoud S. El-Sebaey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asko%20Ellman"> Asko Ellman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hegazy"> Ahmed Hegazy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Ghonim"> Tarek Ghonim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to population growth, the need for drinkable healthy water is highly increased. Consequently, and since the conventional sources of water are limited, researchers devoted their efforts to oceans and seas for obtaining fresh drinkable water by thermal distillation. The current work is dedicated to the design and fabrication of modified solar still model, as well as conventional solar still for the sake of comparison. The modified still is single slope double basin solar still. The still consists of a lower basin with a dimension of 1000 mm x 1000 mm which contains the sea water, as well as the top basin that made with 4 mm acrylic, was temporarily kept on the supporting strips permanently fixed with the side walls. Equally ten spaced vertical glass strips of 50 mm height and 3 mm thickness were provided at the upper basin for the stagnancy of the water. Window glass of 3 mm was used as the transparent cover with 23° inclination at the top of the still. Furthermore, the performance evaluation and comparison of these two models in converting salty seawater into drinkable freshwater are introduced, analyzed and discussed. The experiments were performed during the period from June to July 2018 at seawater depths of 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm. Additionally, the solar still models were operated simultaneously in the same climatic conditions to analyze the influence of the modifications on the freshwater output. It can be concluded that the modified design of double basin single slope solar still shows the maximum freshwater output at all water depths tested. The results showed that the daily productivity for modified and conventional solar still was 2.9 and 1.8 dm³/m² day, indicating an increase of 60% in fresh water production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freshwater%20output" title="freshwater output">freshwater output</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20still" title=" solar still"> solar still</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20desalination" title=" thermal desalination"> thermal desalination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104867/an-experimental-investigation-on-productivity-and-performance-of-an-improved-design-of-basin-type-solar-still" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4929</span> Evaluation of Golden Beam Data for the Commissioning of 6 and 18 MV Photons Beams in Varian Linear Accelerator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoukat%20Ali">Shoukat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Qadir%20Jandga"> Abdul Qadir Jandga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjad%20Hussain"> Amjad Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: The main purpose of this study is to compare the Percent Depth dose (PDD) and In-plane and cross-plane profiles of Varian Golden beam data to the measured data of 6 and 18 MV photons for the commissioning of Eclipse treatment planning system. Introduction: Commissioning of treatment planning system requires an extensive acquisition of beam data for the clinical use of linear accelerators. Accurate dose delivery require to enter the PDDs, Profiles and dose rate tables for open and wedges fields into treatment planning system, enabling to calculate the MUs and dose distribution. Varian offers a generic set of beam data as a reference data, however not recommend for clinical use. In this study, we compared the generic beam data with the measured beam data to evaluate the reliability of generic beam data to be used for the clinical purpose. Methods and Material: PDDs and Profiles of Open and Wedge fields for different field sizes and at different depths measured as per Varian’s algorithm commissioning guideline. The measurement performed with PTW 3D-scanning water phantom with semi-flex ion chamber and MEPHYSTO software. The online available Varian Golden Beam Data compared with the measured data to evaluate the accuracy of the golden beam data to be used for the commissioning of Eclipse treatment planning system. Results: The deviation between measured vs. golden beam data was in the range of 2% max. In PDDs, the deviation increases more in the deeper depths than the shallower depths. Similarly, profiles have the same trend of increasing deviation at large field sizes and increasing depths. Conclusion: Study shows that the percentage deviation between measured and golden beam data is within the acceptable tolerance and therefore can be used for the commissioning process; however, verification of small subset of acquired data with the golden beam data should be mandatory before clinical use. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=percent%20depth%20dose" title="percent depth dose">percent depth dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flatness" title=" flatness"> flatness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symmetry" title=" symmetry"> symmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=golden%20beam%20data" title=" golden beam data"> golden beam data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22976/evaluation-of-golden-beam-data-for-the-commissioning-of-6-and-18-mv-photons-beams-in-varian-linear-accelerator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4928</span> Size Effect on Shear Strength of Slender Reinforced Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhan%20Ahmad">Subhan Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradeep%20Bhargava"> Pradeep Bhargava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Chourasia"> Ajay Chourasia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shear failure in reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement leads to loss of property and life since a very little or no warning occurs before failure as in case of flexural failure. Shear strength of reinforced concrete beams decreases as its depth increases. This phenomenon is generally called as the size effect. In this paper, a comparative analysis is performed to estimate the performance of shear strength models in capturing the size effect of reinforced concrete beams made with conventional concrete, self-compacting concrete, and recycled aggregate concrete. Four shear strength models that account for the size effect in shear are selected from the literature and applied on the datasets of slender reinforced concrete beams. Beams prepared with conventional concrete, self-compacting concrete, and recycled aggregate concrete are considered for the analysis. Results showed that all the four models captured the size effect in shear effectively and produced conservative estimates of the