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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preventive conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preventive_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preventive conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preventive_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torah,_Klaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah,_Klaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Torah, Klaf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah,_Klaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tefillin_–_phylacteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tefillin_–_phylacteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tefillin – phylacteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tefillin_–_phylacteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust_related_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_related_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Holocaust related objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_related_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overarching_ethical_concerns" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menstruation_and_women_touching_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Menstruation and women touching objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menstruation_and_women_touching_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement_of_sacred_texts_and_objects_on_the_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement_of_sacred_texts_and_objects_on_the_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Placement of sacred texts and objects on the floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placement_of_sacred_texts_and_objects_on_the_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stacking_of_sacred_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stacking_of_sacred_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stacking of sacred texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stacking_of_sacred_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibition_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibition_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exhibition and storage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exhibition_and_storage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exhibition and storage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exhibition_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handling_and_long-term_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_and_long-term_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Handling and long-term care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_and_long-term_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De-accessioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De-accessioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>De-accessioning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-De-accessioning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle De-accessioning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-De-accessioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Kedushah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Kedushah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Kedushah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Kedushah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non_Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Mitzvah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Mitzvah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Mitzvah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Mitzvah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preservation of Jewish heritage collections</div> <p>Objects used in Jewish rituals are known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaica">Judaica</a>. The <b>conservation and restoration of Judaica</b> takes into account the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the written and <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halacha</a> in order to properly care for these materials. This work involves identifying these objects and therefore knowing how any of these objects are traditionally handled, stored, exhibited, and generally cared for based on their use and significance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_culturally_sensitive_objects">Definition of culturally sensitive objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition of culturally sensitive objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> divides ritual objects into two main categories, those that carry holiness; and those that are essential to the performance of a particular ritual or <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">commandment</a> but that have no intrinsic quality that is defined as sacred or holy. Once they are no longer in ritual use and are in the possession of a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a>, only some of the objects in the first category are traditionally treated differently from the way other collections are treated. For these pieces, repair or restoration done by a <a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">conservator</a> is not common. It is common for almost all other objects, conservation, repair, or restoration to be carried out without restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way the <a href="/wiki/Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a> objects below are handled and preventively conserved is all based on the laws and thoughts of the most strict sect of Judaism as is recommended. </p><p>Below is a list of both types of objects with definitions and descriptions to aid in identifying and therefore knowing how any of these objects might be handled and cared for due to their uses and significance. Additionally, these descriptions will aid in understanding the care and handling methods listed below them. </p><p>References are made to <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrachi Jews">Mizrachi Jews</a> in this article. Ashkenazi Jews trace their ancestry to communities in central and eastern Europe while Sephardi Jews are those who came originally from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. These Jews were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expelled in 1492</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> and settled in places like <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and what is known as Israel today. Mizrachi Jews are those who trace their ancestry to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, as well as those whose families never left <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_sacred_and_non-sacred_objects">Types of sacred and non-sacred objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of sacred and non-sacred objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Tashmishey Kedushah is the first category of ritual objects and is defined as "objects which carry holiness" or "accessories of holiness". The