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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Publication and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Winchester_Manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Winchester_Manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Winchester Manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Winchester_Manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Content overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Setting and themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumes_and_internal_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumes_and_internal_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Volumes and internal chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumes_and_internal_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synopsis and analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis_and_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis and analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_I_(Caxton_I–IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_I_(Caxton_I–IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Book I (Caxton I–IV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_I_(Caxton_I–IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_II_(Caxton_V)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_II_(Caxton_V)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Book II (Caxton V)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_II_(Caxton_V)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_III_(Caxton_VI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_III_(Caxton_VI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Book III (Caxton VI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_III_(Caxton_VI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_IV_(Caxton_VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_IV_(Caxton_VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Book IV (Caxton VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_IV_(Caxton_VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_V_(Caxton_VIII–XII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_V_(Caxton_VIII–XII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Book V (Caxton VIII–XII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_V_(Caxton_VIII–XII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VI_(Caxton_XIII–XVII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VI_(Caxton_XIII–XVII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Book VI (Caxton XIII–XVII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VI_(Caxton_XIII–XVII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VII_(Caxton_XVIII–XIX)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VII_(Caxton_XVIII–XIX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Book VII (Caxton XVIII–XIX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VII_(Caxton_XVIII–XIX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VIII_(Caxton_XX–XXI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VIII_(Caxton_XX–XXI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Book VIII (Caxton XX–XXI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VIII_(Caxton_XX–XXI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_versions_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_versions_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern versions and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_versions_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_work_itself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_work_itself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The work itself</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_work_itself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions_based_on_the_Winchester_manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_based_on_the_Winchester_manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Editions based on the Winchester manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_based_on_the_Winchester_manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_based_on_Caxton's_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_based_on_Caxton's_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Editions based on Caxton's edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_based_on_Caxton's_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A)" title="موت آرثر (عمل أدبي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موت آرثر (عمل أدبي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Смъртта на Артур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смъртта на Артур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_mort_d%27Art%C3%BAs" title="La mort d'Artús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La mort d'Artús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artu%C5%A1ova_smrt" title="Artušova smrt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Artušova smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_Darthur" title="Le Morte Darthur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Le Morte Darthur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ο θάνατος του Αρθούρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο θάνατος του Αρθούρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_muerte_de_Arturo" title="La muerte de Arturo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La muerte de Arturo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%99%95%EC%9D%98_%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C" title="아서 왕의 죽음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아서 왕의 죽음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A8" title="Արթուրի մահը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արթուրի մահը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_morte_di_Art%C3%B9" title="La morte di Artù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La morte di Artù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מות ארתור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מות ארתור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%BB" title="アーサー王の死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーサー王の死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%E2%80%99Arthur" title="Le Morte d’Arthur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Le Morte d’Arthur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amier%C4%87_Artura" title="Śmierć Artura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śmierć Artura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Смерть Артура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смерть Артура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%E2%80%99Arthur" title="Le Morte d’Arthur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Le Morte d’Arthur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Смрт Артурова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смрт Артурова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_Darthur" title="Le Morte Darthur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Le Morte Darthur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%E2%80%99Arthur" title="Le Morte d’Arthur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Le Morte d’Arthur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_D%27Arthur" title="Morte D'Arthur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morte D'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Le Morte d'Arthur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Смерть Артура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смерть Артура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB" title="亞瑟之死 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/La_mort_de_l%27auteur" class="mw-redirect" title="La mort de l'auteur">La mort de l'auteur</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1485 reworking of existing tales about King Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Le+Morte+d%27Arthur%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BThomas+Malory%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BWilliam+Caxton%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BKingdom+of+England%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth,_Life,_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png/220px-The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png/330px-The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png/440px-The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="970" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The two volumes of an illustrated edition of <i>Le Morte D'Arthur</i> published by <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> in 1893, with vellucent binding by Cedric Chivers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="English-language text"><i lang="en">Le morte Darthur</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">sword and sorcery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1485</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PR2043 .B16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" class="extiw" title="s:Le Morte d'Arthur"><i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i></a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b><span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">Le Morte d'Arthur</i></span></b></i> (originally written as <i><b><span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">le morte Darthur</i></span></b></i>; <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman French">Anglo-Norman French</a> for "The Death of Arthur")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> prose reworking by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a> of tales about the legendary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a>, along with their respective folklore. In order to tell a "complete" story of Arthur from his conception to his death, Malory compiled, rearranged, interpreted and modified material from various French and English sources. Today, this is one of the best-known works of <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian literature">Arthurian literature</a>. Many authors since the 19th-century revival of the legend have used Malory as their principal source. </p><p>Apparently written in prison at the end of the <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">medieval English era</a>, <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> was completed by Malory around 1470 and was first published in a printed edition in 1485 by <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>. Until the discovery of the <a href="#The_Winchester_Manuscript">Winchester Manuscript</a> in 1934, the 1485 edition was considered the earliest known text of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> and that closest to Malory's original version.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_vii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_vii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern editions under myriad titles are inevitably variable, changing spelling, grammar and pronouns for the convenience of readers of modern English, as well as often abridging or revising the material. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a></div> <p>The exact identity of the author of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> has long been the subject of speculation, as at least six historical figures bore the name of "Sir Thomas Malory" (in various spellings) during the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the work, the author describes himself as "Knyght presoner Thomas Malleorre" ("Sir Thomas Maleore" according to the publisher <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>). Historically, this has been taken as supporting evidence for the identification most widely accepted by scholars: that the author was Thomas Malory of <a href="/wiki/Newbold_Revel" title="Newbold Revel">Newbold Revel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son of Sir John Malory. </p><p>According to the timeline proposed by P.J.C. Field, Sir Thomas of Newbold Revel inherited the family estate in 1434, but by 1450 he was fully engaged in a life of crime. As early as 1433, he had been accused of theft, but the more serious allegations against him included that of the attempted murder of <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>, an accusation of at least two rapes, and that he had attacked and robbed <a href="/wiki/Coombe_Abbey" title="Coombe Abbey">Coombe Abbey</a>. Malory was first arrested and imprisoned in 1451 for the ambush of Buckingham, but was released early in 1452. By March, he was back in the <a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea</a> prison and then in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, escaping on multiple occasions. In 1461, he was granted a pardon by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, returning to live at his estate. After 1461, however, few records survive which scholars agree refer to Malory of Newbold Revel. In 1468–1470, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> issued four more general pardons which specifically excluded a Thomas Malory. The first of these named Malory a knight and applied to participants in a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> in the North of England by members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> faction. Field interprets these pardon-exclusions to refer to Malory of Newbold Revel, suggesting that Malory changed his allegiance from <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a> to Lancaster, and that he was involved in a conspiracy with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a> to overthrow King Edward. William Matthews, having given evidence of this candidate's advanced age at the time of the Northumberland campaign and living much further to the South, interprets this record as referring to his own proposed candidate for authorship. Field proposed that it was during a final stint at <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> in London that he wrote <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Malory was released in October 1470 when Henry VI returned to the throne, dying only five months later.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Warwickshire knight was widely accepted as the author of the <i>Morte</i> until the publication of Matthews' research in 1966. </p><p>This identification was widely accepted through most of the 20th century based on the assumption that this candidate was born around 1416. The 1416 date was proposed by Field, contradicting the original record of this knight's military service record by Dugdale.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Matthews published original research demonstrating that Malory of Newbold Revel had in fact been an officer under King <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> in the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Agincourt</a> campaign by 1414 or 1415; confirming Dugdale's original record and placing this knight's birth around 1393. Some late 20th-century researchers cast a doubt that this would make the Newbold Revel knight far too old to have written <i>Le Morte</i>: in prison in his mid-70s to early 80s, when, in Matthews' words, "the medieval view was that by sixty a man was bean fodder and forage, ready for nothing but death's pit."