shear strength for beams made with normal strength conventional concrete. These models yielded unconservative estimates for high strength conventional concrete beams with larger effective depths ( > 450 mm). Model of Bazant and Kim (1984) captured the size effect precisely and produced conservative estimates of shear strength of self-compacting concrete beams at all the effective depths. Also, shear strength models considered in this study produced unconservative estimates of shear strength for recycled aggregate concrete beams at all effective depths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete%20beams%3B%20shear%20strength%3B%20prediction%20models%3B%20size%20effect" title="reinforced concrete beams; shear strength; prediction models; size effect">reinforced concrete beams; shear strength; prediction models; size effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122714/size-effect-on-shear-strength-of-slender-reinforced-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4927</span> Evaluating the Feasibility of Magnetic Induction to Cross an Air-Water Boundary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Watson">Mark Watson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.-F.%20Bousquet"> J.-F. Bousquet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Forget"> Adam Forget</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A magnetic induction based underwater communication link is evaluated using an analytical model and a custom Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation tool. The analytical model is based on the Sommerfeld integral, and a full-wave simulation tool evaluates Maxwell’s equations using the FDTD method in cylindrical coordinates. The analytical model and FDTD simulation tool are then compared and used to predict the system performance for various transmitter depths and optimum frequencies of operation. To this end, the system bandwidth, signal to noise ratio, and the magnitude of the induced voltage are used to estimate the expected channel capacity. The models show that in seawater, a relatively low-power and small coils may be capable of obtaining a throughput of 40 to 300 kbps, for the case where a transmitter is at depths of 1 to 3 m and a receiver is at a height of 1 m. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20induction" title="magnetic induction">magnetic induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDTD" title=" FDTD"> FDTD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20communication" title=" underwater communication"> underwater communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sommerfeld" title=" Sommerfeld"> Sommerfeld</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135368/evaluating-the-feasibility-of-magnetic-induction-to-cross-an-air-water-boundary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4926</span> Moho Undulations beneath South of Egypt, Using the Seismic Waves Generated by Tele Earthquakes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hosny">Ahmed Hosny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haroon%20Elshaikh"> Haroon Elshaikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaber%20Hassib"> Gaber Hassib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassin%20Ali"> Yassin Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Moho discontinuity undulations beneath the southern part of Egypt have been defined using the seismic waves generated by tele earthquakes. These earthquakes have been recorded by the Aswan seismic network, which consists of 10 seismic stations established around the lake of Nasser. An additional seismic station was located towards the east of the Lake of Nasser by about ~ 150 km. Receiver functions and H-k stacking methods were used for obtaining the depths of Moho discontinuity and the Vp/Vs ratios beneath each seismic station. Our results revealed that, the depths of Moho discontinuity beneath the stations located around the Lake of Nasser range from 36 to 39 km, with an average value of 37.5 km. These results are consistent with the previous works done on the same area. The obtained Vp/Vs ratios for the crust of this area were ranged from 1.73 to 1.86, with an average value of 1.79. While beneath the station located towards the east, the Moho discontinuity was detected at a shallowest depth of 27 km and the Vp/Vs ratio was 1.82. The difference in the Moho depths beneath the stations located around the Lake of Nasser and the station located to the east revealed the boundary position between the Saharan Metacraton to the west and the Nubian-Arabian Shield to the east. This structural boundary delineates the position of the old collision of the Oceanic crust of the Nubian-Arabian Shield to the east with the Continental crust of the Saharan Metacraton to the west. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moho%20undulations" title="Moho undulations">Moho undulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20of%20Egypt" title=" south of Egypt"> south of Egypt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20waves" title=" seismic waves"> seismic waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquakes" title=" earthquakes"> earthquakes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36076/moho-undulations-beneath-south-of-egypt-using-the-seismic-waves-generated-by-tele-earthquakes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4925</span> Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water by Using Width Contraction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Goel">Arun Goel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20V.%20S.%20Verma"> D. V. S. Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeev%20Sangwan"> Sanjeev Sangwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was aimed to develop a discharge measuring device for irrigation and laboratory channels. Experiments were conducted on a sharp edged constricted flow meters having four types of width constrictions namely 2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, and 90o in the direction of flow. These devices were made of MS sheets and installed separately in a rectangular flume. All these four devices were tested under free and submerged flow conditions. Eight different discharges varying from 2 lit/sec to 30 lit/sec were passed through each device. In total around 500 observations of upstream and downstream depths were taken in the present work. For each discharge, free submerged and critical submergence under different flow conditions were noted and plotted. Once the upstream and downstream depths of flow over any of the device are known, the discharge can be easily calculated with the help of the curves developed for free and submerged flow conditions. The device having contraction 2:1 is the most efficient one as it allows maximum critical