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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamental_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fundamental concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fundamental_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fundamental concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wave_propagation:_pressure_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave_propagation:_pressure_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wave propagation: pressure levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave_propagation:_pressure_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wave_propagation:_frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave_propagation:_frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wave propagation: frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave_propagation:_frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transduction_in_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transduction_in_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transduction in acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transduction_in_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acoustician</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acoustician-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acoustician subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acoustician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdisciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdisciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subdisciplines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdisciplines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdisciplines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdisciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeoacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeoacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Archaeoacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeoacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeroacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeroacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aeroacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeroacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_signal_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_signal_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Acoustic signal processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_signal_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Architectural acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bioacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Electroacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_noise_and_soundscapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_noise_and_soundscapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Environmental noise and soundscapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_noise_and_soundscapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Musical acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Psychoacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_Vibration_and_Dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_Vibration_and_Dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Structural Vibration and Dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_Vibration_and_Dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Ultrasonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Underwater acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Professional societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Academic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acoustics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="صوتيات (فيزياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوتيات (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%BAstica" title="Acústica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acústica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শব্দবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акустыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྲ་རླབས་རིག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་རླབས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%BAstica" title="Acústica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acústica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acwsteg" title="Acwsteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acwsteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ακουστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακουστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%BAstica" title="Acústica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acústica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustiko" title="Akustiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akustiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="صوت‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صوت‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustique" title="Acoustique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acoustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuaimeola%C3%ADocht" title="Fuaimeolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuaimeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%BAstica" title="Acústica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acústica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%ED%96%A5%ED%95%99" title="음향학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음향학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձայնագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ध्वनिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ध्वनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustiko" title="Akustiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akustiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acustica" title="Acustica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acustica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אקוסטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקוסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoustik" title="Akoustik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akoustik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acustica" title="Acustica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acustica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acustica" title="Acustica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Acustica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akusztika" title="Akusztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akusztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Aкустика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Aкустика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ശബ്ദശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശബ്ദശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusunivosa" title="Gusunivosa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gusunivosa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoestiek" title="Akoestiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Akoestiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="音響学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音響学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustikk" title="Akustikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akustikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustikk" title="Akustikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akustikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%B9stica" title="Acùstica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Acùstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustyka" title="Akustyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akustyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%BAstica" title="Acústica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acústica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acustic%C4%83" title="Acustică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acustică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%B9stica" title="Acùstica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Acùstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ධ්‍වනි විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ධ්‍වනි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acoustics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="دەنگناسی (فیزیک) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەنگناسی (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustiikka" title="Akustiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akustiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒலியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ధ్వనితరంగశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ధ్వనితరంగశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สวนศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акустика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صدائیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدائیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Âm học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聲學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Akustika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="声学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik" title="Akustik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Akustik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="声学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of physics involving mechanical waves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Acoustics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Acoustics (disambiguation)">Acoustics (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lindsay's Wheel of acoustics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg/390px-Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg/585px-Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg/780px-Lindsay%27s_Wheel_of_Acoustics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Lindsay's Wheel of Acoustics, which shows fields within acoustics</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Acoustics</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> that deals with the study of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_wave" title="Mechanical wave">mechanical waves</a> in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a>. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an <b>acoustician</b> while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineer</a>. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and <a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">noise control</a> industries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">Hearing</a> is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world and <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a key element of mating rituals or for marking territories. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Lindsay" title="Robert Bruce Lindsay">Robert Bruce Lindsay</a>'s "Wheel of Acoustics" is a well accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "acoustic" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word ἀκουστικός (<i>akoustikos</i>), meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that from ἀκουστός (<i>akoustos</i>), "heard, audible",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω(<i>akouo</i>), "I hear".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term <b>sonics</b> used to be a synonym for acoustics<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later a branch of acoustics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequencies</a> above and below the <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audible range</a> are called "<a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Infrasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrasonic">infrasonic</a>", respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_research_in_acoustics">Early research in acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early research in acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg/220px-Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg/330px-Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg/440px-Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental</a> and the first 6 <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> of a vibrating string. The earliest records of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> in the 6th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> wanted to know why some <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">combinations of musical sounds</a> seemed more beautiful than others, and he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Overtone_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtone series">overtone series</a> on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds. For example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">musical tuning</a>, the tones in between are then given by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in ascending order.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a very good expression of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> motion. <i><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></i>, generally ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a>, states that the pitch is related to the frequency of vibrations of the air and to the speed of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> wrote a treatise on the acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and reverberation—the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">architectural acoustics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Book V of his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></span> (<i>The Ten Books of Architecture</i>) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of sound and also recommended bronze vessels (echea) of appropriate sizes be placed in theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic golden age</a>, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) is believed to have postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg/220px-Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg/330px-Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg/440px-Amman_Roman_theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Principles of acoustics have been applied since ancient times: a <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatre</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and after the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>. Mainly <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (1564–1642) but also <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a> (1588–1648), independently, discovered the complete <a href="/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws" title="Mersenne's laws">laws of vibrating strings</a> (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> of a sonorous body, which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> a stimulus which the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> (1642–1727) derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Physical_acoustics" title="Physical acoustics">physical acoustics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a>, 1687). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment_and_onward">Age of Enlightenment and onward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment and onward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial progress in acoustics, resting on firmer mathematical and physical concepts, was made during the eighteenth century by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a> (1707–1783), <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a> (1736–1813), and <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a> (1717–1783). During this era, continuum physics, or field theory, began to receive a definite mathematical structure. The wave equation emerged in a number of contexts, including the propagation of sound in air.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a> in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and <a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious contributions to the field in his monumental work <i>The Theory of Sound</i> (1877). Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics. </p><p>The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application was <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Clement_Sabine" title="Wallace Clement Sabine">Sabine</a>'s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first World War. <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a> and the telephone played important roles in a global transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic energy) were invented and put to use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:286px;max-width:286px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:left/right/center"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion" title="Jay Pritzker Pavilion">Jay Pritzker Pavilion</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG/178px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG/267px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG/356px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_from_stage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG/100px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG/150px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG/200px-20070919_Pritzker_Pavilion_speakers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">At <a href="/wiki/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion" title="Jay Pritzker Pavilion">Jay Pritzker Pavilion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/LARES" title="LARES">LARES</a> system is combined with a zoned <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a>, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an indoor acoustic environment outdoors.</div></div></div></div> <p>Acoustics is defined by <a href="/wiki/ANSI/ASA_S1.1-2013" title="ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013">ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013</a> as "(a) Science of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with respect to auditory effects." </p><p>The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fundamental acoustical process"><img alt="The fundamental acoustical process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg/680px-Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="680" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg/1020px-Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg/1360px-Cause-effect_diagram_for_acoustics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></b></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that describes sound wave propagation, the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave_equation" title="Acoustic wave equation">acoustic wave equation</a>, but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived. The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert. </p><p>The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a>, sound propagates primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">pressure wave</a>. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal waves">longitudinal waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse waves">transverse waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface waves">surface waves</a>. </p><p>Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and how the wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as either a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> or a mix of the three. If several <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">media</a> are present, a <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> can also occur. Transduction processes are also of special importance to acoustics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamental_concepts">Fundamental concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fundamental concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave_propagation:_pressure_levels">Wave propagation: pressure levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wave propagation: pressure levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">Sound pressure</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg/220px-Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg/330px-Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg/440px-Oh_No_Girl_Spectrogram_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a> of a young girl saying "oh, no"</figcaption></figure> <p>In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">threshold of hearing</a>, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient pressure. The <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a> of these disturbances is related to the <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound pressure level">sound pressure level</a> (SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave_propagation:_frequency">Wave propagation: frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wave propagation: frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sound#Frequency" title="Sound">Sound § Frequency</a></div> <p>Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our <a href="/wiki/Ears" class="mw-redirect" title="Ears">ears</a> interpret sound. What we experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic phenomenon. </p><p>The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and 20,000 Hz. This range is important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging technologies. Medical applications such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasonography</a> and elastography rely on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to study geological phenomena such as earthquakes. </p><p>Analytic instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">spectrum analyzer</a> facilitate visualization and measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrogram</a> produced by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transduction_in_acoustics">Transduction in acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transduction in acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg/220px-3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg/330px-3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg/440px-3.5_Inch_Speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch <b>driver</b>, typically found in small radios</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy (or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_velocity" title="Particle velocity">particle velocity</a> sensors, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> projectors. These devices convert a sound wave to or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectricity</a>. </p><p>The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeters</a>), are electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven by an electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Voice_coil" title="Voice coil">voice coil</a>, sending off pressure waves. <a href="/wiki/Electret_microphone" title="Electret microphone">Electret microphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condenser_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenser microphone">condenser microphones</a> employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustician">Acoustician</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acoustician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> or higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the discipline via studies in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. Much work in acoustics requires a good grounding in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. Many acoustic scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>. Other acoustic scientists advance understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">underwater acoustics</a>, architectural acoustics or <a href="/wiki/Structural_acoustics" title="Structural acoustics">structural acoustics</a>. Other areas of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical Engineering">Acoustical Engineering</a>. Some positions, such as <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">Faculty (academic staff)</a> require a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdisciplines">Subdisciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subdisciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeoacoustics">Archaeoacoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeoacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_(24110677143).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg/220px-Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg/330px-Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg/440px-Gibraltar_2015_10_19_1964_%2824110677143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>St. Michael's Cave</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeoacoustics" title="Archaeoacoustics">Archaeoacoustics</a>, also known as the archaeology of sound, is one of the only ways to experience the past with senses other than our eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeoacoustics is studied by testing the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites, including caves. Iegor Rezkinoff, a sound archaeologist, studies the acoustic properties of caves through natural sounds like humming and whistling.