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because no other contemporary Thomas Malory had been shown to have been knighted, the question remained unresolved. </p><p>The second candidate to receive scholarly support as the possible author of <i>Le Morte Darthur</i> is Thomas Mallory of <a href="/wiki/Papworth_St_Agnes" title="Papworth St Agnes">Papworth St Agnes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>, whose will, written in Latin and dated 16 September 1469, was described in an article by T. A. Martin in the <i><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeum (British magazine)">Athenaeum</a></i> magazine in September 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Mallory was born in Shropshire in 1425, the son of Sir William Mallory, although there is no indication in the will that he was himself a knight; he died within six weeks of the will being made. It has been suggested that the fact that he appears to have been brought up in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> may account for the traces of Lincolnshire dialect in <i>Le Morte Darthur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, this candidate has not commanded the attention of scholars as the Newbold-Revel knight has. </p><p>The most recent contender for authorship emerged in the mid-20th century: Thomas Malory of <a href="/wiki/Hutton_Conyers" title="Hutton Conyers">Hutton Conyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. This claim was put forward in 1966 in <i>The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory</i> by William Matthews.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthews' primary arguments in favor of the Yorkshire Malory were the northerly dialect of the <i>Morte</i>; the likelihood that this is the Malory who was excluded from the pardon by Edward IV in 1468; and the fact that the Newbold Revel knight was far too old to be writing the <i>Morte</i> in the late 1460s. Matthews' interpretation was not widely accepted, primarily because he could not find evidence that the Yorkshireman was a knight. Cecelia Lampp Linton, however, has provided extensive detail about the Malorys of Yorkshire and offered evidence that Thomas of Yorkshire was a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Hospitaller">Knight Hospitaller</a>, a militant of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also examined the provenance of some of the known sources of the <i>Morte</i> and has demonstrated that this Malory would have had ready access to these documents. Accepting Linton's evidence would remove the primary objection to his authorship, making the contradictions presented by the Newbold Revel knight irrelevant. The <i>Morte</i> itself seems to be much more the work of a knight of the church than a secular repeat offender, as evidenced by Malory's own conclusion (rendered in Modern English): "... pray for me while I am in life that God send me good deliverance, and when I am dead I pray you all pray for my soul; for this book was ended the ninth year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth by Sir Thomas Maleore, knight, as Jesus help him by his great might, as he is the servant of Jesus both day and night."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG/290px-Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG/435px-Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG/580px-Siedl%C4%99cin_Wie%C5%BCa_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ca_Gotyckie_malowid%C5%82a_%C5%9Bcienne_Lancelot_walcz%C4%85cy_z_Tarquynem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century Polish fresco at <a href="/wiki/Siedl%C4%99cin_Tower" title="Siedlęcin Tower">Siedlęcin Tower</a> depicting Lancelot fighting the evil knight Turquine in a scene from the French <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Elizabeth Bryan wrote of Malory's contribution to Arthurian legend in her introduction to a modern edition of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>, "Malory did not invent the stories in this collection; he translated and compiled them. Malory in fact translated Arthurian stories that already existed in 13th-century French prose (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Cycle">Vulgate romances</a>) and compiled them together with <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> sources (the <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Morte_Arthure" title="Alliterative Morte Arthure">Alliterative <i>Morte Arthure</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stanzaic_Morte_Arthur" title="Stanzaic Morte Arthur">Stanzaic <i>Morte Arthur</i></a>) to create this text."<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_viii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_viii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within his narration, Malory refers to drawing it from a singular "Freynshe booke", in addition to also unspecified "other bookis".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the vast Vulgate Cycle in its different variants, as well as the English poems <i>Morte Arthur</i> and <i>Morte Arthure</i>, Malory's other original source texts were identified as several French standalone <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Érec et Énide</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%A2tre_p%C3%A9rilleux" title="L'âtre périlleux">L'âtre périlleux</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perlesvaus" title="Perlesvaus">Perlesvaus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Yvain,_the_Knight_of_the_Lion" title="Yvain, the Knight of the Lion">Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion</a></i> (or its English version, <i><a href="/wiki/Ywain_and_Gawain" title="Ywain and Gawain">Ywain and Gawain</a></i>), as well as <a href="/wiki/John_Hardyng" title="John Hardyng">John Hardyng</a>'s English <i>Chronicle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_Sir_Gawain_and_Dame_Ragnelle" title="The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle">The Weddynge of Syr Gawen</a></i> is uncertainly regarded as either just another of these or possibly actually Malory's own work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His assorted other sources might have included a 5th-century Roman military manual, <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication_and_impact">Publication and impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publication and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> was completed in 1469 or 1470 ("the ninth year of the reign of King Edward IV"), according to a note at the end of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Lum878_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lum878-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Malory's original title intended was to be <i>The hoole booke of kyng Arthur & of his noble knyghtes of the rounde table</i>, and only its final section to be named <i>Le Morte Darthur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the work, Caxton added: "Thus endeth this noble & joyous book entytled le morte Darthur, Notwythstondyng it treateth of the byrth, lyf, and actes of the sayd kynge Arthur; of his noble knyghtes of the rounde table, theyr meruayllous enquestes and aduentures, thachyeuyng of the sangreal, & in thende the dolorous deth & departynge out of this worlde of them al." Caxton separated Malory's eight books into 21 books, subdivided the books into a total of 506<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chapters, and added a summary of each chapter as well as a <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> to the entire book.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_ix_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_ix-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his preface, Caxton also discussed the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">historicity of King Arthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first printing of Malory's work was made by Caxton in 1485, becoming one of the first books to be ever printed in England.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two copies of this original printing are known to exist, in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> in New York and the <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a> in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proved popular and was reprinted in an illustrated form with some additions and changes in 1498 (<i>The Boke of Kyng Arthur Somtyme Kynge of Englande and His Noble Actes and Feates of Armes of Chyvalrye</i>) and 1529 (<i>The Boke of the Moost Noble and Worthy Prince Kyng Arthur Somtyme Kyng of Grete Brytayne Now Called Englande</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Wynkyn_de_Worde" title="Wynkyn de Worde">Wynkyn de Worde</a> who succeeded to Caxton's press. Three more editions were published before the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>: William Copland's <i>The Story of the Most Noble and Worthy Kynge Arthur</i> (1557), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_East" title="Thomas East">Thomas East</a>'s <i>The Story of Kynge Arthur, and also of his Knyghtes of the Rounde Table</i> (1585), and <a href="/wiki/William_Stansby" title="William Stansby">William Stansby</a>'s <i>The Most Ancient and Famous History of the Renowned Prince Arthur King of Britaine</i> (1634), each of which contained additional changes and errors. Stansby's edition, based on East's, was also deliberately censored.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the book went out of fashion until the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticist</a> revival of interest in all things medieval. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> summarizes the importance of Malory's work thus: "It was probably always a popular work: it was first printed by William Caxton (...) and has been read by generations of readers ever since. In a literary sense, Malory's text is the most important of all the treatments of Arthurian legend in English language, influencing writers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-bl_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Winchester_Manuscript">The Winchester Manuscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Winchester Manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg/220px-Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg/330px-Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg/440px-Morte-Darthur-add_ms_59678_f012v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Winchester Manuscript of the <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1471–1481</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An assistant headmaster at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Fraser_Oakeshott" title="Walter Fraser Oakeshott">Walter Fraser Oakeshott</a> discovered a previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> copy of the work in June 1934, during the cataloguing of the college's library. Newspaper accounts announced that what Caxton had published in 1485 was not exactly what Malory had written.<sup id="cite_ref-manuscript_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuscript-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oakeshott published "The Finding of the Manuscript" in 1963, chronicling the initial event and his realization that "this indeed was Malory," with "startling evidence of revision" in the Caxton edition.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This manuscript is now in the British Library's collection.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malory scholar <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Vinaver" title="Eugène Vinaver">Eugène Vinaver</a> examined the manuscript shortly after its discovery. Oakeshott was encouraged to produce an edition himself, but he ceded the project to Vinaver.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his initial study of the manuscript, Oakeshott concluded in 1935 that the copy from which Caxton printed his edition "was already subdivided into books and sections."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinaver made an exhaustive comparison of the manuscript with Caxton's edition and reached similar conclusions. Microscopic examination revealed that ink smudges on the Winchester manuscript are offsets of newly printed pages set in Caxton's own font, which indicates that the Winchester Manuscript was in Caxton's print shop. The manuscript is believed to be closer on the whole to Malory's original and does not have the book and chapter divisions for which Caxton takes credit in his preface. It has been digitised by a Japanese team, who note that "the text is imperfect, as the manuscript lacks the first and last quires and few leaves. The most striking feature of the manuscript is the <a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">extensive use of red ink</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1947 publication of <i>The Works of Sir Thomas Malory</i>, Vinaver argued that Malory wrote not a single book, but rather a series of Arthurian tales, each of which is an internally consistent and independent work. However, William Matthews pointed out that Malory's later tales make frequent references to the earlier events, suggesting that he had wanted the tales to cohere better but had not sufficiently revised the whole text to achieve this.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by much debate in the late 20th-century academia over which version is superior, Caxton's print or Malory's original vision.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caxton's edition differs from the Winchester manuscript in many places. As well as numerous small differences on every page, there is also a major difference both in style and content in Malory's Book II (Caxton's Book V), describing the war with the Emperor Lucius, where Caxton's version is much shorter. In addition, the Winchester manuscript has none of the customary marks indicating to the compositor where chapter headings and so on were to be added. It has therefore been argued that the Winchester manuscript was not the copy from which Caxton prepared his edition; rather it seems that Caxton either wrote out a different version himself for the use of his compositor, or used another version prepared by Malory.