most common example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> which is the Five Books of Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Torah_scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Open_Torah_scroll.jpg/220px-Open_Torah_scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Open_Torah_scroll.jpg/330px-Open_Torah_scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Open_Torah_scroll.jpg/440px-Open_Torah_scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Open <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The common feature of the objects in this group is that they contain words, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">name of God</a>, but by extension, any words "divinely written" or inspired, from which the quality of holiness is derived. Because the nontextual objects surrounding these scrolls all come into contact with them, they also acquire some of the same quality of holiness. The transmission is not indefinite. It extends a maximum of two layers from the text. </p><p>Other objects in this category include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parochet" title="Parochet">Torah curtains</a> – Curtains that are in front of the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a> and are often decorative in nature but can also be plain.</li> <li>Mantle – A piece of fabric often used to cover a Torah scroll and often made of velvet or another soft material with some type of embroidery. This is used most often by Ashkenazi communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Torah binder – A strip of soft fabric, similar to the mantle, that keeps the Torah scroll closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy and in the Sephardi communities, the binder is known as a "fascia"; it is made of a costly material or of linen embroidered in silk thread.<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_rimonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah rimonim">Rimonim</a> – <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> ornaments that are placed on the wooden rollers or in Hebrew, "atzei chaim" (<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">trees of life</a>). Many times these are adorned with little bells and are very intricate.<sup id="cite_ref-Learning_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Learning-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Breastplate – A metal shield placed in front of the mantle of the Torah scroll in Ashkenazi communities. This custom did not develop in Sephardi communities because their Torah scrolls were kept in a case (tik) which did not lend itself to such additional decoration. Symbolic of, and sometimes similar to, the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">breastplate</a> prescribed for the high priest, the object is often called "ḥoshen mishpat", the Hebrew word for breastplate.<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">Yad</a> – The pointer used by the Torah reader to keep one's place is known as a "yad", in Hebrew, or "hand" in English, in Ashkenazi communities and as the "moreh" or "pointer/teacher" or "Kulmus" or "quill" in Sephardi and Eastern communities. The pointer was originally a narrow rod, tapered at the pointing end, usually with a hole at the other end through which a ring or chain could be passed to hang the pointer on the Torah scroll. Now it looks like a hand with one finger pointing out. This is used so that no hands touch the actual scroll and transfer oils or dirt. Pointers are made for the most part of silver or silver-plated brass, but in a few European communities, they used to be made of wood. In such cases, the pointers were carved in the local folk-art style.<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wood Torah case – Used by Sephardic Jews instead of a fabric mantle allowing the Torah to sit upright when not in use and without the use of a chair or holder as mentioned above. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg/220px-ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg/330px-ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg/440px-ShinMezuzahJosephSherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>ShinMezuzahJosephSherman</figcaption></figure><sup id="cite_ref-Sephardim_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sephardim-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chair or holder on which the Torah is placed when it is removed from the ark and not being read.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a> – Known in English as "phylacteries", are worn by men in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> movement during <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning prayer</a> and on weekdays. This includes a leather case, the biblical texts written on parchment that is inside, the leather straps used to fasten them to the head and arm during prayer (see image of soldier below), and any bag specifically made to hold them and used for that purpose on a regular basis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a> – A metal, ceramic, or glass casing in which the handwritten text on parchment or "<a href="/wiki/Klaf" title="Klaf">klaf</a>" in Hebrew, is held. This object is fastened to the doorpost of a house and, traditionally, to interior doorways as well and marks the home of a Jewish family.</li></ul> <p>Bibles, prayer books, volumes of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, law codes, and commentaries, in a variety of languages, are now also included in this list. In some communities, any document of any kind written in Hebrew letters is also included. This can sometimes also include anything written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> which uses the same alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tashmishey_Mitzvah">Tashmishey Mitzvah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tashmishey Mitzvah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tashminey Mitzvah is a category that includes most other ritual objects essential to Jewish life. Objects include: </p> <ul><li>Wine or <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">kiddush</a> cups used on Sabbath and holidays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder plate">Seder plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a> with knotted fringes, called <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a> or a palm branch in English, tied together with willow and myrtle and <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">etrog</a> (citron) to be used on the Jewish harvest holiday of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a> containers – That keep the etrog safe from the "pitam" or "pitom" breaking off making the fruit less valuable and possibly not kosher.