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological theories of acoustics are focused around ritualistic purposes as well as a way of echolocation in the caves. In archaeology, acoustic sounds and rituals directly correlate as specific sounds were meant to bring ritual participants closer to a spiritual awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallels can also be drawn between cave wall paintings and the acoustic properties of the cave; they are both dynamic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because archaeoacoustics is a fairly new archaeological subject, acoustic sound is still being tested in these prehistoric sites today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeroacoustics">Aeroacoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aeroacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics" title="Aeroacoustics">Aeroacoustics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics" title="Aeroacoustics">Aeroacoustics</a> is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge was applied in the 1920s and '30s to detect aircraft before <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> was invented and is applied in <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineering</a> to study how to quieten <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Aeroacoustics is important for understanding how wind <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_signal_processing">Acoustic signal processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acoustic signal processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></div> <p>Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals. Applications include: <a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">active noise control</a>; design for <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implants</a>; <a href="/wiki/Echo_cancellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo cancellation">echo cancellation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music_information_retrieval" title="Music information retrieval">music information retrieval</a>, and perceptual coding (e.g. <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_acoustics">Architectural acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Architectural acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphony_hall_boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Symphony_hall_boston.jpg/220px-Symphony_hall_boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Symphony_hall_boston.jpg/330px-Symphony_hall_boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Symphony_hall_boston.jpg/440px-Symphony_hall_boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Symphony Hall, Boston</a>, where auditorium acoustics began</figcaption></figure> <p>Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific understanding of how to achieve good sound within a building.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and vibration reduction in the built environment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly studied environments are hospitals, classrooms, dwellings, performance venues, recording and broadcasting studios. Focus considerations include room acoustics, airborne and impact transmission in building structures, airborne and structure-borne noise control, noise control of building systems and electroacoustic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bioacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a> is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electroacoustics">Electroacoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electroacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio Engineering">Audio Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></div> <p>This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction of audio using electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might include products such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, large scale <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">public address</a> systems or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems in research laboratories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_noise_and_soundscapes">Environmental noise and soundscapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental noise and soundscapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_noise" title="Environmental noise">Environmental noise</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></div> <p>Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by railways,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational activities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of sound in urban environments: <a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquility">tranquility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_acoustics">Musical acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Musical acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodmann_41_42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png/220px-Brodmann_41_42.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a>, one of the main areas associated with superior pitch resolution</figcaption></figure> <p>Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and composition, and the perception and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of music">cognitive neuroscience of music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise">Noise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal this acoustics sub-discipline is to reduce the impact of unwanted sound. Scope of noise studies includes the generation, propagation, and impact on structures, objects, and people. </p> <ul><li>Innovative model development</li> <li>Measurement techniques</li> <li>Mitigation strategies</li> <li>Input to the establishment of standards and regulations</li></ul> <p>Noise research investigates the impact of noise on humans and animals to include work in definitions, abatement, transportation noise, hearing protection, Jet and rocket noise, building system noise and vibration, atmospheric sound propagation, <a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscapes</a>, and low-frequency sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Psychoacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many studies have been conducted to identify the relationship between acoustics and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, or more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>, in which what one hears is a combination of perception and biological aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information intercepted by the passage of sound waves through the ear is understood and interpreted through the brain, emphasizing the connection between the mind and acoustics. Psychological changes have been seen as brain waves slow down or speed up as a result of varying auditory stimulus which can in turn affect the way one thinks, feels, or even behaves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This correlation can be viewed in normal, everyday situations in which listening to an upbeat or uptempo song can cause one's foot to start tapping or a slower song can leave one feeling calm and serene. In a deeper biological look at the phenomenon of psychoacoustics, it was discovered that the central nervous system is activated by basic acoustical characteristics of music.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By observing how the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine, is influenced by acoustics, the pathway in which acoustic affects the mind, and essentially the body, is evident.