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Winchester manuscript does not appear to have been copied out by Malory himself; rather, it seems to have been a presentation copy made by two scribes who, judging from certain dialect forms which they introduced into the text, appear to have come from <a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a>. Apart from these forms, both the Winchester manuscript and the Caxton edition show some more northerly dialect forms which, in the judgement of the Middle English dialect expert <a href="/wiki/Angus_McIntosh_(linguist)" title="Angus McIntosh (linguist)">Angus McIntosh</a> are closest to the dialect of Lincolnshire. McIntosh argues, however, that this does not necessarily rule out the Warwickshire Malory as the possible author; he points out that it could be that the Warwickshire Malory consciously imitated the style and vocabulary of romance literature typical of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_overview">Content overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_and_themes">Setting and themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Setting and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg/220px-Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg/330px-Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg/440px-Winchester_Round_Table_2014-09-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7356" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century "<a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Castle" title="Winchester Castle">Winchester Castle</a>, Malory's <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the events take place in a <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> version of Britain and France at an unspecified time (on occasion, the plot ventures farther afield, to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarras" title="Sarras">Sarras</a>, and recalls <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> tales from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>). Arthurian myth is set during the 5th to 6th centuries; however, Malory's telling contains many anachronisms and makes no effort at historical accuracy – even more so than his sources. Earlier romance authors have already depicted the "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>" times of Arthur as a familiar, <a href="/wiki/High_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="High Medieval">High</a>-to-<a href="/wiki/Late_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Medieval">Late Medieval</a> style world of armored knights and grand castles taking place of the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Post-Roman</a> warriors and forts. Malory further modernized the legend by conflating the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Britain">Celtic Britain</a> with his own contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (for example explicitly identifying <a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a> as <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a> as <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Castle" title="Winchester Castle">Winchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Astolat</a> as <a href="/wiki/Guildford_Castle" title="Guildford Castle">Guildford</a>) and, completely ahistorically, replacing the legend's <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> invaders with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> in the role of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s foreign pagan enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malory hearkens back to an age of knighthood, with <a href="/wiki/Chivalric" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric">chivalric</a> codes of honour and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> tournaments, and as noted by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Scott-Kilvert" title="Ian Scott-Kilvert">Ian Scott-Kilvert</a>, characters which "consist almost entirely of fighting men, their wives or mistresses, with an occasional clerk or an enchanter, a <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> or a fiend, a giant or a dwarf," and "time does not work on the heroes of Malory."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Moorman_III" title="Charles W. Moorman III">Charles W. Moorman III</a>, Malory intended "to set down in English a unified Arthuriad which should have as its great theme the birth, the flowering, and the decline of an almost perfect earthy civilization." Moorman identified three main motifs going through the work: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lancelot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Lancelot">Sir Lancelot</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Guinevere" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Guinevere">Queen Guinevere</a>'s affair; the long blood feud between the families of <a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Pellinore" title="King Pellinore">King Pellinore</a>; and the mystical <a href="/wiki/Grail_Quest" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail Quest">Grail Quest</a>. Each of these plots would define one of the causes of the downfall of Arthur's kingdom, namely "the failures in love, in loyalty, in religion."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beverly Kennedy opined that the central theme of the work is that of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, from the begetting of Arthur to the cause of his fall.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Malory scholarship is concerned specifically with the issues relating to the subject of Lancelot and Guinevere's adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumes_and_internal_chronology">Volumes and internal chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volumes and internal chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/220px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/330px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/440px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The holy island of <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> where Arthur slays an evil giant in one of the only few supernatural elements of the Roman War story.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to Caxton's reorganization, Malory's work originally consisted of eight volumes (one of them was also divided into two parts). The following list uses Winchester Manuscript (Malory's "Syr" is usually rendered "Sir" today) as well as William Caxton's print edition and modern titles by Arthurian scholars Eugène Vinaver and P. J. C. Field: </p> <ol><li>The birth and rise of Arthur: <i><b>Fro the Maryage of Kynge Uther unto Kyng Arthure that Regned Aftir Hym and Ded Many Batayles</b></i> (Caxton's Books I–IV, Vinaver's <i>The Tale of King Arthur</i>, Field's <i>King Uther and King Arthur</i>)</li> <li>Arthur's war against the resurgent <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Romans</a>: <i><b>The Noble Tale betwyxt Kynge Arthure and Lucius the Emperour of Rome</b></i>, alternatively <i><b>The Tale of the Noble Kynge Arthure That Was Emperoure Hymself thorow Dygnyté of His Hondys</b></i> (Caxton's Book V, Vinaver's <i>The Tale of the Noble King Arthur That Was Emperor Himself through Dignity of His Hands</i>, Field's <i>King Arthur and the Emperor Lucius</i>)</li> <li>The early adventures of Lancelot: <i><b>The Noble Tale of Syr Launcelot du Lake</b></i> (Caxton's Book VI, Field's <i>Sir Launcelot du Lake</i>)</li> <li>The story of <a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a>: <i><b>The Tale of Syr Gareth of Orkeney That Was Called Beaumayns by Syr Kay</b></i> (Caxton's Book VII, Vinaver's <i>The Tale of Sir Gareth of Orkney That Was Called Bewmaynes</i>, Field's <i>Sir Gareth of Orkney</i>)</li> <li>The legend of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a>: <i><b>The Fyrste Boke of Syr Trystram de Lyones</b></i> and <i><b>The Secunde Boke of Syr Trystram de Lyones</b></i> (Caxton's Books VIII–XII, Vinaver's <i>The Book of Sir Tristram de Lyones</i>, Field's <i>Sir Tristram de Lyones: The First Book</i> and <i>Sir Tristram de Lyones: The Second Book</i>)</li> <li>The quest for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Grail</a>: <i><b>The Tale of the Sankgreal</b></i> (Caxton's Books XIII–XVII, Field's <i>The Sankgreal</i>)</li> <li>The forbidden love between Lancelot and Guinevere: <i><b>Syr Launcelot and Quene Gwenyvere</b></i> (Caxton's Books XVIII–XIX, Vinaver's <i>The Book of Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere</i>, Field's <i>Sir Launcelot and Queen Guenivere</i>)</li> <li>The breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">the last battle</a> of Arthur: <i><b>The Moste Pyteuous Tale of Le Morte d'Arthur Saunz Gwerdon</b></i> [meaning <i>Without Reward</i>, usually corrected to <i>saunz Guerdon</i>] (Caxton's Books XX–XXI, Vinaver's <i>The Death of King Arthur or The Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthur saunz Guerdon</i>; also known as <i>The Death of Arthur</i> in modern scholarship)</li></ol> <p>Moorman attempted to put the books of the Winchester Manuscript in chronological order. In his analysis, Malory's intended chronology can be divided into three parts: Book I followed by a 20-year interval that includes some events of Book V (Lancelot and Elaine – from the meeting of the two to the madness of Lancelot); the 15-year-long period of Book V, also spanning Books IV (takes place after the adventure of the Cote de Mal Tale), II (takes place between King Mark and Alexander the Orphan), and III (takes place between Alexander the Orphan and the Tournament of Surluse); Lancelot meets Bliant after the Tournament of Lonezep towards the end of Lancelot and Elaine section; the section of Sir Palomides takes place after Lancelot returns to Arthur's court; and finally Books VI, VII, and VIII in a straightforward sequence beginning with the closing part of Book V (the conclusion section).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other English prose in the 15th century, <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> was highly influenced by French writings, but Malory blends these with other English verse and prose forms. The northeastern Warwickshire dialect late Middle English of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is much closer to <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> than the Middle English of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i> (the publication of Chaucer's work by Caxton was a precursor to Caxton's publication of Malory); if the spelling is modernised, it reads almost like <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> English. Where the <i>Canterbury Tales</i> are in Middle English, Malory extends "one hand to Chaucer, and one to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Spenser</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by constructing a manuscript that is hard to place in one category. His writing can be divisive today, often regarded by critics (including prominent scholars such as Vinaver, <a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">George Saintsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lumiansky" title="Robert Lumiansky">Robert Lumiansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.S_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S Lewis">C.S Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E._K._Chambers" title="E. K. Chambers">E. K. Chambers</a>) as simplistic and unsophisticated from an artistic viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, there are also opposite opinions, even regarding it a "supreme aesthetic accomplishment" (<a href="/wiki/William_Calin" title="William Calin">William Calin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a modern audience, his prose may feel better when modernised (and perhaps especially when also dramatically performed aloud) than as it reads in its original form.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other aspects of Malory's writing style include his abrupt abridging of much of the source material, especially in the early parts concerning Arthur's backstory and his rise to power (preferring the later adventures of the knights), apparently acting on an authorial assumption that the reader knows the story already and resulting in the problem of omitting important things "thereby often rendering his text obscure", and how he would sometimes turn descriptions of characters into proper names.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there is so much lengthy ground to cover, Malory uses "so—and—then", often to transition his retelling of the stories that become episodes instead of instances that can stand on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis_and_analysis">Synopsis and analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synopsis and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_I_(Caxton_I–IV)"><span id="Book_I_.28Caxton_I.E2.80.93IV.29"></span>Book I (Caxton I–IV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Book I (Caxton I–IV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg/220px-The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg/330px-The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg/440px-The_Lady_of_the_Lake_telleth_Arthur_of_the_sword_Excalibur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>"How Arthur by the means of Merlin got the Excalibur, his sword by the Lady of the Lake", illustration for <i>Le Morte Darthur</i>, J. M. Dent & Co., London (1893–1894), by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Arthur is born to the <a href="/wiki/High_King" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High King</a> of Britain (Malory's "England") <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a> and his new wife <a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a>, and then taken by the wizard <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> to be secretly fostered by Arthur's uncle <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ector" title="Sir Ector">Ector</a> in the country in turmoil after the death of Uther. Years later, the now teenage Arthur suddenly becomes the ruler of the leaderless Britain when he removes the fated <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">sword from the stone</a> in the contest set up by Merlin, which proves his birthright that he himself had not been aware of. The newly crowned King Arthur and his followers including <a href="/wiki/King_Ban" title="King Ban">King Ban</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Bors" class="mw-redirect" title="King Bors">King Bors</a> go on to fight against rivals and rebels, ultimately winning the war in the great <a href="/wiki/Bedegraine" title="Bedegraine">Battle of Bedegraine</a>. Arthur prevails due to his military prowess and the prophetic and magical counsel of Merlin (later eliminated and replaced by the sorceress <a href="/wiki/Nimue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimue">Nimue</a>), further helped by the sword <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> that Arthur received from a <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a>. With the help of reconciled rebels, Arthur also crushes a foreign invasion in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Clarence</a>. With his throne secure, Arthur marries the also young Princess <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> and inherits the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a> from her father, King <a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a>. He then gathers his chief knights, including some of his former enemies who now joined him, at his capital <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a> and establishes the Round Table fellowship as all swear to the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Oath" title="Pentecostal Oath">Pentecostal Oath</a> (Malory's invention<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as a guide for knightly conduct. </p><p>It also includes the tale of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Balyn and Balan</a> (a lengthy section which Malory called a "booke" in itself), as well as some other episodes, such as <a href="/wiki/King_Pellinore" title="King Pellinore">King Pellinore</a>'s hunt for the <a href="/wiki/Questing_Beast" title="Questing Beast">Questing Beast</a> and the treason of Arthur's sorceress half-sister Queen <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a> in the plot involving her lover <a href="/wiki/Accolon" title="Accolon">Accolon</a>. Furthermore, it tells of begetting of Arthur's incestuous son <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a> by one of his other royal half-sisters, <a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a> (though Arthur did not know her as his sister). On Merlin's advice, Arthur then takes away every newborn boy in his kingdom and all of them but Mordred (who miraculously survives and eventually indeed will kill his father in the end) perish at sea; this is mentioned matter-of-factly, with no apparent moral overtone. </p><p>The narrative of the first book is mainly based on the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(Robert_de_Boron_poem)" title="Merlin (Robert de Boron poem)">Prose <i>Merlin</i></a> in its version from the <a href="/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cycle" title="Post-Vulgate Cycle">Post-Vulgate <i>Suite du Merlin</i></a> (possibly the manuscript Cambridge University Library, Additional 7071<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malory