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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Flores" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Flores" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Seismology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Social organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totemism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totemism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Totemism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totemism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Dyes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textile_particularities_of_some_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_particularities_of_some_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Textile particularities of some areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_particularities_of_some_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Flores</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="جزيرة فلوريس (إندونيسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة فلوريس (إندونيسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(ada)" title="Flores (ada) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Flores (ada)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Флорэс (востраў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флорэс (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Флорес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флорес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonezia)" title="Flores (Indonezia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flores (Indonezia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Flores" title="Illa de Flores – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa de Flores" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(pulo)" title="Flores (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Flores (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesia)" title="Flores (Indonesia) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Flores (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesien)" title="Flores (Indonesien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flores (Indonesien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesien)" title="Flores (Indonesien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flores (Indonesien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φλόρες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλόρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Flores_(Indonesia)" title="Isla de Flores (Indonesia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla de Flores (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floreso_(Indonezio)" title="Floreso (Indonezio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Floreso (Indonezio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(uhartea)" title="Flores (uhartea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Flores (uhartea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="فلورس (جزیره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلورس (جزیره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%A8s" title="Florès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Florès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Flores,_Indonesia" title="Illa de Flores, Indonesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Flores, Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%AC" title="플로레스섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플로레스섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্লোরেস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফ্লোরেস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Flores" title="Pulau Flores – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Flores" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesia)" title="Flores (Indonesia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flores (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פלורס (אינדונזיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלורס (אינדונזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%A8s" title="Florès – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Florès" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფლორესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლორესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Флорес (арал) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флорес (арал)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Флорес ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Флорес ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresa" title="Floresa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Floresa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresas" title="Floresas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Floresas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(sziget,_Indon%C3%A9zia)" title="Flores (sziget, Indonézia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Flores (sziget, Indonézia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്ലോറെസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്ലോറെസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جزيره فلوريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره فلوريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Flores" title="Pulau Flores – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pulau Flores" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7)" title="Флорес арал (Индонез) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Флорес арал (Индонез)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesi%C3%AB)" title="Flores (Indonesië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flores (Indonesië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%B3%B6_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2)" title="フローレス島 (インドネシア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フローレス島 (インドネシア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(eilun)" title="Flores (eilun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Flores (eilun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesia)" title="Flores (Indonesia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flores (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_i_Indonesia" title="Flores i Indonesia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flores i Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(wyspa_w_Indonezji)" title="Flores (wyspa w Indonezji) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flores (wyspa w Indonezji)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indon%C3%A9sia)" title="Flores (Indonésia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flores (Indonésia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indoneziya)" title="Flores (Indoneziya) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Flores (Indoneziya)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Флорес (остров) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флорес (остров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_(Indon%C3%A9zia)" title="Flores (Indonézia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Flores (Indonézia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Флорес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флорес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores,_Indonesien" title="Flores, Indonesien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flores, Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="புளோரெஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளோரெஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%8B" title="เกาะโฟลเร็ซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะโฟลเร็ซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flores" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Флорес (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флорес (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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8.67472°S 121.38444°E / -8.67472; 121.38444</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island of the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indonesian island. For the Portuguese island, see <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores Island (Azores)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flores_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flores (disambiguation)">Flores (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Flores</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flores_Topography.png/260px-Flores_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flores_Topography.png/390px-Flores_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flores_Topography.png/520px-Flores_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1665" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Topography of Flores</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_Locator.svg/260px-Flores_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_Locator.svg/390px-Flores_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_Locator.svg/520px-Flores_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="364" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Flores</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flores&params=8_40_29_S_121_23_04_E_type:isle_scale:2500000">8°40′29″S 121°23′04″E / 8.67472°S 121.38444°E / -8.67472; 121.38444</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">14,731.67 km2 (5,687.93 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-MONK_7-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">354 km (220 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">66 km (41 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,370 m (7780 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poco_Mandasawu" title="Poco Mandasawu">Poco Mandasawu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div>Indonesia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a> (pop. 91,550)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,962,405 (mid 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">133.2/km2 (345/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> Flores is one of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, a group of islands in the eastern half of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Administratively, it forms the largest island in the <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> Province. Including <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a> islands off its west coast (but excluding the <a href="/wiki/Solor_Archipelago" title="Solor Archipelago">Solor Archipelago</a> to the east of Flores), the land area is 14,731.67 km2, and the population was 1,878,875 in the 2020 Census (including various offshore islands); the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 1,962,405.