CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '914c7ab9ffc88952',cH: 'MlKRKsUtCMH1NJRQSpUCObiPQViIb28SouA4jiQgZzM-1740033355-1.2.1.1-idEs2F71ShUzFGsgC3YJjzgKCbnASjayjdghaNCi7jp62zzrVl6F8t9ps1mDTXW.',cUPMDTk: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.012006?__cf_chl_tk=LuFlFttzZq0KE4GcaXJPez21RmRzVZyerGNhkFjLdBQ-1740033355-1.0.1.1-RMb0PHBQNpAh5QtPkX5ZzqG6wRNk.EwBwEcOTi9Qo7A",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740033355',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.012006?__cf_chl_f_tk=LuFlFttzZq0KE4GcaXJPez21RmRzVZyerGNhkFjLdBQ-1740033355-1.0.1.1-RMb0PHBQNpAh5QtPkX5ZzqG6wRNk.EwBwEcOTi9Qo7A",md: "ZRmaJzvuxjrkDoJXxcRj39M4782GtrJvu2ZRP3y.ak4-1740033355-1.2.1.1-rhF_TiOGUowzbwR.ghA3NpfFAsWUaV.._gCcTJlN_YDv.JzrGRlVDt89qGDSNGE64Lcpmy4qfOVbTTT810gNebNHQbdRFLmY6o0YDKT9.tD8vHpLy_u5B1IOKehBCVa7Lh2i3VZzwPWFqJI2bdktT8s84KA.dBkYLZM.EjvUMqIgZpatIif_3YxOgUBaK3G2QykFJbQsg0o5liqcLzDAUN6TmqLh63MjII5ZK9CBIRowXyTnLsVlX81Byab5EmDC3xr3cuKaxf0RbNyAuG_nYgcFInUBtWmZb1jZNZhajqQnyQQbvnDOflw.ACAV_LasGidarqLo0GFL3NpCx2.fpqQSsey30qUYS.Zeib77Gg_R4I2t4HVB_2FMWD4lyZsIPbjYLxDIGYhjVvQHmoL5lYXPFomrbmVzoeFs_UaFyU7afj3UPr9k9dbgVUSSlzC6aMdPrUaqbqilivyYNbVmHj9oNfFupIKnmnWTmxCCkIXFKSxK.6YHMp3AuL1vUsACM.fqW.MYdUQNgGgQgnVfwRXOsDT3T2uMPmu_8P.5udCWldOmQrrVtvrpLm4qRU6zK8238ltyU2zQ0zGNWKkr6Hc1xAJnh1N1zhwBoklIEkRQAkK1UTa7VhkkgZ7SaP0T3KqY_oBpn25f5C7IuqQhsfR8o.Q1m16qoD1AenzszniTMdfy28Ub7jmxnX6vWegopboMt5SzLOPyOmpvgAsjxY.RpPJTPOeIi6MfR4mKyAVzT3njCuHBVJDzncxyPzDp.JZEOMpFX27Yl1xe_k5yPp.SKo__jg6eqbyuqutsTjfig2hM2eUTZ0o0yqdHfN4z5bIDvbIG_dSCvljfaHtCPeQ1P_d.1gmkDzLJglfQ3LAPH9LaFKNeiyhNaneUB7x5CbzHFjqQYB_ieRCP3zCpU8y76wN5sIUOcNX4cINDmh88Z3g_VwuJEBZ9avCQB_Maw6g7d8kpYZU_VXW0i7CcLCEomv.Qj9WoTuYzXPvZpTb7iwwYmvhWH6k8bcpog6IV6B9FhEMvnjl9KQLVNa1AAO2K6JJypvUwc6p7cEdR6PW8jVeBcTmWmEp8DBJxjOUmoDVvzkW8hbUj1wJJometlHZ64O_U10l.VNUZusBCnr.KmbmSyBkH.efONPO2tSCvb9ydKC67vXr7Veqpx_iY74_