addresses his contemporary preoccupations with <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> and societal unrest, which will appear throughout the rest of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His concern reflects the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">15th-century England</a>, where many were claiming their rights to power through violence and bloodshed. According to <a href="/wiki/Helen_Cooper_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Cooper (professor)">Helen Cooper</a> in <i>Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte D'arthur – The Winchester Manuscript</i>, the prose style, which mimics historical documents of the time, lends an air of authority to the whole work. This allowed contemporaries to read the book as a history rather than as a work of fiction, therefore making it a model of order for Malory's violent and chaotic times during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, arguably resembling his contemporary <i>John Vale's Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_II_(Caxton_V)"><span id="Book_II_.28Caxton_V.29"></span>Book II (Caxton V)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Book II (Caxton V)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opening of the second volume finds Arthur and his kingdom without an enemy. His throne is secure, and his knights including <a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Tor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tor">Tor</a> as well as Arthur's own nephews <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a> (sons of Morgause and Morgan, respectively) have proven themselves in various battles and fantastic <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quests</a> as told in the first volume. Seeking more glory, Arthur and his knights then go to the war against (fictitious) <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Emperor Lucius</a> who has just demanded Britain to resume paying <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>. Departing from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s literary tradition in which Mordred is left in charge (as this happens there near the end of the story), Malory's Arthur leaves his court in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III of Britain">Constantine of Cornwall</a> and sails to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> to meet his cousin <a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a>. After that, the story details Arthur's march on Rome through Almaine (Germany) and Italy. Following a series of battles resulting in the great victory over Lucius and his allies, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>'s surrender, Arthur is crowned a Western Emperor but instead arranges a proxy government and returns to Britain. </p><p>This book is based mostly on the first half of the Middle English heroic poem <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Morte_Arthure" title="Alliterative Morte Arthure">Alliterative <i>Morte Arthure</i></a> (itself heavily based on Geoffrey's pseudo-chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>). Caxton's print version is abridged by more than half compared to Malory's manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinaver theorized that Malory originally wrote this part first as a standalone work, while without knowledge of French romances.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, there is a time lapse that includes Arthur's war against King <a href="/wiki/Claudas" title="Claudas">Claudas</a> in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_III_(Caxton_VI)"><span id="Book_III_.28Caxton_VI.29"></span>Book III (Caxton VI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Book III (Caxton VI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg/220px-316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg/330px-316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg/440px-316_The_Romance_of_King_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>"How Sir Launcelot slew the knight Sir Peris de Forest Savage that did distress ladies, damosels, and gentlewomen." <i>The Romance of King Arthur</i> (1917), abridged from Malory's <i>Morte d'Arthur</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Pollard" title="Alfred W. Pollard">Alfred W. Pollard</a> and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Going back to a time before Book II, Malory establishes <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a>, a young French orphan prince, as King Arthur's most revered knight through numerous episodic adventures, some of which he presented in comedic manner.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancelot always adheres to the Pentecostal Oath, assisting ladies in distress and giving mercy for honourable enemies he has defeated in combat. However, the world Lancelot lives in is too complicated for simple mandates and, although Lancelot aspires to live by an ethical code, the actions of others make it difficult. </p><p>Lancelot's character had previously appeared in the chronologically later Book II, fighting for Arthur against the Romans. In Book III, based on parts of the French <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Prose <i>Lancelot</i></a> (mostly its 'Agravain' section, along with the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_perilous" title="Chapel perilous">chapel perilous</a> episode taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Perlesvaus" title="Perlesvaus">Perlesvaus</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his character is widely regarded as of central importance to the entire work, representing "the very paradigm of Malorian knighthood".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malory attempts to turn the focus of <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> from adultery to service by having Lancelot dedicate doing everything he does for Queen Guinevere, the wife of his lord and friend Arthur, but avoid (for a time being) to committing to an adulterous relationship with her. Nevertheless, it is still her love that is the ultimate source of Lancelot's supreme knightly qualities, something that Malory himself did not appear to be fully comfortable with as it seems to have clashed with his personal ideal of knighthood.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a catalyst of the fall of Camelot, as it was in the French romantic prose cycle tradition, the moral handling of the adultery between Lancelot and Guinevere in <i>Le Morte</i> implies their relationship is true and pure, as Malory focused on the ennobling aspects of courtly love. Other issues are demonstrated when Morgan enchants Lancelot, which reflects a feminization of magic, and in how the prominence of jousting tournament fighting in this tale indicates a shift away from battlefield warfare towards a more mediated and virtuous form of violence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_IV_(Caxton_VII)"><span id="Book_IV_.28Caxton_VII.29"></span>Book IV (Caxton VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Book IV (Caxton VII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg/220px-Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg/330px-Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg/440px-Beaumains_by_Lancelot_Speed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>"'Lady,' replied Sir Beaumains, 'a knight is little worth who may not bear with a damsel.'" <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Speed" title="Lancelot Speed">Lancelot Speed</a>'s illustration for <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Knowles_(1831%E2%80%931908)" title="James Thomas Knowles (1831–1908)">James Thomas Knowles</a>' <i>The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights</i> (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>The fourth volume primarily deals with the adventures of the young Gareth ("Beaumains") in his long quest for the sibling ladies <a href="/wiki/Lynette_and_Lyonesse" title="Lynette and Lyonesse">Lynette and Lioness</a>. The youngest of Arthur's nephews by Morgause and <a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a>, Gareth hides his identity as a nameless squire at Camelot as to achieve his knighthood in the most honest and honourable way.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this particular story is not directly based on any existing text unlike most of the content of previous volumes, it resembles various Arthurian romances of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Unknown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Unknown">Fair Unknown</a> type.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_V_(Caxton_VIII–XII)"><span id="Book_V_.28Caxton_VIII.E2.80.93XII.29"></span>Book V (Caxton VIII–XII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Book V (Caxton VIII–XII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A long collection of the tales about <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a> as well as a variety of other knights such as <a href="/wiki/Dinadan" title="Dinadan">Dinadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamorak" title="Lamorak">Lamorak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes</a>, Alexander the Orphan (Tristan's young relative abducted by Morgan), and "<a href="/wiki/La_Cote_Male_Taile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cote Male Taile">La Cote de Male Tayle</a>". After telling of Tristan's birth and childhood, its primary focus is on the doomed adulterous relationship between Tristan and the <a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Belle Isolde</a>, wife of his villainous uncle <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">King Mark</a>. It also includes the retrospective story of how <a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a> was fathered by Lancelot to Princess <a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine of Corbenic</a>, followed by Lancelot's years of madness. </p><p>Malory's treatment of the legend of the young Cornish prince Tristan is the centerpiece of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> as well as the longest of his eight books. It constitutes around a third of the entire work and was itself formally divided by the author into two "bookes". It is based mainly on the French vast <a href="/wiki/Prose_Tristan" title="Prose Tristan">Prose <i>Tristan</i></a> (highly abridged by 5/6<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), combining its Version II for Malory's first part and its Version IV for his second part,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps on its lost English adaptation (and possibly also the Middle English verse romance <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Tristrem" title="Sir Tristrem">Sir Tristrem</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The variety of episodes, and the alleged lack of structural coherence in the Tristan narrative,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised questions about its role in Malory's text. Vinaver condemned it as "long and monotonous" and suggested it to be left for the last, his view shared by much of classic scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, conversely, have since praised or at very least partially approved of the book, arguably an essential reading due to how Malory foreshadows and prepares for the rest of his work by developing or forecasting a variety of characters, themes, and tales found in the later books.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be seen as an exploration of secular <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and a discussion of earthly "worship" (in the meaning of glory and reputation) when it is founded in a sense of shame and honor.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If <i>Le Morte</i> is viewed as a text in which Malory is attempting to define the concept of knighthood, then the tale of Tristan becomes its critique, rather than Malory attempting to create an ideal knight as he does in some of the other books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VI_(Caxton_XIII–XVII)"><span id="Book_VI_.28Caxton_XIII.E2.80.93XVII.29"></span>Book VI (Caxton XIII–XVII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Book VI (Caxton XIII–XVII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Grail,_covered_with_white_silk,_came_into_the_hall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Holy_Grail%2C_covered_with_white_silk%2C_came_into_the_hall.png/220px-The_Holy_Grail%2C_covered_with_white_silk%2C_came_into_the_hall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Holy_Grail%2C_covered_with_white_silk%2C_came_into_the_hall.png/330px-The_Holy_Grail%2C_covered_with_white_silk%2C_came_into_the_hall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/The_Holy_Grail%2C_covered_with_white_silk%2C_came_into_the_hall.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>"The Holy Grail, covered with white silk, came into the hall." The Grail's miraculous sighting at the Round Table in <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Margetson" title="William Henry Margetson">William Henry Margetson</a>'s illustration for <i>Legends of King Arthur and His Knights</i> (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>Malory's primary source for this long part was the <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Vulgate <i>Queste del Saint Graal</i></a>, chronicling the adventures of many <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> in their mostly separate, pilgrimage-like journeys to find the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>. Gawain is the first to embark on the search for the Grail, followed by others including Lancelot who likewise undergo the quest, traveling either in small groups of changing composition or alone. Their martial and spiritual exploits are intermingled with encounters with maidens and hermits who offer advice and interpret dreams along the way. It is ultimately achieved by Galahad and his final companions, <a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bors_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bors the Younger">Bors the Younger</a>. </p><p>After the confusion of the secular moral code he manifested within the previous book, Malory attempts to construct a new mode of chivalry by placing an emphasis on religion, albeit somewhat less than his French sources did, the degree of difference depending on an interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the <i>Queste</i>, the framework for the interactions between the Grail knights (Galahad, Percival, and Bors) is based on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Aelred" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Aelred">Saint Aelred</a>'s ideas from his book <i>Spiritual Friendship</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity and the Church offer a venue through which the Pentecostal Oath can be upheld, whereas the strict moral code imposed by religion foreshadows almost certain failure on the part of the knights. For instance, Gawain refuses to do penance for his sins, claiming the tribulations that coexist with knighthood as a sort of secular penance. Likewise, the flawed Lancelot, for all his sincerity, is unable to completely escape his adulterous love of Guinevere, and is thus destined to fail where Galahad will succeed. This coincides with the personification of perfection in the form of Galahad, a virgin wielding the power of God. Galahad's life, uniquely entirely without sin, makes him a model of a holy knight that cannot be emulated through secular chivalry. Nevertheless, in contrast to the striking condemnation and humiliation of Lancelot's character in the <i>Queste</i>, Malory's version of the Knight of the Lake continues to be the paragon of, at least, earthly honor.