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alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lloyd Axworthy</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba" title="Order of Manitoba">OM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd_Axworthy_(1999).JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lloyd_Axworthy_%281999%29.JPEG/220px-Lloyd_Axworthy_%281999%29.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lloyd_Axworthy_%281999%29.JPEG/330px-Lloyd_Axworthy_%281999%29.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Lloyd_Axworthy_%281999%29.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lloyd Axworthy, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1999</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor (education)">Vice-Chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 6, 2004 – June 27, 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Riley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanford Riley">Sanford Riley</a><br />Bob Silver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deane_(professor)" title="Patrick Deane (professor)">Patrick Deane</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Trimbee" title="Annette Trimbee">Annette Trimbee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 25, 1996 – October 16, 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment_and_Immigration_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)">Minister of Employment and Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1993 – January 24, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Doug Young</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 3, 1980 – August 11, 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Atkey" title="Ron Atkey">Ron Atkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Minister of Labour</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1993 – February 21, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Minister of Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 12, 1983 – September 16, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Winnipeg South Centre">Winnipeg South Centre</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Winnipeg%E2%80%94Fort_Garry" title="Winnipeg—Fort Garry">Winnipeg—Fort Garry</a>; 1979–1988)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 22, 1979 – November 27, 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Riding established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Neville" title="Anita Neville">Anita Neville</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Legislative Assembly of Manitoba</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouge_(electoral_district)" title="Fort Rouge (electoral district)">Fort Rouge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 28, 1973 – April 6, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inez_Trueman" title="Inez Trueman">Inez Trueman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/June_Westbury" title="June Westbury">June Westbury</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lloyd Norman Axworthy</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1939-12-21</span>) </span>December 21, 1939<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 84)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Battleford" title="North Battleford">North Battleford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a> (BA)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (Ph.D.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Academic, author</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lloyd Norman Axworthy</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba" title="Order of Manitoba">OM</a></span></span> (born December 21, 1939) is a Canadian politician, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elder_statesman" class="extiw" title="wikt:elder statesman">elder statesman</a> and academic. He served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. Following his retirement from parliament, he served as president and vice-chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a> from 2004 to 2014 and as chancellor of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's University College">St. Paul's University College</a> (a constituent institution of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>). He is currently the Chair of the World Refugee & Migration Council. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <p>Axworthy was born in <a href="/wiki/North_Battleford" title="North Battleford">North Battleford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, to parents Norman and Gwen Axworthy and into a family with strong <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> roots, and received his BA from <a href="/wiki/United_College_(Winnipeg)" class="mw-redirect" title="United College (Winnipeg)">United College</a>, a Winnipeg-based Bible school, in 1961. He is the older brother of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Axworthy" title="Tom Axworthy">Tom Axworthy</a> and Robert Axworthy (former Manitoba Liberal Party leadership candidate). He received his Ph.D. in politics from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1972 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "The task force on housing and urban development: a study of democratic decision making in Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Canada to teach at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a>. At the latter, he also became the director of the Institute of Urban Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2></div> <p>Axworthy became involved in politics during the 1950s, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> after attending a speech by <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>. He briefly aligned himself with the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) in the 1960s when Pearson, as federal opposition leader, called for American <a href="/wiki/Bomarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomarc">Bomarc</a> nuclear warheads to be allowed on Canadian soil. He soon returned to the Liberal fold, however, and worked as an executive assistant for <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he supported Turner's bid to become party leader at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968 leadership convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Axworthy ran for the party in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_North_Centre" title="Winnipeg North Centre">Winnipeg North Centre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968 election</a>, finishing second against veteran NDP Member of Parliament (MP) <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Knowles" title="Stanley Knowles">Stanley Knowles</a>. He first ran for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Legislative Assembly of Manitoba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1966_Manitoba_general_election" title="1966 Manitoba general election">1966 election</a>, placing second to <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stanes" title="Douglas Stanes">Douglas Stanes</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._James_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="St. James (provincial electoral district)">St. James</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1973_Manitoba_general_election" title="1973 Manitoba general election">1973 election</a>, he was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Manitoba Liberal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouge_(electoral_district)" title="Fort Rouge (electoral district)">Fort Rouge</a>, He was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1977_Manitoba_general_election" title="1977 Manitoba general election">1977 election</a>, and was the only Liberal in the legislature from 1977 to 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h2></div> <p>He resigned from the Manitoba legislature on April 6, 1979, to