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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_formacion_de_l'Empèri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_formacion_de_l'Empèri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>La formacion de l'Empèri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_formacion_de_l'Empèri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Originas_deis_Otomans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originas_deis_Otomans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Originas deis Otomans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originas_deis_Otomans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fondacion_de_l'Estat_Otoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fondacion_de_l'Estat_Otoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Fondacion de l'Estat Otoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fondacion_de_l'Estat_Otoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_invasions_de_Tamerlan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_invasions_de_Tamerlan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Leis invasions de Tamerlan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_invasions_de_Tamerlan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_restauracion_dau_Sultanat_Otoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_restauracion_dau_Sultanat_Otoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>La restauracion dau Sultanat Otoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_restauracion_dau_Sultanat_Otoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'apogèu_de_l'Empèri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'apogèu_de_l'Empèri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>L'apogèu de l'Empèri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'apogèu_de_l'Empèri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_conquista_de_l'Empèri_Bizantin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_de_l'Empèri_Bizantin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>La conquista de l'Empèri Bizantin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_de_l'Empèri_Bizantin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_rèines_de_Bayezid_II_e_de_Selim_Ièr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_rèines_de_Bayezid_II_e_de_Selim_Ièr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Lei rèines de Bayezid II e de Selim I<sup>èr</sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_rèines_de_Bayezid_II_e_de_Selim_Ièr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_rèine_de_Soliman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_rèine_de_Soliman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lo rèine de Soliman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_rèine_de_Soliman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_reviradas_dei_sègles_XVI_e_XVIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_reviradas_dei_sègles_XVI_e_XVIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lei reviradas dei sègles XVI e XVIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_reviradas_dei_sègles_XVI_e_XVIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_crisi_deis_institucions_otomanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_crisi_deis_institucions_otomanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>La crisi deis institucions otomanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_crisi_deis_institucions_otomanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_desfachas_dau_sègle_XVIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_desfachas_dau_sègle_XVIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Lei desfachas dau sègle XVIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_desfachas_dau_sègle_XVIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_fin_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fin_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La fin e l'esclatament de l'Empèri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fin_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'independéncia_deis_estats_maugrabins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'independéncia_deis_estats_maugrabins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>L'independéncia deis estats maugrabins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'independéncia_deis_estats_maugrabins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_assais_de_reformas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_assais_de_reformas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Leis assais de reformas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_assais_de_reformas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_insurreccions_nacionalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_insurreccions_nacionalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Leis insurreccions nacionalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_insurreccions_nacionalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Premiera_Guèrra_Mondiala_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Premiera_Guèrra_Mondiala_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>La Premiera Guèrra Mondiala e l'esclatament de l'Empèri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Premiera_Guèrra_Mondiala_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacion_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organizacion politica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Organizacion politica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_direccion_de_l'Empèri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_direccion_de_l'Empèri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La direccion de l'Empèri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_direccion_de_l'Empèri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_Sultan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Sultan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Lo Sultan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Sultan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_govèrn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_govèrn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Lo govèrn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_govèrn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_governadors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_governadors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Lei governadors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_governadors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_fòrças_armadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_fòrças_armadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lei fòrças armadas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_fòrças_armadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Economia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transpòrts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transpòrts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transpòrts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transpòrts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Agricultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indústria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indústria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Indústria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indústria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comèrci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comèrci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Comèrci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comèrci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Religion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>L'Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_tolerància_religiosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_tolerància_religiosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>La tolerància religiosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_tolerància_religiosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referéncias_e_nòtas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referéncias_e_nòtas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Referéncias e nòtas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referéncias_e_nòtas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Empèri Otoman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 179 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Османтәи аимпериа - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Османтәи аимпериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki_Utsmani" title="Turuki Utsmani - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki Utsmani" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ottomaanse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%BEomanisce_R%C4%ABce" title="Oþomanisce Rīce - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oþomanisce Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84-ub%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84_Otoman" title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman - obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة العثمانية - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة لعتمانية - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الدولة لعتمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Otomanu" title="Imperiu Otomanu - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Otomanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ГӀусманияб империя - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀусманияб империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı imperiyası - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғосман империяһы - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanischs_Reich" title="Osmanischs Reich - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Osmanischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uosmanu_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Uosmanu imperėjė - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uosmanu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" title="Imperyong Ottoman - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імперыя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асманская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імпэрыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асманская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Османска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_otoman" title="Impalaeriezh otoman - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh otoman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Otomà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Osman Dá̤-guók - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osman Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Iусманойн шуре - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Iусманойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Osmanská říše - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Осман империйĕ - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осман империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Osmanniske_Rige" title="Det Osmanniske Rige - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Osmanniske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Usman%C4%B1can" title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomana_Imperio" title="Otomana Imperio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_otomano" title="Imperio otomano - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio otomano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanite_riik" title="Osmanite riik - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmanite riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomandar_Inperioa" title="Otomandar Inperioa - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otomandar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperiu_otomanu" title="Emperiu otomanu - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Emperiu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری عثمانی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanien_valtakunta" title="Osmanien valtakunta - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmanien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmann%C3%B5_riik" title="Osmannõ riik - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Osmannõ riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Osmanska ríkið - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmanska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire ottoman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansk_Rik" title="Osmaansk Rik - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmaansk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaanske_Ryk" title="Osmaanske Ryk - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Osmaanske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Otam%C3%A1nach" title="An Impireacht Otamánach - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Otamánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti - gagaús" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_otoman" title="Ampir otoman - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir otoman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_nan_Otomanach" title="Impireachd nan Otomanach - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd nan Otomanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_otom%C3%A1no" title="Mburuvi otománo - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi otománo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Usmaniyya" title="Daular Usmaniyya - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Usmaniyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ti-koet" title="Osman Ti-koet - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osman Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה העות'מאנית - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה העות'מאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Samrajya" title="Ottoman Samrajya - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ottoman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Otoman" title="Anpi Otoman - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Otoman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Oszmán Birodalom - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszmán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ottoman" title="Imperio Ottoman - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Ottoman" title="Empayar Ottoman - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Empayar Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Imperie" title="Ottoman Imperie - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ottoman Imperie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_nga_Otomano" title="Imperio nga Otomano - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio nga Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьункархой импери - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьункархой импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoman_imperio" title="Otoman imperio - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otoman imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkjaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オスマン帝国 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスマン帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_Empaya" title="Ataman Empaya - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ataman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Ottoman" title="Kakaisaran Ottoman - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_n_Iturkiyen" title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Уэсмэн империэ - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэсмэн империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_A%CC%B1toman" title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осман империясы - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오스만 제국 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스만 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت - cashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Osman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Osmanî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Osmanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Ottoman" title="Emperoureth Ottoman - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осмон империясы - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмон империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Ottomanicum" title="Imperium Ottomanicum - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Ottomanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Osmanescht Räich - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmanescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Усманрин империя - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Усманрин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Osmanan" title="Impero Osmanan - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Osmanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaans_Riek" title="Ottomaans Riek - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ottomaans Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%C5%B3_imperija" title="Osmanų imperija - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmanų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rija" title="Osmaņu impērija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_%C3%94t%C3%B4m%C3%A0na" title="Empira Ôtômàna - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Ôtômàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отоманско Царство - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отоманско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Uthmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ottoman" title="Imperu Ottoman - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Outomano" title="Ampério Outomano - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Outomano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عثمانی - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عثمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansch_Riek" title="Osmaansch Riek - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmaansch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Riek" title="Ottomaanse Riek - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ottomaanse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अटोमन साम्राज्य - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अटोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मान साम्राज्य - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उस्मान साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaanse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_rike" title="Det osmanske rike - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det osmanske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8F%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2_%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ - n’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Османты импери - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Османты импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Osma%C5%84skie" title="Imperium Osmańskie - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Osmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="عثماني