</li> <li>Sabbath candlesticks – Used weekly during <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li>Spice box and candle holder used for the <a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a> service that marks the end of the Jewish Sabbath, called <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a> covers – Used to cover bread for Shabbat and the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> which tells the story of the exodus from Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a> – or wedding canopy in English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preventive_conservation">Preventive conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preventive conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once holy/sacred objects (tashmishey kedusha) leave the Jewish community and enter the care of a museum, it is common practice that this group of objects is divided into two sections. The first section contains the three written texts including the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a>, tefillin, and klaf for the mezuza. (These all are, or contain, biblical texts that were handwritten on parchment, in a particular script, according to rigid rules, by men who are specially trained as scribes (<a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofrim</a>)). The second section includes all other material, including printed or handwritten documents, Torah mantles, ark curtains, tefillin bags, Torah ornaments, and mezuza cases (see other section below). </p><p>In terms of preventive conservation and conservation itself, Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuza scrolls traditionally are left as they are. According to <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halacha</a>, once they are no longer in use, there is no reason for them to be kosher—in proper condition to be used—and therefore no reason why missing or abraded letters are restored or minor repairs made to the parchment unless the museum wishes to do as they see it necessary for the safety of the object. </p><p>The repair of other books and documents has often been done with the respect that would characterize any professional conservation treatment. In Judaism, the study of traditional texts is considered to be the equivalent of prayer. To restore any text, whether of aesthetic or historical value or not, to a state in which it can be studied is considered an act of merit whatever the religious or cultural affiliation of the person doing the work. This includes when it will just be on view in an exhibition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah,_Klaf"><span id="Torah.2C_Klaf"></span>Torah, Klaf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Torah, Klaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If, for the safety of a Torah scroll, it is determined that repairs must be done to the rollers on which the scroll is mounted, traditionally, these repairs are done by a scribe, who will then remounts the parchment onto the roller in the traditional manner. It has been proven that a Torah scroll that has a tear in the parchment does best when it is kept rolled to another part of the scroll. According to tradition, if two pages are separated the two parts of the scroll are most often wrapped and stored separately. If it is considered both possible (considering the condition of the parchment) and essential to rejoin the separated leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Torah scrolls, prayer books, or volumes of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> are in the possession of a Jewish institution, it is a common practice to only photograph (or making photocopies) of open scrolls or pages only for serious study or publication. Once the books and other documents are in an archive, or museum, the rules of the institution apply. These rules are usually based on condition and value, but restrictions on casual copying do exist in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tefillin_–_phylacteries"><span id="Tefillin_.E2.80.93_phylacteries"></span>Tefillin – phylacteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tefillin – phylacteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/220px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/330px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/440px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> field commander, <a href="/wiki/Asael_Lubotzky" title="Asael Lubotzky">Asael Lubotzky</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lebanon War">Second Lebanon War</a>, prays with tefillin.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is against halacha to open tefillin unless it is necessary. According to Jewish tradition, the removal and examination of the klaf within the tefillin only occurs when the tefillin are being repaired. The style of the writing can give clues to the registrar or conservator to the time and place in which they were written. Many institutions exhibit tefillin in damaged condition if there is a special reason such as its association with a famous person, or in an exhibit of Holocaust-related material.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Objects in this group are commonly treated by any qualified conservator who will treat Jewish ritual material as anthropological material rather than as art, keeping conservation treatment to a minimum, and avoiding extensive restoration. Any ethical treatment is seen as permitted. It is noted that Conservators in private practice, who may not have the option of minimal treatment, may take on greater responsibility as a result of the above. Original fabric or trimming removed from an ark curtain have traditionally given to the owner for proper disposal. If the owner is unwilling to do this is it common for the responsibility to fall on the conservator to make other arrangements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocaust_related_objects">Holocaust related objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holocaust related objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alterations of any kind to an object that survived the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, unless absolutely necessary to ensure its physical survival, are not made out of respect for the victims. Conservators and collections staff traditionally attempt to do the least amount of conservation on an object from the Holocaust as the damaged state is part of what is seen as telling of the history of the object. Any intervention can be seen as causing a loss of historic and perhaps even esthetic information, and the greater the intervention the greater the damage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Holocaust museums</a> and other museums carrying objects from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> including fragile items like prisoners' artwork and thousands of documents, shoes, and suitcases, teeth, hair, glasses, luggage, and more, preservation is viewed as an ethical and practical issue. Conservators and registrars alike wrestle with questions about the proper role of restoration. It has been noted that people coming to see these objects don't want to see a replica of how something might have once looked, but they are looking for what it looks like because of what it, and what its owner, went through.