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech">Speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></div> <p>Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> are two important areas of speech processing using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_Vibration_and_Dynamics">Structural Vibration and Dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Structural Vibration and Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></div> <p>Structural acoustics is the study of motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments and the methods of their measurement, analysis, and control. There are several sub-disciplines found within this regime: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal Analysis">Modal Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_characterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Material characterization">Material characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_health_monitoring" title="Structural health monitoring">Structural health monitoring</a></li> <li>Acoustic <a href="/wiki/Metamaterials" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamaterials">Metamaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_Acoustics" title="Friction Acoustics">Friction Acoustics</a></li></ul> <p>Applications might include: <a href="/wiki/Ground_vibrations" title="Ground vibrations">ground vibrations</a> from railways; <a href="/wiki/Vibration_isolation" title="Vibration isolation">vibration isolation</a> to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration can damage health (<a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">vibration white finger</a>); <a href="/wiki/Vibration_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration control">vibration control</a> to protect a building from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonics">Ultrasonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ultrasonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg/220px-CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg/330px-CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg/440px-CRL_Crown_rump_length_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></div> <p>Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans. Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), <a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">sonochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" title="Ultrasonic testing">ultrasonic testing</a>, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (<a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_acoustics">Underwater acoustics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Underwater acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></div> <p>Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds underwater. Applications include <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> to locate <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">underwater communication by whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> monitoring by measuring <a href="/wiki/Sea_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea temperature">sea temperatures</a> acoustically, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic weapons">sonic weapons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marine bioacoustics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_societies">Professional societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Professional societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">The Acoustical Society of America</a> (ASA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Acoustical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Acoustical Society (page does not exist)">Australian Acoustical Society</a> (AAS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Acoustics_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Acoustics Association (page does not exist)">The European Acoustics Association</a> (EAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Acoustics_(United_Kingdom)" title="Institute of Acoustics (United Kingdom)">Institute of Acoustics</a> (IoA UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">The Audio Engineering Society</a> (AES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division</a> (ASME-NCAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics" title="International Commission for Acoustics">International Commission for Acoustics</a> (ICA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics </a> (AIAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">International Computer Music Association</a> (ICMA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Acoustics_journals" title="Category:Acoustics journals">Acoustics journals</a></div> <ul><li>Acoustics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustics Today">Acoustics Today</a></li> <li>Acta Acustica united with Acustica</li> <li>Advances in Acoustics and Vibration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Acoustics" title="Applied Acoustics">Applied Acoustics</a></li> <li>Building Acoustics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Transacions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Acoustical Society of America">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</a> (JASA)</li> <li>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)</li> <li>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Sound_and_Vibration" title="Journal of Sound and Vibration">Journal of Sound and Vibration</a> (JSV)</li> <li>Journal of Vibration and Acoustics <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li> <li>MDPI Acoustics</li> <li>Noise Control Engineering Journal</li> <li>SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability and NVH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonics_(journal)" title="Ultrasonics (journal)">Ultrasonics (journal)</a></li> <li>Ultrasonics Sonochemistry</li> <li>Wave Motion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=InterNoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InterNoise (page does not exist)">InterNoise</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoiseCon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NoiseCon (page does not exist)">NoiseCon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_Acousticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum Acousticum (page does not exist)">Forum Acousticum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_Noise_and_Vibration_Conference_and_Exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAE Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition (page does not exist)">SAE Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_acoustics" title="Outline of acoustics">Outline of acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_attenuation" title="Acoustic attenuation">Acoustic attenuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_emission" title="Acoustic emission">Acoustic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic engineering">Acoustic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">Acoustic impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_levitation" title="Acoustic levitation">Acoustic levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_location" title="Acoustic location">Acoustic location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_phonetics" title="Acoustic phonetics">Acoustic phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_streaming" title="Acoustic streaming">Acoustic streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tags" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic tags">Acoustic tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_thermometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic thermometry">Acoustic thermometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">Acoustic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friction_acoustics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friction acoustics (page does not exist)">Friction acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb wave">Lamb wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_elasticity" title="Linear elasticity">Linear elasticity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Red_Book_of_Acoustics" title="The Little Red Book of Acoustics">The Little Red Book of Acoustics</a></i> (in the UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">Longitudinal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosecond_ultrasonics" title="Picosecond ultrasonics">Picosecond ultrasonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_wave" title="Rayleigh wave">Rayleigh wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">Shock wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonification" title="Sonification">Sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">Sonic boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoluminescence" title="Sonoluminescence">Sonoluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave" title="Surface acoustic wave">Surface acoustic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacoustics" title="Thermoacoustics">Thermoacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">Transverse wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation" title="Wave equation">Wave equation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acoustics.byu.edu/what-is">"What is 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123045124/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233396&redirect=true">Archived</a> 2020-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233397">Akoustos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123045124/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233397&redirect=true">Archived</a> 2020-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English 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C. F. Westerman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301145219/https://books.google.com/books?id=xNQrAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Voice&rft.pub=C.