سترواکي - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثماني سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomano_Thagaripen" title="Otomano Thagaripen - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Otomano Thagaripen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Otoman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Ottomane" title="'Mbere Ottomane - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Ottomane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османская империя - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османьска імперія - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Османьска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_otomanu" title="Impèriu otomanu - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_uttumanu" title="Mpiru uttumanu - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru uttumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="عثماني سلطنت - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عثماني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Osmanská ríša - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmanská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmansko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Cosmaniya" title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Osmane" title="Perandoria Osmane - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Osmane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Османско царство - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Османско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoansk_Riek" title="Osmoansk Riek - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmoansk Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_riket" title="Osmanska riket - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmanska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Osmani" title="Milki ya Osmani - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Osmani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94sma%C5%84ske_Imperyjum" title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Osman imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Otomano" title="Imperyong Otomano - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Otomano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanijon_Imperij%C9%99" title="Osmanijon Imperijə - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Osmanijon Imperijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Госман империясе - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Госман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османська імперія - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Османська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmoniylar_davlati" title="Usmoniylar davlati - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmoniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_otoman" title="Inpero otoman - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero otoman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanan_imperii" title="Osmanan imperii - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmanan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ottoman" title="Đế quốc Ottoman - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Otomano" title="Imperyo Otomano - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Otomano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%E1%BB%8Cba_%C3%92tt%C3%B3m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Daeqgoz" title="Osman Daeqgoz - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Osman Daeqgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧斯曼帝國 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧斯曼帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Osman Tè-kok - 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href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%C3%A7au"><img alt="Aqueste article es redigit en provençau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bandièra otomana en 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>Empèri Otoman</b> (en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc otoman (la pagina existís pas)">turc otoman</a>: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيَّهٔ عُثْمَانِیَّه, en <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc modèrne</a>: <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğu</i>), istoricament nomenat <b>Empèri Turc</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> foguèt un ancian estat transcontinental fondat per lei tropas otomanas en <a href="/wiki/1299" class="mw-redirect" title="1299">1299</a>, existent fins a <a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>. Venguèt una dei poissanças majoras au Pròche Òrient puei en Euròpa après la presa de Constantinòple en <a href="/wiki/1453" class="mw-redirect" title="1453">1453</a>. Conoguèt un periòde d'expansion fins ai sègles XVI e XVII onte sei caps obtenguèron lo títol de Califa. A son apogèu, s'estendiá dei Balcans a la Peninsula Aràbia e de Siria a Argèria. Pasmens, lei sègles XVII e XVIII veguèron una crisi majora dau govèrn e una tièra de desfachas que van causar divèrsei pèrdas territorialas durant lo sègle XIX, especialament au Magreb, en Egipte e dins lei regions europèas de l'Empèri. Maugrat d'assais de refòrmas e de modernizacion durant la segonda mitat dau sègle XIX, lo declin contunièt e leis Otomans venguèron enemics d'estats aliats a França e au Reiaume Unit. Après lei Guèrras Balcanicas (1913), l'Empèri venguèt l'aliat d'Alemanha durant la <a href="/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Primièra Guèrra Mondiala">Primièra Guèrra Mondiala</a> e foguèt batut en <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a> entraïnant son afondrament definitiu e son explosion en divèrsei territòris. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istòria de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Istòria de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_formacion_de_l'Empèri"><span id="La_formacion_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri"></span>La formacion de l'Empèri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La formacion de l'Empèri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La formacion de l'Empèri"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Originas_deis_Otomans">Originas deis Otomans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Originas deis Otomans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Originas deis Otomans"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'origina deis Otomans es probablament situada dins la tribú dei Kayi que fasiá partida dei Turcs Occidentaus qu'envaïguèron l'Iran e sa region au sègle XI. En <a href="/wiki/1224" class="mw-redirect" title="1224">1224</a>, èran installats dins la region orientala de <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> modèrna a l'entorn de la vila d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alat (la pagina existís pas)">Alat</a>. Pròche de la frontiera ambé l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">Empèri Bizantin</a>, aqueu fèu desvolopèt donc sei capacitats militaras durant lo sègle XIII. Ansin, son armada se renforcèt e leis Otomans obtenguèron lor independéncia en <a href="/wiki/1299" class="mw-redirect" title="1299">1299</a> durant lo rèine d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_I%C3%A8r_Gazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Ièr Gazi (la pagina existís pas)">Osman I<sup>èr</sup> Gazi</a>. Fondant sa dinastia dins lo corrent d'aquel eveniment, capitèt de prendre la vila bizantina de Bursa que venguèt sa capitala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fondacion_de_l'Estat_Otoman"><span id="Fondacion_de_l.27Estat_Otoman"></span>Fondacion de l'Estat Otoman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Fondacion de l'Estat Otoman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fondacion de l'Estat Otoman"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1490.png 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Expansion territòriala de l'Empèri Otoman de 1307 a 1490.</figcaption></figure> <p>La fondacion de l'Estat Otoman foguèt l'òbra dau fiu e successor d'Osman I<sup>èr</sup> Gazi. D'efèct, dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_Gazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan Gazi (la pagina existís pas)">Orhan Gazi</a>, aqueu darrier organizèt una administracion, bateguèt moneda e creèt una armada professionala formada d'un còrs d'infantariá e d'un autre de cavalariá. Dins leis afaires estrangiers, gràcias a una politica abila, capitèt de conquistar lo Principat musulman de Karesi (1335-1345) e d'aprofichar lei luchas e divisions de l'Empèri Bizantin per s'emparar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nic%C3%A8a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicèa (la pagina existís pas)">Íznik</a> (<a href="/wiki/1331" class="mw-redirect" title="1331">1331</a>) e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicom%C3%A8dia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicomèdia (la pagina existís pas)">Ízmit</a> (<a href="/wiki/1337" class="mw-redirect" title="1337">1337</a>). </p><p>Son successor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_I%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad Ièr (la pagina existís pas)">Murad I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1360" class="mw-redirect" title="1360">1360</a>-<a href="/wiki/1389" class="mw-redirect" title="1389">1389</a>), prenguèt lo títol de sultan. Persuadit que Constantinòble èra encara una posicion defensiva fòrça solida per sei fòrças, decidiguèt de contornejar la vila per anar en Euròpa. En <a