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<li id="toc-Medieval_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medieval background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Renaissance and Early Modern perceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_church_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_church_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Latin church schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_church_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_school_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_school_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Latin school curriculum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_school_curriculum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin school curriculum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_school_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ars_Dictaminis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ars_Dictaminis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Ars Dictaminis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ars_Dictaminis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studia_Humanitatis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studia_Humanitatis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Studia Humanitatis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studia_Humanitatis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_schools_in_colonial_North_America_and_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_schools_in_colonial_North_America_and_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Latin schools in colonial North America and the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_schools_in_colonial_North_America_and_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latin school</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinsk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Latinská škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latinská škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskole" title="Latinskole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latinskole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinschule" title="Lateinschule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinschule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_latinidad" title="Escuela de latinidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de latinidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinlernejo" title="Latinlernejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinlernejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_latine" title="École latine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École latine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynske_skoalle" title="Latynske skoalle – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Latynske skoalle" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Latin" title="Sekolah Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Latina" title="Schola Latina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schola Latina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_iskola" title="Latin iskola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latin iskola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijnse_school" title="Latijnse school – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijnse school" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="ラテン語学校 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン語学校" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskole" title="Latinskole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latinskole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskule" title="Latinskule – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Latinskule" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Латинская школа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латинская школа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskola" title="Latinskola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latinskola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School type in Europe from the 14th to 19th centuries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of school of Europe and the United States. For several schools in the United States that are called "Latin School", see <a href="/wiki/Latin_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latin School (disambiguation)">Latin School (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latijnseschool2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Latijnseschool2.jpg/300px-Latijnseschool2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Latijnseschool2.jpg/450px-Latijnseschool2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Latijnseschool2.jpg/600px-Latijnseschool2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Inscription above the entrance of the former Latin school in <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>: <i>Praesidium atque decus quae sunt et gaudia vitae – Formant hic animos Graeca Latina rudes</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Latin school</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Other terms used include <b>Lateinschule</b> in Germany, or later <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a>. Latin schools were also established in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Emphasis</a> was placed on learning <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, initially in its <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> form. <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a> was the most basic part of the <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Liberal arts</a>. Latin schools aimed to prepare students for university, as well as seeking to enable those of middle-class status to rise above their station. It was therefore not unusual for children of commoners to attend Latin schools, especially if they were expected to pursue a career within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Latin schools existed in many parts of Europe in the 14th-century and were more open to the laity, prior to that the Church allowed for Latin schools for the sole purpose of training those who would one day become clergymen.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin schools began to develop to reflect <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> around the 1450s. In some countries, but not England, they later lost their popularity as universities and some <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> orders began to prefer the vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_background">Medieval background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> Europe thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grammar schools otherwise known as Latin schools taught Latin by using Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin was the language used in nearly all academic and most legal and administrative matters, as well as the language of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. Some of the laity, though not instructed formally, spoke and wrote some Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts, especially church courts, used Latin in their proceedings, although this was even less accessible than the vernacular to the lower classes, who often could not read at all, let alone Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students often studied in Latin school for about five years, but by their third year, students would be deemed as "knowledgeable enough" in <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> to assist the master teacher in teaching the younger or less skilled pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most boys began at the age of seven but older men who wanted to study were not discouraged as long as they could pay the fees.<sup id="cite_ref-Orme,_p129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orme,_p129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students usually finished their schooling during their late teens, but those who desired to join the priesthood had to wait until they were twenty-four in order to get accepted. There was usually a limit to how long a student could stay in school, although if a relative was one of the school's founders then an extended stay was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools were managed by appointing a committee who then employed a teacher and paid their salary. These schools usually had limited supervision from the town authorities. Freelance Latin masters opened up their own schools quite frequently and would provide Latin education to anyone willing to pay. These freelance schools usually taught students in the master's home. Others taught as a tutor in a student's household by either living there or making daily visits to teach.