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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mládí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mládí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mládí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mládí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vysokoškolské_vzdělání" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vysokoškolské_vzdělání"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vysokoškolské vzdělání</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vysokoškolské_vzdělání-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spojené_státy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spojené_státy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spojené státy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spojené_státy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projekt_Manhattan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projekt_Manhattan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Projekt Manhattan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projekt_Manhattan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slupkový_jaderný_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slupkový_jaderný_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Slupkový jaderný model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slupkový_jaderný_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smrt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smrt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Smrt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smrt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Göppertová-Mayerová</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 96 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария – altajština (jižní)" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="altajština (jižní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ماريا غوبرت ماير – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريا غوبرت ماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ماريا جوبرت ماير – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماريا جوبرت ماير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_G%C3%B6ppert-Mayer" title="Mariya Göppert-Mayer – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mariya Göppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мария Гёпперт-Майер – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мария Гёпперт-Майер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марыя Гёперт-Маер – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя Гёперт-Маер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мария Гьоперт-Майер – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Гьоперт-Майер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মারিয়া গ্যোপের্ট-মায়ার – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারিয়া গ্যোপের্ট-মায়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_G%C3%B6ppert-Mayer" title="Maria Göppert-Mayer – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria Göppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ماریا گۆپەرت مایەر – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماریا گۆپەرت مایەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84-%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μαρία Γκέπερτ-Μάγιερ – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Γκέπερτ-Μάγιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – fríština (severní)" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fríština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – skotská gaelština" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotská gaelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מריה גופרט-מאייר – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריה גופרט-מאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – haitština" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF-%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարիա Գյոպերտ-Մայեր – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիա Գյոպերտ-Մայեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="マリア・ゲッパート＝メイヤー – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリア・ゲッパート＝メイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარი გეპერტ-მაიერი – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარი გეპერტ-მაიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мария Гепперт-Майер – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мария Гепперт-Майер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EA%B4%B4%ED%8D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="마리아 괴퍼트메이어 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리아 괴퍼트메이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert%E2%80%91Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert‑Mayer – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maria Goeppert‑Mayer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Geperte-Maiere" title="Marija Geperte-Maiere – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija Geperte-Maiere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मारिया गिउपर्ट – maithiliština" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मारिया गिउपर्ट" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithiliština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марија Геперт-Мајер – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марија Геперт-Мајер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മറിയ ഗെപ്പേർട്ട്-മയർ – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മറിയ ഗെപ്പേർട്ട്-മയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मारिया ग्योप्पर्ट-मायर – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मारिया ग्योप्पर्ट-मायर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر – mázandaránština" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماریا ژئوپرت مایر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázandaránština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मारिया गिउपर्ट – nepálština" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मारिया गिउपर्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर – névárština" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="névárština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰੀਆ ਗੋਇਪਰਟ-ਮਾਇਰ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰੀਆ ਗੋਇਪਰਟ-ਮਾਇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ماریا گوپرٹ مائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماریا گوپرٹ مائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर – sanskrt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मारिया गोपर्ट-मेयर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1" title="Maria Goeppertová-Mayerová – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maria Goeppertová-Mayerová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марија Геперт-Мајер – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марија Геперт-Мајер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – slezština" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slezština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மரியா கோயெப்பெர்ட் மேயர் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரியா கோயெப்பெர்ட் மேயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мария Гёпперт-Майер – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мария Гёпперт-Майер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мария Гөпперт-Маер – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мария Гөпперт-Маер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария – tuvinština" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гёпперт-Майер, Мария" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80" title="Марія Гепперт-Маєр – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Гепперт-Маєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماریہ جیوپرٹ مئیر – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماریہ جیوپرٹ مئیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9-%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6" title="玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარია გეპერტ-მაიერი – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარია გეპერტ-მაიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer – jorubština" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9-%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6" title="玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maria Goeppert Mayer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6" title="瑪麗亞格佩特梅耶 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗亞格佩特梅耶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg/225px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Narození</th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/28._%C4%8Derven" title="28. červen">28. června</a> <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a></span><br /><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/Katovice" title="Katovice">Katovice</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Úmrtí</th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/20._%C3%BAnor" title="20. únor">20. února</a> <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a> (ve věku 65 let)</span><br /><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Georga_Augusta_v_G%C3%B6ttingenu" title="Univerzita Georga Augusta v Göttingenu">Univerzita v Göttingenu</a> (do 1930)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Pracoviště</th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Johnse_Hopkinse" title="Univerzita Johnse Hopkinse">Univerzita Johnse Hopkinse</a> (1930–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a> (1941–1942)<br /><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_laborato%C5%99_Los_Alamos" title="Národní laboratoř Los Alamos">Národní laboratoř Los Alamos</a> (od 1945)<br /><span lang="en">Argonne National Laboratory</span> (1946–1959)<br />Kalifornská univerzita v San Diegu (1960–1972)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kolumbijsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Kolumbijská univerzita">Kolumbijská univerzita</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Obory</th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika">fyzika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadern%C3%A1_fyzika" title="Jaderná fyzika">jaderná fyzika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivita" title="Radioaktivita">radioaktivita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_mechanika" title="Kvantová mechanika">kvantová mechanika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teoretick%C3%A1_fyzika" title="Teoretická fyzika">teoretická fyzika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyzik%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_chemie" title="Fyzikální chemie">fyzikální chemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotochemie" title="Fotochemie">fotochemie</a> a statistická mechanika</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Ocenění</th><td><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziku" title="Nobelova cena za fyziku">Nobelova cena za fyziku</a> (1963)<br />Národní ženská síň slávy (1996)<br />člen American Physical Society<br />společník Americké akademie umění a věd</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Manžel(ka)</th><td><span class="wd">Joseph Edward Mayer (od 1930)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Děti</th><td><span class="wd"><span lang="en">Maria Mayer</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Rodiče</th><td><span class="wd">Friedrich Göppert</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Podpis</th><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Göppertová-Mayerová – podpis"><img alt="Maria Göppertová-Mayerová – podpis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg/150px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg/225px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg/300px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-style: italic;"><div style="font-size:smaller; font-style:normal">Některá data mohou pocházet z <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57100" class="extiw" title="d:Q57100">datové položky</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maria Göppertová-Mayerová</b> (<a href="/wiki/28._%C4%8Derven" title="28. červen">28. června</a> <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> <a href="/wiki/Katovice" title="Katovice">Katovice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko">Polsko</a>, tehdy <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo">Německo</a> – <a href="/wiki/20._%C3%BAnor" title="20. únor">20. února</a> <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalifornie" title="Kalifornie">Kalifornie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9" title="Spojené státy americké">USA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> byla americká <a href="/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika">fyzička</a> německého původu. </p><p>V roce 1963 obdržela jako druhá žena po <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowsk%C3%A1" title="Marie