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G.</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Ferruggia G."> <meta name="keywords" content="Ferruggia G."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Ferruggia G."> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Ferruggia G.</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Comparison of the Effectiveness between Exosomes from Different Origins in Reversing Skin Aging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iannello%20G.">Iannello G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coppa%20F."> Coppa F.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pennisi%20S."> Pennisi S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuffrida%20G."> Giuffrida G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lo%20Faro%20R."> Lo Faro R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cartelli%20S."> Cartelli S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferruggia%20G."> Ferruggia G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brundo%20M.%20V."> Brundo M. V.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Skin is the largest multifunctional human organ and possesses a complex, multilayered structure with the ability to regenerate and renew. The key role in skin regeneration is played by fibroblasts, which also occupy an important role in the wound healing process. Different methods, including dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, ELISA, and MTT assay, were employed to evaluate on fibroblasts the in vitro effects of plant-derived nanovesicles and cord blood stem cells‐derived exosomes. We compared the results with those of cells exposed to a technology called AMPLEX PLUS, containing a mixture of 20 different biologically active factors (GF20) and exosomes isolated and purified from bovine colostrum. AMPLEX PLUS was able to significantly enhance the cell proliferation status of cells at both 24 and 48 hours compared to untreated cells (control). The obtained results suggest how AMPLEX PLUS could be potentially effective in treating skin rejuvenation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMPLEX%20PLUS" title="AMPLEX PLUS">AMPLEX PLUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20vitality" title=" cell vitality"> cell vitality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colostrum" title=" colostrum"> colostrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanovesicles" title=" nanovesicles"> nanovesicles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187382/comparison-of-the-effectiveness-between-exosomes-from-different-origins-in-reversing-skin-aging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187382.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Skin Substitutes for Wound Healing: An Advanced Formulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pennisi%20Stefania">Pennisi Stefania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuffrida%20Graziella"> Giuffrida Graziella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coppa%20Federica"> Coppa Federica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iannello%20Giulia"> Iannello Giulia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cartelli%20Simone"> Cartelli Simone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lo%20Faro%20Riccardo"> Lo Faro Riccardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferruggia%20Greta"> Ferruggia Greta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brundo%20Maria%20Violetta"> Brundo Maria Violetta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tissue engineering aims to develop advanced medical devices to restore normal functions of damaged tissue. These devices, even more effective than conventional methods, are called skin substitutes and are configured as drugs to be applied to the damaged area, to heal extensive and deep wounds which could otherwise lead to chronic wounds lasting over time. Among the variety of commercially available skin substitutes, those that have proven to be most effective are those consisting of a bilayer scaffold. The aim of our research was to design a skin substitute which can promote cell proliferation, cell migration and angiogenesis, and which can guarantee timely closure of the wound with satisfactory aesthetic results, in order to avoid the patient excessive pain, risk of contracting infections and long-term hospitalization. The product was tested in vitro using the Scratch Assay. The assay was carried out both on the matrix modified with hyaluronic acid and on the matrix based only on collagen. In both cases, after 48 hours of exposure the wound scratch was almost completely closed in treated cells compared to untreated control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collagen" title="collagen">collagen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyaluronic%20acid" title=" hyaluronic acid"> hyaluronic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scratch-%20wound-healing%20assay" title=" scratch- wound-healing assay"> scratch- wound-healing assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20regeneration" title=" tissue regeneration"> tissue regeneration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187381/skin-substitutes-for-wound-healing-an-advanced-formulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Effectiveness of Opuntia ficus indica Cladodes Extract for Wound-Healing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuffrida%20Graziella">Giuffrida Graziella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pennisi%20Stefania"> Pennisi Stefania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coppa%20Federica"> Coppa Federica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iannello%20Giulia"> Iannello Giulia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cartelli%20Simone"> Cartelli Simone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lo%20Faro%20Riccardo"> Lo Faro Riccardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferruggia%20Greta"> Ferruggia Greta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brundo%20Maria%20Violetta"> Brundo Maria Violetta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cladode chemical composition may vary according to soil factors, cultivation season, and plant age. The