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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change - Muhammad Qasim Zaman - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_ff77d0f0508c7e0bad470e7d6b7f28fa/kl_about_this_book_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/atb_ff77d0f0508c7e0bad470e7d6b7f28fa__en.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Ulama_in_Contemporary_Islam.html?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Ulama_in_Contemporary_Islam.html?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC"/><meta name="title" content="The Ulama in Contemporary Islam"/><meta name="description" content="From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people have been surprised by what they see as the modern reemergence of an antimodern phenomenon. This book helps account for the increasingly visible public role of traditionally educated Muslim religious scholars (the `ulama) across contemporary Muslim societies. Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the `ulama have undergone in the modern era--transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars. In doing so, it provides a new foundation for the comparative study of Islam, politics, and religious change in the contemporary world. While focusing primarily on Pakistan, Zaman takes a broad approach that considers the Taliban and the `ulama of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and the southern Philippines. He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the `ulama play in society. Their discourses are informed by a longstanding religious tradition, of which they see themselves as the custodians. But these discourses are equally shaped by--and contribute in significant ways to--contemporary debates in the Muslim public sphere. This book offers the first sustained comparative perspective on the `ulama and their increasingly crucial religious and political activism. It shows how issues of religious authority are debated in contemporary Islam, how Islamic law and tradition are continuously negotiated in a rapidly changing world, and how the `ulama both react to and shape larger Islamic social trends. Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications."/><meta property="og:title" content="The Ulama in Contemporary Islam"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE733v3GILMjZTqb4aq3ZS3zK67YRSizcVpUEtDaBtYJjrlFpayQ38DhRzCaDX-gn5cPGimzqudQFQpkgk4F9iu_HFwYDOPUIQyXhACBZCPqtg4n27icHCn33uYAmyd1yieGfun5n"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE733v3GILMjZTqb4aq3ZS3zK67YRSizcVpUEtDaBtYJjrlFpayQ38DhRzCaDX-gn5cPGimzqudQFQpkgk4F9iu_HFwYDOPUIQyXhACBZCPqtg4n27icHCn33uYAmyd1yieGfun5n"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DibLMDNq-6zsC%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&redir_esc=y&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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This book helps account for the increasingly visible public role of traditionally educated Muslim religious scholars (the `ulama) across contemporary Muslim societies. Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the `ulama have undergone in the modern era--transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars. In doing so, it provides a new foundation for the comparative study of Islam, politics, and religious change in the contemporary world. <p> While focusing primarily on Pakistan, Zaman takes a broad approach that considers the Taliban and the `ulama of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and the southern Philippines. He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the `ulama play in society. Their discourses are informed by a longstanding religious tradition, of which they see themselves as the custodians. But these discourses are equally shaped by--and contribute in significant ways to--contemporary debates in the Muslim public sphere. <p> This book offers the first sustained comparative perspective on the `ulama and their increasingly crucial religious and political activism. It shows how issues of religious authority are debated in contemporary Islam, how Islamic law and tradition are continuously negotiated in a rapidly changing world, and how the `ulama both react to and shape larger Islamic social trends. Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications.</p></div></div></div><div class="search_box_wrapper"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="redir_esc" value="y"><input type=hidden name="id" value="ibLMDNq-6zsC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Search inside" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Search inside"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form><div id="preview-link"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&printsec=frontcover" class="primary"><span dir=ltr>Preview this book</span> »</a></div></div></td> </tr></table><div id="summary-second-column"></div></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="toc_anchor"></a>Contents</h3><div id=toc class=about_content><div id=toc_v><div class="first_toc_column"><div class="first_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Islamic Law and the Ulama in Colonial India A Legal Tradition in Transition</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>17</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Constructions of Authority</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>38</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>The Rhetoric of Reform and the Religious Sphere</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>60</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Conceptions of the Islamic State</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>87</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Refashioning Identities</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>109</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Religiopolitical Activism and the Ulama Comparative Perspectives</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>142</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="second_toc_column"><div class="second_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>The Ulama in the TwentyFirst Century</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>179</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>NOTES</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>191</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>GLOSSARY</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>259</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&pg=PA263&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=1" ><span title="BIBLIOGRAPHY" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>263</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&pg=PA287&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=1" ><span title="INDEX" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>INDEX</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>287</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&printsec=copyright" ><span title="Copyright" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Copyright</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><br style="clear:both;"/></div><div style="clear:left; height:1em"></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="book_other_versions_anchor"></a>Other editions - <a href='https://books.google.com.sg/books?q=editions:ISBN0691096805&id=ibLMDNq-6zsC'>View all</a></h3><div id=book_other_versions class=about_content><div id=book_other_versions_v><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rPxUfU6Lew4C&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=rPxUfU6Lew4C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rPxUfU6Lew4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2"><span dir=ltr>The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad Qasim Zaman</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2010</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2"><span dir=ltr>The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change: Custodians of Change</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad Qasim Zaman</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#999">No preview available</span> - 2007</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><script>(function () {var fn = window['_OC_WSBookList'] || window['_OC_BookList'];fn && fn('book_other_versions', [{"title":"The Ulama in Contemporary Islam","authors":"Muhammad Qasim Zaman","bib_key":"ISBN:9781400837519","pub_date":"16 Dec 2010","snippet":"From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people 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40.64","buy_url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=rPxUfU6Lew4C\u0026rdid=book-rPxUfU6Lew4C\u0026rdot=1","is_ebook":true,"preview_ebook_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=rPxUfU6Lew4C","add_to_my_ebooks_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?op=add\u0026sig=ACfU3U105p4TGO1CJxu6wJ34q2LNR2d9zA\u0026uid=114584440181414684107\u0026as_coll=7\u0026id=rPxUfU6Lew4C","my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","sale_price_better":true,"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false,"subtitle":"Custodians of Change"},{"title":"The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change","authors":"Muhammad Qasim Zaman","bib_key":"ISBN:0691130701","pub_date":"25 Feb 2007","snippet":"From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people have been surprised by what they see as the modern reemergence of an antimodern ...","subject":"Religion","info_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","preview_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","thumbnail_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=CxYGmQEACAAJ\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=1","num_pages":312,"viewability":4,"preview":"noview","embeddable":false,"my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false,"subtitle":"Custodians of Change"}]);})();</script></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="word_cloud_anchor"></a>Common terms and phrases</h3><div id=word_cloud class=about_content><div id=word_cloud_v><style type="text/css">.cloud9 {color: #7777cc;font-size: 10px;}.cloud8 {color: #6963CC;font-size: 10.5px;}.cloud7 {color: #6057CC;font-size: 11px;}.cloud6 {color: #574BCC;font-size: 11.5px;}.cloud5 {color: #4E3DCC;font-size: 12px;}.cloud4 {color: #4632CC;font-size: 14px;}.cloud3 {color: #3D26CC;font-size: 16px;}.cloud2 {color: #341ACC;font-size: 18px;}.cloud1 {color: #2B0DCC;font-size: 20px;}.cloud0 {color: #2200CC;font-size: 22px;}.cloud {margin-top: 4px;line-height: 24px;}.cloud a {margin-right: 6px;text-decoration: none;}.cloud a:hover {text-decoration: underline;}</style><div