href="/wiki/1361" class="mw-redirect" title="1361">1361</a> o <a href="/wiki/1362" class="mw-redirect" title="1362">1362</a>, conquistèt Andrinòple que venguèt sa capitala europèa. Intervenent pus luench en Bulgaria, deguèt faciar una coalicion formada per lei rèis d'Ongria, de Bòsnia, de Serbia, de Valaquia e de Bulgaria. Venceire en <a href="/wiki/1363" class="mw-redirect" title="1363">1363</a> e en <a href="/wiki/1371" class="mw-redirect" title="1371">1371</a>, Murad esquichèt seis adversaris a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Kosovo_(1389)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Kosovo (1389) (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Kosovo</a> en <a href="/wiki/1389" class="mw-redirect" title="1389">1389</a> e poguèt annexar la màger part de Serbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leis_invasions_de_Tamerlan">Leis invasions de Tamerlan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis invasions de Tamerlan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis invasions de Tamerlan"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bayezid I<sup>èr</sup> Yildirim foguèt lo successor de Murad I<sup>èr</sup>. La premiera partida de son rèine (1389-1402) foguèt consacrada a l'organizacion dei províncias asiaticas deis Otomans. Enterin, de campanhas militaras aguèron luòc en Euròpa, en direccion d'Ongria, de Bosnia, de Valaquia e còntra Constantinòble, e en Asia vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a>. En 1396, obtenguèt un succès decisiu còntra una coalicion de país europèus que lo permetèt d'ocupar la màger part de Grècia. Pasmens, aquela expansion entraïnèt de problèmas per assegurar la defensa de l'empèri. Ansin, en 1402, lei fòrças otomanas foguèron esquichadas per lei Mongòls de Tamerlan. Bayezid foguèt capturat e moriguèt en captivitat. Gràcias a lor victòria, lei Mongòls ocupèron totei lei regions asiaticas de l'Empèri Otoman que se repleguèt sus sei territòris europèus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_restauracion_dau_Sultanat_Otoman">La restauracion dau Sultanat Otoman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : La restauracion dau Sultanat Otoman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La restauracion dau Sultanat Otoman"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après l'ocupacion de la màger part dau Sultanat, la restauracion de la poissança otomana foguèt l'òbra de sei dos successors. D'efèct, la captivitat e la mòrt de Bayezid I<sup>èr</sup> entraïnèt una guèrra civila entre sei tres fius. Son venceire foguèt Memed I<sup>èr</sup> que reinèt de <a href="/wiki/1413" class="mw-redirect" title="1413">1413</a> a <a href="/wiki/1421" class="mw-redirect" title="1421">1421</a>. L'eliminacion de sei fraires inaugurèt la lèi de succession dau tròne otoman que permetiá l'assassinat deis autrei candidats. Après aqueu succès, Memed I<sup>èr</sup> capitèt de reconquistar Anatòlia après dotze annadas de combats. </p><p>Son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad II (la pagina existís pas)">Murad II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1421" class="mw-redirect" title="1421">1421</a>-<a href="/wiki/1451" class="mw-redirect" title="1451">1451</a>) aguèt un rèine guerrier que permetèt ais Otomans de replegar leis armadas crestianas vèrs lei Balcans e l'Euròpa Centrala enterin que lo rèsta de l'Empèri Bizantin èra enceuclat. Dins aquò, lei premiereis operacions militaras dau periòde foguèron malaisadas per leis Otomans batuts a <a href="/wiki/Belgrad" title="Belgrad">Belgrad</a>. La situacion cambièt en <a href="/wiki/1444" class="mw-redirect" title="1444">1444</a> a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Varna" title="Batalha de Varna">Varna</a> (<a href="/wiki/1444" class="mw-redirect" title="1444">1444</a>) puei au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Kosovo_(1448)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Kosovo (1448) (la pagina existís pas)">Kosovo</a> onte lei Crestians subiguèron doas desfachas grèvas. Aqueu darrier succès permetèt l'ocupacion dei Balcans per leis Otomans e alunchèt Constantinòble dau rèsta deis estats crestians preparant sa conquista dos ans après. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'apogèu_de_l'Empèri"><span id="L.27apog.C3.A8u_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri"></span>L'apogèu de l'Empèri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : L'apogèu de l'Empèri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'apogèu de l'Empèri"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_conquista_de_l'Empèri_Bizantin"><span id="La_conquista_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Bizantin"></span>La conquista de l'Empèri Bizantin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista de l'Empèri Bizantin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista de l'Empèri Bizantin"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Constantinople_BnF_MS_Fr_9087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Representacion dau stge de Constantinòble realizada au sègle XV.</figcaption></figure> <p>Après lo periòde de Murad II, lo rèine de son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memed_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memed II (la pagina existís pas)">Memed II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1451" class="mw-redirect" title="1451">1451</a>-<a href="/wiki/1481" class="mw-redirect" title="1481">1481</a>) veguèt l'afirmacion de l'Empèri entre lei poténcias majoras d'Euròpa. D'efèct, lo Sultan novèu foguèt l'autor d'una òbra importanta ai nivèus militar e legislatiu. Ansin, de 1453 e 1461, capitèt de conquistar lei rèstas de l'Empèri Bizantin que sa capitala, Constantinòble, foguèt presa en <a href="/wiki/1453" class="mw-redirect" title="1453">1453</a>. Puei, après la mòrt de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Hunyadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Hunyadi (la pagina existís pas)">Jan Hunyadi</a> en <a href="/wiki/1456" class="mw-redirect" title="1456">1456</a>, la resisténcia crestiana dins lei Balcans demeniguèt fòrtament entraïnant una tièra de conquistas dins la region fins a 1467. Enfin, Crimèa deguèt venir vassau deis Otomans enterin que lei marchands de Gènoa perdeguèron totei sei basas sus lei còstas de la Mar Negra. Au nivèu legislatiu, Memed II desplacèt sa capitala a Constantinòble e organizèt la societat de l'Empèri. Lei Crestians obtenguèron de libertats importantas e divèrsei Glèisas (grèga, armènia...) foguèron organizadas per lo poder otoman. Ansin, foguèt codificada la division de la populacion entre de grops religiós possedent una autonomia relativa. Enfin, foguèt tanben promulgat lo premier còde de lèis turcas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_rèines_de_Bayezid_II_e_de_Selim_Ièr"><span id="Lei_r.C3.A8ines_de_Bayezid_II_e_de_Selim_I.C3.A8r"></span>Lei rèines de Bayezid II e de Selim I<sup>èr</sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei rèines de Bayezid II e de Selim Ièr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei rèines de Bayezid II e de Selim Ièr"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei rèines de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayezid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayezid II (la pagina existís pas)">Bayezid II</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Selim I<sup>èr</sup></a> marquèron un periòde d'expansion novèla de l'Empèri Otoman que son cap venguèt califa durant lo rèine dau segond. D'efèct, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayezid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayezid II (la pagina existís pas)">Bayezid II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1481" class="mw-redirect" title="1481">1481</a>-<a href="/wiki/1512" class="mw-redirect" title="1512">1512</a>) adoptèt una politica relativament pacifica en Euròpa e en Asia. De tractats foguèron signats ambé lei Mamelocs (Egipte), Iran, Ongria e Venècia. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1512" class="mw-redirect" title="1512">1512</a>, foguèt rebutat per son fiu Selim I<sup>èr</sup> (<a href="/wiki/1512" class="mw-redirect" title="1512">1512</a>-<a href="/wiki/1520" class="mw-redirect" title="1520">1520</a>) sostengut par l'armada. Atacant l'Iran e l'Egipte, capitèt de prendre Tabriz puei de conquistar l'Anatolia sud-orientala. En <a href="/wiki/1516" class="mw-redirect" title="1516">1516</a>, dirigiguèt una campanha còntra lei Mamelocs e s'emparèt d'<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8p" title="Alèp">Alèp</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a> e de Jerusalèm. Lo 22 de genier de 1517, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_dau_Mont_Mugattam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha dau Mont Mugattam (la pagina existís pas)">batalha dau Mont Mugattam</a> s'acabèt per la desfacha finala dei Mamelocs. Lo cherif de <a href="/wiki/La_M%C3%A8ca" title="La Mèca">La Mèca</a> reconoguèt la supremacia deis Otomans dins la proteccion dei Luòcs Sants de l'Islam e lo califa abassida foguèt capturat. Ansin, lo sultan Otoman prenguèt la carga de Califa e sa familha poguèt revendicar l'autoritat suprèma sus lei musulmans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_rèine_de_Soliman"><span id="Lo_r.C3.A8ine_de_Soliman"></span>Lo rèine de Soliman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo rèine de Soliman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo rèine de Soliman"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Expansion de l'Empèri Otoman de <a href="/wiki/1307" class="mw-redirect" title="1307">1307</a> a <a href="/wiki/1683" class="mw-redirect" title="1683">1683</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Soliman_I_lo_Magnific" class="mw-redirect" title="Soliman I lo Magnific">Soliman I lo Magnific</a>.