+F.+Westerman&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Kenneth+Neville+Westerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNQrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Boyer and <a href="/wiki/Uta_Merzbach" title="Uta Merzbach">U. Merzbach</a>. <i>A History of Mathematics.</i> Wiley 1991, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf">"How Sound Propagates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9912.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Sound+Propagates&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs9912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span> (quoting from Aristotle's <i>Treatise on Sound and Hearing</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhewell,_William,_1794–1866." class="citation book cs1">Whewell, William, 1794–1866. <i>History of the inductive sciences : from the earliest to the present times. Volume 2</i>. 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Barker, Andrew (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38911-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38911-9"><bdi>0-521-38911-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63122899">63122899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+musical+writings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63122899&rft.isbn=0-521-38911-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ACOUSTICS, Bruce Lindsay, Dowden – Hutchingon Books Publishers, Chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius Pollio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitruviustenbook00vitr_0"><i>Vitruvius, the Ten Books on Architecture</i></a> (1914) Tr. Morris Hickey Morgan BookV, Sec.6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vitruvius#Book_V" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> article @Wikiquote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Mach, Introduction to <i>The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development</i> (1893, 1960) Tr. Thomas J. 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School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html">the original</a> on 2016-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/">"Archaeoacoustics: Listening to the Sounds of History"</a>. <i>The Daily Grail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413223442/https://www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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VDM Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3639210644" title="Special:BookSources/978-3639210644"><bdi>978-3639210644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeroacoustics+of+Wind+Instruments%3A+Investigations+and+Numerical+Methods&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3639210644&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Andrey+Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaneyPatrick_A._Naylor2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Slaney" title="Malcolm Slaney">Slaney, Malcolm</a>; Patrick A. Naylor (2011). 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Taylor & Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905120546/http://www.bioacoustics.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioacoustics+-+the+International+Journal+of+Animal+Sound+and+its+Recording&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioacoustics.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcoustical_Society_of_America" class="citation web cs1">Acoustical Society of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics">"Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics">the original</a> on 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acoustics+and+You+%28A+Career+in+Acoustics%3F%29&rft.au=Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com%2Feducation_outreach%2Fcareers_in_acoustics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrylov2001" class="citation book cs1">Krylov, V.V., ed. (2001). <i>Noise and Vibration from High-speed Trains</i>. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780727729637" title="Special:BookSources/9780727729637"><bdi>9780727729637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noise+and+Vibration+from+High-speed+Trains&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780727729637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organisation2011" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organisation (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf"><i>Burden of disease from environmental noise</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. WHO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-890-0229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-890-0229-5"><bdi>978-92-890-0229-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burden+of+disease+from+environmental+noise&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-890-0229-5&rft.au=World+Health+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0008%2F136466%2Fe94888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2006" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Jian (2006). <i>Urban Sound Environment</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415358576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415358576"><bdi>978-0415358576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sound+Environment&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415358576&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical_Committee_on_Musical_Acoustics_(TCMU)_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America_(ASA)" class="citation web cs1">Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010613120620/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/">"ASA TCMU Home Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/">the original</a> on 2001-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASA+TCMU+Home+Page&rft.au=Technical+Committee+on+Musical+Acoustics+%28TCMU%29+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America+%28ASA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.coe.edu%2F~jcotting%2Ftcmu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIakovidesIliadouBizeliKaprinis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Iakovides, Stefanos A.; Iliadou, Vassiliki TH; Bizeli, Vassiliki TH; Kaprinis, Stergios G.; Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.; Kaprinis, George S. (2004-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC400748">"Psychophysiology and psychoacoustics of music: Perception of complex sound in normal subjects and psychiatric patients"</a>. <i>Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2832-3-6">10.1186/1475-2832-3-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2832">1475-2832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC400748">400748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15050030">15050030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+General+Hospital+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Psychophysiology+and+psychoacoustics+of+music%3A+Perception+of+complex+sound+in+normal+subjects+and+psychiatric+patients&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2004-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC400748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1475-2832&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15050030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2832-3-6&rft.aulast=Iakovides&rft.aufirst=Stefanos+A.