run for the federal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 election</a> narrowly defeated former provincial PC leader <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Spivak" title="Sidney Spivak">Sidney Spivak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg%E2%80%94Fort_Garry" title="Winnipeg—Fort Garry">Winnipeg—Fort Garry</a>. He was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 election</a>, becoming the only Liberal MP west of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. He was promoted to cabinet under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, serving as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment_and_Immigration_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)">Minister of Employment and Immigration</a>, and then as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Minister of Transport</a>. </p><p>In the Liberal defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a>, Axworthy was one of only two Liberals west of Ontario to be elected (the other being then Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>). Axworthy played a role in opposition, supporting tough on crime policies, but also supporting fiscal conservatism by critiquing the fiscal taxation policy of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>. He was an especially vocal critic of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>. </p><p>When the Liberals returned to power in 1993 under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, Axworthy became a Cabinet minister. After the election, he was given responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Human_Resources_Development_Canada" title="Human Resources Development Canada">Human Resources Development Canada</a> (HRDC), and launched changes in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits#Canada" title="Unemployment benefits">employment insurance</a>. Although his main interest was urban renewal, in a 1996 cabinet shuffle, he became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. </p><p>In February 1999 and April 2000, Axworthy was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">President of the United Nations Security Council</a> with Canada's Ambassador to the UN <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(diplomat)" title="Robert Fowler (diplomat)">Robert Fowler</a>. In April 2000, Axworthy supported the highly controversial effort to reduce the sanction against Iraq, under the regime of Saddam Hussein, citing a humanitarian explanation "to avoid making ordinary citizens pay for the actions of their leaders". Axworthy clashed with the US government on this issue, particularly over the lack of alternative options to deter the regime from additional aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he initiated the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Intervention_and_State_Sovereignty" title="International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty">International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty</a> that led to the UN policy of <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_Protect" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsibility to Protect">Responsibility to Protect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He retired from politics at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000 federal election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded as MP for Winnipeg South Centre by <a href="/wiki/Anita_Neville" title="Anita Neville">Anita Neville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2></div> <p>In 1997, Axworthy was nominated by United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> to receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his work on banning land mines.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not win, but was thanked by the recipients, the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a>, as having been instrumental in their effort.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics, however, viewed Axworthy's land mine campaign and the involvement of political NGOs as counter-productive, since many key nations, including the US, Russia and China did not join.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, he was one of the two winners of the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Prize" title="North–South Prize">North–South Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, he was made an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 15, 2012, Elder, Dr. Tobasonakwut Kinew and, Dr. Phil Fontaine, honoured Axworthy – Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, White Thunderbird Man, at a sacred Pipe Ceremony. Axworthy was recognized for his commitment to creating an inclusive learning experience that reflects Indigenous cultures and traditions at UWinnipeg. The ceremony was led by Anishinaabe Elder Fred Kelly and musician and broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Wab_Kinew" title="Wab Kinew">Wab Kinew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Axworthy was presented with an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo_Faculty_of_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Waterloo Faculty of Environment">Faculty of Environment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> in October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 30, 2015, Axworthy was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Canada">Companion of the Order of Canada</a>, the highest grade of the honour.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_politics">After politics</h2></div> <p>In September 2000, Axworthy returned to academia, joining the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Institute_for_Global_Issues" title="Liu Institute for Global Issues">Liu Institute for Global Issues</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. He has published <i>Navigating A New World</i>, a book on the uses of "<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>". </p><p>In May 2004, he was appointed as president and vice-chancellor of the University of Winnipeg. He retired in June 2014. </p><p>Axworthy is Chair of the Advisory Committee for the Americas Division of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, a highly controversial position resulting from this organisation's record of political bias, fundraising in Saudi Arabia, and lack of credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also serves on the advisory council of <a href="/wiki/USC_Center_on_Public_Diplomacy" title="USC Center on Public Diplomacy">USC Center on Public Diplomacy</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Fair_Vote_Canada" title="Fair Vote Canada">Fair Vote Canada</a>, and is an endorser of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Intervention_Network" title="Genocide Intervention Network">Genocide Intervention Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Student_Exchange,_Ontario" title="International Student Exchange, Ontario">International Student Exchange, Ontario</a>. </p><p>In 2006, Axworthy was elected to the Board of Directors of <a href="/wiki/Hudbay_Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudbay Minerals">Hudbay Minerals</a>, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He currently serves as the President of the <a href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement/Institute_for_Global_Policy" title="World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy">World Federalist Movement-Institute for Global Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Axworthy was installed as Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's University College">St. Paul's University College</a>, a constituent institution of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, in October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired from that position in 2017. </p><p>Axworthy is the first Chair of the World Refugee & Migration Council, formed in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_International_Governance_Innovation" title="Centre for International Governance Innovation">Centre for International Governance Innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <ul><li><i>Navigating a New World</i>, Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004</li> <li><i>Liberals at the Border</i>, University of Toronto Press, 2004</li> <li><i>The Axworthy Legacy</i>, Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001</li> <li><i>Boulevard of Broken Dreams: A 40 Year Journey through Portage Avenue - Displacement, Dislocation, and How Osmosis Can Resolve Community Blight', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (In Press)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template:1997 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template talk:1997 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1997 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Winnipeg South Centre">Winnipeg South Centre</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,006</td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.89</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−5.