</div> <p>Lo rèine de Soliman I<sup>èr</sup> (1520-1566) marquèt l'apogèu de l'Empèri Otoman que venguèt la poissança majora d'Euròpa e recebèt seis institucions definitivas. D'efèct, servits per de generaus e de diplomatas remarcables, Soliman realizèt unei conquistas e venguèt l'arbitre deis afaires europèus. Una tièra de campanhas militaras permetèron la conquista de Tunis e d'Argier (1516), Belgrad (1521), de Ròdes (1522), de Buda après la victòria de Mohacs (1526) e sei fòrças agantèron lei barris de Viena en <a href="/wiki/1529" class="mw-redirect" title="1529">1529</a>. De mai, l'Empèri concluguèt una aliança ambé <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> qu'èra tanben l'enemic de l'Ostau dei Habsborg. Au nivèu interior, lo periòde de Soliman foguèt caracterizat per una activitat arquitecturala que veguèt la construccion de mosquetas a Istambol e a Andrinòple. </p><p>Son fiu e successor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim II (la pagina existís pas)">Selim II</a> (1566-1574), foguèt un prince gaire capable qu'abandonèt l'exercici dau poder a son vizir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pasa_Sokollu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Pasa Sokollu (la pagina existís pas)">Mehmed Pasa Sokollu</a>. Aqueu darrier capitèt de cochar lei Crestians de <a href="/wiki/Chipre" title="Chipre">Chipre</a> e d'agrandir l'Empèri fins a la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">Mar Caspiana</a>. Puei, lo rèine de Murad III (1574-1595) veguèt lei conquistas de Georgia e de Lorestan marcant l'apogèu territoriau d'un Empèri que seis institucions acomençavan de presentar de signes de declin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_reviradas_dei_sègles_XVI_e_XVIII"><span id="Lei_reviradas_dei_s.C3.A8gles_XVI_e_XVIII"></span>Lei reviradas dei sègles XVI e XVIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei reviradas dei sègles XVI e XVIII" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei reviradas dei sègles XVI e XVIII"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_crisi_deis_institucions_otomanas">La crisi deis institucions otomanas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La crisi deis institucions otomanas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La crisi deis institucions otomanas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sègle XVI foguèt caracterizat per una crisi prefonda deis institucions otomanas qu'entraïna un afebliment dau poder e una diminucion dei capacitats militaras de l'Empèri. Ansin, lo Harem venguèt lo luòc centrau deis intrigas politicas e de l'exercici dau poder. De mai, l'armada, especialament leis unitats de la gàrdia imperiala (Janissaris), an pres un ròtle major dins la succession e lo mantenement dau Sultan. Enfin, après la descubèrta d'America, lo centre dau comèrci mondiau s'alunchèt de l'Orient Pròche que perdeguèt sa posicion estrategica marcant lo començament d'un declin economic de l'Empèri. </p><p>Lo rèine dau Sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memed_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memed III (la pagina existís pas)">Memed III</a> (1595-1603) foguèt donc caracterizat per l'influéncia de sa maire que foguèt lo cap reau dau govèrn. Son successor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amed_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amed Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Amed I<sup>èr</sup></a> (1603-1617) assaièt de reprendre son autoritat mai mau capitèt d'enraiar lo desvolopament de la corrupcion. Foguèt tanben obligat d'arrestar lo conflicte europèu per la signatura de la patz de Zsitvatorok (1606) que reconoguèt lo <i>statu quo</i> entre Otomans e Imperiaus. Durant lei rèines de sei successors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Mustafa I<sup>èr</sup></a> (1617-1618) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman II (la pagina existís pas)">Osman II</a> (1618-1622), sei tendéncias s'accentuèron e l'armada acomencèt dins leis afaires de succession dau tròne. Contunièron durant lei premiereis annadas dau rèine de Murad IV (1623-1640) que restabliguèt l'òrdre per una politica de repression implacabla. Obtenguèt egalament lei darriers grands succès militars de l'Empèri dins lo corrent d'una guèrra còntra Pèrsia (presa de Bagdad en 1638). </p><p>Pasmens, sei successors foguèron pas capables de dirigir lo país abandonant la màger part dau poder au Harem, ai ministres e ai janissaris. Ansin, a partir de 1656 fins ais annadas 1710, lo poder es dirigit per lei vizirs de la familha Koprulu que capitèron de mantenir la poissança deis Otomans maugrat de reviradas coma lo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Viena_(1683)" title="Sètge de Viena (1683)">sètge de Viena</a> en <a href="/wiki/1683" class="mw-redirect" title="1683">1683</a>. De mai, Russia es venguda un enemic perilhós per lei territòris nòrd de l'Empèri. En <a href="/wiki/1699" class="mw-redirect" title="1699">1699</a>, lo tractat de patz de Karlowitz marquèt son premier reculament en Euròpa au profiech d'una coalicion d'estats europèus (Àustria, Russia, Venècia e Polonha-Lituània). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_desfachas_dau_sègle_XVIII"><span id="Lei_desfachas_dau_s.C3.A8gle_XVIII"></span>Lei desfachas dau sègle XVIII</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei desfachas dau sègle XVIII" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei desfachas dau sègle XVIII"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sègle XVIII foguèt un periòde marcat per una tièra de desfachas per l'Empèri que sa crisi foguèt encara renforçada per l'abséncia d'un sultan pron poderós per s'impausar còntra lei faccions diferentas de sa Cort. Ansin, lei reviradas militaras se succediguèron durant tot lo sègle enterin que lo comèrci otoman èra menaçat per l'expansion d'aqueu dei país europèus. </p><p>D'efèct, maugrat la reconquista de Morea en 1715, leis Otomans mau capitèron a l'entorn de Corfo. Perdeguèron Temesvar (Timisoara) en <a href="/wiki/1716" class="mw-redirect" title="1716">1716</a> e Belgrad en <a href="/wiki/1717" class="mw-redirect" title="1717">1717</a>. Aquelei pèrdas foguèron confirmadas per la patz de Passarowitz en <a href="/wiki/1718" class="mw-redirect" title="1718">1718</a>. Lo conflicte de la fin deis annadas 1730 foguèt pus equilibrat gràcias a una intervencion diplomatica de França mai Azov venguèt russa. En revenge, leis Otomans foguèron tornarmai batuts per lei Rus durant la guèrra de 1768-1774. Crimèa venguèt un protectorat rus. Enfin, entre 1788 e 1792, una guèrra còntra l'aliança d'Àustria e de Russia comencèt d'un biais desastrós per lei Turcs. Pasmens, lo començament de la Revolucion Francesa obliguèt Àustria d'arrestar lei combats e d'acceptar un patz sensa cambiament territoriau en 1791. Gràcias au sostèn diplomatic britanic, leis Otomans poguèron donc resistir ai Rus qu'obtenguèron solament Crimèa e Bessaràbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_fin_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri"><span id="La_fin_e_l.27esclatament_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri"></span>La fin e l'esclatament de l'Empèri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : La fin e l'esclatament de l'Empèri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fin e l'esclatament de l'Empèri"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'independéncia_deis_estats_maugrabins"><span id="L.27independ.C3.A9ncia_deis_estats_maugrabins"></span>L'independéncia deis estats maugrabins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : L'independéncia deis estats maugrabins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'independéncia deis estats maugrabins"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'extension e la creissença dau comèrci dei país crestians d'Euròpa isolèron pauc a pauc lo Magreb dau rèsta de l'Empèri. Tre la fin dau sègle XVI, l'influéncia dei marchands francés, britanics e olandés causèt un declin accelerat de la preséncia otomana dins lo nòrd d'Africa. Leis estats de Tunis e d'Argier venguèron donc independents dins lo corrent dei sègles XVII e XVIII. Ansin, au començament dau sègle XIX, lei guèrras navalas entre estats europèus e reiaumes d'Africa dau Nòrd regardavan pas l'Empèri Otoman. Foguèt egalament lo cas de l'invasion francesa d'Argièr en <a href="/wiki/1830" class="mw-redirect" title="1830">1830</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leis_assais_de_reformas">Leis assais de reformas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis assais de reformas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis assais de reformas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sègle XIX veguèt de sultans diferents assaiar de reformar l'organizacion de l'Empèri. Aqueu movement se debanèt principalament sota lei rèines de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamud_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamud II (la pagina existís pas)">Mamud II</a> (1808-1839) e d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulmecid_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulmecid Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Abdulmecid I<sup>èr</sup></a> (1839-1861). Va permetre un transformacion prefonda deis estructuras de l'Empèri. </p><p>D'efèct, aprofichant lei trebols causats per la Revolucion Francesa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim III (la pagina existís pas)">Selim III</a> (1789-1807) assaièt d'introdurre una premiera tièra de reformas. Pasmens, sa politica se turtèt a l'oposicion dei militars e