submergence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flowrate" title="flowrate">flowrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flowmeter" title=" flowmeter"> flowmeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20channels" title=" open channels"> open channels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=submergence" title=" submergence"> submergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22464/open-channel-flow-measurement-of-water-by-using-width-contraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4924</span> Contribution of the Study of Inclusion Fluids to the Knowledge of the Conditions of Formation of the Layers with SN-W of Central Hoggar, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Bouguebrine">J. Bouguebrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bouabsa"> L. Bouabsa </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ground of study is localized in central Hoggar and contains the most important layers and Stanno-Wolframifére indices of the metallogenic province have tin and wolfram of Hoggar. These layers are always associate with post-orogenetic Panafrican magmatism (GMR) which was set up in the form of circumscribed granitic solid masses of relatively reduced size or in dykes of microgranites. The area studied are in Tounine, Aléméda, Hanana-hananére, Tim Amzi, El Karoussa. The geochemical data processing watch peralumineux character rich person out of Li-F and rare metals (MR). Pegmatites of the type stocksheider, formations of greisens and mineralization Sn-W accompany these granites. Mineralisation Sn-W, expressed particularly well in the seams of quartz and greinsen is spacialement and génitiquement dependent on the maguatism specific to white feldspar-topaz (GMR) (grained and microgrenu). the mineral paragenesis is primarily made up of wolframite and cassetérite. The minerals of gangue are represented by quartz, topaz, the micas containing lithia and the fluorite. A microthermometric study of fluid inclusions related to the granites end on white feldspar-topaz of Hanana, topaz of Hananére, the microgranite of Aléméda, and the seams of quartz D In Tounine (Tiftazouine) and of Tim Amzi; allows to characterize the fluids associated with these layers. It comes out from this study the abundance of aqueous inclusions and three types of fluids were given: -Hot and salted fluids rich in volatile elements particularly CO2; -follow-ups by aquo-carbonic fluids less hot and moderately salted with temperatures of homogenisations (HT) average respectively of 300°C and 180°C; -finally of the aqueous fluids very little salted (≤1%pds.éq.NaCl) and definitely colder. An estimate depths éteé made starting from the diagram of (Haas, 1971) in the system H2O-NaCl, the results are the following: • Inclusion aqueous (L and Lw): correspond to depths of about 50 à500m. • Inclusions aquo-carbonic (Lcw and Lwc): correspond to depths of L order of 600 with 1200m • Carbonic inclusion (Vcw): correspond to depths about 1400à1800m <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20inclusions%20microthermom%C3%A9trie" title="fluid inclusions microthermométrie">fluid inclusions microthermométrie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cassiterite%20wolframite" title=" cassiterite wolframite"> cassiterite wolframite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granites%20with%20rare%20metals" title=" granites with rare metals"> granites with rare metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20Hoggar" title=" Central Hoggar"> Central Hoggar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24939/contribution-of-the-study-of-inclusion-fluids-to-the-knowledge-of-the-conditions-of-formation-of-the-layers-with-sn-w-of-central-hoggar-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4923</span> Soil Quality Status under Dryland Vegetation of Yabello District, Southern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Abaoli">Mohammed Abaoli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omer%20Kara"> Omer Kara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current research has investigated the soil quality status under dryland vegetation of Yabello district, Southern Ethiopia in which we should identify the nature and extent of salinity problem of the area for further research bases. About 48 soil samples were taken from 0-30, 31-60, 61-90 and 91-120 cm soil depths by opening 12 representative soil profile pits at 1.5 m depth. Soil color, texture, bulk density, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Na, K, Mg, Ca, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>), pH, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) were analyzed. The dominant soil texture was silty-clay-loam.  Bulk density varied from 1.1 to 1.31 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. High SOC content was observed in 0-30 cm. The soil pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.6. The electrical conductivity shows indirect relationship with soil depth while CaCO<sub>3</sub> and CaSO<sub>4</sub> concentrations were observed in a direct relationship with depth. About 41% are non-saline, 38.31% saline, 15.23% saline-sodic and 5.46% sodic soils. Na concentration in saline soils was greater than Ca and Mg in all the soil depths. Ca and Mg contents were higher above 60 cm soil depth in non-saline soils. The concentrations of SO<sub>2</sub><sup>-4</sup> and HCO<sup>-3</sup> were observed to be higher at the most lower depth than upper. SAR value tends to be higher at lower depths in saline and saline-sodic soils, but decreases at lower depth of the non-saline soils. The distribution of ESP above 60 cm depth was in an increasing order in saline and saline-sodic soils. The result of the research has shown the direction to which extent of salinity we should consider for the Commiphora plant species we want to grow on the area.  <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commiphora%20species" title="commiphora species">commiphora species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dryland%20vegetation" title=" dryland vegetation"> dryland vegetation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20significance" title=" ecological significance"> ecological significance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20quality" title=" soil quality"> soil quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity%20problem" title=" salinity problem"> salinity problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123086/soil-quality-status-under-dryland-vegetation-of-yabello-district-southern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4922</span> Evaluation of the Effect of Turbulence Caused by the Oscillation Grid on Oil Spill in Water Column</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ghiasvand">Mohammad Ghiasvand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babak%20Khorsandi"> Babak Khorsandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Kolahdoozan"> Morteza