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students ranged from those who were members of the peasantry to those of the elite. If a <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a>'s child wanted to go to school, payment given to the lord was required (to replace the value of his labour) as well as his consent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_perceptions">Renaissance and Early Modern perceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Early Modern perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin#Latin_in_school_education_1500-1700" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin § Latin in school education 1500-1700</a></div> <p>As Europeans experienced the intellectual, political, economic and social innovations of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools. <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanists">Renaissance humanists</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> calling it "barbaric jargon".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars like the Dutch humanist, <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a> (1466–1536), denounced the church and the way it taught. He desired that a Renaissance in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> should accompany the study of the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist ideas became so influential that residents in Italian states began to call for a new kind of education in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools and academies that centred on instructing <a href="/wiki/Classical_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Literature">classical literature</a>, history, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, medieval texts, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, as well as modern foreign languages, emerged. They called this new curriculum the <i>Studia Humanitatis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin school formed the basis of education in the elite <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positions such as headmaster of grammar schools or professor of Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialect, were filled in by erudite humanists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guarino_da_Verona" title="Guarino da Verona">Guarino da Verona</a>, another humanist, devised three stages for humanistic learning: the elementary, the grammatical and the rhetorical.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanists held the belief that by being a learned individual they were contributing to society. Hence, humanistic education constituted the intermediate and advanced levels for most of the urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It created an opportunity to advance an individual's social status since more institutions intellectual, political and economic sought workers who possessed a background in classical Latin as well as training in humanistic scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p._136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still considered as the language of the learned, Latin was esteemed and used frequently in the academic field.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the start of the 14th century, writers started writing in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this event and the common practice of interweaving Latin with a dialect even at advanced stages in learning, the precedence of Latin schools from other pedagogical institutions diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_church_schools">Latin church schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Latin church schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clergy often funded ecclesiastical schools where clerics taught. Many historians argue that up until 1300 the Church had a monopoly on education in Medieval Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin church schools seemed to appear around the 12th century, however very few remained after the 14th century as a vernacular, more definite form of Latin school emerged in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas in Spain during the late 15th century, the church encouraged priests and sacristans to train others in reading and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the Catholic Church tried to deal with the surfacing of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Latin schools that involved itself with orienting church authorities and pastors.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, a reformer, taught Latin grammar along with the Geneva catechism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there were some reformers who wanted to cease using Latin in worship, finding the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> a more efficient language to use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter part of the 16th century, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> supported the establishment of municipal schools. <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> founded their own schools and offered free training in Latin grammar, Philosophy, Theology, Geography, Religious Doctrine and History for boys. It was important for Jesuits as well as the Catholic Reformation to instruct clergymen as well as laymen in this type of education. The Jesuits pursued the significance of education to their order and took over the teaching responsibilities in Latin schools and secondary schools along with other Catholic orders in several Catholic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_school_curriculum">Latin school curriculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin school curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin school curriculum was based mainly on reading <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classical</a> and some Medieval authors. Students had to learn the principles of <i>Ars Dictaminis</i> in order to learn how to write formal letters. Authors often had lists of books that were supposed to be used in the curriculum that would teach students grammar. These texts however, were often not the original texts, as more often than not, texts were changed to include moral stories or to display rules of grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were usually in the form of fables or poems. New students generally started off with easy basic grammar, and steadily moved into harder Latin readings such as the <i>Donatus</i> (<i>Ars Minor</i> stage), which was a syntax manual that was memorized, or even more advanced with glossaries and dictionaries. Although many teachers used many books that varied from person to person, the most popular textbook would have been the <i>Doctrinale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Doctrinale</i> was a long verse of Latin grammar. This textbook dealt with parts of speech, syntax, quantity and meter, as well as figures of speech. The Doctrinale as well as a large sum of other books (though not nearly as popular) was often referred to as the "canon of textbooks".<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, as the student advanced into the <i>Ars Dictaminis</i> stage more theory and practice writing formal or prose letters were focused on. Poetry was often a teachers favorite as it taught not only <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but mnemonic value and "truth".<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poetry was not chiefly studied during the medieval times, although some classic poems were taken into the curriculum. However, during the Renaissance, pupils greatly studied poetry in order to learn metrics and style. As well, it was viewed as a broader study of Latin grammar and rhetoric, which often included concepts, and analysis of words<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ars_Dictaminis"><i>Ars Dictaminis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ars Dictaminis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ars Dictaminis</i> was an area of study that was created in the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Era">Middle Ages</a> as a response to the demand for social communication as offices for religious and political leaders increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> was seen as a method of persuasion and so there were five distinct aspects of <i>Ars Dictaminis</i> that assured this. These five elements were: "how to word a question; how to dispose material; how to find the right words and effective stylistic devices; how to commit everything to memory; how to find the right intonation and suitable gestures". During the Renaissance however, rhetoric developed into the study of how to write official and private letters as well as records.