dei religiós. Foguèt donc rebutat e assassinat en <a href="/wiki/1807" class="mw-redirect" title="1807">1807</a>. Aprofichant lo desvolopament de trebols grèus dins l'Empèri après aquel assassinat, Mamud II (1808-1839) poguèt per la seguida adoptar un premier ensems de reformas. Abandonèt lo palais de Topkapi ocupat per la dinastia dempuei lo sègle XV, donèt un estatut novèu a sei ministres que lor ròtle venguèt similar ai ministres deis autrei govèrns europèus. Puei, en <a href="/wiki/1826" class="mw-redirect" title="1826">1826</a>, s'ocupèt dau cas dei fòrças armadas. Lei Janissaris foguèron executats après una revòuta organizada per lo Sultan e una armada novèla foguèt organizada segon lo modèl europèu. </p><p>Aquò permetèt a sei successors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulmecid_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulmecid Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Abdulmecid I<sup>èr</sup></a> (1839-1861) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulaziz_(1861-1876)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulaziz (1861-1876) (la pagina existís pas)">Abdulaziz (1861-1876)</a>, de realizar un ensems de reformas pus importantas. D'ara endavant, lei diferents ciutadans de l'Empèri, musulmans o non, foguèron considerats coma egaus, la justícia venguèt identica per cada abitant, l'impòst foguèt pagat directament a l'Estat... etc. D'autra part, l'administracion anciana dei províncias foguèt transformada en prefondor ambé l'abolicion de cargas de pachas au profiech de governadors nomats per lo govèrn. Lei mercats d'esclaus negres foguèron tanben enebits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leis_insurreccions_nacionalas">Leis insurreccions nacionalas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis insurreccions nacionalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis insurreccions nacionalas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Declin_de_1798_a_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Declin de l'Empèri Otoman de <a href="/wiki/1798" class="mw-redirect" title="1798">1798</a> a <a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maugrat lei reformas realizadas durant lo sègle XIX, l'Empèri Otoman foguèt victima dau desvolopament dau nacionalisme entre lei pòples europèus. Acomença de se manifestar tre lo començament de transformacions enregadas per Mamud II. Va venir rapidament la causa principala de sa desagregacion. D'efèct, cada país vengut independent venguèt un fogau anti-turc e lo ponch de partença de nacionalisme novèu entre lei pòples vesins. De mai, lei movements nacionalistas dei populacions crestianas (Grècs, Sèrbes...) podián tanben obtenir aisadament lo sostèn de país occidentaus. </p><p>Ansin, la màger part deis insurreccions de populacions musulmans mau capitèron e s'acabèron per de victòrias, mai o mens malaisadas, per leis Otomans. Per exemple, foguèt lo cas de la revòuta de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_Pazvandoglu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Pazvandoglu (la pagina existís pas)">Osman Pazvandoglu</a> en Bosnia (1796-1807) o d'aquela dau pacha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_de_Tebelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali de Tebelen (la pagina existís pas)">Ali de Tebelen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (1803-1822). En revenge, l'eissida deis insurreccions de populacions europèas foguèt generalament diferenta. Ansin, de <a href="/wiki/1804" class="mw-redirect" title="1804">1804</a> a <a href="/wiki/1830" class="mw-redirect" title="1830">1830</a>, la question sèrba foguèt un ponch essenciau de la diplomàcia europèa e lo país obtenguèt l'estatut de territòris vassaus de l'Empèri amb una autonomia importanta. </p><p>Puei, dins leis annadas 1820, se debanèt la guèrra d'independéncia grèga. Acomençat en 1821 per la crida de l'arquevèsque de Patras, lo conflicte s'agravèt en 1822 après unei chaples de Turcs e de Grècs. Leis Otomans ocupèron lei vilas principalas de Morea e lei Grècs obtenguèron lo sostèn de Russia fins a la signatura dau tractat d'Akkerman que donèt lo protectorat de Valaquia e Moldàvia ai Rus. Abandonats per son aliat, lei Grècs capitèron adonc d'obtenir l'ajuda de França e Anglatèrra que destruguèron la flòta turca a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Navarin" title="Batalha de Navarin">Navarin</a> (1827). En 1828, Russia s'impliquèt tornarmai dins la guèrra e prenguèron Andrinòple e Erzurum menaçant Trebizonda. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/1830" class="mw-redirect" title="1830">1830</a>, l'Empèri deguèt reconóisser l'independéncia grèga e lo drech per lei Rus de s'installar sus lo <a href="/wiki/Danubi" title="Danubi">Danubi</a>. </p><p>Après Grècia, foguèt lo torn d'Egipte qu'obtenguèt son independéncia en <a href="/wiki/1833" class="mw-redirect" title="1833">1833</a> e lo contraròtle de Siria e de Palestina. Una guèrra novèla aguèt luòc per la seguida entre 1839 e 1841 que permetèt au sultan de reprendre aquelei doas regions. Puei, maugrat la victòria turca durant la Guèrra de Crimèa (<a href="/wiki/1854" class="mw-redirect" title="1854">1854</a>-<a href="/wiki/1856" class="mw-redirect" title="1856">1856</a>), lei movements nacionalistas, sostenguts per Russia o Àustria, contunièron. Ansin, en 1860, Valaquia e Moldàvia s'uniguèron per crear Romania maugrat l'oposicion dau Sultan. Enfin, la formacion de Bulgaria, que venguèt independenta en 1908, entraïnèt la pèrda de la màgert part dei territòris europèus de l'Empèri. Aqueu movement foguèt renforçat per leis iniciativas de país europèus coma Russia e França. Lo premier averèt una novèla guèrra en <a href="/wiki/1877" class="mw-redirect" title="1877">1877</a> e lo segond ocupèt Liban en 1860 per ajudar la formacion d'una província autónoma e Tunisia onte foguèt establit un protectorat (1881). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Premiera_Guèrra_Mondiala_e_l'esclatament_de_l'Empèri"><span id="La_Premiera_Gu.C3.A8rra_Mondiala_e_l.27esclatament_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri"></span>La Premiera Guèrra Mondiala e l'esclatament de l'Empèri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : La Premiera Guèrra Mondiala e l'esclatament de l'Empèri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Premiera Guèrra Mondiala e l'esclatament de l'Empèri"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_(1923).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/220px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/330px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/440px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Partiment de l'<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empèri Otoman</a> en 1923.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/220px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/330px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png/440px-Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Manifestacions còntra lo Sultan en Istambol en <a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leis annadas 1900 e 1910 foguèron un periòde de crisi grèva per l'Empèri que sa participacion a la Premiera Guèrra Mondiala va causar son explosion e sa disparicion. </p><p>D'efèct, en <a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a>, se debanèt la Revolucion dei Turcs Joves que l'objectiu èra de modernizar tornarmai l'Empèri. Desvolopant lo nacionalisme turc, foguèron pas capables de s'opausar a l'annexion de Bosnia per leis Austrians e a l'invasion de Libia per leis Italians. Puei, entre <a href="/wiki/1912" class="mw-redirect" title="1912">1912</a> e <a href="/wiki/1913" class="mw-redirect" title="1913">1913</a>, l'Empèri perdeguèt la màger part dau rèsta de sei territòris europèus a l'eissida dei Guèrras Balcanicas. </p><p>Lo sultanat perdeguèt adonc son poder e lo contraròtle dau país èra sota la direccion d'un triumvirat que negocièron una aliança amb Alemanha pendent la Premiera Guèrra Mondiala. Pasmens, la guèrra veguèt una tièra de desfachas otomanas. Ansin, en genier de 1915, una expedicion còntra Suèz mau capitèt. En mai de 1915, una partida d'Anatòlia foguèt ocupada per lei Rus. En Iraq, lei Britanics, maugrat la desfacha de Kut-al-Amara en 1916, avancèron pauc a pauc vèrs lo nòrd dau país. La situacion sus lo frònt palestinian e sirian foguèt similara e caracterizada per de progrès britanics malaisats vèrs lo nòrd. A partir de genier de 1918, la resisténcia dei fòrças otomanas demeniguèt e l'Empèri foguèt pas capable d'aprofichar la Revolucion Russa per se restablir. En 1918, la capitulacion de Bulgaria menacèt sa frontiera nòrd e deguèt acceptar l'armistici de Modros. En aost de 1920, lo tractat de Sèvres marquèt la dissolucion de l'Empèri que foguèt proclamada per lo govèrn novèu de Mustafa Kemal lo 1<sup>èr</sup> de novembre de 1922. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacion_politica">Organizacion politica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacion politica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sistèma d'organizacion politica de l'Empèri èra relativament simple. Èra basat sus doas dimensions que la premiera èra l'administracion civila e la segonda lei fòrças armadas. Lo sultan ocupava la cima d'aquela organizacion e èra ajudat per un govèrn e de governadors de províncias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_direccion_de_l'Empèri"><span id="La_direccion_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri"></span>La direccion de l'Empèri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : La direccion de l'Empèri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La direccion de l'Empèri"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_Sultan">Lo Sultan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Sultan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo Sultan"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo Sultan èra l'autoritat suprèma de l'Empèri dins lei domenis administratius, militars, economics e, a partir de la premiera mitat dau sègle XVI, religiós. Èra ajudat per un ensems de conselhiers e de ministres que forman lo Divan, que foguèt remplaçat per un govèrn vertadier au sègle XIX, e teniá una administracion fòrça descentralizada per contrarotlar lei províncias. </p><p>Pasmens, en realitat, l'autoritat dau Sultan èra limitada. Foguèt principalament lo cas au nivèu de l'administracion de províncias onte lei governadors èran capables d'agir d'un biais quasi independent. De mai, un nombre important de sultans èran de sobeirans relativament febles en fàcia de la poissança de certanei ministres, de membres dau Harem o dei Janissaris. </p><p>La succession imperiala se debanèt de tres biais diferents segon lei periòdes. Au començament de la dinastia otomana, la succession aviá luòc entre lei fius dau sultan decedit. Entraïnava generalament una guèrra civila corta e l'eliminacion dei vencuts per lo sultan novèu. Aqueu periòde s'acabèt durant lo rèine de Soliman e foguèt remplaçat per un sistèma de primogenitura. Lei fius dau Sultan demoravan dins lo Harem fins a la mòrt de lor paire. Aquò permetèt d'empachar la formacion de faccions capablas de rebutar lo paire o la naissença d'un eiretier suplementari. Lo successor imperiau èra lo fiu màger que, generalament, assassinèt lo rèsta de sei fraires per assegurar son poder. Aqueu sistèma demorava fins au sègle XVII onte foguèt adoptada la succession per agnacion primogenic : premier, lei successors d'un sultan èran sei fraires puei, après lor mòrt, sei fius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_govèrn"><span id="Lo_gov.C3.A8rn"></span>Lo govèrn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo govèrn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo govèrn"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo govèrn de l'Empèri aguèt doas formas principalas. La premiera foguèt lo Divan que foguèt dich la Pòrta a partir dau sègle XVII. La segonda foguèt un govèrn dau tipe europèu que faguèt son aparicion dins lo corrent dei reformas dau sègle XIX. </p><p>Au començament de la dinastia, lo Divan èra compausat per leis Ancians de la tribú deis Otomans. Sa composicion foguèt modificada pauc a pauc au profiech deis elèits militars, politicas e religiosas. Sa direccion foguèt donada a un Grand Vizir a partir deis annadas 1320. Aqueu darrier aviá un poder fòrça important, quasi sensa limit, e foguèt au sègle XVI lo cap vertadier de l'Estat. Aqueu sistèma demorava fins a 1908 quand la Revolucion transformèt l'Empèri en monarquia constitucionala. Un govèrn e un parlament foguèron creats fins a la desfacha de 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_governadors">Lei governadors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei governadors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei governadors"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'administracion imperiala dei províncias èra organizada d'un biais fòrça descentralizat. Ansin, un nombre important de governadors nomats per lo sultan avián una autonomia fòrça granda e lo liame de vassalitat ambé lo Sultan venguèt de mai en mai teoric. Puei, dins certanei cas, aquela autonomia se transformèt en independéncia coma en Egipte, en Argeria o en Tunisia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_fòrças_armadas"><span id="Lei_f.C3.B2r.C3.A7as_armadas"></span>Lei fòrças armadas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei fòrças armadas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei fòrças armadas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B2r%C3%A7as_armadas_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fòrças armadas de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Fòrças armadas de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>Lei fòrças armadas èran lo pielon principau dau poder otoman. Ansin, au començament de la dinastia, foguèt l'otís de l'extension e de la formacion de l'Empèri. Pionieras dins l'utilizacion d'armas modèrnas coma l'artilhariá, patiguèt dau declin imperiau. D'efèct, sei còrs d'elèit, especialament lei Janissaris, participèron ai complòts de la Cort enterin que lo nivèu generau dei tropas demeniguèt. A la fin dau sègle XVII, lei signes d'aquela pèrda de capacitat apareguèron durant lei combats còntra lei fòrças crestianas. La tendància contunièt au sègle XVIII fins ais assais de modernizacion realizats au sègle XIX. Pasmens, l'armada otomana mau capitèt de defendre l'Empèri e son afondrament en 1918 annoncièt la fin de la dinastia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Economia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Economia de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografia">Demografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Demografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Demografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografia_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografia de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Demografia de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>La conoissença de la demografia es relativament malaisada en causa de l'abséncia de donadas precisas. D'efèct, lo premier recensament aguèt luòc solament entre <a href="/wiki/1881" class="mw-redirect" title="1881">1881</a> e <a href="/wiki/1893" class="mw-redirect" title="1893">1893</a>. Pasmens, durant l'Edat Mejana, l'Empèri foguèt un país amb una populacion importanta estimada a aperaquí a 15 milions d'abitants au sègle XVI. Per la seguida, seriá situada entre 20 e 30 milions fins au començament dau sègle XIX. Vèrs aquela epòca, l'Empèri foguèt distanciat per leis autrei poissanças europèas principalament en causa de sei pèrdas territorialas. Ansin, lo recensament de 1893 obtenguèt una populacion de 20,9 milions d'abitants que demeniguèt encara après l'independéncia de Bulgaria e lei desfachas dei Guèrras Balcanicas en <a href="/wiki/1913" class="mw-redirect" title="1913">1913</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transpòrts"><span id="Transp.C3.B2rts"></span>Transpòrts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Transpòrts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Transpòrts"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei transpòrts èran un domeni que foguèt generalament de la responsabilitat deis autoritats. Lo nivèu de desvolopament e de qualitat evoluciona donc segon l'eficacitat dau govèrn. Lo ret de transpòrts, terrèstres o maritims, conoguèt donc divèrsei periòdes malaisats. </p><p>Avans la Revolucion Industriala, lei transpòrts terrèstres èran realizadas per un sistèma de caravanas. Pasmens, sa seguritat foguèt menaçada a partir dei sègles XVI e XVII per una tièra de revòutas. Ansin, la qualitat dei transpòrts terrèstres èra pus feble au sègle XVIII qu'au sègle XVI. Sus la mar, la politica otomana varièt en foncion dei sultans. Certaneis assaièron de crear una politica d'intervencion dau govèrn dins lo comèrci maritim enterin que d'autreis decidiguèron lo contrari. </p><p>La situacion cambièt au sègle XIX ambé l'aparicion dei premierei maquinas de vapor. Lei sistèmas de transpòrt dei regions europèas de l'Empèri e de sa capitala foguèron modernizadas. Pasmens, en causa d'un budget feble, leis Otomans poguèron pas bastir un ret desvolopat mai deguèron puslèu se concentrar sus un nombre limitat de linhas. Lei finanças èran generalament d'origina europèa donant un poder important a certaneis entrepresas d'Euròpa Occidentala coma Alemanha, Anglatèrra o França. De mai, lei formas ancianas de transpòrt continuèron d'existir, especialament dins lei regions aràbias de l'Empèri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultura">Agricultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Agricultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Agricultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultura_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultura de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Agricultura de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>Coma per la màger part deis autreis estats importants de l'epòca, l'agricultura èra lo centre de l'economia de l'Empèri Otoman. Son organizacion èra fòrça variada segon lei regions e sei legislacions. Pasmens, lo modèl principau, fònt de 40% de revenguts dau govèrn, èra aqueu d'un domeni pichon tengut per una familha. Certanei familhas èran tanben capablas de realizar una activitat d'artisanat, especialament dins lei Balcans. Aquela situacion demorèt fins au sègle XIX quand la Revolucion Industriala entraïnèt una modernizacion dins certanei regions. Permetèt una aumentacion deis exportacions mai causèron una crisi entre lei païsans qu'èran pas capables de crompar d'aparelhs modèrnes. De mai, a la fin de l'Empèri, leis exportacions estatsunidencas concurrencèron fòrtament lei produccions otomanas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indústria"><span id="Ind.C3.BAstria"></span>Indústria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Indústria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Indústria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ind%C3%BAstria_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indústria de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Indústria de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>Au començament de la dinastia, l'indústria èra gaire presenta e seis esquèmas d'organizacion son mau coneguts. Son emergéncia aguèt luòc durant lo sègle XVI per lo sistèma de guildas. Aqueu