&rft.au=Iliadou%2C+Vassiliki+TH&rft.au=Bizeli%2C+Vassiliki+TH&rft.au=Kaprinis%2C+Stergios+G.&rft.au=Fountoulakis%2C+Konstantinos+N.&rft.au=Kaprinis%2C+George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC400748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/">"Psychoacoustics: The Power of Sound"</a>. <i>Memtech Acoustical</i>. 2016-02-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415003935/http://memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memtech+Acoustical&rft.atitle=Psychoacoustics%3A+The+Power+of+Sound&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemtechacoustical.com%2Fpsychoacoustics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1960" class="citation journal cs1">Green, David M. (1960). "Psychoacoustics and Detection Theory". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>32</b> (10): 1189–1203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960ASAJ...32.1189G">1960ASAJ...32.1189G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1907882">10.1121/1.1907882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966">0001-4966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Psychoacoustics+and+Detection+Theory&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1189-1203&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1907882&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960ASAJ...32.1189G&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcscasa.org/">"Technical Committee on Speech Communication"</a>. Acoustical Society of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105110754/https://tcscasa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Committee+on+Speech+Communication&rft.pub=Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcscasa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcsaasa.org/">"Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810080424/http://tcsaasa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structural+Acoustics+%26+Vibration+Technical+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcsaasa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsminger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ensminger, Dale (2012). <i>Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications</i>. CRC Press. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultrasonics%3A+Fundamentals%2C+Technologies%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ensminger&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Lohse,_B._Schmitz_&_M._Versluis2001" class="citation journal cs1">D. Lohse, B. Schmitz & M. Versluis (2001). "Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>413</b> (6855): 477–478. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.413..477L">2001Natur.413..477L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35097152">10.1038/35097152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11586346">11586346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4429684">4429684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Snapping+shrimp+make+flashing+bubbles&rft.volume=413&rft.issue=6855&rft.pages=477-478&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35097152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4429684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11586346&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.413..477L&rft.au=D.+Lohse%2C+B.+Schmitz+%26+M.+Versluis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASA_Underwater_Acoustics_Technical_Committee" class="citation web cs1">ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104616/http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php">"Underwater Acoustics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php">the original</a> on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underwater+Acoustics&rft.au=ASA+Underwater+Acoustics+Technical+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apl.washington.edu%2Fprojects%2FASA-UATC%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoustics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenboroughPostema2008" class="citation book cs1">Attenborough K, Postema M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03188302/document"><i>A pocket-sized introduction to acoustics</i></a>. Kingston upon Hull: University of Hull. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7504060">10.5281/zenodo.7504060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-812588-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-812588-2-1"><bdi>978-90-812588-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pocket-sized+introduction+to+acoustics&rft.pub=Kingston+upon+Hull%3A+University+of+Hull&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7504060&rft.isbn=978-90-812588-2-1&rft.aulast=Attenborough&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Postema%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-03188302%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Benade AH (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmu0000bena"><i>Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502030-4"><bdi>978-0-19-502030-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2270137">2270137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Musical+Acoustics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2270137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502030-4&rft.aulast=Benade&rft.aufirst=AH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofmu0000bena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Biryukov SV, Gulyaev YV, Krylov VV, Plessky VP (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WR-jfwMnDYYC"><i>Surface Acoustic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media</i></a>. Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58460-5"><bdi>978-3-540-58460-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surface+Acoustic+Waves+in+Inhomogeneous+Media&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-540-58460-5&rft.aulast=Biryukov&rft.aufirst=SV&rft.au=Gulyaev%2C+YV&rft.au=Krylov%2C+VV&rft.au=Plessky%2C+VP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWR-jfwMnDYYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Crocker MJ, ed. 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Hoboken: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441305164">441305164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Acoustics&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441305164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofac0003unse_l4l2%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Falkovich G (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weizmann.ac.il/complex/falkovich/fluid-mechanics"><i>Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00575-4"><bdi>978-1-107-00575-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+Mechanics%2C+a+short+course+for+physicists&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00575-4&rft.aulast=Falkovich&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weizmann.ac.il%2Fcomplex%2Ffalkovich%2Ffluid-mechanics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fahy FJ, Gardonio P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caelfFmWC28C"><i>Sound and Structural Vibration: Radiation, Transmission and Response</i></a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047110-5"><bdi>978-0-08-047110-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Structural+Vibration%3A+Radiation%2C+Transmission+and+Response&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047110-5&rft.aulast=Fahy&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Gardonio%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaelfFmWC28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Junger MC, Feit D (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605030702/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction"><i>Sound, Structures and Their Interaction</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-structures-and-their-interaction">the original</a> on 2014-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound%2C+Structures+and+Their+Interaction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Junger&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Feit%2C+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fsound-structures-and-their-interaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kinsler LE (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofac00kins/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Fundamentals