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised <i>Ars Dictaminis</i> took its guidelines from one of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s works, the <i>de inventione</i> and pseudo-Ciceronian <i>Rhetorica ad Herennium</i>. There were five main parts: the <i>salutatio</i> (salutation), <i>benevolentiae</i> (winning the agreement of the recipient through the arrangement of words), <i>narratio</i> (the point of the discussion), <i>petitio</i> (petition), and <i>conclusio</i> (conclusion). This systematic presentation was attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> preference for hierarchal organization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studia_Humanitatis"><i>Studia Humanitatis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Studia Humanitatis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rhetoric" title="Category:Rhetoric">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/150px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/225px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/300px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#History_and_development" title="Rhetoric">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Ancient_Greece" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian_rhetoric" title="Ancient Indian rhetoric">Ancient India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Rome" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature#The_age_of_Cicero" title="Latin literature">The age of Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Medieval_to_Enlightenment" title="Rhetoric">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Byzantine rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Sixteenth_century" title="Rhetoric">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rhetoric" title="Modern rhetoric">Modern period</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captatio_benevolentiae" title="Captatio benevolentiae">Captatio benevolentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomia" title="Chironomia">Chironomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" class="mw-redirect" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docere" class="mw-redirect" title="Docere">Docere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facilitas" title="Facilitas">Facilitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Canons_of_Rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Canons of Rhetoric">Five canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio">Pronuntiatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsos" title="Hypsos">Hypsos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Imitatio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_loci" title="Method of loci">Method of loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_operations" title="Rhetorical operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Persuasion</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">Situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_style_(rhetoric)" title="Grand style (rhetoric)">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">Topos</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Genres</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Controversia" title="Controversia">Controversia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_rhetoric" title="Deliberative rhetoric">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">Elocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epideictic" title="Epideictic">Epideictic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_speech" title="Farewell speech">Farewell speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_rhetoric" title="Forensic rhetoric">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitational_rhetoric" title="Invitational rhetoric">Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_talk" title="Lightning talk">Lightning talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">Maiden speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eristic" title="Eristic">Eristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">Suasoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">Stump speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-war_rhetoric" title="Pro-war rhetoric">War-mongering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_criticism" title="Rhetorical criticism">Criticism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_criticism" title="Cluster criticism">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad" title="Dramatistic pentad">Pentadic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_criticism" title="Genre criticism">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphoric_criticism" title="Metaphoric criticism">Metaphoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis_criticism" title="Mimesis criticism">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_criticism" title="Narrative criticism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aristotelianism_(literature)" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Rhetoricians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_C._Booth" title="Wayne C. Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(380 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)#Discussion_of_rhetoric_and_writing_(257c–279c)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 370 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">De Sophisticis Elenchis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(84 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(55 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(95)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(100–400)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(102)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">De doctrina Christiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(426)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1305)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1521)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_as_Symbolic_Action" title="Language as Symbolic Action">Language as Symbolic Action</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_Rhetoric" title="A General Rhetoric">A General Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subfields</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_rhetoric" title="Cognitive rhetoric">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">Constitutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rhetoric" title="Native American rhetoric">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rhetorics" class="mw-redirect" title="New rhetorics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_health_and_medicine" title="Rhetoric of health and medicine">Health and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_rhetoric_and_composition_pedagogy" title="Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_rhetoric" title="Procedural rhetoric">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_technology" title="Rhetoric of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric" title="Visual rhetoric">Visual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric_and_composition" title="Visual rhetoric and composition">Composition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary of rhetorical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">List of feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches" title="List of speeches">List of speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_skills" title="Oral skills">Oral skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">Orator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rhetoric" title="Public rhetoric">Public rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_social_intervention_model" title="Rhetoric of social intervention model">Rhetoric of social intervention model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetrickery" title="Rhetrickery">Rhetrickery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogerian_argument" title="Rogerian argument">Rogerian argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_point" title="Talking point">Talking point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terministic_screen" title="Terministic screen">Terministic screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulmin_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulmin model">Toulmin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_iron" title="Wooden iron">Wooden iron</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhetoric" title="Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhetoric" title="Template talk:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Studia Humanitatis</i> was the new curriculum founded in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Era">Early Modern Era</a> by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to be able to move forward academically, a firm foundation in <i>Studia Humanitatis</i> starting from elementary school was necessary. Those who studied under <i>Ars Dictaminis</i> but did not have this background found it difficult to get accepted into chanceries following the year 1450.