wNDWVIFNjualYUEYKkZy.ful.Bi_3ugBS9.WcxyXJw7nZLR8IjGkjyZTXzLnM5VEzg0peW2JmbDnpjEmQ0mWA6MdBBx6UtHysgqzobVgNiXNVuY7StKe5gbC_dhMC8gQhrmW_DAEI4twNpOxUwxbldSKv2RhqX17SpqctoL9F6HkiJYlhrtEeW4qnBn7QNhPGIgR4rQv8Zen_tsTh5tmaurIFoB1JbrCVLtlpt.cf2tpnUIcNn38Cn1ZbrOh84h.9A3NxZzm8RTRMR.ZsnrwX5Ng9Iu8OPwsfcmf3E_eG15UWJkpYsFmK4sqa.P70c6o_tn8pqLZCGst0BnQkfgeNF1EdZlpalAzucsk7rpbri6J6q9J0XXzPAdQF6DZwYTUcUo5Jbuofr9Cf7xkeMaeH8BZJzcXo.wYgxk1ZqiYf2ORGB5XGum2Qncloafh3T95NhhSH8m01P0ZOiMgETwMRbr5siI4_8oAlJBG8Atr0X4LxYzLbyCJgAYAKjhpxsMYcI2LItMocaqZ8un_alfPWNJZIMV6QMZLiTC5lWO4CJtGG.m3u8tt6ogfZK9.ZesxP9AsoDaGO9ZJfE6gz8PRo95xzPw_F4YEcpBTAXCrHYEX7b2_1WKUkU5m4us49oiIZYqbENhRGOtmjv.LbkclCHEfEQTgud06AhJo32VGPeaVcjBqiebkT4ZREoGbLSBSvYMj5QuUyO8j_KRfTj.ZOQJQLihCy1K2ZVMh8YNb9FBqA2Cm0wQXUQ.Fu8w_Ls1AmA1wnm9MLngzhzy1Sq8W_ER2UVj3mStMKH.bGxVu6Nw2COsADymGinmHIIlZNtwgx74v.p08LWoxoor6HeELoyXrDZTYWxL1LpWxLdc9DOTZqfLHxkRZS8ZdjQpblf.fYFlos7YhkADMJ7jLhzgc7nD_E9mTFTA7Z4fBEfjnyf5LLGK5yuXQgzGxtBK.I9vWh0J0qXKl3jhh_caHWtVrhilLXfNOguCGWDdvHqXsZcDKr11TXcbNK_Upo.lpnfLQCCfFJKF5Xui3VdlT8FkIw9qZHfZsbz1SZncwwABk_wqphPiCgki60PYB_Vl32ggdQC83KqbxulatcEsbir6r3VmkAh4Q5Q13PMFrFGdXbU_6OCnopJvXceEJZbhamYYW4hf0UXXydrMrT57l7.ZLJ9aNsftpkumWpFtTuXyIxSCtIssZd7TNNm9GOMs8EWvCFPXMSIdTz0WrZE1bnnUAQ3dP5Vg7nBgUtSgrEx.6EsVtDxEKfcmjK9QF7zDHyX6_NAoA2DDl0N0b1OF2khEr0xHjjmKSlUjJLha8aTQFaZ3IrYqOk17ivDr8WI.TS07L.34EvTPtQaLupxxVtf88pnqOx8ColNJAS7hvSXmH7ZOEJGOB2jObH.E35nLGqMw",mdrd: "wpee1wIL6mNE.QTbheBeWZ_MOJ9cPhPDyIRQr06vfJw-1740033355-1.2.1.1-Suw1qiyVYrKEp8mc7EfSYnbnTHVIoT.uPlrKRX8MZf6o8vEcMiwwRCdGQhPTFW5BnoP4Hw4VpaTf6DlvptvbOOs9evo9LwERitUL7Va4WfWX5qt6FbYlLLl70NcKbJbxa44Cot0pjwB_rUMSIIaJgv.OR4YiGdE7UH8xzGtr5Dw7iScW_5DV9g97KsYW7gxFQZBxB3iyQRB20_Sf0RzC39T0bWGud6QNqxIVnPK8nPEQY0nhPIXUYMaUP83_f_ina9qG7jJtSxBxYgkk_MIlh5u6nEdEKJa9sxDRyhVMEpdQSwTLjGS_xGWKEYINg7VDTwVumWyfcT3V0NIKwRm0IBAdF.HZkQ6OZgc3rrGMXrOLx1bQfADNAEhTL.owaRmg9NdCLnaHrmZQtCtn1qLZx3EILOkiF1Ba22Xg1cqhYs.gnHjGtBxiBXp0..wvC8Mdtd3EbASjDMrkI1QTAOGjWiceGKdcBZ.6ahrHbGxXTqT17QofB2G.eyLXKAegzNAi3W9TGkmpK3SfiPhlmWlzGwWCXw4Td4vnL5gBD6C69gGzbwlWmmFL_aQvOSKnnnwWGCevemsvo5mLilf58LUciK_xlOwqKTbvK_RGNGxbYNNXF7K_UlLoizc8BVm3HMHrXCQjeNjUvCLDJvmFaXXbgyXI9.A0o_0cjz_Q97jYRe.rL019Uoh_qzzkA7lVR_tsBhkN9S00N6BFt1nTt_.a5X1B_vYp4pdJLy7o8r03iwEwLBQshopKkyBuRVqSy6TWbhjRmqKkQhaEB9o84LToqcZusibjDTtFmb4w5O7q3H0dR68xBzLn2g4_dlsBifptqLpz_4fECdgj6Q5CQN9BU_1PABp10eV_812TsdVmM8ErqNJWmWbLSW.vi.mjUt_EW6dsSUSUnI1fbaySYvAo7NnY9rw_vK2u3Sg60kAxPL3N4gShINYKyHa5NRvCwpRNbmpg.tKKC.R_tTBo2YiotJxrQLFnZcmLyXslR0aG3rXjfxmcUsuZwwDYD7o.n054kGjiinjcck2E2kEtp3lKJJDnDq_bUOi_f6vBpbDHT32MrEINu62fNqVOj8.iUXjL11JfgDtY3S.dLa2i6gyuXLigBfN5_Y3g4E62ElY_5TYRUn2FCKMgMQf6YdlAMqqcPKXL2C8Id8ohQp9W3X_B_auI1WVp3ideU4dcc5zLMkiJjpokrJW40sCDRrnfooof4VngQlLdPDtb_auYJDvm9FagqUgK6I8efOj4h5EQEpnIKqgMmCNoO5mguYeulUpGFqyez6dKDNLGlZRboq_x6Px_Jm_crNj2V7lofNweW5zFw.CuTAfumluKD.lbqxuzvG6OV0Rxuxj4SQntNmcP6KHqbe_c87NW6tWbhQiclDIxM.VU5BPp3z9DSLlSEDdaSWwP0fnED80L9V_mronNsdWFkQtB2aYnF2QsBfp74DvlyCrjIKwE2PyBOspDFqzV6Y3v_ym4zXp7uOW97hWaXJsTEUTME2tCWx7GQVy6nX5zYzoGcKfAAJfPapP6is5W61wWO032F4yj2DPSt31_.J8iT4NZj6611YjhCoetOj9NJNU9a1jyjYfm9V0Y4WIGL9o_UEt2zx3uw4oLehzashCd3ju0Eu1S0CgFslXd28X3CGsmc9JZ3rCvtSiqq.eGT3NOqWSHyaOcE_bkckx2qyUz82cKZ0uycZDxuaFArnN_.KWwGDhGXF2n6BrzWLmCi9ve_YWreHhM9qA7S561NK54mWxGotkImw8VQRSESkBS2WuYbHrATRTFRYTFrSjX5lAPZ14sKejUITnWdFvZWvHkNHvnKwQGj4A9P0WB7Y_mxH1sRr4IyY9YIm2Tgl5fTE0V0ORZcmVl.GFGJxHkxpY3PgePL3YgnuTQGC.HDbDMsLmXGGdbPJahiiCzjtfOd_yYx.J3EKV6ZczsKOugTwUUQPv2Lk.ZaIcKbwOacMRkKFoknDmF3W1Tqo_uVPYG"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914c7ab9ffc88952';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.012006?__cf_chl_rt_tk=LuFlFttzZq0KE4GcaXJPez21RmRzVZyerGNhkFjLdBQ-1740033355-1.0.1.1-RMb0PHBQNpAh5QtPkX5ZzqG6wRNk.EwBwEcOTi9Qo7A" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>