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> The largest towns are <a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ende,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, Indonesia">Ende</a>. The name Flores is of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> origin, meaning "Flowers". Flores is located east of <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> Islands, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Solor_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Solor Islands">Solor Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor Archipelago</a>. To the southeast is <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>. To the south, across the <a href="/wiki/Sumba_Strait" title="Sumba Strait">Sumba Strait</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> Island, and to the north, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. Among all islands containing Indonesian territory, Flores is the 10th most populous after <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">10th biggest island of Indonesia</a>. Until the arrival of modern humans, Flores was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Unlike most islands in the Indonesian archipelago, the modern name Flores was given by the Portuguese. According to Sareng Orin Bao (1969),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> the oral tradition of the Sika region gave the island the original name of Nusa Nipa,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> meaning ‘Dragon island’<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> or Snake island. (Nipa nai means "ascending snakes"; kaju nipa nai is the name of an unidentified tree with a bark resembling snake skin, but it can also mean "driftwood", or any sort of wood washed up in a flood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a266-7">[6]</a>) Forth says that “‘Nusa Nipa’ is a designation which at present is widely accepted on Flores as the indigenous name for the entire island. In spite of the argument of Sareng Orin Bao (1969) who adduces a variety of evidence favoring this interpretation, it remains uncertain whether this was in a fact a traditional usage, or at any rate one that was known throughout Flores.”<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The names Tandjoeng Bunga or Tanjung Bunga<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> and Pulau Bunga<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> are also mentioned. The eastern part of the island, originally called Kopondai, was called Cabo das Flores (Cape of Flowers) because of the flowering <a href="/wiki/Delonix_regia" title="Delonix regia">flamboyant</a> trees found there.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> That name remained. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></div> Before the arrival of modern humans, Flores was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The ancestors of Homo floresiensis arrived on the island between 1.3 and 1 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[12]</a> As of 2015, partial remains of fifteen individuals have been found,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown_et_al_2004-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morwood05-16">[15]</a> and the dominant consensus is that these remains do represent a distinct species due to anatomical differences from modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-Argue2017-17">[16]</a> The most recent evidence shows that Homo floresiensis likely became extinct 50,000 years ago, around the time of modern human arrival to the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="H. floresiensis skull, Cantonal Museum of Geology, Switzerland"><img alt="H. floresiensis skull, Cantonal Museum of Geology, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg/240px-Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg/360px-Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg/480px-Homo_Florensiensis-MGL_95216-P5030051-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">H. floresiensis skull, <a href="/wiki/Cantonal_Museum_of_Geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal Museum of Geology">Cantonal Museum of Geology</a>, Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liang Bua Cave, where the specimens were discovered"><img alt="Liang Bua Cave, where the specimens were discovered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg/361px-Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg/542px-Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg/722px-Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Bua" title="Liang Bua">Liang Bua</a> Cave, where the specimens were discovered</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoner_uit_Ende_op_Flores_staat_klaar_voor_de_jacht_of_de_strijd_TMnr_60028899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous warrior from <a href="/wiki/Ende,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, Indonesia">Ende</a>, Flores, before 1938.</figcaption></figure> Flores was most likely first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> at least since 30,000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka</a>. Their influence is still discernible in Sikka's language, culture, and religion. The first Portuguese visit took place in 1511, through the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a> and his vice-captain <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>, en route through the Sunda islands. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican order</a> played an important role on this island, as well as on the neighbouring islands of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a>. When the Dutch attacked the fortress of Solor in 1613, the population of the fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the harbor town of <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a> on the eastern coast of Flores. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islander descent and Larantuqueiros, <a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a>, or, as the Dutch knew them, the 'Black Portuguese' (Zwarte Portugezen). The Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group was observed by <a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a>, an English privateer visiting the Island in 1699: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">These [the Topasses] have no Forts, but depend on their Alliance with the Natives: And indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are Portuguese or Indians. Their Language is Portuguese; and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign yet they will not accept any Officers sent by him. They speak indifferently the Malayan and their native Languages, as well as Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-fox2003-19">[18]</a></blockquote> In the western part of Flores, the <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a> came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bima" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bima">Sultanate of Bima</a>, in eastern Sumbawa. The Dutch effectively established their administration over western Flores in 1907. In 1929, the Bimanese sultanate ceded any control over Manggarai. In 1846, the Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led nowhere. In 1851 Lima Lopes, the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Florins</a> to support his impoverished administration. Lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Great Britain, the Netherland East Indies and the United States imposed on Japan an embargo on rubber and oil and froze Japan overseas funds. This was a strong incentive for Japan to get hold of the rich colonies of South East Asia,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and its Operation "S" targeted the Lesser Sunda Islands — including Flores. On 14 May 1942 <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a> was the theatre of an amphibious landing by the Japanese Army landing force; and a Japanese Navy Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) landed at Reo. Japan occupied Flores until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> During that time, the Japanese administration and forces saw Christians as suspected Dutch sympathizers and were exceedingly heavy-handed towards them in general; but not so much on Flores, where Christians were treated notably less harshly than in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Sumba. Remarkably, in Flores the European priests and nuns were neither interned nor evicted throughout the occupation. According to Paul Webb (1986), this is because Florenese Christians were "too many to ignore": nearly half the population of Flores was catholic and the Japanese, who could not afford to increase the size of their small occupation forces on the island, allowed European priests and sisters to stay at their posts rather than risking a general rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-webb_cited-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a> After the war, Flores became part of independent <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fox2003-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/1992_Flores_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami">On 12 December 1992, an earthquake</a> measuring 7.8 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a> killed 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the north coast. In 2017 two men were killed in Flores due to land disputes between warrior clans; the Mbehel, a <a href="/wiki/West_Manggarai_Regency" title="West Manggarai Regency">West Manggarai</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_people" title="Hill people">mountain tribe</a>, and the Rangko from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> island who helped build <a href="/wiki/Manggarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarai">Manggarai</a> and were given land near <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a> by the Manggarai king.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FloresFishingBoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FloresFishingBoat.jpg/220px-FloresFishingBoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/FloresFishingBoat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing boats</a> on Flores</figcaption></figure> Flores is part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> province. The island along with smaller minor islands is split into eight <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">regencies</a> (local government divisions); from west to east these are <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarai Barat">Manggarai Barat</a> (West Manggarai),<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Regency" title="Manggarai Regency">Manggarai</a> (Central Manggarai), <a href="/wiki/East_Manggarai_Regency" title="East Manggarai Regency">Manggarai Timur</a> (East Manggarai), <a href="/wiki/Ngada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada">Ngada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagekeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagekeo">Nagekeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ende_Regency" title="Ende Regency">Ende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Flores_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Flores Timur">Flores Timur</a> (East Flores).