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concentration camps themselves are also considered artifacts to be to preserved as close to how they originally looked while still conserving them. This includes the barracks and other buildings that are exposed to natural conditions like atmosphere, rain, cold, etc. When <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> was liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet army</a> in January 1945, it covered 40 square kilometers, with three camps, sub camps, and an additional area that was supervised by SS administration. While some were hesitant to leave the camp as it was because of difficult memories, it was upon the request of former prisoners that the local government keep the former concentration camp intact as a memorial and the Polish government began initiatives to preserve the site, giving the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Heritage_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)">Ministry of Culture and Art</a> the authority to preserve parts of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, the conservation of audio or visual records (photographs, films, voice records) is different. The audio or visual recordings of past historical events that are caught as images or sound are not the original as there is no physical original. Because they are the only remaining representation of the events of the Holocaust, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Opernplatz" title="Opernplatz">Opernplatz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, this media is commonly conserved as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overarching_ethical_concerns">Overarching ethical concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overarching ethical concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of certain rules, restrictions, and traditions within the Jewish religion, certain ethical concerns are commonly top-of-mind when caring for sacred Judaica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohen_restriction">Kohen restriction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kohen restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many restrictions were designed to maintain what is referred to as ritual purity for Jews who are of the "Priest" holy order in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>. Today, most Jews will know if they come from that <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a> line, and one might be able to tell from the last name of Cohen, Kohn, Kahn, etc. Many of the laws and practices are still maintained in traditional Judaism. One law that might affect the conservation of objects is that Kohanim are <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Kohen_defilement_by_the_dead" title="Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead">forbidden to be in contact with dead bodies</a>, or be under the same roof as a corpse or any part of one, except in the case of the death of a close relative. This could prevent a conservator or registrar (doing preventive conservation) from caring for objects that are of the human remains nature, but only if it bothers the professional because of his or her background.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menstruation_and_women_touching_objects">Menstruation and women touching objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Menstruation and women touching objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">practice</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">ultra-orthodox</a> sects of Judaism that women who are menstruating do not touch any sacred texts for <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">purity reasons</a>. This is only a custom and is not written into Jewish law. Because of this, female conservators are able to work with the texts but remain cognizant of this custom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement_of_sacred_texts_and_objects_on_the_floor">Placement of sacred texts and objects on the floor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Placement of sacred texts and objects on the floor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials containing: (a) God's name, (b) Three consecutive words of a biblical verse, when written on one line with the intent to quote the verse, or (c) Other written or printed Torah ideas or laws are considered to be holy and, according to Jewish law, are not placed on the floor for any reason. Schoolwork, homework and test papers may be included in this category if they contain any of the above. All these materials are considered holy objects whether they are in Hebrew or another language, in <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a>, or on <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microfilm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chabad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chabad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stacking_of_sacred_texts">Stacking of sacred texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stacking of sacred texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, any materials with <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">God's name</a> are not, according to halacha, stacked one on top of the other in any type of museum storage. Many consider this to be disrespectful to the holy objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition_and_storage">Exhibition and storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exhibition and storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are few restrictions on the exhibition of Jewish ritual objects and generally none on the examination of this material for purposes of study by anyone of any religion or culture, it is important to mention the exceptions below. </p><p>It has been proven that Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuza scrolls do best if exhibited in an unrolled fashion unless they are deemed no longer fit for ritual use. These objects are generally stored covered with plain cloth or tissue paper in a dark drawer or cabinet and are separated from their holders if a conservator or registrar feels it is unwise to leave them in the same place. A reason for this is if the mantle is deemed unfit to stay on the Torah scroll. It is common practice for a Tefillin that needs to be separated from its bag to be kept in a plain cloth bag for storage. Small Torah scrolls are commonly stored lying down while large ones are kept upright on a rack specifically made to hold their weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mezuzah scrolls are traditionally kept in their cases or wrapped in tissue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling_and_long-term_care">Handling and long-term care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Handling and long-term care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, when taken out for any reason, such as to be examined by a researcher, tashmishey kedusha is treated with respect as any object that is still being used in rituals. The surface on which the objects are placed is covered with a clean cloth or appropriate <a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">non-acidic paper</a>, and the objects are covered when not being examined. Any scrolls being examined are re-rolled up when not in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proven that if the parchment is in good enough condition, it's best for the preservation of Torah scrolls and other rolled documents to be completely rolled front to back (or vice versa) and back to the center, once every year or two. This is most commonly done by two people who are experienced in this procedure and under the supervision of a conservator.