Curie-Skłodowská">Marii Curie-Skłodowské</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziku" title="Nobelova cena za fyziku">Nobelovu cenu za fyziku</a> za svůj výzkum <a href="/wiki/Atomov%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro" title="Atomové jádro">atomového jádra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Při studiu atomového jádra objevila <a href="/wiki/Magick%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo_(fyzika)" title="Magické číslo (fyzika)">magická čísla</a> a podala jejich vysvětlení pomocí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slupkov%C3%BD_model_atomov%C3%A9ho_j%C3%A1dra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slupkový model atomového jádra (stránka neexistuje)">slupkového modelu jádra</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mládí"><span id="Ml.C3.A1d.C3.AD"></span>Mládí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Mládí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Mládí"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narodila se v <a href="/wiki/Katovice" title="Katovice">Katovicích</a>, nyní patřících <a href="/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko">Polsku</a>, jako jediné dítě svých rodičů. Když jí byly 4 roky, rodina se přestěhovala do <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingenu</a>, kde její otec získal profesorské místo na tamní prestižní <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Georga_Augusta_v_G%C3%B6ttingenu" title="Univerzita Georga Augusta v Göttingenu">univerzitu v Göttingenu</a>. Otec byl Marii podle vlastních slov vždy blízký, zejména proto, že byl vědec. </p><p>V Göttingenu vychodila střední školu a nastoupila na soukromou vysokou školu vedenou sufražetkami, která měla za cíl připravit dívky ke studiu na skutečných univerzitách, zde úspěšně složila maturitu a následně udělal přijímací zkoušky na <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Georga_Augusta_v_G%C3%B6ttingenu" title="Univerzita Georga Augusta v Göttingenu">univerzitu v Göttingenu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vysokoškolské_vzdělání"><span id="Vysoko.C5.A1kolsk.C3.A9_vzd.C4.9Bl.C3.A1n.C3.AD"></span>Vysokoškolské vzdělání</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Vysokoškolské vzdělání" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vysokoškolské vzdělání"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na univerzitu nastoupila v roce <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>, nejprve studovala <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematiku</a>, kterou ve 20. letech 20. století z důvodu nedostatku učitelů tohoto předmětu studovala řada dívek. Jednou z jejích profesorek byla i <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noetherov%C3%A1" title="Emmy Noetherová">Emmy Noetherová</a>. Později se ale začala zajímat o fyziku, z níž v roce <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> získala doktorský titul, ve své disertační práci navrhla zásadní myšlenku možné absorpce dvou fotonů jádrem atomu. <sup id="cite_ref-Goeppert-Mayer_1931_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goeppert-Mayer_1931-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ve 30. letech se zdálo nemožné tuto myšlenku ověřit, avšak pozdější vývoj laserů dovolil tuto hypotézu prokázat, když byla roku <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a> pozorována dvoufotonová excitace v krystalu <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europia</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za tento zásadní příspěvek po ní byla pojmenována jednotka průřezu dvoufotonové absorpce. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spojené_státy"><span id="Spojen.C3.A9_st.C3.A1ty"></span>Spojené státy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Spojené státy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Spojené státy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na počátku roku 1930 se vdala za chemika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Edward_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Edward Mayer (stránka neexistuje)">Josepha Mayera</a>, jednoho z asistentů fyzika <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Jamese Francka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krátce nato se přestěhovali do USA, kde Joseph získal místo profesora <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemie</a> na <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Johnse_Hopkinse" title="Univerzita Johnse Hopkinse">Univerzitě Johnse Hopkinse</a>. Maria profesorské místo nezískala, byla ale přijata jako asistentka, měla tedy přístup k vědeckému vybavení a rovněž vyučovala několik kurzů. V roce <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a> vydala další zásadní článek o dvojitém beta rozpadu. Brzy byla přijata jako profesorka na <a href="/wiki/Chicagsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Chicagská univerzita">Chicagskou univerzitu</a>. Mezitím se několikrát vrátila do <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo">Německa</a>, kde spolupracovala s <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Maxem Bornem</a> na <a href="/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_mechanika" title="Kvantová mechanika">kvantové mechanice</a>. V roce <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> se však k moci dostala <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C4%9B_socialistick%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_d%C4%9Blnick%C3%A1_strana" title="Národně socialistická německá dělnická strana">NSDAP</a> a mnoho akademiků včetně Borna a Francka ztratilo práci. Maria se tak definitivně vrátila do USA. </p><p>Roku <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> přišel její muž Joseph o místo na univerzitě Johnse Hopkinse z neznámých důvodů, spekulovalo se o nepřátelském vztahu děkana k ženám na katedře přírodních věd a také o nepřátelském vztahu k německým vědcům. Oba byli přijati na <a href="/wiki/Kolumbijsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Kolumbijská univerzita">Kolumbijskou univerzitu</a>, Joseph jako profesor, Maria opět jako asistentka. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> ji požádal o prozkoumání valenčních orbitalů dosud neobjevených <a href="/wiki/Transurany" title="Transurany">transuranových</a> prvků. Ukázalo se, že tvoří novou sérii podobnou <a href="/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_zeminy" title="Vzácné zeminy">vzácným zeminám</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projekt_Manhattan">Projekt Manhattan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Projekt Manhattan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Projekt Manhattan"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V roce <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> získala Maria částečný úvazek na Sarah Lawrence College. O rok později začal Projekt Manhattan jehož se Maria rovněž účastnila, když spolupracovala s <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Haroldem Ureyem</a>. Jejich cílem bylo najít způsob jak oddělit potřebný <a href="/wiki/Uran-235" title="Uran-235">uran-235</a> od <a href="/wiki/Uran_(prvek)" title="Uran (prvek)">přírodního uranu</a>, tvořeného převážně <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopem</a> <a href="/wiki/Uran-238" title="Uran-238">238</a>. Zkoumali tedy chemické a termodynamické vlastnosti <a href="/wiki/Fluorid_uranov%C3%BD" title="Fluorid uranový">hexafluoridu uranu</a> a možnost separace fotochemickou reakcí. Ve 40. letech 20. století byla tato možnost neproveditelná, později s laserovými technologiemi se začala používat. </p><p>Mariin známý <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> jí zajistil místo na Kolumbijské univerzitě, kde zkoumala vlastnosti hmoty a záření při extrémně vysokých teplotách, přítomných například při termonukleární explozi. V únoru byl její muž poslán do <a href="/wiki/Tichomo%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Tichomoří">Tichomoří</a>, proto nakrátko opustila New York a odešla do <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos" title="Los Alamos">Los Alamos</a>, ale brzy se vrátila, když se i její manžel vrátil z války v červenci roku <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>. </p><p>V roce 1946 získali Maria a její manžel Joseph profesorská místa na Chicagské univerzitě a Maria získala rovněž částečný úvazek v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonne_National_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argonne National Laboratory (stránka neexistuje)">Argonne National Laboratory</a> jako vedoucí teoretické skupiny. Zkoumala například problém kritičnosti tekutým kovem chlazeného <a href="/wiki/Jadern%C3%BD_reaktor" title="Jaderný reaktor">jaderného reaktoru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slupkový_jaderný_model"><span id="Slupkov.C3.BD_jadern.C3.BD_model"></span>Slupkový jaderný model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Slupkový jaderný model" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Slupkový jaderný model"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V pozdních 40. letech vyvinula takzvaný slupkový model atomového jádra, publikovaný roku <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tento model vysvětluje, proč určitý počet <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleonů</a> v jádře vede k zvlášť vysoké stabilitě tohoto jádra. Tato čísla nazval <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a> jako magická, jsou to čísla 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 a 126. Na tom samém problému pracovali ve stejné době rovněž němečtí vědci <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Haxel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Haxel (stránka neexistuje)">Otto Haxel</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Suess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Suess (stránka neexistuje)">Hans Suess</a>, kteří dospěli ke stejným výsledkům a publikovali je již v roce <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Následně s nimi Maria navázala spolupráci, Jensen se stal spoluautorem její knihy. Za tento objev získali Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Hans Jensen a Eugene Paul Wigner v roce <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a> Nobelovu cenu za fyziku. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roku 1960 byla jmenována řádnou profesorkou na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalifornsk%C3%A1_univerzita_v_San_Diegu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalifornská univerzita v San Diegu (stránka neexistuje)">Kalifornské univerzitě v San Diegu</a>, krátce po příjezdu utrpěla mrtvici, přesto ještě několik let pokračovala ve výuce a práci. V roce <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> byla zvolena do Americké akademie věd a umění. <sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smrt">Smrt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Smrt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Smrt"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zemřela 20. února 1972 na následky infarktu z předchozího roku, po němž byla v kómatu. <sup id="cite_ref-nndb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S manželem (zemřel <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>) měli dvě děti, dceru Marii a syna Petera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer?oldid=727406884"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span></p><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Maria Goeppert-Mayer - Autobiography</i> [online]. Nobelprize.org [cit. 2010-02-07]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/mayer-autobio.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Maria+Goeppert-Mayer+-+Autobiography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1963%2Fmayer-autobio.html&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Maria Goeppert Mayer – facts</i> [online]. NobelPrize.org [cit. 2013-07-09]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/mayer-facts.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Maria+Goeppert+Mayer+%E2%80%93+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1963%2Fmayer-facts.html&rft.pub=NobelPrize.org"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goeppert-Mayer_1931-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goeppert-Mayer_1931_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Goeppert-Mayer M. Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen. <i>Annals of Physics</i>. 1931, s. 273–295. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19314010303">10.1002/andp.19314010303</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931AnP...401..273G">1931AnP...401..273G</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fandp.19314010303&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Elementarakte+mit+zwei+Quantenspr%C3%BCngen&rft.date=1931&rft.pages=273%E2%80%93295&rft.au=Goeppert-Mayer+M"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KAISER, W.; GARRETT, C.G.B. Two-photon excitation in CaF<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 1961, s. 229–232. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.7.229">10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.229</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRvL...7..229K">1961PhRvL...7..229K</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.7.229&rft.atitle=Two-photon+excitation+in+CaF%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3AEu%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1961&rft.pages=229%E2%80%93232&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+C.G.B."><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Two-Photon Absorption Measurements: Establishing Reference Standards.</i> [online]. <a href="/wiki/Australsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_univerzita" title="Australská národní univerzita">Australská národní univerzita</a>, June 8, 2007 [cit. 2013-09-14]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA473083">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Two-Photon+Absorption+Measurements%3A+Establishing+Reference+Standards.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA473083&rft.pub=%5B%5BAustralsk%C3%A1+n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+univerzita%5D%5D"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Maria Goeppert-Mayer</i> [online]. [cit. 2014-09-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117181423/http://www.epigenesys.eu/en/science-and-you/women-in-science/811-maria-goeppert-mayer">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2015-01-17.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Maria+Goeppert-Mayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epigenesys.eu%2Fen%2Fscience-and-you%2Fwomen-in-science%2F811-maria-goeppert-mayer"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GOEPPERT-MAYER, Maria. Nuclear configurations in the spin-orbit coupling model. I. Empirical Evidence. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review (stránka neexistuje)">Physical Review</a></i>. April 1950, s. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.16">10.1103/PhysRev.78.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...78...16M">1950PhRv...78...16M</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPhysical+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.16&rft.atitle=Nuclear+configurations+in+the+spin-orbit+coupling+model.+I.+Empirical+Evidence&rft.date=April+1950&rft.pages=16%E2%80%9321&rft.aulast=Goeppert-Mayer&rft.aufirst=Maria"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GOEPPERT-MAYER, Maria. Nuclear Configurations in the Spin-Orbit Coupling Model. II. Theoretical Considerations. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review (stránka neexistuje)">Physical Review</a></i>. April 1950, s. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.22">10.1103/PhysRev.78.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...78...22M">1950PhRv...78...22M</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPhysical+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.22&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Configurations+in+the+Spin-Orbit+Coupling+Model.+II.+Theoretical+Considerations&rft.date=April+1950&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9323&rft.aulast=Goeppert-Mayer&rft.aufirst=Maria"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Haxel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Haxel (stránka neexistuje)">HAXEL, Otto</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">JENSEN, J. Hans D.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Suess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Suess (stránka neexistuje)">SUESS, Hans</a>. On the "Magic Numbers" in Nuclear Structure. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review (stránka neexistuje)">Physical Review</a></i>. June 1949, s. 1766–1766. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1766.2">10.1103/PhysRev.75.1766.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...75R1766H">1949PhRv...75R1766H</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPhysical+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1766.2&rft.atitle=On+the+%22Magic+Numbers%22+in+Nuclear+Structure&rft.date=June+1949&rft.pages=1766%E2%80%931766&rft.aulast=Haxel&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.au=Jensen%2C+J.+Hans+D.&rft.au=Suess%2C+Hans"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GOEPPERT-MAYER, Maria. On Closed Shells in Nuclei. II. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review (stránka neexistuje)">Physical Review</a></i>. June 1949, s. 1969–1970. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1969">10.1103/PhysRev.75.1969</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...75.1969M">1949PhRv...75.1969M</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPhysical+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1969&rft.atitle=On+Closed+Shells+in+Nuclei.+II&rft.date=June+1949&rft.pages=1969%E2%80%931970&rft.aulast=Goeppert-Mayer&rft.aufirst=Maria"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_journal" title="Šablona:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M</i> [online]. American Academy of Arts and Sciences [cit. 2014-07-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterM.pdf">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterM.pdf&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nndb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nndb_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Maria Goeppert-Mayer</i> [online]. Soylent Communications [cit. 2013-09-14]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/847/000099550/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Maria+Goeppert-Mayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F847%2F000099550%2F&rft.pub=Soylent+Communications"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_G%C3%B6ppertov%C3%A1-Mayerov%C3%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Göppertová-Mayerová</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li></ul> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Nositelé Nobelovy ceny za fyziku"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext">Nositelé <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziku" title="Nobelova cena za fyziku">Nobelovy ceny za fyziku</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">1901–1925</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowsk%C3%A1" title="Marie