<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Flores has 35.24% of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit">[update]</a>, and is the largest of all islands in the province, with the second-largest population (Timor has slightly more people). The eight <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabupaten">regencies</a> are listed below from east to west, with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-28">[26]</a> and the 2020 Census,<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-29">[27]</a> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode Wilayah</th> <th>Name of City or Regency</th> <th>Statute (including year when established)</th> <th>Area in km2</th> <th>Pop'n 2010 Census</th> <th>Pop'n 2020 Census</th> <th>Pop'n mid 2023 Estimate</th> <th>Capital</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> 2022 estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>53.06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Flores_Regency" title="East Flores Regency">East Flores Regency</a> (Flores Timur) (part of)(a)</td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">1,056.49</td> <td align="right">101,060</td> <td align="right">116,398</td> <td align="right">120,200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a></td> <td>0.6493 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.07</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka Regency</a></td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">1,675.36</td> <td align="right">300,328</td> <td align="right">321,953</td> <td align="right">335,360</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a></td> <td>0.6606 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ende_Regency" title="Ende Regency">Ende Regency</a></td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">2,085.19</td> <td align="right">260,605</td> <td align="right">270,763</td> <td align="right">278,581</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ende,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, Indonesia">Ende</a></td> <td>0.6797 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagekeo_Regency" title="Nagekeo Regency">Nagekeo Regency</a></td> <td>UU 2/2007</td> <td align="right">1,416.96</td> <td align="right">130,120</td> <td align="right">159,732</td> <td align="right">166,063</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mbay_(Indonesia)" title="Mbay (Indonesia)">Mbay</a></td> <td>0.6622 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Regency" title="Ngada Regency">Ngada Regency</a></td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">1,620.92</td> <td align="right">142,393</td> <td align="right">165,254</td> <td align="right">171,736</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a></td> <td>0.6826 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Manggarai_Regency" title="East Manggarai Regency">East Manggarai Regency</a> (Manggarai Timur)</td> <td>UU 36/2007</td> <td align="right">2,391.45</td> <td align="right">252,744</td> <td align="right">275,603</td> <td align="right">290,790</td> <td><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borong,_Manggarai_Timur" class="extiw" title="id:Borong, Manggarai Timur">Borong</a></td> <td>0.623 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Regency" title="Manggarai Regency">Manggarai Regency</a> (Manggarai Tengah)</td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">1,343.83</td> <td align="right">292,451</td> <td align="right">312,855</td> <td align="right">328,758</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruteng" title="Ruteng">Ruteng</a></td> <td>0.6583 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Manggarai_Regency" title="West Manggarai Regency">West Manggarai Regency</a> (b) (Manggarai Barat)</td> <td>UU 8/2003</td> <td align="right">3,141.47</td> <td align="right">221,703</td> <td align="right">256,317</td> <td align="right">270,917</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a></td> <td>0.6492 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Totals</td> <td></td> <td align="right">14,731.67</td> <td align="right">1,701,404</td> <td align="right">1,878,875</td> <td align="right">1,962,405</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: (a) only the eight districts of this regency actually on Flores Island are included in these figures; the three districts comprising <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor Island</a> and the eight districts on <a href="/wiki/Adonara_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonara Island">Adonara Island</a> are excluded. (b) West Manggarai Regency includes <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a> islands off the west coast of Flores; these islands are part of a National Park and thus poorly inhabited. The main towns on Flores are <a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ende,_East_Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, East Nusa Tenggara">Ende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruteng" title="Ruteng">Ruteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a>, listed with their populations as of mid-2023.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>Ende, 87,723 inhabitants (sum of populations of four districts)</li> <li>Maumere, 77,909 inhabitants (excluding populations on offshore islands)</li> <li>Ruteng, 65,694 inhabitants<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_Ruteng_2024-31">[29]</a></li> <li>Larantuka, 41,642 inhabitants<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_Larantuka_2024-32">[30]</a></li> <li>Bajawa, 40,259 inhabitants</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sundas_deciduous_forests" title="Lesser Sundas deciduous forests">Lesser Sundas deciduous forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/220px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/330px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/440px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> is endemic to Flores and surrounding islands and has been continuously present on Flores for at least 1.4 million years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[12]</a> Today, it is confined to a handful of small areas on Flores itself.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The endemic fauna of Flores includes some rats (Murinae), some of which are now extinct, ranging from small-sized forms such as <a href="/wiki/Rattus_hainaldi" title="Rattus hainaldi">Rattus hainaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulamys" title="Paulamys">Paulamys</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a> (which possibly originated on the island), medium-sized such as <a href="/wiki/Komodomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodomys">Komodomys</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hooijeromys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hooijeromys (page does not exist)">Hooijeromys</a>, and giant such as <a href="/wiki/Spelaeomys" title="Spelaeomys">Spelaeomys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papagomys" title="Papagomys">Papagomys</a>, the largest species of which, the still-living <a href="/wiki/Papagomys_armandvillei" class="mw-redirect" title="Papagomys armandvillei">Papagomys armandvillei</a> (Flores giant rat) is approximately the size of a rabbit, with a weight of up to 2.5 kilograms.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean (elephant-relative) <a href="/wiki/Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a>, the most recent (Stegodon florensis insularis) disappearing approximately 50,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[12]</a> The island before modern human arrival was also inhabited by the giant stork <a href="/wiki/Leptoptilos_robustus" title="Leptoptilos robustus">Leptoptilos robustus</a> and the vulture <a href="/wiki/Trigonoceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonoceps">Trigonoceps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismology">Seismology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seismology">edit</a>]</div> Flores Island is bounded by active tectonic regions, with the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Flores_Back_Arc_Thrust_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault">Flores back-arc thrust fault</a> to the north. As a result, the island experiences many earthquakes each year and on occasion, tsunamis. The largest recorded earthquake in the region was the <a href="/wiki/1992_Flores_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami">1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami</a>, a magnitude 7.8 event that caused Severe shaking on the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> scale. The Flores back-arc thrust is of particular interest to researchers as it is believed to accommodate the transition between the Sunda Trench in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">subduction of the Australian Plate</a> in the east. The Flores <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust</a> is approximately 450 km long and consists of a deep rooted basal fault and many overlying imbricate thrust faults. The system is highly active, with more than 25 earthquakes of a magnitude 6 or above since 1960. In 2018, a large sequence of earthquakes (such as on the <a href="/wiki/5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake" title="5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake">5th of August</a> and in <a href="/wiki/July_2018_Lombok_earthquake" title="July 2018 Lombok earthquake">July</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> ruptured sections of the Flores Thrust. The dip of the main thrust fault of approximately 2-3° compared to the 3-4° dip of the subducting plate on the Sunda Trench leads some to believe that the fault could someday be the site of a <a href="/wiki/Subduction_polarity_reversal" title="Subduction polarity reversal">subduction polarity reversal</a> and begin subducting.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> A volcanic eruption in southeast Flores triggered earthquakes that killed at least 10 people as of 4 November 2024. Authorities warned of the possibility of more earthquakes in coming days. <a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG/220px-LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG/330px-LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG/440px-LabuhanBajoChurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Saint Angela Church in Labuan Bajo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> Many languages are spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family. In the west <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a> is spoken; <a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a>, often classified as a dialect of Manggarai, is spoken in the north-central part of the island. In the centre of the island in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Ngada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada">Ngada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagekeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagekeo">Nagekeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ende_Regency" title="Ende Regency">Ende</a>, there is what is variously called the <a href="/wiki/Central_Flores_languages" title="Central Flores languages">Central Flores dialect chain or linkage</a>. Within this area, there are slight <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> differences in almost every village. At least six separate languages are identifiable. These are from west to east: <a href="/wiki/Ngadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngadha">Ngadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Keo language">Keo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a>, which is spoken on the island with the same name off the north coast of Flores. Locals would probably also add <a href="/wiki/So%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a">So'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a> to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of Ngadha. To the east, <a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> can be found. Djawanai (1983) precises that Ngadha somewhat deviates from Austronesian norms, in that words do not have clear <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> and the grammatical processes are different;<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> for example, the Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]), whereas the Ngadha and Keo languages use no prefixes or suffixes.