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Sara Malabar</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,717</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.97</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+7.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Andrea Rolstone</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,011</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.00</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #3CB371; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a></td> <td>Gary Hollingshead</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,457</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.45</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #E6E6FA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a></td> <td>Ron Decter</td> <td style="text-align:right;">224</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.63</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Jim Blomquist</td> <td style="text-align:right;">202</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.56</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Karen Naylor</td> <td style="text-align:right;">180</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.50</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.32 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">35,797 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">99.17</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">299</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 0.83</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">36,096</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 64.92</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Eligible voters </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 55,600</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:white"> <td style="color:black;background:#EA6D6A; width:16px; border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;">-6.59 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template:1993 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1993_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template talk:1993 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1993_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1993 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Winnipeg South Centre">Winnipeg South Centre</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,881</td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.44</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+3.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #3CB371; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a></td> <td>Vern A. Hannah</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,288</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+10.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Radcliffe" title="Mike Radcliffe">Mike Radcliffe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,903</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.26</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−19.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Lloyd Penner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,512</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.34</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−2.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #48D1CC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Canada" title="National Party of Canada">National</a></td> <td>Bill Loewen</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,099</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.36</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #E6E6FA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a></td> <td>Elizabeth Innes</td> <td style="text-align:right;">225</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.53</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F2BA00; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a></td> <td>Clancy Smith</td> <td style="text-align:right;">89</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.21</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Karen Naylor</td> <td style="text-align:right;">76</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.18</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF0000; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada Party</a></td> <td>Ben J. Fulawka</td> <td style="text-align:right;">54</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.13</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">42,127 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0</span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:white"> <td style="color:black;background:#EA6D6A; width:16px; border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;">-3.90 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:616px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template:1988 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Template talk:1988 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_Canadian_federal_election/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 Canadian federal election/Winnipeg South Centre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Winnipeg South Centre">Winnipeg South Centre</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,191</td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Garth Dawley</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,960</td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Les Campbell</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,637</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #3CB371; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a></td> <td>Ross Malabar</td> <td style="text-align:right;">777</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F2BA00; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a></td> <td>Clancy Smith</td> <td style="text-align:right;">154</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Ken Kalturnyk</td> <td style="text-align:right;">111</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.25 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">44,830 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Governor+General+of+Canada+His+Excellency+the+Right+Honourable+David+Johnston&rft.atitle=Order+of+Canada+Appointments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fdocument.aspx%3Fid%3D16283%26lan%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALloyd+Axworthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2009" class="citation web cs1">Bernstein, Robert L. (October 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/opinion/20bernstein.html">"Opinion: Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Rights+Watchdog%2C+Lost+in+the+Mideast&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F20%2Fopinion%2F20bernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALloyd+Axworthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudbayminerals.com/news-media/default.aspx">"Hudbay Minerals Inc. - News/Media"</a>. <i>hudbayminerals.