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Terence McCarthy, the Book VI may have been Malory's original composition.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VII_(Caxton_XVIII–XIX)"><span id="Book_VII_.28Caxton_XVIII.E2.80.93XIX.29"></span>Book VII (Caxton XVIII–XIX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Book VII (Caxton XVIII–XIX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the quest for the Holy Grail, Lancelot tries to maintain his knightly virtues but finds himself drawn back into his illicit romance with Guinevere. He stays true to her, tragically rejecting the desperate love of <a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Ascolat" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine of Ascolat">Elaine of Ascolat</a>, and completes a series of trials that culminates in his rescue of the Queen from the abduction by the renegade knight <a href="/wiki/Maleagant" title="Maleagant">Maleagant</a> (this is also the first time the work explicitly mentions the couple's sexual adultery). </p><p>Writing it, Malory combined the established material from the Vulgate Cycle's early Prose <i>Lancelot</i> (including its abridged retelling of <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</a></i>), and the early parts of the Vulgate <i>Mort Artu</i>, with his own creations (the episodes "The Great Tournament" and "The Healing of Sir Urry").<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key theme emphasised at the end of each of the book's five tales is <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VIII_(Caxton_XX–XXI)"><span id="Book_VIII_.28Caxton_XX.E2.80.93XXI.29"></span>Book VIII (Caxton XX–XXI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Book VIII (Caxton XX–XXI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png/220px-The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png/330px-The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Florence_Harrison.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Arthur's final voyage to Avalon in a 1912 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Florence_Harrison" title="Florence Harrison">Florence Harrison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A disaster strikes when King Arthur's bastard son Mordred and his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Agravain" title="Agravain">Agravain</a> succeed in revealing Queen Guinevere's adultery and Arthur sentences her to burn. Lancelot's rescue party raids the execution, killing several loyal knights of the Round Table, including, unwittingly, Gawain's younger brothers Gareth and <a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a>. Gawain, bent on revenge, prompts Arthur into a long and bitter civil war with Lancelot. After they leave to pursue Lancelot in France, where Gawain is mortally injured in a duel with Lancelot (and later finally reconciles with him on his death bed), Mordred seizes the throne and takes control of Arthur's kingdom. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">the bloody final battle</a> between Mordred's followers and Arthur's remaining loyalists in England, Arthur kills Mordred but is himself gravely wounded. As Arthur is dying, the lone survivor <a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a> casts Excalibur away, and Morgan and Nimue come together to take Arthur to <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a>. Following the disappearance and presumed passing of King Arthur, who is succeeded by Constantine, Malory provides a short epilogue about the later lives and deaths of Bedivere, Guinevere, and Lancelot and his kinsmen. </p><p> Writing the eponymous final book, Malory used the version of Arthur's death derived primarily from parts of the <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Vulgate <i>Mort Artu</i></a> and, as a secondary source,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the English <a href="/wiki/Stanzaic_Morte_Arthur" title="Stanzaic Morte Arthur">Stanzaic <i>Morte Arthur</i></a> (or, in another possibility, a hypothetical now-lost French modification of the <i>Mort Artu</i> was a common source of both of these texts<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the words of <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(medievalist)" title="George Brown (medievalist)">George Brown</a>, the book "celebrates the greatness of the Arthurian world on the eve of its ruin. As the magnificent fellowship turns violently upon itself, death and destruction also produce repentance, forgiveness, and salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_versions_and_adaptations">Modern versions and adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern versions and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_in_the_Barge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arthur_in_the_Barge.png/220px-Arthur_in_the_Barge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arthur_in_the_Barge.png/330px-Arthur_in_the_Barge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arthur_in_the_Barge.png/440px-Arthur_in_the_Barge.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Arthur being taken to Avalon in <a href="/wiki/Sangorski_%26_Sutcliffe" title="Sangorski & Sutcliffe">Alberto Sangorski's</a> 1912 illustration for <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Tennyson</a>'s poem "Morte d'Arthur"</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the lapse of 182 years since the last printing, the year 1816 saw a new edition by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chalmers" title="Alexander Chalmers">Alexander Chalmers</a>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Uwins" title="Thomas Uwins">Thomas Uwins</a> (<i>The History of the Renowned Prince Arthur, King of Britain; with His Life and Death, and All His Glorious Battles. Likewise, the Noble Acts and Heroic Deeds of His Valiant Knights of the Round Table</i>), as well as another one by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haslewood" title="Joseph Haslewood">Joseph Haslewood</a> (<i>La Mort D'Arthur: The Most Ancient and Famous History of the Renowned Prince Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table</i>); both of these were based on the 1634 Stansby's version. Several other modern editions, including these by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a> (<i>La Morte D'Arthure: The History of King Arthur and of the Knights of the Round Table</i>, 1858) and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rhys" title="Ernest Rhys">Ernest Rhys</a> (<i>Malory's History of King Arthur and the Quest of The Holy Grail: From The Morte D'Arthur</i>, 1886), were also based on that by Stansby.<sup id="cite_ref-critical_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critical-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19th_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19th-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Upcott" title="William Upcott">William Upcott</a>'s edition directly based on then-newly rediscovered Morgan copy of the first print Caxton version was published as <i>Malory's Morte d'Arthur</i> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>'s introduction and notes including summaries of the original French material from the Vulgate tradition in 1817. Afterwards, Caxton became the basis for many subsequent editions until the 1934 discovery of the Winchester Manuscript. </p><p>The first mass-printed modern edition of Caxton was published in 1868 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Strachey,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Strachey, 3rd Baronet">Edward Strachey</a> as a book for boys titled <i>Le Morte Darthur: Sir Thomas Malory's Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table</i>, highly censored in accordance to Victorian morals. Many other 19th-century editors, abridgers and retellers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frith" title="Henry Frith">Henry Frith</a> (<i>King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table</i>, 1884) would also censor their versions for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "standard" popular edition, based on Caxton was Heinrich Oskar Sommer's <i>Le Morte Darthur by Syr Thomas Malory</i> published in 1890 with an introduction and glossary as well as an essay on Malory's prose style, followed by these by <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">John Rhys</a> in 1893 (Everyman's Library) and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gollancz" title="Israel Gollancz">Israel Gollancz</a> in 1897 (Temple Classics).<sup id="cite_ref-critical_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critical-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19th_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19th-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modernized editions update the late Middle English spelling, update some pronouns, and re-punctuate and re-paragraph the text. Others furthermore update the phrasing and vocabulary to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>. The following sentence (from Caxton's preface, addressed to the reader) is an example written in Middle English and then in Modern English: </p> <dl><dd><i>Doo after the good and leve the evyl, and it shal brynge you to good fame and renomme.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_xii_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_xii-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Do after the good and leave the evil, and it shall bring you to good fame and renown.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_xviii_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_xviii-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg/220px-Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg/330px-Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg/440px-Boys_King_Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N._C._Wyeth" title="N. C. Wyeth">N. C. Wyeth</a>'s title page illustration for <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy%27s_King_Arthur" title="The Boy's King Arthur">The Boy's King Arthur</a></i> (1917)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 19th-century Arthurian revival, there have been numerous modern republications, retellings and adaptations of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>. A few of them are listed below (see also the following <a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> section): </p> <ul><li>Malory's book inspired <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Heber" title="Reginald Heber">Reginald Heber</a>'s unfinished poem <i>Morte D'Arthur</i>. A fragment of it was published by Heber's widow in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Victorian poet <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a> retold the legends in the poetry volume <i><a href="/wiki/Idylls_of_the_King" title="Idylls of the King">Idylls of the King</a></i> (1859 and 1885). His work focuses on <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i>, with many expansions, additions and several adaptations, such as the fate of Guinevere (in Malory, she is sentenced to be burnt at the stake but is rescued by Lancelot; in the <i>Idylls</i>, Guinevere flees to a convent, is forgiven by Arthur, repents and serves in the convent until her death).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Knowles_(1831%E2%80%931908)" title="James Thomas Knowles (1831–1908)">James Thomas Knowles</a> published <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> as <i>The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights</i> in 1860. Knowles described it as "an abridgment of Sir Thomas Malory's version ... with a few additions from Geoffrey of Monmouth and other sources—and an endeavor to arrange the many tales into a more or less consecutive story."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally illustrated by <a href="/wiki/George_Housman_Thomas" title="George Housman Thomas">George Housman Thomas</a>, it has been subsequently illustrated by various other artists, including <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Margetson" title="William Henry Margetson">William Henry Margetson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rhead" title="Louis Rhead">Louis Rhead</a>. The 1912 edition was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Speed" title="Lancelot Speed">Lancelot Speed</a>, who later also illustrated Rupert S. Holland's 1919 <i>King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table</i> that was based on Knowles with addition of some material from the 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>.</li> <li>In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a> published a much expurgated rendition entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy%27s_King_Arthur" title="The Boy's King Arthur">The Boy's King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table, Edited for Boys</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an enduringly popular children's adaptation, originally illustrated by Alfred Kappes. A new edition with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/N._C._Wyeth" title="N. C. Wyeth">N. C. Wyeth</a> was first published in 1917. This version was later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Grosset_and_Dunlap" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosset and Dunlap">Grosset and Dunlap</a>'s series of books called the Illustrated Junior Library, and reprinted under the title <i>King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table</i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1892, London publisher <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> produced an illustrated edition of <i>Le Morte Darthur</i> in modern spelling, with illustrations by 20-year-old insurance office clerk and art student <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>. It was issued in 12 volumes between June 1893 and mid-1894, and met with only modest success, but was later described as Beardsley's first masterpiece, launching what has come to be known as the "Beardsley look".<sup id="cite_ref-Dover_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dover-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Beardsley's first major commission, and included nearly 585 chapter openings, borders, initials, ornaments and full- or double-page illustrations. The majority of the Dent edition illustrations were reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a> in 1972 under the title <i>Beardsley's Illustrations for Le Morte Darthur</i>. A facsimile of the Beardsley edition, complete with Malory's unabridged text, was published in the 1990s.