darrier permetèt a l'indústria de demorar relativament dinamica. Puei, au sègle XVIII, foguèt melhorat per l'aparicion de guildas de fremas. </p><p>Au sègle XIX, la Revolucion Industriala entraïnèt l'aparicion d'unitats de produccion modèrnas utilizant de maquinas de vapor. Pasmens, en causa de la manca de capital, aquela modernizacion foguèt limitada e sa produccion represantava una fraccion febla de l'economia otomana. Ansin, lo sistèma de guilda èra totjorn dominant a la fin de l'Empèri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comèrci"><span id="Com.C3.A8rci"></span>Comèrci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Comèrci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Comèrci"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A8rci_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comèrci de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Comèrci de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>Lo comèrci otoman èra devesit entre un mercat interior qu'es mau conegut e un mercat internacionau que sei caracteristicas son conegudas gràcias ai donadas dei marchands d'Euròpa Occidentala. Lo premier èra lo pus important. Aguèt luòc a l'entorn dei centres urbans nacionaus e regionaus. Au començament de la dinastia e a l'apogèu de l'Empèri, lo comèrci internacionau èra principalament dirigit vèrs l'exportacion. Ansin, levat d'Istambol, la màger part dei pòrts otomans exportavan mai qu'importavan. La situacion cambièt a partir dau sègle XVIII. De mai, se lo comèrci e seis exportacions demoravan importants, lei principalei familhas de marchands èran d'ara endavant d'origina non musulmanas. Aquò permetèt una aumentacion deis exportacions a la fin dau sègle XIX mai causèt una pèrda d'influéncia dau govèrn centrau dins de regions coma Siria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modificar la seccion : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Religion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Islam"><span id="L.27Islam"></span>L'Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Islam"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La religion oficiala de l'Empèri èra l'Islam sunnita. A partir dau sègle XVI, lo Sultan èra egalament Califa, es a dire cap de la communautat musulmana. Leis autreis tendàncias de l'Islam èran generalament toleradas mai de persecucions aguèron regularament luòc magerament còntra lei populacions chiitas. Per exemple, Selim I ordonèt lo chaple d'aperaquí 40 000 Chiitas anatolians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_tolerància_religiosa"><span id="La_toler.C3.A0ncia_religiosa"></span>La tolerància religiosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modificar la seccion : La tolerància religiosa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La tolerància religiosa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En fòra de l'Islam, lo Judaïsme e lo Crestianisme èran egalament autorizats dins l'Empèri ambé de limitacions. Lei principalas èran l'existéncia d'un impòst especiau per lei non-musulmans e de limitacions au nivèu juridics. Per exemple, lo testimoniatge d'un crestian podiá pas èsser retengut còntra un musulman. Pasmens, en causa dau nombre fòrça important de crestians dins l'Empèri, lo govèrn foguèt pas capable de realizar de campanhas de conversion eficaças. Ansin, preferiguèt integrar aquelei comunautats e una proteccion relativa existissiá. Son expression principala foguèt l'organizacion de clergats crestians que sei caps èran membres oficiaus de la Cort imperiala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=34" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultura_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultura de l'Empèri Otoman (la pagina existís pas)">Cultura de l'Empèri Otoman</a>.</div> <p>La cultura de l'Empèri Otoman èra constituida per d'ensems variats adoptats dins lei regions conquistas e per leis evolucions qu'i foguèron portadas. Ansin, es malaisat de definir una cultura « otomana » unica. L'aspècte multiculturau èra fòrça present, especialament a la Cort onte vivián un nombre important de personas d'originas e de religions diferentas. </p><p>Ansin, l'arquitectura otomana foguèt inicialament sota l'influéncia deis arts pèrsas, islamics e bizantins. A partir dau sègle XVIII, lei tendéncias europèas foguèron tanben presentas fins a la fin de l'Empèri. D'exemples de construccions classicas otomanas existissián dins la màger part dei vilas principalas coma Istambol, Edirme e egalament dins lei províncias d'Egipte, de Tunisia, dei Balcans e d'Ongria. </p><p>La musica èra tanben un aspèct major de la cultura otomana e un domeni important de l'educacion deis elèits. Coma per l'arquitectura, seis originas èran persanas, bizantinas e aràbias. Son principi èra similar a la musica europèa amb una organizacion a l'entorn de la ritmica. L'integracion de la musica europèa dins aqueu domeni foguèt diferenta segon lei regions entraïnant l'aparicion d'estils de musica regionaus diferents. De mai, certanei grops especiaus de la Cort, coma lei Janissaris, avián un estil de musica pròpri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=35" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=36" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Balcanicas" title="Guèrras Balcanicas">Guèrras Balcanicas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Turcorussas" title="Guèrras Turcorussas">‎Guèrras Turcorussas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=37" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>(en)</b> Karen Barkey, <i>Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective</i> (2008), 357 paginas.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Edward S. Creasy, <i>History of the Ottoman Turks: From the beginning of their empire to the present time</i> (1877), Edicions R. Bentley and Son.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Caroline Finkel,<i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i> (2005), Edicions John Murray, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/0719555132" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7195-5513-2</a>.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Jason Goodwin, <i>Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire</i>, (2003).</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Colin Imber, <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power</i> (2002), Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/0333613864" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-333-61386-4</a>.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Halil Inalcik e Donald Quataert, <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914</i> (1995), 1026 paginas.</li> <li><b>(fr)</b> Dimitri Kitsikis, <i>L'Empire ottoman</i>, Presses Universitaires de France (1994), 3<sup>a</sup> edicion, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2130434592" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-13-043459-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referéncias_e_nòtas"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias_e_n.C3.B2tas"></span>Referéncias e nòtas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias e nòtas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman&action=edit&section=38" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Referéncias e nòtas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="citation noarchive" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFP.1916"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">P.</span>, E. A.. «<span class="default"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710152110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249">Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire</a></span>». <i>The Geographical Journal</i> p. 470–472, 1916. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (la pagina existís pas)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1779249">[1]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (la pagina existís pas)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1779249">[2]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (la pagina existís pas)">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249">1779249</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2450626"><span class="citation noarchive" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBaykara"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Baykara</span>, Prof. Tuncer. «<span class="default"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126030712/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/330026">A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century</a></span>». <i>Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic</i> p. 179–190.</span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empèri_Otoman&oldid=2455439">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empèri_Otoman&oldid=2455439</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Turquia" title="Categoria:Turquia">Turquia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Categoria:Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias amagadas : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_utilizant_d%27arguments_duplicats_dins_los_ap%C3%A8ls_de_mod%C3%A8l" title="Categoria:Paginas utilizant d'arguments duplicats dins los apèls de modèl">Paginas utilizant d'arguments duplicats dins los apèls de modèl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_utilizant_de_ligams_magics_ISBN" title="Categoria:Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN">Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 23 novembre de 2024 a 13.23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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