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organisation">Social organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social organisation">edit</a>]</div> The traditional social structure is based on complex extended family ties, where patrilinear and matrilinear lineages are at play and determine a strict social hierarchy within villages.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> It is similar to that in Lembata, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996see_Appendix_I-42">[40]</a> and is reflected in the spiderweb disposition of the rice fields around Cancar (16 km west of Ruteng): started as a pie centered on the point where buffaloes are sacrificed, the allotments originally shaped as pie slices were later divided transversally by the heirs.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg/220px-Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg/330px-Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg/440px-Jesus_Statue_Maumere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Jesus statue in <a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 26525.698184823px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 70.0936080941px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 59.64981909487px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Flores (2023)<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (83.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (1.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (15.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.00%)</div> </div> </div></div> The native peoples of Flores are mostly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Christians, whereas most other Indonesians are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>. As a consequence, Flores may be regarded as surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of religion">religious border</a>. The prominence of Catholicism on the island resulted from its <a href="/wiki/The_Portuguese_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Portuguese in Indonesia">colonisation by Portugal</a> in the east and early 20th-century support by the Dutch in the west.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> In other parts of Indonesia with significant Christian populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, the geographical divide is less rigid and Muslims and Christians sometimes live side by side. Flores thereby also has less <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia#Interfaith_relations" title="Religion in Indonesia">religious violence</a> than that which has sporadically occurred in other parts of Indonesia. There are several churches on the island. On 26 May 2019, Flores' St. Paul Catholic University of Indonesia was formally inaugurated by Indonesian Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Nasir" title="Mohamad Nasir">Mohamad Nasir</a>, becoming the first Catholic University in Flores.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Aside from Catholicism, Islam also has a presence on the island, especially in some coastal communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totemism">Totemism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Totemism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a> is still present, despite the best efforts of <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a> (who declared it an illusion in 1962<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a>) and historian Robert Jones (2005<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a>). <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth (2009a)</a> precises that it manifests itself as a tendency to link people and plants (and animals) in particular ways, and not as a totalizing form of analogical classification such as described by Lévi-Strauss.<a href="#cite_note-forth264-50">[48]</a> He notes that many clans (woe) in Flores are named after various trees, and said species of trees have become taboo (pie): they must not be burnt or used as fuel (pie ‘uge). Thus the <a href="/wiki/Nage_people" title="Nage people">Nage people</a> in central Flores bear the name of the tamarind tree,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a263-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamarindus_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarindus indica">Tamarindus indica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forth264-50">[48]</a> A few clans are not named after plants but also taboo particular trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a264-52">[50]</a> For example, the Wa or Ana Wa people, whose name means "wind" or "wind people, children",<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a> claim the nage or tamarind tree as taboo;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a267-53">[51]</a> the Dhuge people bear the name of a former village and taboo the zita tree (<a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a>); so do the Saga ‘Enge people, whose name origin is not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a268-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[d]</a> The Nage people have plant totems but no animal totems (and therefore no taboo on killing and eating any animal).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a264-52">[50]</a> On the other hand their neighbours on the west side, the Ngadha people, have 14 animals taboos for 16 plants taboos.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Textiles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_de_Ngadastam_met_spinstaafjes_weeftoestel_en_spinnewiel_TMnr_10006048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Ngada women with spinning rods, loom and spinning wheel.</figcaption></figure> Weaving on Flores makes use of cotton grown in the low-lying zones of the island.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> Each ethnic group on Flores has its own tradition of dyeing), weaving and trading in textiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1994-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyes">Dyes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dyes">edit</a>]</div> The dyes used are essentially <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[e]</a> and morinda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1994-59">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot people</a> use maize starch to size the yarn before dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915-62">[57]</a> <dl><dt>Blue (indigo)</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> grows in the temperate zones at middle elevations;<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> It is the most commonly used plant base for blues and black dyes. Bar a few exceptions, it is always used in ikat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915-62">[57]</a> <dl><dt>Red (morinda and others)</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia" title="Morinda citrifolia">Morinda citrifolia</a> (mengkudu,<a href="#cite_note-texttrip-63">[58]</a> keloré in <a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198928-64">[59]</a>), extensively used in the archipelago as a source of red dye, does not grow well on Flores and, according to Hoopen, is scarcely used here.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> But its use is reported in N'Dona (just east of Ende), where it is mixed with various <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordants</a> including <a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">candlenut</a> (kemiri, very oily nut).<a href="#cite_note-texttrip-63">[58]</a> Barnes also reports its use in the villages of Ili Mandiri, East Flores<a href="#cite_note-barnes31-65">[60]</a> - and describes at length the arduous process for its preparation and application.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198928-64">[59]</a> Close by, weavers from the village of Larantuka may use the tree called gemoli for red dye.<a href="#cite_note-barnes31-65">[60]</a> Powdered leaves of a plant (tree?) called "lobah" are used in N'Dona (east of Ende) to obtain bright reds.<a href="#cite_note-texttrip-63">[58]</a> <dl><dt>Yellow (turmeric, mango and others)</dt></dl> Yellow translates as kuma.<a href="#cite_note-barnes31-65">[60]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> was used for producing yellow monochrome warp stripes, as well as orange or green stripes by overdyeing with either morinda or indigo; sometimes mango bark was used for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> At Doka<a href="#cite_note-dokamap-67">[62]</a> in the ‘Iwang Geté or Krowé<a href="#cite_note-krowe-72">[f]</a> region, a more durable deep mustard yellow is produced from turmeric, <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">mango</a> bark, <a href="/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia" title="Morinda citrifolia">Morinda citrifolia</a> (mengkudu) tree <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> (not root), <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a> bark and powdered <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> (kapur sireh). Dyers of that region also mix turmeric with mango bark.<a href="#cite_note-73">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> Another yellow was obtained from a combination of mango bark and morinda, without the addition of oil or loba.<a href="#cite_note-74">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> At Ile Mandiri (East Flores regency) and Loba Tobi<a href="#cite_note-lewotobi-76">[i]</a> a beautiful yellow dye was obtained by boiling the wood chips of the 'yellowwood' tree, known locally as kajo kuma.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a> used to export Arcangelisia flava (kayu kuning<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a>) to Java for the yellows in batik.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> Another export (from Flores and <a href="/wiki/Adonara" title="Adonara">Adonara</a>) in the same domain was a hardwood tree called kajo kuma, literally ‘yellow wood’, which gives a yellow dye.