Curie-Skłodowská">Marie Curie-Skłodowská</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3._baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3. baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes van der Waals</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Barkla</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Guillaume</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a> (1925)</span></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">1926–1950</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Wilson</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl Anderson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Thomson</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Bridgman</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Appleton</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukawa" title="Hideki Jukawa">Hideki Jukawa</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Cecil Powell</a> (1950)</span></li></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">1951–1975</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton" title="Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Brattain</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jang_%C4%8Cen-ning" title="Jang Čen-ning">Jang Čen-ning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Li_%C4%8Ceng-tao" title="Li Čeng-tao">Li Čeng-tao</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexejevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Alexejevič Čerenkov">Pavel Alexejevič Čerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Ilja Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgen%C4%9Bvi%C4%8D_Tamm" title="Igor Jevgeněvič Tamm">Igor Tamm</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Landau</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">E. P. Wigner</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Göppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Gennadijevi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Gennadijevič Basov">Nikolaj Gennadijevič Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prochorov" title="Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov">Alexandr Prochorov</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0in%E2%80%99i%C4%8Dir%C3%B3_Tomonaga" title="Šin’ičiró Tomonaga">Šin’ičiró Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Schrieffer</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a> (1975)</span></li></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">1976–2000</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Samuel Ting</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Nevill Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica">Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">Joseph Hooton Taylor</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">David Morris Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Douglas Dean Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cchuej_%C4%8Cchi" title="Cchuej Čchi">Cchuej Čchi</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov">Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> (2000)</span></li></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">2001–2025</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_mlad%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Raymond Davis mladší">Raymond Davis mladší</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masato%C5%A1i_Ko%C5%A1iba" title="Masatoši Košiba">Masatoši Košiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexej_Alexejevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Alexej Alexejevič Abrikosov">Alexej Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Jonathan_Gross" title="David Jonathan Gross">David Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">David Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall" title="John Hall">John Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" title="George F. Smoot">George Smoot</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3i%C4%8Dir%C3%B3_Nambu" title="Jóičiró Nambu">Jóičiró Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobaja%C5%A1i" title="Makoto Kobajaši">Makoto Kobajaši</a> / <a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1ihide_Masukawa" title="Tošihide Masukawa">Tošihide Masukawa</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuen_Kao" title="Charles Kuen Kao">Charles Kuen Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Sterling_Boyle" title="Willard Sterling Boyle">Willard Sterling Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Elwood_Smith" title="George Elwood Smith">George E. Smith</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiro%C5%A1i_Amano" title="Hiroši Amano">Hiroši Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kad%C5%BEita" title="Takaaki Kadžita">Takaaki Kadžita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. 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Ghezová">Andrea Ghezová</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Clauser" title="John F. Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillierov%C3%A1" title="Anne L'Huillierová">Anne L'Huillierová</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> (2024)</span></li></div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527876106706">981058527876106706</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00788659?l=en">DA00788659</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119155680">119155680</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_standardn%C3%AD_identifik%C3%A1tor_jm%C3%A9na" title="Mezinárodní standardní identifikátor jména">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109865412">0000 0001 0986 5412</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: 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class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Australská národní knihovna">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35336679">35336679</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_Izraele" title="Národní knihovna Izraele">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007455804105171">987007455804105171</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Polská národní knihovna">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001250873">a0000001250873</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A1_knihovna" title="Nizozemská královská knihovna">NTA</a>: <span 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