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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish merchant, geologist and educational reformer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Horner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leonard_Horner.png/300px-Leonard_Horner.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Leonard_Horner.png 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Horner c. 1830</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Leonard Horner</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of London">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Geological_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Geological Society of London">FGS</a> (17 January 1785 – 5 March 1864) was a Scottish merchant, geologist and educational reformer. He was the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Horner" title="Francis Horner">Francis Horner</a>. </p><p>Horner was a founder of the School of Arts of Edinburgh, now <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>. A 'radical educational reformer' he was involved in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/University_College_School" title="University College School">University College School</a>. As a commissioner on the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children in Factories, Horner arguably did more to improve the working conditions of women and children in North England than any other person in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father, John Horner, was a linen merchant in Edinburgh, and partner in the firm of Inglis & Horner.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leonard, the third and youngest son, attended the <a href="/wiki/Royal_High_School_(Edinburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal High School (Edinburgh)">High School</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in 1799. There in the course of the next four years he studied <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, and gained a love of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> from <i>Playfairs Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory</i>. At the age of nineteen he became a partner in a branch of his father's business, and went to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png/330px-Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png/495px-Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Adam_Square_in_Edinburgh.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Adam Square in Edinburgh with Horner's School of Arts in the Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808 he joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a> and two years later was elected one of the secretaries. Throughout his long life he was ardently devoted to the welfare of the society; he was elected president in 1846 and again in 1860. In 1811 he read his first paper <i>On the Mineralogy of the <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a></i> (<i>Trans. Geol. Soc.</i> vol. i.)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently communicated other papers on the Brine-springs at <a href="/wiki/Droitwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Droitwich">Droitwich</a>, and the <i>Geology of the S.W. part of <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somersetshire</a></i>. </p><p>He was elected fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1813. In 1815 he returned to Edinburgh to take personal superintendence of his business, and while there (1821) he was instrumental in founding the Edinburgh School of Arts on Adam Square where the instruction of mechanics and art was taught, and he was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>. In 1827 he was invited to London to become warden of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">London University</a> (now University College London), an office which he held for four years; he then resided at <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> for two years and pursued the study of minerals and rocks, communicating to the Geological Society on his return a paper on the <i>Geology of the Environs of Bonn</i>, and another <i>On the Quantity of Solid Matter suspended in the Water of the Rhine</i>. He made significant contributions to the study of loess material and loess deposits and published what is probably the first illustration of a loess section. He also produced the first map of the Siebengebirge region of the Rhineland. </p><p>In 1828 he returned to Edinburgh to take charge of his ailing father's company. In 1829, on the death of his father, he took full charge of the company, and continued in this role until 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833 he was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the employment of children in the factories of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and he was subsequently selected as one of the inspectors. He held this post for 26 years and during this time arguably did more to improve the working condition of women and children in the mills of north England than any other person in the 19th-century and for which he was praised by Karl Marx in <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>. In later years he devoted much attention to the geological history of the alluvial lands of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; and in 1843 he published his <i>Life</i> of his brother Francis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horner married Anna Susanna Lloyd, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Lloyd" title="Gamaliel Lloyd">Gamaliel Lloyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They had six daughters, all of whom educated to a high standard for the age. The eldest, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Horner_Lyell" title="Mary Horner Lyell">Mary Elizabeth</a>, married Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> author of <i>The Principles of Geology</i> in 1832. Her younger sister <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Murray_Lyell" title="Katharine Murray Lyell">Katharine</a> married Lyell's younger brother Henry in 1848, and later edited <i>The Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell</i>. A third daughter, Frances, married <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Bunbury,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Bunbury, 8th Baronet">Charles Bunbury</a>, a noted paleobotanist. A fourth daughter, Leonora, married <a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Pertz" title="Georg Heinrich Pertz">Georg Heinrich Pertz</a>, a historian and archivist; one of their children was <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Pertz" title="Dorothea Pertz">Dorothea Pertz</a> and through this connection Horner was the step-great-great-grandfather of astronomer and astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a>. Two other daughters, Susan and Joanna, were known in their day as the authors of a book on walking tours of Florence, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-cpg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in 1803 in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2. He was also an honorary member of Lodge Kirknewton and Ratho, No.85, this also being conferred in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died in Montagu Square in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> on 5 March 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> "<a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_I" title="Das Kapital, Volume I">Das Kapital, Volume I</a>" London 1867: "He rendered undying service to the English working-class." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch09.htm">ch. 9</a>)</li> <li><i>Memoir of Leonard Horner</i>, by Katherine M Lyell (1890) (privately printed). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJoy3rG1DlYC">Vol. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Memoir_of_Leonard_Horner_Consisting_of_L.html?id=Sh05AQAAMAAJ">Vol. 2</a></li> <li>Charles Darwin "Origin of Species" 1859</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburghacademy.org.uk/curriculum/history/enlightenment.htm">Early history of The Edinburgh Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204144048/http://www.edinburghacademy.org.uk/curriculum/history/enlightenment.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Farrell, Patrick N. 2010. Leonard Horner: Pioneering Reformer. Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh vol II p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorner1811" class="citation journal cs1">Horner, Leonard (1811). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Geological_Society,_1st_series,_vol._1/On_the_Mineralogy_of_the_Malvern_Hills">"On the Mineralogy of the Malvern Hills"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Geological Society</i>. 1st Series. <b>1</b>. The Geological Society of London: 281–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Ftransgsla.1.281">10.1144/transgsla.1.281</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Mineralogy+of+the+Malvern+Hills&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=281-321&rft.date=1811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Ftransgsla.1.281&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTransactions_of_the_Geological_Society%2C_1st_series%2C_vol._1%2FOn_the_Mineralogy_of_the_Malvern_Hills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Horner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Horner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Leonard-Horner/6000000001779983778">"Leonard Horner"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Horner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FLeonard-Horner%2F6000000001779983778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Horner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalleyB.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smalley, Ian; B., Markovic Slobodan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeo-2018-0073">"An enthusiasm for loess: Leonard Horner in Bonn and Liu Tungsheng in Beijing"</a>. <i>Open Geosciences</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 925–931. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OGeo...10...73S">2018OGeo...10...73S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeo-2018-0073">10.1515/geo-2018-0073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2391-5447">2391-5447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Geosciences&rft.atitle=An+enthusiasm+for+loess%3A+Leonard+Horner+in+Bonn+and+Liu+Tungsheng+in+Beijing&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=925-931&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2391-5447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fgeo-2018-0073&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018OGeo...10...73S&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=B.%2C+Markovic+Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fgeo-2018-0073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Horner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, and Katherine Haramundanis. <i>Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: an autobiography and other recollections</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Famous Scottish Freemasons. The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. 2010. p. 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560933-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560933-8-7">978-0-9560933-8-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horner,_Leonard" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Horner, Leonard">Horner, Leonard</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horner%2C+Leonard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Horner" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Horner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lck2.co.uk/">Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2.</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leonard_Horner" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leonard Horner">Leonard Horner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:GLS_Presidents" title="Template:GLS Presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:GLS_Presidents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:GLS Presidents (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GLS_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GLS Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Geological_Society_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London"><span style="color:white;">Presidents of the Geological Society of London</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey_Bennet" title="Henry Grey Bennet">Henry Grey Bennet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake_(economist)" title="William Blake (economist)">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacCulloch" title="John MacCulloch">John MacCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Earl Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Babington_(physician)" title="William Babington (physician)">William Babington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitton" title="William Henry Fitton">William Fitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warburton" title="Henry Warburton">Henry Warburton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche" title="Henry De la Beche">Henry De la Beche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Forbes" title="Edward Forbes">Edward Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sharpe" title="Daniel Sharpe">Daniel Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellison_Portlock" title="Joseph Ellison Portlock">Joseph Ellison Portlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ramsay_(geologist)" title="Andrew Ramsay (geologist)">Andrew Crombie Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warington_Wilkinson_Smyth" title="Warington Wilkinson Smyth">Warington Wilkinson Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prestwich" title="Joseph Prestwich">Joseph Prestwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Douglas Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">John Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martin_Duncan" title="Peter Martin Duncan">Peter Martin Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clifton_Sorby" title="Henry Clifton Sorby">Henry Clifton Sorby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Etheridge_(geologist)" title="Robert Etheridge (geologist)">Robert Etheridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hulke" title="John Hulke">John Whitaker Hulke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Bonney" title="Thomas George Bonney">Thomas Bonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Judd" title="John Wesley Judd">John Wesley Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Blanford" title="William Thomas Blanford">William Blanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Hudleston_Hudleston" title="Wilfred Hudleston Hudleston">Wilfred Hudleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Woodward_(geologist)" title="Henry Woodward (geologist)">Henry Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(geologist)" title="Henry Hicks (geologist)">Henry Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitaker_(geologist)" title="William Whitaker (geologist)">William Whitaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_Teall" title="Jethro Teall">Jethro Teall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" title="Charles Lapworth">Charles Lapworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Marr" title="John Edward Marr">John Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Sollas" title="William Johnson Sollas">William Sollas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitehead_Watts" title="William Whitehead Watts">William Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Strahan" title="Aubrey Strahan">Aubrey Strahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward" title="Arthur Smith Woodward">Arthur Smith Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harker" title="Alfred Harker">Alfred Harker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Lamplugh" title="George William Lamplugh">George Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Richard Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Seward" title="Albert Seward">Albert Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Evans_(geologist)" title="John William Evans (geologist)">John Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Arthur_Bather" title="Francis Arthur Bather">Francis Bather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">John Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Johnston_Garwood" title="Edmund Johnston Garwood">Edmund Garwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Holland" title="Thomas Henry Holland">Thomas Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Norman_Green" title="John Frederick Norman Green">John Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Thomas_Jones" title="Owen Thomas Jones">Owen Thomas Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hurd_Swinnerton" title="Henry Hurd Swinnerton">Henry Hurd Swinnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_George_Hamnall_Boswell" title="Percy George Hamnall Boswell">Percy Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Leader_Hawkins" title="Herbert Leader Hawkins">Herbert Leader Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Fearnsides" title="William George Fearnsides">William Fearnsides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Trueman" title="A. E. Trueman">Arthur Trueman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Harold_Read" title="Herbert Harold Read">Herbert Harold Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Edgar_Tilley" title="Cecil Edgar Tilley">Cecil Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Thomas_Jones" title="Owen Thomas Jones">Owen Thomas Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Martin_Lees" title="George Martin Lees">George Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._R._King" title="W. B. R. King">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Campbell_Smith" title="Walter Campbell Smith">Walter Campbell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hawkes" title="Leonard Hawkes">Leonard Hawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_James_Stubblefield" title="Cyril James Stubblefield">James Stubblefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Ewart_Hollingworth" title="Sydney Ewart Hollingworth">Sydney Hollingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bulman" title="Oliver Bulman">Oliver Bulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Shotton" title="Frederick William Shotton">Frederick Shotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Dunham" title="Kingsley Dunham">Kingsley Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_George" title="Neville George">Neville George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Deer" title="William Alexander Deer">William Alexander Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_Westoll" title="Thomas Stanley Westoll">Thomas Westoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Edward_Kent" title="Percy Edward Kent">Percy Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Spencer_Pitcher" title="Wallace Spencer Pitcher">Wallace Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Allen" title="Percival Allen">Percival Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howel_Francis" title="Edward Howel Francis">Howel Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Watson" title="Janet Watson">Janet Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hepworth_Holland" title="Charles Hepworth Holland">Charles Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Elgey_Leake" title="Bernard Elgey Leake">Bernard Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_John_Blundell" title="Derek John Blundell">Derek Blundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leonard_Harris" title="Anthony Leonard Harris">Anthony Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Curtis" title="Charles David Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks" title="Robert Stephen John Sparks">R. S. J. Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hardman" title="Richard Hardman">Richard Hardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cocks" title="Robin Cocks">Robin Cocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Oxburgh,_Baron_Oxburgh" title="Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh">Ronald Oxburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moody-Stuart" title="Mark Moody-Stuart">Mark Moody-Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Styles_(geologist)" title="Peter Styles (geologist)">Peter Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Richard Fortey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Frostick" title="Lynne Frostick">Lynne Frostick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heriot-Watt_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#a5acaf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heriot-Watt_University" title="Template:Heriot-Watt University"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heriot-Watt_University" title="Template talk:Heriot-Watt University"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heriot-Watt_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heriot-Watt University"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heriot-Watt_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#a5acaf;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Business_School" title="Edinburgh Business School">Edinburgh Business School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#a5acaf;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University_Dubai" title="Heriot-Watt University Dubai">Heriot-Watt University Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriam" title="Oriam">Oriam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#a5acaf;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Chancellor:</b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M_Buchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M Buchan">Robert M Buchan</a></li> <li><b>Principal:</b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Williams_(academic)" title="Richard Williams (academic)">Richard Williams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Horner</a> (founder)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#a5acaf;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University_F.C." title="Heriot-Watt University F.C.">Heriot-Watt University F.C.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_(student_newspaper)" title="The Journal (student newspaper)">The Journal (student newspaper)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Watt_Club" title="The Watt Club">The Watt Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6525386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6525386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6525386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083391318">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8153932">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/224534/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv4rHYKrHjhk7DKvXrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116994258">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88614339">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15053934d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15053934d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p134769546">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/183120">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278986805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14151621">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116994258.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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