Kolahdoozan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under the influence of waves, oil in the sea is subject to vertical scattering in the water column. Scientists' knowledge of how oil is dispersed in the water column is one of the lowest levels of knowledge among other processes affecting oil in the marine environment, which highlights the need for research and study in this field. Therefore, this study investigates the distribution of oil in the water column in a turbulent environment with zero velocity characteristics. Lack of laboratory results to analyze the distribution of petroleum pollutants in deep water for information Phenomenon physics on the one hand and using them to calibrate numerical models on the other hand led to the development of laboratory models in research. According to the aim of the present study, which is to investigate the distribution of oil in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence caused by the oscillating Grid, after reaching the ideal conditions, the crude oil flow was poured onto the water surface and oil was distributed in deep water due to turbulence was investigated. In this study, all experimental processes have been implemented and used for the first time in Iran, and the study of oil diffusion in the water column was considered one of the key aspects of pollutant diffusion in the oscillating Grid environment. Finally, the required oscillation velocities were taken at depths of 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm from the water surface and used in the analysis of oil diffusion due to turbulence parameters. The results showed that with the characteristics of the present system in two static modes and network motion with a frequency of 0.8 Hz, the results of oil diffusion in the four mentioned depths at a frequency of 0.8 Hz compared to the static mode from top to bottom at 26.18, 57 31.5, 37.5 and 50% more. Also, after 2.5 minutes of the oil spill at a frequency of 0.8 Hz, oil distribution at the mentioned depths increased by 49, 61.5, 85, and 146.1%, respectively, compared to the base (static) state. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homogeneous%20and%20isotropic%20turbulence" title="homogeneous and isotropic turbulence">homogeneous and isotropic turbulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20distribution" title=" oil distribution"> oil distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillating%20grid" title=" oscillating grid"> oscillating grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20spill" title=" oil spill"> oil spill</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150356/evaluation-of-the-effect-of-turbulence-caused-by-the-oscillation-grid-on-oil-spill-in-water-column" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4921</span> Assessment Using Copulas of Simultaneous Damage to Multiple Buildings Due to Tsunamis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yo%20Fukutani">Yo Fukutani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuji%20Moriguchi"> Shuji Moriguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takuma%20Kotani"> Takuma Kotani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terada%20Kenjiro"> Terada Kenjiro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> If risk management of the assets owned by companies, risk assessment of real estate portfolio, and risk identification of the entire region are to be implemented, it is necessary to consider simultaneous damage to multiple buildings. In this research, the Sagami Trough earthquake tsunami that could have a significant effect on the Japanese capital region is focused on, and a method is proposed for simultaneous damage assessment using copulas that can take into consideration the correlation of tsunami depths and building damage between two sites. First, the tsunami inundation depths at two sites were simulated by using a nonlinear long-wave equation. The tsunamis were simulated by varying the slip amount (five cases) and the depths (five cases) for each of 10 sources of the Sagami Trough. For each source, the frequency distributions of the tsunami inundation depth were evaluated by using the response surface method. Then, Monte-Carlo simulation was conducted, and frequency distributions of tsunami inundation depth were evaluated at the target sites for all sources of the Sagami Trough. These are marginal distributions. Kendall’s tau for the tsunami inundation simulation at two sites was 0.83. Based on this value, the Gaussian copula, t-copula, Clayton copula, and Gumbel copula (n = 10,000) were generated. Then, the simultaneous distributions of the damage rate were evaluated using the marginal distributions and the copulas. For the correlation of the tsunami inundation depth at the two sites, the expected value hardly changed compared with the case of no correlation, but the damage rate of the ninety-ninth percentile value was approximately 2%, and the maximum value was approximately 6% when using the Gumbel copula. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copulas" title="copulas">copulas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte-Carlo%20simulation" title=" Monte-Carlo simulation"> Monte-Carlo simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20risk%20assessment" title=" probabilistic risk assessment"> probabilistic risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tsunamis" title=" tsunamis"> tsunamis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103724/assessment-using-copulas-of-simultaneous-damage-to-multiple-buildings-due-to-tsunamis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103724.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4920</span> Optimization of Machining Parameters in AlSi/10%AlN Metal Matrix Composite Material by TiN Coating Insert</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Na%27imy%20Wan">Nurul Na'imy Wan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Sazali%20Said"> Mohamad Sazali Said</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaharah%20Ab.%20Ghani"> Jaharah Ab. Ghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusli%20Othman"> Rusli Othman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the surface roughness of the aluminium silicon alloy (AlSi) matrix composite which has been reinforced with aluminium nitride (AlN). Experiments were conducted at various cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut, according to a standard orthogonal array L27 of Taguchi method using TiN coating tool of insert. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance are applied to study the characteristic performance of cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut in measuring the surface roughness during the milling operation. The surface roughness was observed using Mitutoyo Formtracer CS-500 and analyzed using the Taguchi method. From the Taguchi analysis, it was found that cutting speed of 230 m/min, feed rate of 0.4 mm/tooth, depth of cut of 0.3 mm were the optimum machining parameters using TiN coating insert. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AlSi%2FAlN%20metal%20matrix%20composite%20%28MMC%29" title="AlSi/AlN metal matrix composite (MMC)">AlSi/AlN metal matrix composite (MMC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taguchi%20method" title=" Taguchi method"> Taguchi method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machining%20parameters" title=" machining parameters"> machining parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7183/optimization-of-machining-parameters-in-alsi10aln-metal-matrix-composite-material-by-tin-coating-insert" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4919</span> Experimental Investigation of Hull Form for Electric Driven Ferry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vasilij%20Djackov">Vasilij Djackov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Zapnickas"> Tomas Zapnickas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgenii%20Iamshchikov"> Evgenii Iamshchikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukas%20Norkevicius"> Lukas Norkevicius</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rima%20Mickeviciene"> Rima Mickeviciene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larisa%20Vasiljeva"> Larisa Vasiljeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the resistance and pitching values of the test of an electric ferry are presented. The research was carried out in the open flow channel of Klaipėda University with a multi-axis dynamometer. The received model resistance values were recalculated to the real vessel and the preliminary chosen propulsion unit power was compared. After analyzing the results of the pitching of the model, it was concluded that the shape of the hull needs to be further improved, taking into account the possible uneven weight distribution at the ends of the ferry. Further investigation of the hull of the electric ferry is recommended, including experiments with various water depths and activation of propulsion units. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20ferry" title="electrical ferry">electrical ferry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20tests" title=" model tests"> model tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20flow%20channel" title=" open flow channel"> open flow channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitching" title=" pitching"> pitching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159298/experimental-investigation-of-hull-form-for-electric-driven-ferry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4918</span> Impact of Improved Beehive on Income of Rural Households: Evidence from Bugina District of Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wondmnew%20Derebe">Wondmnew Derebe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increased adoption of modern beehives improves the livelihood of smallholder farmers whose income largely depends on mixed crop-livestock farming. Improved beehives have been disseminated to farmers in many parts of Ethiopia. However, its impact on income is less investigated. Thus, this study estimates how adopting improved beehives impacts rural households' income. Survey data were collected from 350 randomly selected households' and analyzed using an endogenous switching regression model. The result revealed that the adoption of improved beehives is associated with a higher annual income. On average, improved beehive adopters earned about 6,077 (ETB) more money than their counterparts. However, the impact of adoption would have been larger for actual non-adopters, as reflected in the negative transitional heterogeneity effect of 1792 (ETB). The result also indicated that the decision to adopt or not to adopt improved beehives was subjected to individual self-selection. Improved beehive adoption can increase farmers' income and can be used as an alternative poverty reduction strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title="impact">impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adoption" title=" adoption"> adoption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endogenous%20switching%20regression" title=" endogenous switching regression"> endogenous switching regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved" title=" improved"> improved</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170258/impact-of-improved-beehive-on-income-of-rural-households-evidence-from-bugina-district-of-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4917</span> Development of Ceramic Spheres Buoyancy Modules for Deep-Sea Oil Exploration </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Blugan">G. Blugan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Jiang"> B. Jiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Thornberry"> J. Thornberry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Sturzenegger"> P. Sturzenegger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Gonzenbach"> U. Gonzenbach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Misson"> M. Misson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Cartlidge"> D. Cartlidge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Stenerud"> R. Stenerud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Kuebler"> J. Kuebler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Low-cost ceramic spheres were developed and manufactured from the engineering ceramic aluminium oxide. Hollow spheres of 50 mm diameter with a wall thickness of 0.5-1.0 mm were produced via an adapted slip casting technique. It was possible to produce the spheres with good repeatability and with no defects or failures in the spheres due to the manufacturing process. The spheres were developed specifically for use in buoyancy devices for deep-sea exploration conditions at depths of 3000 m below sea level. The spheres with a 1.0 mm wall thickness exhibit a buoyancy of over 54% while the spheres with a 0.5 mm wall thickness exhibit a buoyancy of over 73%. The mechanical performance of the spheres was confirmed by performing a hydraulic burst pressure test on individual spheres. With a safety factor of 3, all spheres with 1.0 mm wall thickness survived a hydraulic pressure of greater than 150 MPa which is equivalent to a depth of more than 5000 m below sea level. The spheres were then incorporated into a buoyancy module. These hollow aluminium oxide ceramic spheres offer an excellent possibility of deep-sea exploration to depths greater than the currently used technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buoyancy" title="buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20spheres" title=" ceramic spheres"> ceramic spheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep-sea" title=" deep-sea"> deep-sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20exploration" title=" oil exploration"> oil