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> In the 1980s it was still brought to Lembata for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-78">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-barnes31-65">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitex_pinnata" title="Vitex pinnata">laban</a> as a dye is hardly used any longer in the Lesser Sunda Islands.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> <dl><dt>Green colour</dt></dl> In some regions of Flores such as East Flores and Ende, green is hardly found in any textile.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> Green warp stripes are most likely to be found in textiles produced in the area of Sikka Natar, and from <a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lembata" title="Lembata">Lembata island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> It is produced almost exclusively by applying alternatively blue and yellow dyes, but in <a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a> region it is obtained by crushing leaves and using the green juice thus produced<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915-62">[57]</a> - notably from <a href="/wiki/Annona_squamosa" title="Annona squamosa">Annona squamosa</a> (dolima).<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> At Nita Kloang in the region of Krowé<a href="#cite_note-krowe-72">[f]</a> (Sikka regency) a green dye is made from the edible leaves of the Indian Coral tree (dadap), which may include such species as Erythrina variegata, <a href="/wiki/Erythrina_subumbrans" title="Erythrina subumbrans">E. subumbrans</a>, E. indica and <a href="/wiki/Erythrina_fusca" title="Erythrina fusca">E. fuspa</a>). The tree is used as a shade plant for cocoa and coffee plants. For the dye, the leaves are crushed with turmeric root and powdered <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> <dl><dt>Synthetic dyes</dt></dl> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Aniline#Uses" title="Aniline">aniline dyes</a> may have reached Indonesia in the 1880s, and brought to Flores by the Dutch steamers that serviced <a href="/wiki/Ende_(town)" title="Ende (town)">Ende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> Up to the 1920s, they were likely only blue, red and magenta rather than green.<a href="#cite_note-81">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> It is impossible to say how quickly synthetic greens were incorporated into Lesser Sunda Island weavings. Any green that was included in early weavings from around the turn of the century is likely to have faded to blue or brown by now (Brackman 2009, 61). Certainly by the 1950s and 1960s more modern lightfast synthetic greens were being used in the stripes in Sikkanese sarongs. They continue to be used in this way today without undermining the regions traditional textile culture.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> As of 2016, most areas of Flores still retain a degree of their former textile culture<a href="#cite_note-82">[l]</a> and still use synthetic green only sparingly, compared to other places that are losing or have lost their textile culture, such as Manggarai and Ngada.<a href="#cite_note-83">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> In Sikka, it seems that chemical green has been frequently used since at least the 1960s and probably earlier.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textile_particularities_of_some_areas">Textile particularities of some areas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Textile particularities of some areas">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Ilé Bura region</dt></dl> In the past, the whole Ilé Bura<a href="#cite_note-lewotobi-76">[i]</a> region was a major centre of weaving, which was an important contribution to family income. As of 2016, weaving is confined to just three villages – Lewo Tobi,<a href="#cite_note-lewotobi-76">[i]</a> Lewouran and Riang Baring, the latter being the most active.<a href="#cite_note-lewo-75">[67]</a> <dl><dt>Iwang Geté region</dt></dl> People of the Iwan geté<a href="#cite_note-krowe-72">[f]</a> region produce a very distinctive ikat cloth: the widest bands (called ina geté) bear such motifs as lizard (teké), a circular motif seen on some antique plates (pigan uben), spinning wheel (jata selér) and pineapple flower (petan puhun).<a href="#cite_note-krowe-71">[66]</a> <dl><dt>Ngadha region</dt></dl> Traditionally in the Ngadha region, everyday clothing is a plain, stark indigo sarong. But there is also a type of ikat, often called Bajawa ikat after its capital, that is decorated with primitive-type designs and using only indigo dye. One characteristic of this ikat is the very intense blue, seen nowhere else in the archipelago; this comes from the high concentration of indigo due to long and repeated steepings of the cloth into the tincture. It also means that the motifs, made by ties on the warp, should have come out white but are more often of a very pale blue because the pigment bath has had time to seep into the yarn beyond the resist of the ties.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> The other characteristic of Ngadha ikat is in the motifs. Horses (jara) are a frequent one, as they are a sign of high social rank; this ties up with the fact that decorated cloths were traditionally worn only by respected clan members.<a href="#cite_note-85">[n]</a> The particularity here is that they are executed as stick figures, by which they resemble some prehistoric cave drawings. This gives them a strikingly 'primitive' appearance and makes them highly sought-after items.<a href="#cite_note-88">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> Most of the ikat on Flores is produced in villages located in the temperate, middle elevation zones — where indigo can be cultivated. The best known are Jerebuu<a href="#cite_note-89">[74]</a> and Langa, in a valley on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Inierie" title="Inierie">Inierie</a> volcano, and Lopijo and Toni, tucked behind the rim of mountains that surrounds <a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a>, north of the same volcano. The latter are still very isolated and conservative, still using indigenous cotton and indigo only. The cloths from these localities are admired throughout the Ngadha region - and nowadays in New York and Singapore as well.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> The most famous tourist attraction in Flores is the 1,639-metre-high (5,377-foot) <a href="/wiki/Kelimutu" title="Kelimutu">Kelimutu</a> volcano, containing three colored lakes, located in the district of Ende close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Moni" title="Moni">Moni</a>, although there is also the <a href="/wiki/Inierie" title="Inierie">Inierie</a> volcano near <a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lakes</a> are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. The colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake<a href="#cite_note-90">[75]</a> from bright red to green and blue. There are <a href="/wiki/Snorkelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorkelling">snorkeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a> locations along the north coast of Flores, most notably <a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riung" class="mw-redirect" title="Riung">Riung</a>. However, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after-effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a>, located on the western tip, is often used by tourists as a base to visit <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a> islands. Labuan Bajo also attracts scuba divers, as <a href="/wiki/Whale_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sharks">whale sharks</a> inhabit the waters around Labuan Bajo. The Luba and Bena villages include traditional houses in Flores. Bena is also noted for its Stone Age <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a>. <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a>, on the isle's eastern end, is known for its <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> festivals. In recent years, local tourist firms around <a href="/wiki/Kelimutu" title="Kelimutu">Kelimutu</a> have begun promoting cycling tours around Flores, some of which take up to five or six days depending on the particular program.<a href="#cite_note-91">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> In addition to tourism, the main economic activities on Flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. The primary food crops being grown on Flores are <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, while the main cash crops are <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candle_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Candle nut">candle nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[77]</a> Flores is one of the newest origins for <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian coffee">Indonesian coffee</a>. Previously, most Arabica coffee (<a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a>) from Flores was blended with other origins. Now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[78]</a> In the 1980s, cotton crops have been encouraged to generate income for the poorer subsistence farmers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a> It is planted in low-lying areas of the island.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a>, which occurs throughout the Indonesian archipelago - and elsewhere -, is specifically cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Regency" title="Manggarai Regency">Manggarai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka</a> regencies, and probably in every other regency.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lesser Sunda Islands with Flores in the upper right"><img alt="The Lesser Sunda Islands with Flores in the upper right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/233px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/350px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/466px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Lesser Sunda Islands with Flores in the upper right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kelimutu"><img alt="Kelimutu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg/240px-Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg/360px-Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg/480px-Flores_Moni_Kelimutu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="383" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kelimutu" title="Kelimutu">Kelimutu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of a Portuguese fort, dating from the 16th century near Ende."><img alt="Ruins of a Portuguese fort, dating from the 16th century near Ende." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg/271px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg/406px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg/541px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ruines_van_een_Portugees_fort_uit_de_16e_eeuw_op_Poelau_Ende_Midden-Flores_TMnr_10001790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of a Portuguese fort, dating from the 16th century near <a href="/wiki/Ende,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, Indonesia">Ende</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngada_megalith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ancient Ngada megalith"><img alt="An ancient Ngada megalith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngada_megalith.jpg/135px-Ngada_megalith.