primary metabolites of cladodes are water, carbohydrates, and proteins. The carbohydrates in cladodes are divided into two types: structural and storage. Polysaccharides from Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) Mill plants build molecular networks with the capacity to retain water; thus, they act as mucoprotective agents. Mucilage is the main polysaccharide of cladodes; it contains polymers of β‐d‐galacturonic acid bound in positions (1–4) and traces of R‐linked l‐rhamnose (1-2). Mucilage regulates both the cell water content during prolonged drought and the calcium flux in the plant cells. The in vitro analysis of keratinocytes in monolayer, through the scratch-wound-healing assay, provided promising results. After 48 hours of exposure, the wound scratch was almost completely closed in cells treated with cladode extract. After 72 hours, the treated cells reached complete confluence, while in the untreated cells (negative control) the confluence was reached after 96 hours. We also added a positive control group of cells treated with colchicine, which inhibited wound closure for a more comprehensive analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cladodes" title="cladodes">cladodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolites" title=" metabolites"> metabolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polysaccharide" title=" polysaccharide"> polysaccharide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scratch-wound-healing%20assay" title=" scratch-wound-healing assay"> scratch-wound-healing assay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187380/effectiveness-of-opuntia-ficus-indica-cladodes-extract-for-wound-healing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">53</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Food Supplements and Natural Products to Slow Down Biological Aging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coppa%20Federica">Coppa Federica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iannello%20Giulia"> Iannello Giulia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pennisi%20Stefania"> Pennisi Stefania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuffrida%20Graziella"> Giuffrida Graziella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lo%20Faro%20Riccardo"> Lo Faro Riccardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cartelli%20Simone"> Cartelli Simone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferruggia%20Greta"> Ferruggia Greta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brundo%20Maria%20Violetta"> Brundo Maria Violetta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, a new field of basic research has emerged: the biology and physiology of extracellular vesicles and their application in diagnostics and therapy. In particular, exosomes attract the scientific community as nanovesicles of endosomal origin, which can be secreted by a variety of cells and are found in all biological fluids. Exosomes have recently gained attention also in the cosmetic field: in fact, they are used in creams, serums and masks for topical use, proving to have a series of therapeutic and anti-aging benefits. To date, the oral administration of exosomes is the subject of attention because it represents a non-invasive and efficient method for delivering bioactive molecules into the intestine. We decided to focus our research on the creation of a food supplement that contains various bioactive factors, vitamins, and a new technology called AMPLEX PLUS, containing a mixture of 20 different biologically active factors (GF20) and exosomes isolated and purified from bovine colostrum. We have demonstrated in vitro that this new supplement acts on telomerase, slowing down cell aging. Amplex plus increased the proliferation rate of cells and the addition of it reduced the rate of telomere shortening. Under oxidative stress conditions (H2O2 – induced), the TSR increased; however, treatment with colostrum appeared to attenuate this increase. In particular, after 2 weeks of treatment, AMPLEX plus increased the proliferation rate of cells and exerted a protective effect on telomere length erosion, reducing the rate of its shortening. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMPLEX%20PLUS" title="AMPLEX PLUS">AMPLEX PLUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colostrum" title=" colostrum"> colostrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exosomes" title=" exosomes"> exosomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telomerase" title=" telomerase"> telomerase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187383/food-supplements-and-natural-products-to-slow-down-biological-aging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">52</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Effect of Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz on Sperm Quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmen%20Sica">Carmen Sica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20M.%20Scalisi"> Elena M. Scalisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Ignoto"> Sara Ignoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ludovica%20Palmeri"> Ludovica Palmeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20Contino"> Martina Contino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greta%20Ferruggia"> Greta Ferruggia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Salvaggio"> Antonio Salvaggio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santi%20C.%20Pavone">Santi C. Pavone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gino%20Sorbello"> Gino Sorbello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loreto%20Di%20Donato"> Loreto Di Donato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberta%20Pecoraro"> Roberta Pecoraro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20V.