exploration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51232/development-of-ceramic-spheres-buoyancy-modules-for-deep-sea-oil-exploration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4916</span> A Comprehensive Approach to Scour Depth Estimation Through HEC-RAS 2D and Physical Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashvinie%20Thembiliyagoda">Ashvinie Thembiliyagoda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kasun%20De%20Silva"> Kasun De Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nimal%20Wijayaratna"> Nimal Wijayaratna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lowering of the riverbed level as a result of water erosion is termed as scouring. This phenomenon remarkably undermines the potential stability of the bridge pier, causing a threat of failure or collapse. The formation of vortices in the vicinity of bridges due to the obstruction caused by river flow is the main reason behind this pursuit. Scouring is aggravated by factors including high flow rates, bridge pier geometry, sediment configuration etc. Tackling scour-related problems when they become severe is more costly and disruptive compared to implementing preventive measures based on predicted scour depths. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the development of a numerical model that could reproduce the scouring effect around bridge piers and estimate the scour depth. The numerical model was developed for one selected bridge in Sri Lanka, the Kelanisiri Bridge. HEC-RAS two-dimensional (2D) modeling approach was utilized for the development of the model and was calibrated and validated with field data. To further enhance the reliability of the model, a physical model was developed, allowing for additional validation. Results from the numerical model were compared with those obtained from the physical model, revealing a strong correlation between the two methods and confirming the numerical model's accuracy in predicting scour depths. The findings from this study underscore the ability of the HEC-RAS two-dimensional modeling approach for the estimation of scour depth around bridge piers. The developed model is able to estimate the scour depth under varying flow conditions, and its flexibility allows it to be adapted for application to other bridges with similar hydraulic and geomorphological conditions, providing a robust tool for widespread use in scour estimation. The developed two-dimensional model not only offers reliable predictions for the case study bridge but also holds significant potential for broader implementation, contributing to the improved design and maintenance of bridge structures in diverse environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piers" title="piers">piers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scouring" title=" scouring"> scouring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEC-RAS" title=" HEC-RAS"> HEC-RAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20model" title=" physical model"> physical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193088/a-comprehensive-approach-to-scour-depth-estimation-through-hec-ras-2d-and-physical-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4915</span> Measure the Gas to Dust Ratio Towards Bright Sources in the Galactic Bulge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Yang">Jun Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20Schulz"> Norbert Schulz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claude%20Canizares"> Claude Canizares</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Knowing the dust content in the interstellar matter is necessary to understand the composition and evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). The metal composition of the ISM enables us to study the cooling and heating processes that dominate the star formation rates in our Galaxy. The Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) Spectrometer provides a unique opportunity to measure element dust compositions through X-ray edge absorption structure. We measure gas to dust optical depth ratios towards 9 bright Low-Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs) in the Galactic Bulge with the highest precision so far. Well calibrated and pile-up free optical depths are measured with the HETG spectrometer with respect to broadband hydrogen equivalent absorption in bright LMXBs: 4U 1636-53, Ser X-1, GX 3+1, 4U 1728-34, 4U 1705-44, GX 340+0, GX 13+1, GX 5-1, and GX 349+2. From the optical depths results, we deduce gas to dust ratios for various silicates in the ISM and present our results for the Si K edge in different lines of sight towards the Galactic Bulge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-mass%20X-ray%20binaries" title="low-mass X-ray binaries">low-mass X-ray binaries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interstellar%20medium" title=" interstellar medium"> interstellar medium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20to%20dust%20ratio" title=" gas to dust ratio"> gas to dust ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrometer" title=" spectrometer"> spectrometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144260/measure-the-gas-to-dust-ratio-towards-bright-sources-in-the-galactic-bulge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4914</span> Study on Varying Solar Blocking Depths in the Exploration of Energy-Saving Renovation of the Energy-Saving Design of the External Shell of Existing Buildings: Using Townhouse Residences in Kaohsiung City as an Example</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuang%20Sheng%20Liu">Kuang Sheng Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Lin%20Shih%2A"> Yu Lin Shih*</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun%20Ta%20Tzeng"> Chun Ta Tzeng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng%20Chen%20Chen">Cheng Chen Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Buildings in the 21st century are facing issues such as an extreme climate and low-carbon/energy-saving requirements. Many countries in the world are of the opinion that a building during its medium- and long-term life cycle is an energy-consuming entity. As for the use of architectural resources, including the United Nations-implemented "Global Green Policy" and "Sustainable building and construction initiative", all are working towards "zero-energy building" and "zero-carbon building" policies. Because of this, countries are cooperating with industry development using policies such as "mandatory design criteria", "green procurement policy" and "incentive grants and rebates programme". The results of this study can provide a reference for sustainable building renovation design criteria. Aimed at townhouses in Kaohsiung City, this study uses different levels of solar blocking depth to carry out evaluation of design and energy-saving renovation of the outer shell of existing buildings by using data collection and the selection of representative cases. Using building resources from a building information model (BIM), simulation and efficiency evaluation are carried out and proven with simulation estimation. This leads into the ECO-efficiency model (EEM) for the life cycle cost efficiency (LCCE) evalution. The buildings selected by this research sit in a north-south direction set with different solar blocking depths. The indoor air-conditioning consumption rates are compared. The current balcony depth of 1 metre as the simulated EUI value acts as a reference value of 100%. The solar blocking of the balcony is increased to 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 metres for a total of 5 different solar-blocking balcony depths, for comparison of the air-conditioning improvement efficacy. This research uses different solar-blocking balcony depths to carry out air-conditioning efficiency analysis. 