class=cloud><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Abu%27l-Hasan+Ali&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Abu'l-Hasan Ali</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=activism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>activism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Afghanistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Afghanistan</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Ahl-i+Hadith&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Ahl-i Hadith</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Ahmad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Ahmad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=al-%27Ulum&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>al-'Ulum</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=al-Haqq&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>al-Haqq</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=al-Islamiyya&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>al-Islamiyya</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Arabic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Arabic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=argued&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>argued</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Asian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Asian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Azhar&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Azhar</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=British+India&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>British India</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Cambridge&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Cambridge</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=century&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>century</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=chapter&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>chapter</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=colonial+India&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>colonial India</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=commentary&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>commentary</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Constitution&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Constitution</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=contemporary&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>contemporary</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=context&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>context</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=continued&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>continued</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=culture&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>culture</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Delhi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Delhi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Deobandi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>Deobandi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Deobandi+ulama&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Deobandi ulama</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=discourses&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>discourses</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Egypt&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Egypt</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Eickelman&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Eickelman</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=fatwas&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>fatwas</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=gious&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>gious</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Hanafi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Hanafi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Hindu&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Hindu</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Husayn&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Husayn</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Ibid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Ibid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=idem&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>idem</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=identity&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>identity</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=ijtihad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>ijtihad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=implementation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>implementation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=instance&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>instance</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=institutions&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>institutions</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=intellectual&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>intellectual</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Iran&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Iran</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Iranian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Iranian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Iranian+revolution&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Iranian revolution</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Islamic+Law&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Islamic Law</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Islamic+legal&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Islamic legal</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Islamists&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Islamists</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Jam%27iyyat&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Jam'iyyat</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Jhang&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Jhang</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=jurists&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>jurists</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Karachi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Karachi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Lahore&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Lahore</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=MacIntyre&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>MacIntyre</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Madani&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Madani</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=madrasas&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>madrasas</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Maktaba-i&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Maktaba-i</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Maliki&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Maliki</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=matters&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>matters</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Mawdudi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Mawdudi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Mawlana&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Mawlana</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=medieval&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>medieval</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Middle+East&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Middle East</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=modern&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>modern</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=modernist&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>modernist</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Mufti&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Mufti</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Muhammad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Muslim+Politics&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Muslim Politics</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Muslim+societies&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Muslim societies</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Muslim+world&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Muslim world</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Nadwa&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Nadwa</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=nationalism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>nationalism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Nawaz&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Nawaz</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=non-Muslim&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>non-Muslim</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Nu%27mani&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Nu'mani</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Pakistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>Pakistan</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=passim&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>passim</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=position&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>position</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Princeton&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Princeton</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Prophet&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Prophet</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Punjab&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Punjab</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Qur%27an&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Qur'an</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=radical&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>radical</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=reform&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>reform</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=religion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>religion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=religiopolitical&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>religiopolitical</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=religious+scholars&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>religious