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngada_megalith.jpg/202px-Ngada_megalith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngada_megalith.jpg/270px-Ngada_megalith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ancient <a href="/wiki/Ngada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada">Ngada</a> megalith</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BilanSina1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancers in Watublapi"><img alt="Dancers in Watublapi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BilanSina1.jpg/240px-BilanSina1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BilanSina1.jpg/360px-BilanSina1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BilanSina1.jpg/480px-BilanSina1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancers in Watublapi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villager with a headdress and chest ornamentation"><img alt="Villager with a headdress and chest ornamentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg/124px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg/187px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg/249px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_met_hoofddoek_en_borstsieraden_van_een_kampong_te_Flores_TMnr_10005924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Villager with a headdress and chest ornamentation</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> There are at least six airports in Flores distributed along the island, ordered from west to east: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodo Airport">Komodo Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Sales_Lega_Airport" title="Frans Sales Lega Airport">Frans Sales Lega Airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruteng" title="Ruteng">Ruteng</a> airport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahdamaleda_Airport" title="Pahdamaleda Airport">Pahdamaleda Airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bajawa" title="Bajawa">Bajawa</a> airport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turelelo_Soa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Turelelo Soa Airport">Turelelo Soa Airport</a> in Bajawa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Hasan_Aroeboesman_Airport" title="H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport">H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ende,_East_Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, East Nusa Tenggara">Ende</a> airport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Xavier_Seda_Airport" title="Frans Xavier Seda Airport">Frans Xavier Seda Airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maumere" title="Maumere">Maumere</a> airport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewayantana_Airport" title="Gewayantana Airport">Gewayantana Airport</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a> city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores (Azores)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunura" title="Maunura">Maunura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Milward" title="Simon Milward">Simon Milward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Verhoeven" title="Theodorus Verhoeven">Theodorus Verhoeven</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Maasin, one of the oldest towns in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Leyte" title="Southern Leyte">Southern Leyte</a> (Philippines), was also called Nipa.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Webb recalls the Shimabara rebellion that took place near Nagasaki in 1637 and 1638, when 40,000 Catholics entrenched themselves into an old castle on the Shimabara peninsula and held out against 120,000 Japanese soldiers for about four months; they were all put to death after they had surrendered. According to Webb, the Japanese did not want a historical repeat of it. Nevertheless this did not stop them establishing military brothels staffed with kidnapped hundreds of young Indonesian women for their troops on the island, and treating the rest of the population and the prisoners of war as badly as they did elsewhere. See <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Ana wa" is also the word for "animal", but this is not related to the clan's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a267-53">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Some tribe names are related to particular traditions and beliefs, for example the Sodha or Naka Sodha people: sodha is "a kind of song, singing", and naka is "to steal"; this refers to a ritual task whereby a designated man should "steal" a portion of cooked meat and rice before it is served at feasts, an act thought to ensure that the supply will be sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a268-55">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a>: wuné in <a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-krowe-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_72-2">c</a> Iwangeté or Iwang Geté is a small region in <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka regency</a>, that encompasses the villages of Watublapi (Hewokloang district),<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Héwokloang, Kloangpopot (Doreng district),<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> Hale (Mapitara district), Hebingare,<a href="#cite_note-krowe-71">[66]</a> and Doka (Bola district<a href="#cite_note-dokamap-67">[62]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> Krowe is another name for this area, although neither names are quite accurate.<a href="#cite_note-krowe-71">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Textiles from <a href="/wiki/Palu%27e" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e">Palu’é island</a> have narrow yellow-orange warp stripes dyed with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The combination of mango bark and morinda, without oil or loba, was used in Flores and in Solor.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewotobi-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewotobi_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewotobi_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewotobi_76-2">c</a> Loba Tobi or Lewotobi are common names for the district of Ilé Bura; tobi is the local Lamaholot name for the tamarind tree.<a href="#cite_note-lewo-75">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The dye from kajo kuma was obtained by soaking fine wood chips in cold water without the addition of lime. Several immersions were required to produce the right shade. It is not clear whether this kajo kuma was laban or some other dyewood.<a href="#cite_note-yellow-66">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> In 1923, almost two-thirds of the 672 tons of aniline dyes imported into the Netherlands East Indies consisted of synthetic indigo. The remaining synthetic dyes would have been mostly purple, red, orange and yellow. Even today the number of homogeneous green dyes and pigments remains significantly less than that of any other major colour.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Other areas that have retained a degree of their former textile culture are <a href="/wiki/Lembata" title="Lembata">Lembata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savu" title="Savu">Savu</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Other regions that are in the process of losing or have already lost their textile culture are <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonara" title="Adonara">Adonara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alor_Island" title="Alor Island">Alor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rote_Island" title="Rote Island">Roti</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sumba_Regency" title="West Sumba Regency">West Sumba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-79">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> In the Ngadha region, tradition required that younger people would wear only plain or nearly plain cloths. But advancing in age was not sufficient to be allowed more prestigious, adorned cloths; one also had to go through various levels of initiation and arrange for great feasts, notably those where buffalo would be slaughtered. Only members of the upper strata of society could afford those, and ikat adorned with narrow bands of horses was a marker of that aristocratic status.<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a> These days, this is no longer a traditional law but there remain in some communities the sense that only people of high social standing should wear these prestigious garments, even if there is a reluctance to talk about such class distinctions.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> The Ngadha, and the Manggarai to the west, have long had a legend about 'little people' who lived among them till as late as the 1500s. Add to this their primitive, cave-drawing-like images on Ngadha ikats ; and that the <a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a> and Keo languages are curiously 'nude' versions of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, as if encountering difficulties in assimilating its full complexity. For example, the Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]), whereas the Ngadha language uses no prefixes or suffixes. This has led linguist <a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">John McWhorter</a> to speculate that maybe these two rudimentary languages came into being through contact with the 'little people' of Flores, <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[73]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MONK_7-1"><a href="#cite_ref-MONK_7_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonkFretes,_Y.Reksodiharjo-Lilley,_G.1996" class="citation book cs1">Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. 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New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13438-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13438-X"><bdi>0-231-13438-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+of+the+totem%3A+Religion+and+society+from+McLennan+to+Freud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-231-13438-X&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-forth264-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forth264_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forth264_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForth2009a" class="citation journal cs1">Forth, Gregory (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/54351207">"Tree Totems and the Tamarind People: Implications of Clan Plant Taboos in Central Flores"</a>. Oceania. 79 (3): 263–279 (see p. 264). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2009.tb00064.