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_restoration">Conservation and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Jewish institutions, if it is decided that an object has reached the point of needing conservation, a <a href="/wiki/Registrar_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar (museum)">museum registrar</a> will connect a conservator with an expert in the type of object or in the Judaica field. This pairing of Rabbi with a <a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">conservator</a>, a religious expert with conservator, or a professor with conservator, is known to creates a more trustworthy situation where the Museum does not have to worry that all Jewish rules are followed. If the conservator has any questions on process, or on what to do and not do, he or she can refer to the assigned expert. </p><p>Instead of contacting a conservator if there are issues with a Torah, specifically involving the writing on the parchment, a registrar or curator will traditionally connect with a <a href="/wiki/Sofer_Stam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofer Stam">Sofer Stam</a>, or a scribe in English. This expert is trained in transcribing the Torah, tefillin, and mezuzahs, and other religious writings. According to Jewish law, or halacha, they are the only people allowed to touch these texts. Scribes also assemble the Torah scrolls, sewing the sheets of parchment together and mounting them on the rollers, and make the cases for tefillin.<sup id="cite_ref-Strassfeld_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strassfeld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De-accessioning">De-accessioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: De-accessioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to the <a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a> process of museum objects that a conservator or other museum professional deems beyond repair, these said objects can be disposed of through destruction. They will be destroyed by the curator or his/her designee. When it comes to disposal of Judaica, there are different rules depending on whether the object is deemed still holy or longer holy and whether they are fit for ritual use, or not fit for ritual use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Kedushah)"><span id="Holy.2Fsacred_objects_.28Tashmishey_Kedushah.29"></span>Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Kedushah)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Kedushah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If collections professionals have artifacts that are holy Jewish objects containing the name of God (tashmishey kedusha) that have been determined to be beyond conservation and the museum no longer wants them in the collection and would otherwise dispose of them, this is, according to halacha, not allowed. Jewish law instructs how these types of objects are to be "put away" (O.H. 154.3; <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, II 10.3). </p><p>Traditionally, Ashkenazi Jews fulfill this requirement of "putting away" a holy object through burial,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either in a specific part of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemetery</a> or, in some places, next to or along with a <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">man of exceptional piety and learning</a>. </p><p>Many Sephardic/Mizrachi Jewish communities put these objects instead into a special room in the synagogue, called a <a href="/wiki/Geniza" class="mw-redirect" title="Geniza">geniza</a> (from the root meaning "conceal", "hide", or "preserve"). Because this group of objects includes books that are both handwritten and printed, documents, and traditional items, the storage rooms can get quite full.<sup id="cite_ref-Defining_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defining-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">most famous geniza</a> is in the Ezra Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. It held more than 200,000 pages, some dating to the founding of the synagogue in 882.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_Holy/sacred_objects_(Tashmishey_Mitzvah)"><span id="Non_Holy.2Fsacred_objects_.28Tashmishey_Mitzvah.29"></span>Non Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Mitzvah)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non Holy/sacred objects (Tashmishey Mitzvah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the most part, objects that fall under tashmishey mitzvah are discarded when they are no longer fit for ritual use. This is because they have no intrinsic quality of holiness. even though they have value when it comes to Western aesthetics of beauty. One exception to this law is the <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Arukh</a>, a medieval law code (first published 1565) and still considered authoritative by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">traditional Jews</a>, states that <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>, the strings that hang from a tallit, are just as holy as the tallit itself and is treated as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Special:EditPage/Conservation and restoration of Judaica">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreene1992" class="citation web cs1">Greene, Virginia (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic31-01-005.html">"Accessories of Holiness: Defining Jewish Sacred Objects"</a>. <i>cool.conservation-us.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(museum)">Deaccessioning (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory (museum)">Inventory (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctioneer">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">Folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive music">Primitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&oldid=1180376908">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica&oldid=1180376908</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" title="Category:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ceremonial_art" title="Category:Jewish ceremonial art">Jewish ceremonial art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ritual_objects" title="Category:Jewish ritual objects">Jewish ritual objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_art" title="Category:Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017">Articles needing additional references from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 October 2023, at 07:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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