scholars</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=rhetoric&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>rhetoric</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=role&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>role</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Sahaba&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>Sahaba</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Saudi+Arabia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Saudi Arabia</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Sayyid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Sayyid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=school+of+law&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>school of law</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=sectarian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>sectarian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=secular&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>secular</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=shari%27a&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>shari'a</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Shi%27a&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Shi'a</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Shi%27i&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Shi'i</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Shi%27ism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Shi'ism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Sipah-i+Sahaba&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Sipah-i Sahaba</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=social&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>social</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=South+Asia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>South Asia</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=sphere&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>sphere</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Studies&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Studies</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=sunna&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>sunna</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Sunni&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Sunni</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Tablighi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Tablighi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Taliban&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Taliban</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Taqi+Uthmani&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Taqi Uthmani</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=taqlid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>taqlid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=texts&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>texts</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Thanawi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Thanawi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=tion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>tion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=tradition&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>tradition</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=ulama&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>ulama</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=University+Press&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>University Press</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Urdu&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Urdu</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Wahid+al-din&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Wahid al-din</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&q=Zeghal&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Zeghal</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="quotes_anchor"></a>Popular passages</h3><div id=quotes class=about_content><div id=quotes_v><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&pg=PA4&vq=%22or+at+least+key+parts+of+those+fundamental+agreements,+and+those+internal,+interpretative+debates+through+which+the+meaning+and+rationale%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=4" >Page 4</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>A tradition is an argument extended through time in which certain fundamental agreements are defined and redefined in terms of two kinds of conflict: those with critics and enemies external to the tradition who reject...</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&qtid=117e78cb&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=4>Appears in 24 books from 1991-2007</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="citations_module_anchor"></a>References to this book</h3><div id=citations_module class=about_content><div id=citations_module_v><div class="left-column-outer"><div class="left-column-inner"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=7q9lLQ8QqM8C&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=5" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=7q9lLQ8QqM8C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=7q9lLQ8QqM8C&printsec=frontcover&vq=%22The+Ulama+in+Contemporary+Islam%22&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=5"><span dir=ltr>Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Magnus+Marsden%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Magnus Marsden</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2005</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LCa8HVUTWLwC&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=5" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LCa8HVUTWLwC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LCa8HVUTWLwC&printsec=frontcover&vq=%22The+Ulama+in+Contemporary+Islam%22&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=5"><span dir=ltr>Struggling for Recognition: The Alevi Movement in Germany and in ...</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Martin+S%C3%B6kefeld%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Martin Sökefeld</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2008</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div><a class="secondary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?q=cites:ISBN0691096805&id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=5"><span dir=ltr>All Book Search results &raquo;</span></a></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div> </div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="about_author_anchor"></a>About the author <span style="color:#666; font-weight:normal">(2002)</span></h3><div id=about_author class=about_content><div id=about_author_v><div class=textmodulecontent>Muhammad Qasim Zaman is Robert H. Niehaus '77 Professor of Near Eastern Studies and Religion at Princeton University. He is the author of Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids and the editor, with Robert W. Hefner, of Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education (Princeton). </div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class="about_title">Bibliographic information</h3><div class="about_content" id="metadata_content" style="padding-bottom:.3em"><div class="metadata_sectionwrap"><table id="metadata_content_table"><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label">Title</td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change</span><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Princeton+paperbacks%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7"><i><span dir=ltr>Princeton paperbacks</span></i></a><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Princeton+studies+in+Muslim+politics%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7"><i><span dir=ltr>Princeton studies in Muslim politics</span></i></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Author</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad Qasim Zaman</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Edition</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>illustrated, reprint</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Publisher</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>Princeton University Press, 2002</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>ISBN</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>0691096805, 9780691096803</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Length</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>293 pages</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Subjects</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Religion</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+Islam%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Islam</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+Islam+General%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">General</span></a></div><br><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+/+Islam+/+General%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7"><span dir=ltr>Religion / Islam / General</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td>&nbsp</td><td>&nbsp</td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Export Citation</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Ulama_in_Contemporary_Islam.bibtex?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&output=bibtex"><span dir=ltr>BiBTeX</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Ulama_in_Contemporary_Islam.enw?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&output=enw"><span dir=ltr>EndNote</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Ulama_in_Contemporary_Islam.ris?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC&output=ris"><span dir=ltr>RefMan</span></a></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><script>_OC_addFlags({Host:"https://books.google.com.sg/", IsBooksUnifiedLeftNavEnabled:1, IsBooksRentalEnabled:1, IsBrowsingHistoryEnabled:1, IsZipitFolderCollectionEnabled:1});_OC_Run({"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DibLMDNq-6zsC%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en"}, {"volume_id":"ibLMDNq-6zsC","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":false,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ibLMDNq-6zsC\u0026source=gbs_atb_hover","is_browsable":true,"is_public_domain":false}, {});</script><div id="footer_table" style="font-size:83%;text-align:center;position:relative;top:20px;height:4.5em;margin-top:2em"><div style="margin-bottom:8px"><a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/about.html"><nobr><nobr>About Google Books</nobr></nobr></a> - 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