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hudbayminerals.com&rft.atitle=Hudbay+Minerals+Inc.+-+News%2FMedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudbayminerals.com%2Fnews-media%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALloyd+Axworthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629012311/http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president">"President | WFM-IGP"</a>. <i>www.wfm-igp.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president">the original</a> on June 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wfm-igp.org&rft.atitle=President+%7C+WFM-IGP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfm-igp.org%2Fcontent%2Fpresident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALloyd+Axworthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrmcouncil.org/about">"About the World Refugee & Migration Council"</a>. <i>World Refugee & Migration Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Refugee+%26+Migration+Council&rft.atitle=About+the+World+Refugee+%26+Migration+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrmcouncil.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALloyd+Axworthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004937/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/lloyd_axworthy.php">Lecture transcript and video of Axworthy's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, February 2005 </a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=9704">Lloyd Axworthy – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=7763&t=12&ln=Axworthy">Order of Canada Citation</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>26th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (4) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br />1996–2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schneider_(politician)" title="Larry Schneider (politician)">Larry Schneider</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Western_Economic_Diversification_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Western Economic Diversification (Canada)">Minister of Western Economic Diversification</a></b><br />1993–1996 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment_and_Immigration_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)">Minister of Employment and Immigration</a></b><br />1993–1996<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">styled as<br /><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resources_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)">Minister of Human Resources Development</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Doug Young</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Minister of Labour</a></b><br />1993–1995<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">styled as<br /><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resources_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)">Minister of Human Resources Development</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>23rd Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet post (1) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><b>cont'd from 22nd Min.</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Minister of Transport</a></b><br />1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>22nd Ministry – Second cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (2) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Minister of Transport</a></b><br />1983–1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><b>cont'd into 23rd Min.</b></i> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ron_Atkey" title="Ron Atkey">Ron Atkey</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment_and_Immigration_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)">Minister of Employment and Immigration</a></b><br />1980–1983 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Special Cabinet Responsibilities </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:110px">Predecessor </th> <th style="width:290px">Title </th> <th style="width:110px">Successor </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/David_MacDonald_(Canadian_politician)" title="David MacDonald (Canadian politician)">David MacDonald</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_responsible_for_the_Status_of_Women_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister responsible for the Status of Women (Canada)">Minister responsible for the Status of Women</a></b><br />1980–1981 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Legislative Assembly of Manitoba</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Inez_Trueman" title="Inez Trueman">Inez Trueman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouge_(electoral_district)" title="Fort Rouge (electoral district)">Fort Rouge</a> </b><br />1973–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/June_Westbury" title="June Westbury">June Westbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Spivak" title="Sidney Spivak">Sidney Spivak</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg%E2%80%94Fort_Garry" title="Winnipeg—Fort Garry">Winnipeg—Fort Garry</a> </b><br />1979–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">This electoral district was abolished in 1987</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">This electoral district was created in 1987</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre" title="Winnipeg South Centre">Winnipeg South Centre</a> </b><br />1988–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Neville" title="Anita Neville">Anita Neville</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deane_(professor)" title="Patrick Deane (professor)">Patrick Deane</a> (acting)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a> </b><br />June 6, 2004 – June 27, 2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Trimbee" title="Annette Trimbee">Annette Trimbee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's University College">St. Paul's University College</a> </b><br />October 24, 2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template talk:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Jean_Chrétien_(1993–2003)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> (1993–2003)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Augustine" title="Jean Augustine">Jean Augustine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Baker (Canadian politician)">George Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bevilacqua" title="Maurizio Bevilacqua">Maurizio Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Blondin-Andrew" title="Ethel Blondin-Andrew">Ethel Blondin-Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Boudreau" title="Bernie Boudreau">Bernie Boudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Don Boudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Bradshaw" title="Claudette Bradshaw">Claudette Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Byrne_(politician)" title="Gerry Byrne (politician)">Gerry Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Caplan" title="Elinor Caplan">Elinor Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Carstairs" title="Sharon Carstairs">Sharon Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Martin Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DeVillers" title="Paul DeVillers">Paul DeVillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Herb Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">David Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Drouin" title="Claude Drouin">Claude Drouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Duhamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Duhamel">Ronald Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Dupuy" title="Michel