1.5m saves 3.08%, 2m saves 6.74%, 2.5m saves 9.80% and 3m saves 12.72% from the air-conditioning EUI value. This shows that solar-blocking balconies have an efficiency-increasing potential for indoor air-conditioning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20information%20model" title="building information model">building information model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-efficiency%20model" title=" eco-efficiency model"> eco-efficiency model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-saving%20in%20the%20external%20shell" title=" energy-saving in the external shell"> energy-saving in the external shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20blocking%20depth." title=" solar blocking depth. "> solar blocking depth. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7835/study-on-varying-solar-blocking-depths-in-the-exploration-of-energy-saving-renovation-of-the-energy-saving-design-of-the-external-shell-of-existing-buildings-using-townhouse-residences-in-kaohsiung-city-as-an-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4913</span> The Effect of the Side-Weir Crest Height to Scour in Clay-Sand Mixed Sediments </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20Saracoglu%20Varol">F. A. Saracoglu Varol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Agacc%C4%B1oglu"> H. Agaccıoglu </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experimental studies to investigate the depth of the scour conducted at a side-weir intersection located at the 1800 curved flume which located Hydraulic Laboratory of Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Side weirs were located at the middle of the straight part of the main channel. Three different lengths (25, 40 and 50 cm) and three different weir crest height (7, 10 and 12 cm) of the side weir placed on the side weir station. There is no scour when the material is only kaolin. Therefore, the cohesive bed was prepared by properly mixing clay material (kaolin) with 31% sand in all experiments. Following 24h consolidation time, in order to observe the effect of flow intensity on the scour depth, experiments were carried out for five different upstream Froude numbers in the range of 0.33-0.81. As a result of this study the relation between scour depth and upstream flow intensity as a function of time have been established. The longitudinal velocities decreased along the side weir; towards the downstream due to overflow over the side-weirs. At the beginning, the scour depth increases rapidly with time and then asymptotically approached constant values in all experiments for all side weir dimensions as in non-cohesive sediment. Thus, the scour depth reached equilibrium conditions. Time to equilibrium depends on the approach flow intensity and the dimensions of side weirs. For different heights of the weir crest, dimensionless scour depths increased with increasing upstream Froude number. Equilibrium scour depths which formed 7 cm side-weir crest height were obtained higher than that of the 12 cm side-weir crest height. This means when side-weir crest height increased equilibrium scour depths decreased. Although the upstream side of the scour hole is almost vertical, the downstream side of the hole is inclined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay-sand%20mixed%20sediments" title="clay-sand mixed sediments">clay-sand mixed sediments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scour" title=" scour"> scour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=side%20weir" title=" side weir"> side weir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20structures" title=" hydraulic structures"> hydraulic structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27481/the-effect-of-the-side-weir-crest-height-to-scour-in-clay-sand-mixed-sediments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4912</span> MBES-CARIS Data Validation for the Bathymetric Mapping of Shallow Water in the Kingdom of Bahrain on the Arabian Gulf</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abderrazak%20Bannari">Abderrazak Bannari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghadeer%20Kadhem"> Ghadeer Kadhem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this paper are the validation and the evaluation of MBES-CARIS BASE surface data performance for bathymetric mapping of shallow water in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The latter is an archipelago with a total land area of about 765.30 km², approximately 126 km of coastline and 8,000 km² of marine area, located in the Arabian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia and west of Qatar (26° 00’ N, 50° 33’ E). To achieve our objectives, bathymetric attributed grid files (X, Y, and depth) generated from the coverage of ship-track MBSE data with 300 x 300 m cells, processed with CARIS-HIPS, were downloaded from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). Then, brought into ArcGIS and converted into a raster format following five steps: Exportation of GEBCO BASE surface data to the ASCII file; conversion of ASCII file to a points shape file; extraction of the area points covering the water boundary of the Kingdom of Bahrain and multiplying the depth values by -1 to get the negative values. Then, the simple Kriging method was used in ArcMap environment to generate a new raster bathymetric grid surface of 30×30 m cells, which was the basis of the subsequent analysis. Finally, for validation purposes, 2200 bathymetric points were extracted from a medium scale nautical map (1:100 000) considering different depths over the Bahrain national water boundary. The nautical map was scanned, georeferenced and overlaid on the MBES-CARIS generated raster bathymetric grid surface (step 5 above), and then homologous depth points were selected. Statistical analysis, expressed as a linear error at the 95% confidence level, showed a strong correlation coefficient (R² = 0.96) and a low RMSE (± 0.57 m) between the nautical map and derived MBSE-CARIS