</li> <li>Mary MacLeod's popular children's adaptation <i>King Arthur and His Noble Knights: Stories From Sir Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur</i> was first published with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_George_Walker" title="Arthur George Walker">Arthur George Walker</a> in 1900 and subsequently reprinted in various editions and in extracts in children's magazines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Clay" title="Beatrice Clay">Beatrice Clay</a> wrote a retelling first included in her <i>Stories from Le Morte Darthur and the Mabinogion</i> (1901). A retitled version, <i>Stories of King Arthur and the Round Table</i> (1905), features illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Dora_Curtis" title="Dora Curtis">Dora Curtis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> published <i>The Book of Romance</i>, a retelling of Malory illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Justice_Ford" title="Henry Justice Ford">Henry Justice Ford</a>. It was retitled as <i>Tales of King Arthur and the Round Table</i> in the 1909 edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a> wrote and illustrated a series of four books: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_King_Arthur_and_His_Knights" title="The Story of King Arthur and His Knights">The Story of King Arthur and His Knights</a></i> (1903), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Champions_of_the_Round_Table" title="The Story of the Champions of the Round Table">The Story of the Champions of the Round Table</a></i> (1905), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Sir_Launcelot_and_His_Companions" title="The Story of Sir Launcelot and His Companions">The Story of Sir Launcelot and His Companions</a></i> (1907), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Grail_and_the_Passing_of_King_Arthur" title="The Story of the Grail and the Passing of King Arthur">The Story of the Grail and the Passing of King Arthur</a></i> (1910). Rather than retell the stories as written, Pyle presented his own versions of select episodes enhanced with other tales and his own imagination.</li> <li>Another children's adaptation, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gilbert_(author)" title="Henry Gilbert (author)">Henry Gilbert</a>'s <i>King Arthur's Knights: The Tales Retold for Boys and Girls</i>, was first published in 1911, originally illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>. Highly popular, it was reprinted many times until 1940, featuring also illustrations from other artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frances_Brundage" title="Frances Brundage">Frances Brundage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_Robinson" title="Thomas Heath Robinson">Thomas Heath Robinson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Pollard" title="Alfred W. Pollard">Alfred W. Pollard</a> published an abridged edition of Malory in 1917, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>. Pollard later also published a complete version in four volumes during 1910–1911 and in two volumes in 1920, with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Flint" title="William Russell Flint">William Russell Flint</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King" title="The Once and Future King">The Once and Future King</a></i> (1938–1977) is a famous and influential retelling of Malory's work. White rewrote the story in his own fashion. His rendition contains intentional and obvious anachronisms and social-political commentary on contemporary matters. White made Malory himself a character and bestowed upon him the highest praise.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pollard's 1910–1911 abridged edition of Malory provided basis for <a href="/wiki/John_W._Donaldson" title="John W. Donaldson">John W. Donaldson</a>'s 1943 book <i>Arthur Pendragon of Britain</i>. It was illustrated by N. C. Wyeth son, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wyeth" title="Andrew Wyeth">Andrew Wyeth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_and_His_Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table">King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table</a></i> was published in 1953, with illustrations by the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a>. This retelling is based mainly on Malory, but includes tales from other sources such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_Sir_Gawain_and_Dame_Ragnelle" title="The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle">The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mary_Hadfield" title="Alice Mary Hadfield">Alice Mary Hadfield</a> retold the stories as <i>King Arthur and the Round Table</i> (1953), with illustrations by Donald Seton Cammell, in the series "The Children's Illustrated Classics," published by Dent /Dutton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Blum" title="Alex Blum">Alex Blum</a>'s comic book retelling <i>Knights of the Round Table</i> was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Classics_Illustrated" title="Classics Illustrated">Classics Illustrated</a></i> series in 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> utilized the Winchester Manuscripts of Thomas Malory and other sources as the original text for his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Acts_of_King_Arthur_and_His_Noble_Knights" title="The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights">The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights</a></i>. This retelling was intended for young people but was never completed. It was published posthumously in 1976 as <i>The Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> credited his childhood reading of <i>The Boy's King Arthur</i> for his own novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_(novel)" title="Lancelot (novel)">Lancelot</a></i> (1977).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Berger_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Berger (novelist)">Thomas Berger</a> described his 1978 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rex" title="Arthur Rex">Arthur Rex</a></i> as his memory of the "childish version" by Elizabeth Lodor Merchant that began his fascination in the Arthurian legend in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(film)" title="Excalibur (film)">Excalibur</a></i>, a 1981 British film directed, produced, and co-written by <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a>, retells <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>, with some changes to the plot and fate of certain characters (such as merging Morgause with Morgan, who dies in this version).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s 1983 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon" title="The Mists of Avalon">The Mists of Avalon</a></i> retold <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> from a feminist <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">neopagan</a> perspective.</li> <li>In 1984, the ending of Malory's story was turned by <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(director)" title="John Barton (director)">John Barton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Lynne" title="Gillian Lynne">Gillian Lynne</a> into a <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a> non-speaking (that is featuring only Malory's narration and silent actors) television drama, titled simply <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Gelders_Sterne" title="Emma Gelders Sterne">Emma Gelders Sterne</a>, Barbara Lindsay, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Tenggren" title="Gustaf Tenggren">Gustaf Tenggren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pope_Osborne" title="Mary Pope Osborne">Mary Pope Osborne</a> published <i>King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table</i> in 2002.</li> <li>Jeff Limke's and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Yeates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Yeates">Tom Yeates</a>' comic book adaptation of a part of Malory's Book I was published as <i>King Arthur: Excalibur Unsheathed</i> in 2006, followed by <i>Arthur & Lancelot: The Fight for Camelot</i> in 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Freeman_Jr." title="Castle Freeman Jr.">Castle Freeman Jr.</a>'s 2008 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Go_with_Me" title="Go with Me">Go with Me</a></i> is a modern retelling of Malory's <i>Tale of Sir Gareth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Dorsey_Armstrong" title="Dorsey Armstrong">Dorsey Armstrong</a> published a Modern English translation that focused on the Winchester manuscript rather than the Caxton edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>'s 2010 novel <i>The Death of King Arthur</i> is a modern English retelling of <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Crawford_(game_designer)" title="Chris Crawford (game designer)">Chris Crawford</a>'s 2023 game <i>Le morte D'Arthur</i> features interactive story where one plays for Arthur and decides about course of action.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_work_itself">The work itself</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The work itself"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editions_based_on_the_Winchester_manuscript">Editions based on the Winchester manuscript</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Editions based on the Winchester manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Facsimile:</b> <ul><li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>The Winchester Malory: A Facsimile</i>. Introduced by Ker, N. R. (1976). London: <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Text_Society" title="Early English Text Society">Early English Text Society</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722404-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722404-0">0-19-722404-0</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Original spelling:</b> <ul><li><i>Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte Darthur: The Definitive Original Text Edition</i> (<a href="/wiki/D._S._Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="D. S. Brewer">D. S. Brewer</a>) Ed. Field, Rev. P. J. C. (19 May 2017). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-84460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-84460-0">978-1-843-84460-0</a></li> <li><i>Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte Darthur</i> (2 volume set) (Arthurian Studies) (<a href="/wiki/D._S._Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="D. S. Brewer">D. S. Brewer</a>) Ed. Field, Rev. P. J. C. Illustrated ed., (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-84314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-84314-6">978-1-843-84314-6</a></li> <li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Le Morte Darthur.</i> (A Norton Critical Edition). Ed. Shepherd, Stephen H. A. (2004). New York: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97464-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97464-2">0-393-97464-2</a></li> <li>_________. <i>The Works of Sir Thomas Malory.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène. 3rd ed. Field, Rev. P. J. C. (1990). 3 vol. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-812344-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-812344-2">0-19-812344-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-812345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-812345-0">0-19-812345-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-812346-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-812346-9">0-19-812346-9</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>Malory: Complete Works.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène (1977). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281217-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281217-3">0-19-281217-3</a>. (Revision and retitling of <i>Malory: Works</i> of 1971).</li> <li>_________. <i>Malory: Works.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène (1971). 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-254163-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-254163-3">0-19-254163-3</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>The Works of Sir Thomas Malory.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène (1967). 2nd ed. 3 vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811838-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811838-4">0-19-811838-4</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>Malory: Works.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène (1954). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-254163-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-254163-3">0-19-254163-3</a>. (Malory's text from Vinaver's <i>The Works of Sir Thomas Malory</i> (1947), in a single volume dropping most of Vinaver's notes and commentary.)</li> <li>_________. <i>The Works of Sir Thomas Malory.</i> Ed. Vinaver, Eugène (1947). 3 vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Modernised spelling:</b> <ul><li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript.</i> Ed. Cooper, Helen (1998). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282420-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282420-1">0-19-282420-1</a> (Abridged text.)</li> <li>Brewer, D.S. <i>Malory: The Morte Darthur.</i> <i>York Medieval Texts</i>, Elizabeth Salter and Derek Pearsall, Gen. Eds. (1968) London: Edward Arnold. Reissued 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5326-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-5326-1">0-7131-5326-1</a>. (Modernised spelling version of Books 7 (except <i>The Poisoned Apple</i>) and 8 as a complete story in its own right. Based on Winchester MS but with changes taken from Caxton and some emendations by Brewer.)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Winchester Manuscript Edition has not been modernised fully yet but there are some partial and abridged modernisations of the text. </p> <ul><li><b>Translation/paraphrase into contemporary English:</b> <ul><li>Armstrong, Dorsey. <i>Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur: A New Modern English Translation Based on the Winchester Manuscript</i> (Renaissance and Medieval Studies) Anderson, SC: Parlor Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60235-103-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-60235-103-1">1-60235-103-1</a>.</li> <li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Malory's </i>Le Morte D'Arthur<i>: King Arthur and Legends of the Round Table</i>. Trans. and abridged by Baines, Keith (1983). New York: Bramhall House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-02060-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-02060-2">0-517-02060-2</a>. Reissued by Signet (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-52816-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-52816-6">0-451-52816-6</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte D'Arthur.</i> (London Medieval & Renaissance Ser.) Trans. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lumiansky" title="Robert Lumiansky">Lumiansky, Robert M.</a> (1982). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-17673-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-17673-4">0-684-17673-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Acts_of_King_Arthur_and_His_Noble_Knights" title="The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights">The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights</a>: From the Winchester Manuscripts of Thomas Malory and Other Sources.</i> (1976) New York: Noonday Press. Reissued 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52378-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52378-9">0-374-52378-9</a>. (Unfinished)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editions_based_on_Caxton's_edition"><span id="Editions_based_on_Caxton.27s_edition"></span>Editions based on Caxton's edition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Editions based on Caxton's edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Facsimile:</b> <ul><li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Le Morte d'Arthur, printed by William Caxton, 1485</i>. Ed. Needham, Paul (1976). London.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Original spelling:</b> <ul><li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Caxton's Malory</i>. Ed. Spisak, James. W. (1983). 2 vol. boxed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03825-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03825-8">0-520-03825-8</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte Darthur by Sir Thomas Malory.</i> Ed. Sommer, H. Oskar (1889–91). 