Dupuy">Michel Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Easter" title="Wayne Easter">Wayne Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Fairbairn" title="Joyce Fairbairn">Joyce Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finestone" title="Sheila Finestone">Sheila Finestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Fry" title="Hedy Fry">Hedy Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Alfonso Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Gerrard" title="Jon Gerrard">Jon Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Graham" title="Alasdair Graham">Alasdair Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Irwin" title="Ron Irwin">Ron Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kilgour" title="David Kilgour">David Kilgour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Knutson" title="Gar Knutson">Gar Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">Lawrence MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mahoney" title="Steve Mahoney">Steve Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Diane Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">Anne McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mifflin" title="Fred Mifflin">Fred Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Minna" title="Maria Minna">Maria Minna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Andy Mitchell (politician)">Andy Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Nault" title="Bob Nault">Bob Nault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Normand" title="Gilbert Normand">Gilbert Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Stephen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Rey Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Paradis" title="Denis Paradis">Denis Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Peters">Doug Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peterson" title="Jim Peterson">Jim Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Scott_(politician)" title="Andy Scott (politician)">Andy Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine Stewart">Christine Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jane Stewart (politician)">Jane Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thibault" title="Robert Thibault">Robert Thibault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tobin" title="Brian Tobin">Brian Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Vanclief" title="Lyle Vanclief">Lyle Vanclief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whelan" title="Susan Whelan">Susan Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Doug Young</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_John_Turner_(1984)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turner_Ministry" title="Template:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turner_Ministry" title="Template talk:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turner_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_John_Turner_(1984)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> (1984)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Breau" title="Herb Breau">Herb Breau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Bujold" title="Rémi Bujold">Rémi Bujold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Bennett Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ferguson" title="Ralph Ferguson">Ralph Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Frith" title="Doug Frith">Doug Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaplan" title="Bob Kaplan">Bob Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Jean Lapierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Charles Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Bill Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(Canadian_senator)" title="David Smith (Canadian senator)">David Smith</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1980–84)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1980–84)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazen_Argue" title="Hazen Argue">Hazen Argue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Austin_(politician)" title="Jack Austin (politician)">Jack Austin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bussi%C3%A8res" title="Pierre Bussières">Pierre Bussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Bennett Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cosgrove" title="Paul Cosgrove">Paul Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ban%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Bané">Pierre de Bané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fleming_(York_West_MP)" title="James Fleming (York West MP)">James Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Hervieux-Payette" title="Céline Hervieux-Payette">Céline Hervieux-Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaplan" title="Bob Kaplan">Bob Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Gilles Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Charles Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">Daniel J. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Olivier" title="Jacques Olivier">Jacques Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Olson" title="Bud Olson">Bud Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Perrault" title="Ray Perrault">Ray Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Yvon Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Bill Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Simmons" title="Roger Simmons">Roger Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(Canadian_senator)" title="David Smith (Canadian senator)">David Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Transport" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Transport" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Ministers of transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Ministers of Railways and Canals</a> (1879–1936)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Pope" title="John Henry Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_George_Blair" title="Andrew George Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Emmerson" title="Henry Emmerson">Emmerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cochrane" title="Francis Cochrane">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Stewart_(politician)" title="John Alexander Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costello_Kennedy" title="William Costello Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Black" title="William Anderson Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Marine (1930–36)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duranleau" title="Alfred Duranleau">Duranleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Henri_Gendron" title="Lucien Henri Gendron">Gendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Ministers of Transport</a> (1936–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlyle_Marler" title="George Carlyle Marler">Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">Richardson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Pépin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Valeri" title="Tony Valeri">Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Lapierre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (2006–15)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Strahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Ministers of Transport</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raitt" title="Lisa Raitt">Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Alghabra" title="Omar Alghabra">Alghabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodriguez_(Canadian_politician)" title="Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)">Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The offices of Minister of Marine and Minister of Railways and Canals were abolished and the office of Minister of Transport was created in 