depths if we consider only the shallow areas with depths of less than 10 m (about 800 validation points). When we consider only deeper areas (> 10 m) the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.73 and the RMSE is equal to ± 2.43 m while if we consider the totality of 2200 validation points including all depths, the correlation coefficient is still significant (R² = 0.81) with satisfactory RMSE (± 1.57 m). Certainly, this significant variation can be caused by the MBSE that did not completely cover the bottom in several of the deeper pockmarks because of the rapid change in depth. In addition, steep slopes and the rough seafloor probably affect the acquired MBSE raw data. In addition, the interpolation of missed area values between MBSE acquisition swaths-lines (ship-tracked sounding data) may not reflect the true depths of these missed areas. However, globally the results of the MBES-CARIS data are very appropriate for bathymetric mapping of shallow water areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bathymetry%20mapping" title="bathymetry mapping">bathymetry mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multibeam%20echosounder%20systems" title=" multibeam echosounder systems"> multibeam echosounder systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CARIS-HIPS" title=" CARIS-HIPS"> CARIS-HIPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20water" title=" shallow water"> shallow water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54310/mbes-caris-data-validation-for-the-bathymetric-mapping-of-shallow-water-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain-on-the-arabian-gulf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4911</span> Geochemical Studies of Mud Volcanoes Fluids According to Petroleum Potential of the Lower Kura Depression (Azerbaijan)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayten%20Bakhtiyar%20Khasayeva">Ayten Bakhtiyar Khasayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lower Kura depression is a part of the South Caspian Basin (SCB), located between the folded regions of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. The region is characterized by thick sedimentary cover 22 km (SCB up to 30 km), high sedimentation rate, low geothermal gradient (average value corresponds to 2 °C / 100m). There is Quaternary, Pliocene, Miocene and Oligocene deposits take part in geological structure. Miocene and Oligocene deposits are opened by prospecting and exploratory wells in the areas of Kalamaddin and Garabagli. There are 25 mud volcanoes within the territory of the Lower Kura depression, which are the unique source of information about hydrocarbons contenting great depths. During the wells data research, solid erupted products and mud volcano fluids, and according to the geological and thermal characteristics of the region, it was determined that the main phase of the hydrocarbon generation (MK1-AK2) corresponds to a wide range of depths from 10 to 14 km, which corresponds to the Pliocene-Miocene sediments, and to the "oil and gas windows" according to the intended meaning of R0 ≈ 0,65-0,85%. Fluids of mud volcanoes comprise by the following phases - gas, water. Gas phase consists mainly of methane (99%) of heavy hydrocarbons (С2+ hydrocarbons), CO2, N2, inert components He, Ar. The content of the С2+ hydrocarbons in the gases of mud volcanoes associated with oil deposits is increased. Carbon isotopic composition of methane for the Lower Kura depression varies from -40 ‰ to -60 ‰. Water of mud volcanoes are represented by all four genetic types. However the most typical types of water are HCN type. According to the Mg-Li geothermometer formation of mud waters corresponds to the temperature range from 20 °C to 140 °C (PC2). The solid product emissions of mud volcanoes identified 90 minerals and 30 trace elements. As a result geochemical investigation, thermobaric and geological conditions, zone oil and gas generation - the prospect of the Lower Kura depression is projected to depths greater than 10 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title="geology">geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mud%20volcanoes" title=" mud volcanoes"> mud volcanoes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20potential" title=" petroleum potential"> petroleum potential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36243/geochemical-studies-of-mud-volcanoes-fluids-according-to-petroleum-potential-of-the-lower-kura-depression-azerbaijan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4910</span> Removal of Heavy Metal Using Continous Mode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abd%20elfattah">M. Abd elfattah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ossman"> M. Ossman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nahla%20A.%20Taha"> Nahla A. Taha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work explored the use of Egyptian rice straw, an agricultural waste that leads to global warming problem through brown cloud, as a potential feedstock for the preparation of activated carbon by physical and chemical activation. The results of this study showed that it is feasible to prepare activated carbons with relatively high surface areas and pore volumes from the Egyptian rice straw by direct chemical and physical activation. The produced activated carbon from the two methods (AC1 and AC2) could be used as potential adsorbent for the removal of Fe(III) from aqueous solution contains heavy metals and polluted water. The adsorption of Fe(III) was depended on the pH of the solution. The optimal Fe(III) removal efficiency occurs at pH 5. Based on the results, the optimum contact time is 60 minutes and adsorbent dosage is 3 g/L. The adsorption breakthrough curves obtained at different bed depths indicated increase of breakthrough time with increase in bed depths. A rise in inlet Fe(III) concentration reduces the throughput volume before the packed bed gets saturated. AC1 showed higher affinity for Fe(III) as compared to Raw rice husk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20straw" title="rice straw">rice straw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title=" activated carbon"> activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%28III%29" title=" Fe(III)"> Fe(III)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20bed%20column" title=" fixed bed column"> fixed bed column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15530/removal-of-heavy-metal-using-continous-mode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20depths&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20depths&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20depths&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20depths&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20depths&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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