3 vol. London: David Nutt. The text of Malory from this edition without Sommer's annotation and commentary and selected texts of Malory's sources.</li> <li>_________. <i>Tales of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.</i> Caxton's text, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley and a foreword by Sarah Peverley (2017). Flame Tree Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786645517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786645517">978-1786645517</a>.</li> <li>–––. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/c/cme/cme-idx?type=header&idno=MaloryWks2">Le Morte Darthur</a>, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse: University of Michigan.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Modernised spelling:</b> <ul><li>Malory, Sir Thomas. <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>. Ed. Matthews, John (2000). Illustrated by Ferguson, Anna-Marie. London: Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35367-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35367-1">0-304-35367-1</a>. (The introduction by John Matthews praises the Winchester text but then states this edition is based on the Pollard version of the Caxton text, with eight additions from the Winchester manuscript.)</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte Darthur</i>. Introduction by Moore, Helen (1996). Herefordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-463-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-463-6">1-85326-463-6</a>. (Seemingly based on the Pollard text.)</li> <li>_________. <i>Le morte d'Arthur</i>. Introduction by Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1994). New York: Modern Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X">0-679-60099-X</a>. (Pollard text.)</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>. Ed. Cowen, Janet (1970). Introduction by Lawlor, John. 2 vols. London: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043043-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043043-1">0-14-043043-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043044-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043044-X">0-14-043044-X</a>.</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>. Ed. Rhys, John (1906). (Everyman's Library 45 & 46.) London: Dent; London: J. M. Dent; New York: E. P. Dutton. Released in paperback format in 1976: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-01045-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-01045-X">0-460-01045-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-01046-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-01046-8">0-460-01046-8</a>. (Text based on an earlier modernised Dent edition of 1897.)</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte Darthur: Sir Thomas Malory's Book of King Arthur and of his Noble Knights of the Round Table,</i>. Ed. Pollard, A. W. (1903). 2 vol. New York: Macmillan. (Text corrected from the <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerise">bowdlerised</a> 1868 Macmillan edition edited by Sir Edward Strachey.)</li> <li>_________. <i>Le Morte Darthur.</i> Ed. Simmon, F. J. (1893–94). Illustrated by Beardsley, Aubrey. 2 vol. London: Dent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1251">Le Morte Darthur: Vol. 1 (books 1–9)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1252">Le Morte Darthur: Volume 2 (books 10–21)</a>. (Plain text.)</li> <li>Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Mal1Mor.html">Le Morte Darthur: Vol. 1 (books 1–9)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Mal2Mor.html">Le Morte Darthur: Vol. 2 (books 10–21)</a> (HTML.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zendonaldson.com/twilight/camelot/malory/index.htm">Celtic Twilight: Legends of Camelot: Le Morte d'Arthur</a> (HTML with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> from the Dent edition of 1893–94.)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary">Commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Glossary to <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208193831/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/malory/darthurglossary1.pdf">Glossary to Book 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208193843/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/malory/darthurglossary2.pdf">Glossary to Book 2</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/212/1403.html">Malory's Morte d'Arthur</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407100530/http://bartleby.com/212/1404.html">Style of the Morte d'Arthur</a>, selections by Alice D. Greenwood with bibliography from the <i>Cambridge History of English Literature</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffwik.com/category/primary-sources/le-morte-darthur/">Arthur Dies at the End</a> by Jeff Wikstrom</li></ul> <ul><li><b>About the Winchester manuscript:</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331115109/http://www.english.uga.edu/~jdmevans/Winchester/malory.html">University of Georgia: English Dept: Jonathan Evans: Walter F. Oakeshott and the Winchester Manuscript.</a> (Contains links to the first public announcements concerning the Winchester manuscript from <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>, <i>The Times</i>, and <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307191459/http://www.english.ubc.ca/~sechard/344win.htm">UBC Dept. of English: Siân Echard: Caxton and Winchester</a> (link offline on Oct. 25, 2011; according to message on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/sechard/mypages.htm">Ms. Echard's Medieval Pages</a>, "September 2011: Most of the pages below are being renovated, so the links are (temporarily) inactive.")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng240/Malory--Navigating%20W%20and%20Caxton.htm">Department of English, Goucher College: Arnie Sanders: The Malory Manuscript</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1999/1994). "Sir Thomas Malory", <i>Le Morte D'Arthur</i>, p. v. New York: Modern Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X">0-679-60099-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lumiansky" title="Robert Lumiansky">Lumiansky, R. M.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2851785">"Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur, 1947–1987: Author, Title, Text"</a>. <i>Speculum</i> Vol. 62, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), pp. 878–897. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitteridge1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gweneth_Whitteridge" title="Gweneth Whitteridge">Whitteridge, Gweneth</a> (1973). "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner". <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (95): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2FXXIV.93.257">10.1093/res/XXIV.93.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6551">0034-6551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/514968">514968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Identity+of+Sir+Thomas+Malory%2C+Knight-Prisoner&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0034-6551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F514968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2FXXIV.93.257&rft.aulast=Whitteridge&rft.aufirst=Gweneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Linton, Cecelia Lampp. <i>The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller</i>. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9868157-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9868157-2-5">979-8-9868157-2-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy_in_fiction" title="Illegitimacy in fiction">Illegitimacy in fiction</a> – In <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>, King Arthur is conceived illegitimately when his father Uther Pendragon utilizes Merlin's magic to seduce Igraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Archer_(artist)" title="James Archer (artist)">James Archer</a> – one of 19th-century British artists inspired by Malory's book</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The article <i>le</i> would be ungrammatical in modern French since <i>morte</i> (or <i>mort</i>) is a feminine noun, for which French requires the article <i>la</i> (i.e., "la mort d'Arthur"). According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shepherd" title="Stephen Shepherd">Stephen Shepherd</a>, "Malory frequently misapplies <i>le</i> in titular compounds, perhaps on a simple sonic and gender-neutral analogy with 'the'." Stephen H. A. Shepherd, ed., <i>Le Morte Darthur</i>, by Sir Thomas Malory (New York: Norton, 2004), 1n. However, in Anglo-Norman, "the feminine <b>la</b> was often reduced to <b>le</b>, especially in the later period" (thirteenth century and later), <a href="/wiki/Mildred_K._Pope" title="Mildred K. Pope">Mildred K. Pope</a>, <i>From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman: Phonology and Morphology</i> (Manchester UK: University Press, 1934), para. 1252.iii (p. 30).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan_vii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_vii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1994–1999" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1994–1999). Introduction. <i>Le morte d'Arthur</i>. By Malory, Thomas. New York: Modern Library. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-60099-X"><bdi>0-679-60099-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Le+morte+d%27Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1994%2F1999&rft.isbn=0-679-60099-X&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryan1994–1999">Bryan 1994–1999</a>, p. v</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWight2009" class="citation web cs1">Wight, Colin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/englit/malory/">"Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=Thomas+Malory%27s+%27Le+Morte+Darthur%27&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wight&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fenglit%2Fmalory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitteridge1973">Whitteridge 1973</a>, pp. 257–265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Roberta2004" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Roberta (2004). "Prison and Knightly Identity in Sir Thomas Malory's 'Morte Darthur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.2004.0066">10.1353/art.2004.0066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870603">27870603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161386973">161386973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Prison+and+Knightly+Identity+in+Sir+Thomas+Malory%27s+%27Morte+Darthur%27&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161386973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870603%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.2004.0066&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dugdale, Sir Thomas. <i>The Antiquities of Warwickshire Illustrated: From Records, Lieger-Books, Manuscripts, Charters, Evidences, Tombes, and Armes, Beautified with Maps, Prospects, and Portraitures</i>. London: Thomas Warren, 1656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2022" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, William (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVWDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>The III-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520373365" title="Special:BookSources/9780520373365"><bdi>9780520373365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+III-Framed+Knight%3A+A+Skeptical+Inquiry+into+the+Identity+of+Sir+Thomas+Malory&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780520373365&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVWDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/p2athenaeum1897lond#page/352/mode/2up">Athenaeum 11 September 1897</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lumiansky (1987), p. 882.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1960" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, William (1960). <i>The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ill-Framed+Knight%3A+A+Skeptical+Inquiry+into+the+Identity+of+Sir+Thomas+Malory&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2023" class="citation book cs1">Linton, Cecelia Lampp (2023). <i>The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller</i>. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9868157-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9868157-2-5"><bdi>979-8-9868157-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knight+Who+Gave+Us+King+Arthur%3A+Sir+Thomas+Malory%2C+Knight+Hospitaller&rft.place=Front+Royal%2C+VA&rft.pub=Christendom+College+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=979-8-9868157-2-5&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Cecelia+Lampp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParini2002" class="citation book cs1">Parini, Jay (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYUYAAAAIAAJ"><i>British Writers: Retrospective supplement</i></a>. C. Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31228-6"><bdi>978-0-684-31228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Writers%3A+Retrospective+supplement&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31228-6&rft.aulast=Parini&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYUYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan_viii-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_viii_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan (1994), pp. viii–ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Roberta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Roberta (2008). "The 'Freynshe booke' and the English Translator: Malory's 'Originality' Revisited". <i>Translation and Literature</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE0968136108000198">10.3366/E0968136108000198</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40340096">40340096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170477682">170477682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translation+and+Literature&rft.atitle=The+%27Freynshe+booke%27+and+the+English+Translator%3A+Malory%27s+%27Originality%27+Revisited&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170477682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40340096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FE0968136108000198&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2008" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Ralph C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bQxHyxm3pIC&pg=PA154"><i>Malory's Library: The Sources of the Morte Darthur</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843841548" title="Special:BookSources/9781843841548"><bdi>9781843841548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malory%27s+Library%3A+The+Sources+of+the+Morte+Darthur&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781843841548&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bQxHyxm3pIC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacyWilhelm2015" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Norris J.; Wilhelm, James J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8vCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479"><i>The Romance of Arthur: An Anthology of Medieval Texts in Translation</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317341840" title="Special:BookSources/9781317341840"><bdi>9781317341840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Arthur%3A+An+Anthology+of+Medieval+Texts+in+Translation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317341840&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6O8vCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornstein,_Diane_D.1972" class="citation journal cs1">Bornstein, Diane D. (1972). "Military Strategy in Malory and Vegetius' 'De re militari'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Comparative Literature Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40245989">40245989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature+Studies&rft.atitle=Military+Strategy+in+Malory+and+Vegetius%27+%27De+re+militari%27&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40245989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bornstein%2C+Diane+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lum878-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lum878_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lumiansky (1987), p. 878. This note is available only in the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> version of the book, since in the Winchester manuscript and the John Rylands Library copy the final pages are missing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bl_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/le-morte-darthur">"British Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fworks%2Fle-morte-darthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lumiansky (1987), p. 887 footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan_ix-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_ix_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan (2004), p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tiller, Kenneth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870602">"En-graving Chivalry: Tombs, Burial, and the Ideology of Knighthood in Malory's 'Tale of King Arthur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.2004.0052">10.1353/art.2004.