1936<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_western_economic_diversification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Western_Economic_Diversification" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Western_Economic_Diversification" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Western_Economic_Diversification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_western_economic_diversification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Western_Economic_Diversification_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Western Economic Diversification (Canada)">Ministers of western economic diversification</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mayer_(politician)" title="Charles Mayer (politician)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schneider_(politician)" title="Larry Schneider (politician)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tobin" title="Brian Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Skelton" title="Carol Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Yelich" title="Lynne Yelich">Yelich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rempel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelle Rempel">Rempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navdeep_Bains" title="Navdeep Bains">Bains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_labour" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Labour" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Labour" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_labour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Ministers of labour</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Ministers of Labour</a> (1900–96)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Mulock" title="William Mulock">Mulock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bristol_Aylesworth" title="Allen Bristol Aylesworth">Aylesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Lemieux" title="Rodolphe Lemieux">Lemieux</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. M. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Crothers" title="Thomas Wilson Crothers">Crothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Robertson" title="Gideon Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murdock_(politician)" title="James Murdock (politician)">Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">J. H. King</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Elliott" title="John Campbell Elliott">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burpee_Jones" title="George Burpee Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heenan" title="Peter Heenan">Heenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Robertson" title="Gideon Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Ashton_Gordon" title="Wesley Ashton Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_McLeod_Rogers" title="Norman McLeod Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Alexander_McLarty" title="Norman Alexander McLarty">McLarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Mitchell" title="Humphrey Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Fowler_Gregg" title="Milton Fowler Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Nicholson" title="John Robert Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Connell_(politician)" title="Martin O'Connell (politician)">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Connell_(politician)" title="Martin O'Connell (politician)">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Alexander" title="Lincoln Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cadieux" title="Pierre Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Danis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Valcourt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Human Resources <br />Development (1996–2005)<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jane Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liza_Frulla" title="Liza Frulla">Frulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden" title="Ken Dryden">Dryden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Human Resources <br />and Skills Development (2005–13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belinda_Stronach" title="Belinda Stronach">Stronach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Finley" title="Diane Finley">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Solberg" title="Monte Solberg">Solberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Finley" title="Diane Finley">Finley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Employment <br />and Social Development (2013–15)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Families, Children <br />and Social Development (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Duclos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Labour (1996–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Bradshaw" title="Claudette Bradshaw">Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Fontana" title="Joe Fontana">Fontana</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blackburn" title="Jean-Pierre Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raitt" title="Lisa Raitt">Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie_Leitch" title="Kellie Leitch">Leitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Employment, Workforce and Labour (2015–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MaryAnn_Mihychuk" title="MaryAnn Mihychuk">Mihychuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Hajdu" title="Patty Hajdu">Hajdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Labour (2019–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Tassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">O'Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_MacKinnon" title="Steven MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller;"><div><sup>1</sup>Until 1909, the office of the minister of Labour was a secondary function of the Postmaster-General of Canada. W. L. M. King was the first to hold the office independently. <br /> <p><sup>2</sup>The office of Minister of Employment and Immigration, and Minister of Labour were abolished and the office of Minister of Human Resources Development went in force on July 12, 1996. Under the new provisions, a Minister of Labour may be appointed. However, when no Minister of Labour is appointed, the Minister of Human Resources Development shall exercise the powers and perform the duties and functions of the Minister of Labour.<br /> </p> <sup>3</sup>Styled "Minister of Labour and Housing".</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_employment_and_immigration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Employment_and_Immigration" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Employment_and_Immigration" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Employment_and_Immigration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_employment_and_immigration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment_and_Immigration_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)">Ministers of employment and immigration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Cullen" title="Bud Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Atkey" title="Ron Atkey">Atkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Valcourt</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The office of Minister of Employment and Immigration, and Minister of Labour were abolished and the office of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resources_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)">Minister of Human Resources Development</a> came in force July 12, 1996.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123995205">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50029777">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811728840205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007432165605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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