%20Brundo"> Maria V. Brundo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, a rise in the use of wireless internet technologies such as Wi-Fi and 5G routers/modems have been demonstrated. These devices emit a considerable amount of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which could interact with the male reproductive system either by thermal or non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct in vitro influence of 5G radiation on sperm quality in Mytilus galloprovincialis, considered an excellent model for reproduction studies. The experiments at 27 GHz were conducted by using a no commercial high gain pyramidal horn antenna. To evaluate the specific absorption rate (SAR), a numerical simulation has been performed. The resulting incident power density was significantly lower than the power density limit of 10 mW/cm2 set by the international guidelines as a limit for nonthermal effects above 6 GHz. However, regarding temperature measurements of the aqueous sample, it has been verified an increase of 0.2°C, compared to the control samples. This very low-temperature increase couldn’t interfere with experiments. For experiments, sperm samples taken from sexually mature males of Mytilus galloprovincialis were placed in artificial seawater, salinity 30 + 1% and pH 8.3 filtered with a 0.2 m filter. After evaluating the number and quality of spermatozoa, sperm cells were exposed to electromagnetic fields a 27GHz. The effect of exposure on sperm motility and quality was evaluated after 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes with a light microscope and also using the Eosin test to verify the vitality of the gametes. All the samples were performed in triplicate and statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey test for multiple comparations of means to determine differences of sperm motility. A significant decrease (30%) in sperm motility was observed after 10 minutes of exposure and after 30 minutes, all sperms were immobile and not vital. Due to little literature data about this topic, these results could be useful for further studies concerning a great diffusion of these new technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mussel" title="mussel">mussel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spermatozoa" title=" spermatozoa"> spermatozoa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sperm%20motility" title=" sperm motility"> sperm motility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=millimeter%20waves" title=" millimeter waves"> millimeter waves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144210/effect-of-electromagnetic-fields-at-27-ghz-on-sperm-quality-of-mytilus-galloprovincialis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Noninvasive Technique for Measurement of Heartbeat in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Ignoto">Sara Ignoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20M.%20Scalisi"> Elena M. Scalisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmen%20Sica"> Carmen Sica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20Contino"> Martina Contino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greta%20Ferruggia"> Greta Ferruggia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Salvaggio"> Antonio Salvaggio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santi%20C.%20Pavone"> Santi C. Pavone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gino%20Sorbello"> Gino Sorbello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loreto%20Di%20Donato"> Loreto Di Donato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberta%20Pecoraro"> Roberta Pecoraro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20V.%20Brundo"> Maria V. Brundo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The new fifth generation technology (5G), which should favor high data-rate connections (1Gbps) and latency times lower than the current ones (<1ms), has the characteristic of working on different frequency bands of the radio wave spectrum (700 MHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz and 26.5-27.5 GHz), thus also exploiting higher frequencies than previous mobile radio generations (1G-4G). The higher frequency waves, however, have a lower capacity to propagate in free space and therefore, in order to guarantee the capillary coverage of the territory for high reliability applications, it will be necessary to install a large number of repeaters. Following the introduction of this new technology, there has been growing concern in recent years about the possible harmful effects on human health and several studies were published using several animal models. This study aimed to observe the possible short-term effects induced by 5G-millimeter waves on heartbeat of early life stages of Danio rerio using DanioScope software (Noldus). DanioScope is the complete toolbox for measurements on zebrafish embryos and larvae. The effect of substances can be measured on the developing zebrafish embryo by a range of parameters: earliest activity of the embryo’s tail, activity of the developing heart, speed of blood flowing through the vein, length and diameters of body parts. Activity measurements, cardiovascular data, blood flow data and morphometric parameters can be combined in one single tool. Obtained data are elaborate and provided by the software both numerical as well as graphical. The experiments were performed at 27 GHz by a no commercial high gain pyramidal horn antenna. According to OECD guidelines, exposure to 5G-millimeter waves was tested by fish embryo toxicity test within 96 hours post fertilization, Observations were recorded every 24h, until the end of the short-term test (96h). The results have showed an increase of heartbeat rate on exposed embryos at 48h hpf than control group, but this increase has not been shown at 72-96 h hpf. Nowadays, there is a scant of literature data about this topic, so these results could be useful to approach new studies and also to evaluate potential cardiotoxic effects of mobile radiofrequency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danio%20rerio" title="Danio rerio">Danio rerio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DanioScope" title=" DanioScope"> DanioScope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiotoxicity" title=" cardiotoxicity"> cardiotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=millimeter%20waves." title=" millimeter waves."> millimeter waves.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144206/noninvasive-technique-for-measurement-of-heartbeat-in-zebrafish-embryos-exposed-to-electromagnetic-fields-at-27-ghz" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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