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870602">27870602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=En-graving+Chivalry%3A+Tombs%2C+Burial%2C+and+the+Ideology+of+Knighthood+in+Malory%27s+%27Tale+of+King+Arthur%27&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.2004.0052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870602%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tiller&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2022/05/monmouth-malory-arthurian-literature/">"From Monmouth to Malory: A Guide to Arthurian Literature"</a>. May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Monmouth+to+Malory%3A+A+Guide+to+Arthurian+Literature&rft.date=2022-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2022%2F05%2Fmonmouth-malory-arthurian-literature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcShane,_Kara_L.2010" class="citation web cs1">McShane, Kara L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/malorybooklet/malory.htm">"Malory's Morte d'Arthur"</a>. The Rossell Hope Robbins Library at the University of Rochester<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malory%27s+Morte+d%27Arthur&rft.pub=The+Rossell+Hope+Robbins+Library+at+the+University+of+Rochester&rft.date=2010&rft.au=McShane%2C+Kara+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Fmalorybooklet%2Fmalory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitchRushton2019" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Megan G.; Rushton, Cory (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>A New Companion to Malory</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843845232" title="Special:BookSources/9781843845232"><bdi>9781843845232</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+Malory&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781843845232&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Megan+G.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manuscript-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manuscript_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._F._Oakeshott" class="citation web cs1">W. F. Oakeshott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703210455/http://virtual.park.uga.edu/~jdmevans/public/september.html">"The Text of Malory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtual.park.uga.edu/~jdmevans/public/september.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+Malory&rft.au=W.+F.+Oakeshott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvirtual.park.uga.edu%2F~jdmevans%2Fpublic%2Fseptember.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter F. Oakeshott, "The Finding of the Manuscript," <i>Essays on Malory</i>, ed. J. A. W. Bennett (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963), 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/thomas-malorys-le-morte-darthur">"British Library"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fthomas-malorys-le-morte-darthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter F. Oakeshott, "Caxton and Malory's Morte Darthur," <i><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg-Jahrbuch" title="Gutenberg-Jahrbuch">Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</a></i> (1935), 112–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maloryproject.com/winchester_more.php">"The Malory Project directed by Takako Kato and designed by Nick Hayward"</a>. <i>www.maloryproject.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maloryproject.com&rft.atitle=The+Malory+Project+directed+by+Takako+Kato+and+designed+by+Nick+Hayward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maloryproject.com%2Fwinchester_more.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhetter2017" class="citation book cs1">Whetter, K. S. (2017). <i>The Manuscript and Meaning of Malory's Morte Darthur</i>. D. S. Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manuscript+and+Meaning+of+Malory%27s+Morte+Darthur&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whetter&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Matthews, <i>The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory</i> (Berkeley: University of California, 1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalda,_Michael_N.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salda, Michael N. (1995). "Caxton's Print vs. the Winchester Manuscript: An Introduction to the Debate on Editing Malory's Morte Darthur". <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.1995.0026">10.1353/art.1995.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27869113">27869113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161529058">161529058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Caxton%27s+Print+vs.+the+Winchester+Manuscript%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Debate+on+Editing+Malory%27s+Morte+Darthur&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161529058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27869113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.1995.0026&rft.au=Salda%2C+Michael+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lumiansky (1987), pp. 887–896; Lumiansky favours the view that Malory himself revised the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. F. Jacob, Angus McIntosh (1968) <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43627483">43627483</a> Review of <i>The Ill-framed Knight. A Skeptical Inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory by William Matthews</i>]. <i>Medium Aevum</i> Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 347–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich,_Peter_H.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Goodrich, Peter H. (2006). "Saracens and Islamic Alterity in Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.2006.0009">10.1353/art.2006.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870786">27870786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161861263">161861263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Saracens+and+Islamic+Alterity+in+Malory%27s+%27Le+Morte+Darthur%27&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161861263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.2006.0009&rft.au=Goodrich%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrin1997" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ReDli9I5nsC&pg=PA53"><i>History and Warfare in Renaissance Epic</i></a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bQxHyxm3pIC&pg=PA96"><i>Malory's Library: The Sources of the Morte Darthur</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-154-8"><bdi>978-1-84384-154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malory%27s+Library%3A+The+Sources+of+the+Morte+Darthur&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-154-8&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bQxHyxm3pIC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman, P. (2004) "Malory and middle English verse romance: the case of 'Sir Tristrem'". In: Wheeler, B. (ed.) <i>Arthurian Studies in Honour of P.J.C. Field</i>. <i>Arthurian Studies</i> (57). D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, pp. 217–222. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843840138" title="Special:BookSources/9781843840138">9781843840138</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParins2002" class="citation book cs1">Parins, Marylyn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0qEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36"><i>Sir Thomas Malory: The Critical Heritage</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78389-2"><bdi>978-1-134-78389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Thomas+Malory%3A+The+Critical+Heritage&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78389-2&rft.aulast=Parins&rft.aufirst=Marylyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0qEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhetterRadulescu2005" class="citation book cs1">Whetter, Kevin Sean; Radulescu, Raluca L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUi0c1alaJ8C&pg=PA136"><i>Re-viewing le Morte Darthur: Texts and Contexts, Characters and Themes</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-035-0"><bdi>978-1-84384-035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-viewing+le+Morte+Darthur%3A+Texts+and+Contexts%2C+Characters+and+Themes&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-035-0&rft.aulast=Whetter&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Sean&rft.au=Radulescu%2C+Raluca+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUi0c1alaJ8C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hanks, D. Thomas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870221">"Malory's 'Book of Sir Tristram': Focusing 'Le Morte Darthur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Quondam et Futurus</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870221">27870221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quondam+et+Futurus&rft.atitle=Malory%27s+%27Book+of+Sir+Tristram%27%3A+Focusing+%27Le+Morte+Darthur%27&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870221%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=D.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27870221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarino2004" class="citation book cs1">Marino, John Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bpvg6LuXCycC&pg=PA26"><i>The Grail Legend in Modern Literature</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-022-0"><bdi>978-1-84384-022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grail+Legend+in+Modern+Literature&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-022-0&rft.aulast=Marino&rft.aufirst=John+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpvg6LuXCycC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2004" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Bonnie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zE3pcl1tjwC&pg=PA287"><i>Arthurian Studies in Honour of P.J.C. 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DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-013-8"><bdi>978-1-84384-013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Studies+in+Honour+of+P.J.C.+Field&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-013-8&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zE3pcl1tjwC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitchRushton2019" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Megan G.; Rushton, Cory (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>A New Companion to Malory</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2"><bdi>978-1-84384-523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+Malory&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-523-2&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Megan+G.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSévère2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sévère, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24643529">"Galahad, Percival, and Bors: Grail Knights and the Quest for 'Spiritual Friendship"'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.2015.0037">10.1353/art.2015.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24643529">24643529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Galahad%2C+Percival%2C+and+Bors%3A+Grail+Knights+and+the+Quest+for+%27Spiritual+Friendship%22%27&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.2015.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24643529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24643529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitchRushton2019" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Megan G.; Rushton, Cory (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>A New Companion to Malory</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2"><bdi>978-1-84384-523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+Malory&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-523-2&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Megan+G.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakamiyaBrewer1981" class="citation book cs1">Takamiya, Toshiyuki; Brewer, Derek (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWfZFUkqTdEC&pg=PA115"><i>Aspects of Malory</i></a>. 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"Malory, the Stanzaic 'Morte Arthur', and the 'Mort Artu'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F388421">10.1086/388421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/434580">434580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162202568">162202568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Malory%2C+the+Stanzaic+%27Morte+Arthur%27%2C+and+the+%27Mort+Artu%27&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162202568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F434580%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F388421&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/engl165b/xi3deth.html">"Death of Arthur"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fengl165b%2Fxi3deth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-critical-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-critical_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumianskyBaker2016" class="citation book cs1">Lumiansky, R. 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June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+King+Arthur+by+Peter+Ackroyd+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fjun%2F23%2Fdeath-king-arthur-peter-ackroyd-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erasmatazz.com/LMD/LMD%f0%9d%9c%bc3.html">"Le morte D'Arthur by Chris Crawford – game"</a>. <i>Erasmatazz</i>. April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erasmatazz&rft.atitle=Le+morte+D%27Arthur+by+Chris+Crawford+%E2%80%93+game&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erasmatazz.com%2FLMD%2FLMD%25f0%259d%259c%25bc3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Morte+d%27Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Morte_d%27Arthur&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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