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p._136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who did study under this discipline were taught <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, history, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> texts, Greek as well as modern foreign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of pagan authors became more common as the church became less involved with the humanistic method used in academic institutions before university.<sup id="cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grendler,_p._136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Colloquies</i> (1518), a book containing dialogues written for the study of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> grammar, was written by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and became one of the most popular books of its time. Students of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studia_Humanitatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studia Humanitatis (page does not exist)">Studia Humanitatis</a></i> were seen as well prepared for occupations pertaining to politics or business. Learning the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> and other subjects in this curriculum enabled the individual to speak, argue and write with eloquence and relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_institutions">Other institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> children were first taught to read and write the vernacular and were then sent to Latin schools. If the parents were financially able, the child went even before he learned to read or write if the opportunity was present.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men were the usual students since women were either taught at home or in nunneries.<sup id="cite_ref-Orme,_p129_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orme,_p129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>'s decision to cloister all female religious, female orders such as <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelicals" title="Angelicals">Angelicals</a> conducted their own schools within their convents.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University was the final stage of academic learning and within its walls Latin was the language of lectures and scholarly debates.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> however, including those who were converted into <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, were not allowed to teach so they developed their own schools which taught Doctrine, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_schools_in_colonial_North_America_and_the_US">Latin schools in colonial North America and the US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin schools in colonial North America and the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States#Colonial_era" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States § Colonial era</a></div> <p>Latin schools, on the same model, were founded in North America, importing the European methods of education. The first of these was <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, founded in 1635. These fed early universities such as <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, with students capable of speaking, reading and debating in Latin. The challenge to the Latin, Greek and "classical" domination of education came earlier than in Europe, but the tradition continued at a diminished level through the twentieth century. A number of "Latin Schools" still exist in the US, some of which teach Latin, while others do not.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p122_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grendler,_p6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke,_p84-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_p84_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, p84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piltz, p17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orme,_p129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orme,_p129_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orme,_p129_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orme, p129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orme, p130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grendler,_p5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orme, p131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner-Hanks,_p32_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grendler,_p._136-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p._136_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldgar and <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Frost" title="Robert I. Frost">Frost</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, p89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grendler,_p114-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grendler,_p114_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piltz, p21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grendler, p115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner-Hanks, p120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicallatin.org/accredited-schools/">"Accredited Schools"</a>. <i>Classical Latin School Association -</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Latin+School+Association+-&rft.atitle=Accredited+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicallatin.org%2Faccredited-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Black, Robert. <i>Humanism and Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Tradition and Innovation in Latin Schools from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Burke, Peter</a>. <i>The historical anthropology of early modern Italy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Ferguson, Wallace K. <i>The Renaissance in Historical Thought: Five Centuries of Interpretation</i>. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin, 1948.</li> <li>Goldgar, Anne, and Robert I. Frost. <i>Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society</i>. Boston: BRILL, 2004.</li> <li>Grendler, Paul F. <i>Schooling in Renaissance Italy Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orme,_Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Orme, Nicholas">Orme, Nicholas</a>. <i>Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Piltz, Anders. <i>The World of Medieval Learning</i>. trans. David Jones. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Wiesner-Hanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Merry Wiesner-Hanks">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.</a> <i>Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Woodward, William Harrison. <i>Studies in Education during the Age of the Renaissance 1400-1600</i>. New York: Russell and Russell⋅Inc, 1965.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Courtenay, William J. 1987. <i>Schools and scholars in fourteenth-century England</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Hunt, Tony. 1991. <i>Teaching and learning Latin in thirteenth-century England</i>. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer.</li> <li>Martin, John Jeffries. 2007. <i>The Renaissance World</i>. Abingdon: Routledge.</li> <li>Mehl, James V. 1993. Hermannus Buschius' Dictata utilissima: a textbook of commonplaces for the Latin school. <i>Humanistica Lovaniensia</i> 42: 102-125.</li> <li>Nellen, Henk J. M. 2005. Short but not sweet: the career of Gisbertus Longolius (1507–1543), headmaster of the Latin school in Deventer and professor at the University of Cologne. <i>Lias</i> 32: 3-22</li> <li>Verweij, Michiel. 2004. Comic elements in 16th-century Latin school drama in the low countries. <i>Humanistica Lovaniensia</i> 53: 175-190.</li> <li>WItt, Ronald. 1982. Medieval "ars dictaminis" and the beginnings of humanism: a new construction of the problem. <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i> 35: 1-35.</li> <li>Proctor, Robert E. 1990. The studia humanitatis: contemporary scholarship and renaissance ideals. <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i> 43: 813-818.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_school&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Scholae" class="extiw" title="la:Categoria:Scholae">Schools in the Latin Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/latin.htm">Latin Alphabet </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/">The Latin Library </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221175#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4166853-4">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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