of Acoustics</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04718-4-789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-04718-4-789-2"><bdi>978-04718-4-789-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Acoustics&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-04718-4-789-2&rft.aulast=Kinsler&rft.aufirst=LE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofac00kins%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonThurston1981" class="citation book cs1">Mason WP, Thurston RN (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161706/http://librarum.org/book/2513/1"><i>Physical Acoustics</i></a>. Heidelberg: Springer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librarum.org/book/2513/1">the original</a> on 2013-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Acoustics&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=WP&rft.au=Thurston%2C+RN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrarum.org%2Fbook%2F2513%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorseIngard1986" class="citation book cs1">Morse PM, Ingard KU (1986). <i>Theoretical Acoustics</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08425-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08425-4"><bdi>0-691-08425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Acoustics&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-691-08425-4&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Ingard%2C+KU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce1989" class="citation book cs1">Pierce AD (1989). <i>Acoustics: An Introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications</i>. Melville: Acoustical Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88318-612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88318-612-8"><bdi>0-88318-612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acoustics%3A+An+Introduction+to+its+Physical+Principles+and+Applications&rft.place=Melville&rft.pub=Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88318-612-8&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaichel2006" class="citation book cs1">Raichel DR (2006). <i>The Science and Applications of Acoustics</i> (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-30089-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-30089-9"><bdi>0-387-30089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Applications+of+Acoustics&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-387-30089-9&rft.aulast=Raichel&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Rayleigh1894" class="citation book cs1">Lord Rayleigh (1894). <i>The Theory of Sound</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-3028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-3028-1"><bdi>978-0-8446-3028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Sound&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=978-0-8446-3028-1&rft.au=Lord+Rayleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkudrzyk1971" class="citation book cs1">Skudrzyk E (1971). <i>The Foundations of Acoustics: Basic Mathematics and Basic Acoustics</i>. Heidelberg: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Acoustics%3A+Basic+Mathematics+and+Basic+Acoustics&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Skudrzyk&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensBate1966" class="citation book cs1">Stephens RW, Bate AE (1966). <i>Acoustics and Vibrational Physics</i> (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acoustics+and+Vibrational+Physics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Bate%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson CE (2006). <i>Noise Control</i> (Revised ed.). Malabar: Krieger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57524-237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57524-237-8"><bdi>978-1-57524-237-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59223706">59223706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noise+Control&rft.place=Malabar&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Krieger&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59223706&rft.isbn=978-1-57524-237-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=CE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newtonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Classical electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical optics">Classical optics</a> <ul><li><a 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relativity">General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">Atomic, molecular, and optical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics#Modern_optics" title="Optics">Modern optics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">Solid-state physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_and_interdisciplinary_physics" title="Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics">Interdisciplinary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Atmospheric physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Ocean physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">Timeline of physics discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acoustics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acoustics" title="Template:Acoustics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acoustics" title="Template talk:Acoustics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acoustics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acoustics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acoustics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acoustics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">Monochord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">Reverberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_vibration" title="String vibration">String vibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">Sympathetic resonance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spectrogram of a violin playing a note and then a perfect fifth above it. The shared partials are highlighted by the white dashes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/80px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/120px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/160px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_scale" title="Bark scale">Bark scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_scale" title="Mel scale">Mel scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">Equal-loudness contour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher–Munson curves">Fletcher–Munson curves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio frequency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">Formant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">Fundamental frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">Frequency spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_spectrum" title="Harmonic spectrum">harmonic spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">Inharmonicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">Combination tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws" title="Mersenne's laws">Mersenne's laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">Overtone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">Resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">Standing wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node_(physics)" title="Node (physics)">Node</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertone_series" title="Undertone series">Subharmonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acousticians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus_(acoustician)" title="John Backus (acoustician)">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Blauert" title="Jens Blauert">Jens Blauert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chladni" title="Ernst Chladni">Ernst Chladni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleen_Hutchins" title="Carleen Hutchins">Carleen Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Melde" title="Franz Melde">Franz Melde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Werner Meyer-Eppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sauveur" title="Joseph Sauveur">Joseph Sauveur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Van_Holliday" title="D. Van Holliday">D. Van Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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