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.2009.tb00064.x</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Tree+Totems+and+the+Tamarind+People%3A+Implications+of+Clan+Plant+Taboos+in+Central+Flores&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-279+%28see+p.+264%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2009.tb00064.x&rft.aulast=Forth&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F54351207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a263-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a263_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a264-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a264_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a264_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a267-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a267_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a267_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2009a268-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a268_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2009a268_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArndt1954" class="citation book cs1">Arndt, Paul (1954). Gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse der Ngadha. Studia Instituti Anthropos 8. Wien-Mödling: Missionsdruckerei St. Gabriel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesellschaftliche+Verh%C3%A4ltnisse+der+Ngadha&rft.place=Wien-M%C3%B6dling&rft.series=%27%27Studia+Instituti+Anthropos%27%27+8&rft.pub=Missionsdruckerei+St.+Gabriel&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Arndt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFForth2009a">Forth 2009a</a>, p. 265. This is not the archaeologist and art dealer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Arndt" title="Paul Arndt">Paul Arndt</a> (1865–1937). The author here was a missionary-ethnologist who lived among the Ngadha people from 1923 until his death in 1962. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_ten_Hoopen" class="citation web cs1">Peter ten Hoopen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ikat.us/ikat_flores%20group_ngadha.php">"Ikat from Ngadha, Indonesia"</a>. ikat.us. Online Museum of Indonesian ikat textiles, curator: Dr Peter Ten Hoopen. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ikat.us&rft.atitle=Ikat+from+Ngadha%2C+Indonesia&rft.au=Peter+ten+Hoopen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fikat.us%2Fikat_flores%2520group_ngadha.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoopn_ikat-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoopn_ikat_58-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoopen,_ikat.us" class="citation web cs1">Peter ten Hoopen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ikat.us/ikat_flores%20group_ngadha.php">"Ikat from Ngadha, Indonesia"</a>. ikat.us. Online Museum of Indonesian ikat textiles, curator: Dr Peter Ten Hoopen. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ikat.us&rft.atitle=Ikat+from+Ngadha%2C+Indonesia&rft.au=Peter+ten+Hoopen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fikat.us%2Fikat_flores%2520group_ngadha.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1994-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1994_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1994_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1994">Hamilton 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKikusawaReid2007" class="citation book cs1">Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (January 2007). "25. Proto who utilized turmeric, and how?". In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A67.%202007.%20Kikusawa%20and%20Reid--Turmeric..pdf">Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley</a> (PDF). Creole Language Library 30. pp. 341–354 (see p. 343).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=25.+Proto+who+utilized+turmeric%2C+and+how%3F&rft.btitle=Language+Description%2C+History+and+Development%3A+Linguistic+indulgence+in+memory+of+Terry+Crowley&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library+30&rft.pages=341-354+%28see+p.+343%29&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Kikusawa&rft.aufirst=Ritsuko&rft.au=Reid%2C+Lawrence+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~reid%2FCombined%2520Files%2FA67.%25202007.%2520Kikusawa%2520and%2520Reid--Turmeric..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes198915_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1989">Barnes 1989</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-texttrip-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texttrip_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-texttrip_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-texttrip_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatextilejourney.wordpress.com/tag/ende/">"Flores ikat – its all about the villages"</a>. asiatextilejourney.wordpress.com. December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiatextilejourney.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Flores+ikat+%E2%80%93+its+all+about+the+villages&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatextilejourney.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fende%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198928-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes198928_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes198928_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1989">Barnes 1989</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes31-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes31_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes31_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes31_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes31_65-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1989" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Ruth (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt77EAAAQBAJ&dq=what+is+%22kajo+kuma%22&pg=PA31">Ikat Textiles of Lamalera: A Study of an Eastern Indonesian Weaving Tradition</a> (Studies in South Asian culture, vol. XIV). E.J. Brill. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08753-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08753-2"><bdi>90-04-08753-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9865">0169-9865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ikat+Textiles+of+Lamalera%3A+A+Study+of+an+Eastern+Indonesian+Weaving+Tradition&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0169-9865&rft.isbn=90-04-08753-2&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt77EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwhat%2Bis%2B%2522kajo%2Bkuma%2522%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yellow-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yellow_66-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantextilestudies.com/yellow.html">"Yellow dyes"</a>. asiantextilestudies.com. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiantextilestudies.com&rft.atitle=Yellow+dyes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiantextilestudies.com%2Fyellow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dokamap-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dokamap_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dokamap_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sanggar+Doka+Tawa+Tana+-+Desa+Wisata+Umauta/@-8.7127642,122.307397,16.04z/data=!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x2dad2190b9d59f9f:0xa85b3c83f6076567!2sBola,+Kabupaten+de+Sikka,+Nusa+Tenggara+oriental,+Indon%C3%A9sie!3b1!8m2!3d-8.744265!4d122.2997081!16s%2Fg%2F121ln153!3m5!1s0x2dad210d99bd461d:0xf4ab010632bf67c5!8m2!3d-8.7143687!4d122.3092659!16s%2Fg%2F11fwdv8xln?entry=ttu">"Doka (Bola district), map"</a>. google.com/maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com%2Fmaps&rft.atitle=Doka+%28Bola+district%29%2C+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FSanggar%2BDoka%2BTawa%2BTana%2B-%2BDesa%2BWisata%2BUmauta%2F%40-8.7127642%2C122.307397%2C16.04z%2Fdata%3D%214m15%211m8%213m7%211s0x2dad2190b9d59f9f%3A0xa85b3c83f6076567%212sBola%2C%2BKabupaten%2Bde%2BSikka%2C%2BNusa%2BTenggara%2Boriental%2C%2BIndon%25C3%25A9sie%213b1%218m2%213d-8.744265%214d122.2997081%2116s%252Fg%252F121ln153%213m5%211s0x2dad210d99bd461d%3A0xf4ab010632bf67c5%218m2%213d-8.7143687%214d122.3092659%2116s%252Fg%252F11fwdv8xln%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sanggar+Budaya+Tenun+Bliran+Sina+-+Watublapi/@-8.7007277,122.3106116,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x2dad1f9b22619e13:0xc81deaff7fbe7d22!8m2!3d-8.700733!4d122.3131865!16s%2Fg%2F11f0kwrr9t?entry=ttu">"Watublapi (Hewokloang district), map, with Héwokloang to the west"</a>. google.com/maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com%2Fmaps&rft.atitle=Watublapi+%28Hewokloang+district%29%2C+map%2C+with+H%C3%A9wokloang+to+the+west&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FSanggar%2BBudaya%2BTenun%2BBliran%2BSina%2B-%2BWatublapi%2F%40-8.7007277%2C122.3106116%2C17z%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m6%213m5%211s0x2dad1f9b22619e13%3A0xc81deaff7fbe7d22%218m2%213d-8.700733%214d122.3131865%2116s%252Fg%252F11f0kwrr9t%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=desa-kodepos&sby=010000&BK_HP=Laptop&_en=ENGLISH&daerah=Desa-Doreng-Kab.-Sikka&jobs=Kloangpopot">"Klo'angpopot, Doreng district, Sikka regency"</a>. m.nomor.net. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.nomor.net&rft.atitle=Klo%27angpopot%2C+Doreng+district%2C+Sikka+regency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.nomor.net%2F_kodepos.php%3F_i%3Ddesa-kodepos%26sby%3D010000%26BK_HP%3DLaptop%26_en%3DENGLISH%26daerah%3DDesa-Doreng-Kab.-Sikka%26jobs%3DKloangpopot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kloangpopot/@-8.712828,122.352609,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x2dad21c34d6ff0f3:0x59502f201439b4e2!8m2!3d-8.7128333!4d122.3551839!16s%2Fg%2F11p_0cvsjg?entry=ttu">"Kloangpopot (Doreng district), map"</a>. google.com/maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com%2Fmaps&rft.atitle=Kloangpopot+%28Doreng+district%29%2C+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FKloangpopot%2F%40-8.712828%2C122.352609%2C17z%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m6%213m5%211s0x2dad21c34d6ff0f3%3A0x59502f201439b4e2%218m2%213d-8.7128333%214d122.3551839%2116s%252Fg%252F11p_0cvsjg%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krowe-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krowe_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ikat.us/ikat_flores%20group_krowe.php">"Ikat from Krowe, Indonesia"</a>. ikat.us. Pusaka Collection, Online Museum of Indonesian ikat textiles. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ikat.us&rft.atitle=Ikat+from+Krowe%2C+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fikat.us%2Fikat_flores%2520group_krowe.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewo-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewo_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewo_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantextilestudies.com/lewotobi.html">"Lewotobi textiles"</a>. asiantextilestudies.com. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiantextilestudies.com&rft.atitle=Lewotobi+textiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiantextilestudies.com%2Flewotobi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetyowatiSudarsonoSetyowati2014" class="citation journal cs1">Setyowati, Rini; Sudarsono; Setyowati, E. P (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/download/13/2">"The effect of water-soluble stem extract "Kayu Kuning" (Arcangelisia flava L. Merr) on the growth inhibition of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro"</a>. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry. 3 (1): 15–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14421%2Fbiomedich.2014.31.15-19">10.14421/biomedich.2014.31.15-19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2089-6514">2089-6514</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology%2C+Medicine%2C+%26+Natural+Product+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+water-soluble+stem+extract+%22Kayu+Kuning%22+%28Arcangelisia+flava+L.+Merr%29+on+the+growth+inhibition+of+Candida+albicans+ATCC+10231+and+Trichophyton+mentagrophytes+in+vitro&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-19&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14421%2Fbiomedich.2014.31.15-19&rft.issn=2089-6514&rft.aulast=Setyowati&rft.aufirst=Rini&rft.au=Sudarsono&rft.au=Setyowati%2C+E.+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebiology.org%2Findex.php%2FBIOMEDICH%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F13%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_79-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantextilestudies.com/green.html#i">"Green dyes"</a>. asiantextilestudies.com. 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiantextilestudies.com&rft.atitle=Green+dyes&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiantextilestudies.com%2Fgreen.html%23i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert Harrison (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TR6q_hPM18C&dq=tree+%22gemoli%22+-bolgheri+-guado&pg=PA368">Sea Hunters of Indonesia: Fishers and Weavers of Lamalera</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828070-5"><bdi>978-0-19-828070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Hunters+of+Indonesia%3A+Fishers+and+Weavers+of+Lamalera&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828070-5&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TR6q_hPM18C%26dq%3Dtree%2B%2522gemoli%2522%2B-bolgheri%2B-guado%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1994">Hamilton (1994)</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFHoopen,_ikat.us">Hoopen & , ikat.us</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John Hamilton</a> (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/04/john-mcwhorter-on-the-languages-of-flores-in-indonesia.html">"Flores Man vs. Sulawesi. A linguistic mystery in the Lesser Sunda Islands"</a> (audio). slate.com. Lexicon Valley. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slate.com&rft.atitle=Flores+Man+vs.+Sulawesi.+A+linguistic+mystery+in+the+Lesser+Sunda+Islands&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2019%2F04%2Fjohn-mcwhorter-on-the-languages-of-flores-in-indonesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John Hamilton</a> (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26566146">"The radically isolating languages of Flores: A challenge to diachronic theory"</a>. Journal of Historical Linguistics. 9 (2): 177–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.16021.mcw">10.1075/jhl.16021.mcw</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+radically+isolating+languages+of+Flores%3A+A+challenge+to+diachronic+theory&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-207&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.16021.mcw&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26566146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jerebuu,+Kabupaten+de+Ngada,+Nusa+Tenggara+oriental,+Indon%C3%A9sie/@-8.8977226,120.9964015,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x2db2dc0a59e6c4b5:0x39c158f74ac29cdb!8m2!3d-8.8964289!4d120.9972433!16s%2Fg%2F1213jbmw?entry=ttu">"Jerebuu village and district, map"</a>. google.fr/maps (scroll back to see the limits of Jerebuu district).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.fr%2Fmaps&rft.atitle=Jerebuu+village+and+district%2C+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FJerebuu%2C%2BKabupaten%2Bde%2BNgada%2C%2BNusa%2BTenggara%2Boriental%2C%2BIndon%25C3%25A9sie%2F%40-8.8977226%2C120.9964015%2C15z%2Fdata%3D%214m6%213m5%211s0x2db2dc0a59e6c4b5%3A0x39c158f74ac29cdb%218m2%213d-8.8964289%214d120.9972433%2116s%252Fg%252F1213jbmw%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Pasternack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/kelimutu.htm">Keli Mutu Volcanic Lakes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044547/http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/kelimutu.htm">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of California Davis. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakur2016" class="citation news cs1">Makur, Markus (13 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/13/bicycle-tours-kelimutu-boost-local-economy.html">"Bicycle tours of Kelimutu boost local economy"</a>. The Jakarta Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Bicycle+tours+of+Kelimutu+boost+local+economy&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft.aulast=Makur&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F13%2Fbicycle-tours-kelimutu-boost-local-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kadin-indonesia.or.id/en/doc/reg_info/reg_info_EastNusaTenggara.pdf">East Nusa Tenggara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910061500/http://www.kadin-indonesia.or.id/en/doc/reg_info/reg_info_EastNusaTenggara.pdf">Archived</a> 10 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 8 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sca-indo.org/arabica-regions/index.cfm?rid=5">Arabica Producing Regions of Indonesia</a>, Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia. Retrieved 8 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeferLadewigDiarini1989" class="citation web cs1">Keefer, G.D.; Ladewig, J.; Diarini, P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/1989/contributed/crop/p1-45.pdf">"Cotton yield predictions for Lombok and Flores - Indonesia"</a> (PDF). agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org. Australian Agronomy Conference (1989). Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org&rft.atitle=Cotton+yield+predictions+for+Lombok+and+Flores+-+Indonesia&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Keefer&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft.au=Ladewig%2C+J.&rft.au=Diarini%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagronomyaustraliaproceedings.org%2Fimages%2Fsampledata%2F1989%2Fcontributed%2Fcrop%2Fp1-45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1994" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Roy W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trc-leiden.nl/trc/index.php/en/inspiration/intensive-textile-course?id=877">Gift of the Cotton Maiden: Textiles of Flores and the Solor Islands</a>. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930741389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0930741389"><bdi>978-0930741389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gift+of+the+Cotton+Maiden%3A+Textiles+of+Flores+and+the+Solor+Islands&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Fowler+Museum+of+Cultural+History%2C+UCLA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0930741389&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Roy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trc-leiden.nl%2Ftrc%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Finspiration%2Fintensive-textile-course%3Fid%3D877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappoport2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rappoport, Dana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01411781/document">"L'énigme des duos alternés à Flores et Solor (Lamaholot, Indonésie)"</a> (PDF). Archipel (in French). 79 (79): 215–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.2010.4167">10.3406/arch.2010.4167</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9nigme+des+duos+altern%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Flores+et+Solor+%28Lamaholot%2C+Indon%C3%A9sie%29&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=215-256&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.2010.4167&rft.aulast=Rappoport&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-01411781%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröter2010" class="citation book cs1">Schröter, Susanne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1185448071/34">"The Indigenization of Catholicism on Flores"</a> (PDF). Christianity in Indonesia (Southeast Asian modernities, vol. 12). Berlin / Münster: Lit. pp. 90–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643107985" title="Special:BookSources/9783643107985"><bdi>9783643107985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indigenization+of+Catholicism+on+Flores&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=90-105&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643107985&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1185448071%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenbrink2013" class="citation journal cs1">Steenbrink, Karel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-12340024">"Dutch Colonial Containment of Islam in Manggarai, West-Flores, in Favour of Catholicism, 1907–1942"</a>. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 169 (1): 104–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-12340024">10.1163/22134379-12340024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Dutch+Colonial+Containment+of+Islam+in+Manggarai%2C+West-Flores%2C+in+Favour+of+Catholicism%2C+1907%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-128&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-12340024&rft.aulast=Steenbrink&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-12340024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flores_(Indonesia)#Q148440" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Flores (Indonesia)">Flores (Indonesia)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flores,_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flores, Indonesia">Flores, Indonesia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Flores_(1.)">"Flores (1.)" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. IX (9th ed.). 1879. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flores+%281.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlores" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flores-komodo.com/flores_history.html">Flores & Komodo – History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324051745/http://www.flores-komodo.com/flores_history.html">Archived</a> 24 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315129180">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4098001-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge994909&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535913405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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