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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تاريخچه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تاريخچه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>تاريخچه</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-تاريخچه-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۳</span> <span>د معاصرې دورې لومړي وختونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_معاصرې_دورې_لومړي_وختونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-معاصره_دوره" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#معاصره_دوره"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۴</span> <span>معاصره دوره</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-معاصره_دوره-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_ميخانيکي_جسمونو_ډولونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ميخانيکي_جسمونو_ډولونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>د ميخانيکي جسمونو ډولونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_ميخانيکي_جسمونو_ډولونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-فرعي_څانګې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فرعي_څانګې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>فرعي څانګې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فرعي_څانګې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچینې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچینې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>سرچینې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچینې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ميخانيک</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۰۶ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۰۶ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganika" title="Meganika – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meganika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ميكانيكا – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكانيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکانیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکانیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механіка – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Механіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэханіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэханіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बरबिद्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बरबिद्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বলবিজ্ঞান – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="ཤུགས་རིག་པ་ – تبتي" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤུགས་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تبتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica" title="Mecànica – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mecànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="میکانیک – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میکانیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecaneg" title="Mecaneg – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μηχανική – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mechanics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%A5aniko" title="Meĥaniko – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meĥaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehaanika" title="Mehaanika – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکانیک – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکانیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekaniikka" title="Mekaniikka – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mekaniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_(science)" title="Mécanique (science) – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mécanique (science)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechaanik" title="Mechaanik – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mechaanik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicnic" title="Meicnic – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meicnic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מכניקה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="यांत्रिकी – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մեխանիկա – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեխանիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեքենագիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքենագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekaniko" title="Mekaniko – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccanica_(fisica)" title="Meccanica (fisica) – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meccanica (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9kanika" title="Mékanika – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mékanika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექანიკა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="មេកានិច – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មេកានិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="역학 (물리학) – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역학 (물리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekan%C3%AEk" title="Mekanîk – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mekanîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanega" title="Mecanega – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mecanega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meh%C4%81nika" title="Mehānika – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mehānika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ബലതന്ത്രം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Механик – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Механик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="यामिकी – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यामिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မက္ကင်းနစ် – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက္ကင်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکنیک – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکنیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikk" title="Mekanikk – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikk" title="Mekanikk – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanica_(fisica)" title="Mecanica (fisica) – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mecanica (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica" title="Mecànica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mecànica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica" title="Mecânica – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mecânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83" title="Mecanică – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mecanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ميڪانيات – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڪانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamikanikt" title="Tamikanikt – تاکلهیټ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamikanikt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="تاکلهیټ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mechanics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umakanika" title="Umakanika – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umakanika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விசையியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – تتوم" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="تتوم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กลศาสตร์ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механіка – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Механіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="میکانیات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cơ học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolerandu" title="Doolerandu – ولوف" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Doolerandu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="ولوف" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექანიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექანიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מעכאניק – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעכאניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Le̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="力學 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>ميخانيک (يوناني: μηχανική) د فزيک او رياضياتو هغه برخه ده، چې د فزيکي شيانو له حرکت سره اړيکه لري، په زيات مشخص ډول د قوې، مادې او حرکت تر منځ اړيکو سره سروکار لري. په شيانو باندې واردې شوې قوې د بې ځايه کېدنې يا د خپل چاپيريال اړوند د يو شي د موقعيت لامل کېږي. د فزيک دا څانګه په لرغوني يونان کې د ارستو او ارشيميدس (Archimedes) په ليکنو کې خپله مبدا لري. د معاصرې دورې د لومړيو په جريان کې د ګاليله (Galileo)، کيپلر (Kepler) او نيوټن (Newton) په شان ځينې پوهانو د هغه څه بنسټ کېښود، چې اوس د لرغوني يا پخواني ميخانيک په نوم پېژندل کېږي. دا د پخواني يا لرغوني فزيک هغه څانګه ده، چې له هغو عناصرو يا برخو سره سروکار لري، چې يا په ساکن حالت کې دي او يا د نور د سرعت په پرتله په شتابونو کې په اړين ډول لږ حرکت کوي. دا همدارنګه د ساينس د هغې څانګې په توګه تعريف کېدای شي، چې په بدن باندې د قوو له حرکت سره سروکار لري؛ نه د کوانټم (د انرژي واحد، کميت) په ساحه کې.  <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاريخچه"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE.DA.86.D9.87"></span>تاريخچه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تاريخچه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_لرغوني_يونان_او_روم_عصر"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.84.D8.B1.D8.BA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.8A_.D9.8A.D9.88.D9.86.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.85_.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1"></span>د لرغوني يونان او روم عصر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د لرغوني يونان او روم عصر"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د لرغوني روم او مصر په عصر کې د ميخانيک نظريه د ارستو ميخانيک و. په دې دود کې يوه وروستۍ اختراع هېپارکس (Hipparchus) دی. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mechanics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="منځنی_عصر"><span id=".D9.85.D9.86.DA.81.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.B1"></span>منځنی عصر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: منځنی عصر"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په منځنيو پېړيو کې د ارستو نظريې د ځينو څېرو په مټ نقد او مشخص شوې، چې پيل يې په ۶ پېړۍ کې له جان فېلوپونس (John Philoponus) سره و. يوه مرکزي ستونزه د مقذوفي حرکت (projectile motion) و، چې د هېپپارکس (Hipparchus) او فېلوپونس (Philoponus) له خوا تر بحث لاندې ونیول شوه. </p><p>افغان مسلمان علامه، ابن سينا (Ibn Sīnā) د شفا کتاب (<i>The Book of Healing</i> (1020)) کې خپله د حرکت نظريه خپره کړه. نوموړي وويل چې يو محرک د غورځوونکي په مټ يو توغندي ته رسول شوی دی او دې ته يې د ټينګار په توګه وکتل چې د دې د تيت او پرک کولو لپاره لکه د هوا مقاومت د بېرونۍ قوو غوښتنه کوي. ابن سينا د قوې او ميلان (چې mayl ورته وايي)  تر منځ توپير وکړ او پر دې یې بحث کړ، چې کله جسم يا شی د خپل طبيعي حرکت پر وړاندې موقعيت ولري، نو mayl تر لاسه کوي يا يې تر لاسه کړی. نو نوموړی دې پايلې ته ورسېده چې، د حرکت دوام د هغه له ميلان سره ملګری دی، چې جسم يا شی ته انتقال شوی دی او ذکر شوی شی به تر هغې د حرکت په حال کې وي؛ تر څو چې mayl مصرف شي. هغې همدارنګه ادعا وکړه چې په خلا (تشیال) کې يو توغندی به تر هغې ونه درېږي، تر څو چې عمل پرې ونه شي. د حرکت دا مفهوم د نيوټن د حرکت له لومړي قانون inertia سره ثابت دی، چې له مخې يې يو متحرک شی به تر هغې د حرکت په حال کې وي، تر څو چې د يوې بهرنۍ قوې په مټ پرې عمل نه وي شوی. دا نظريه چې د ارستو له نظر څخه توپير لري، په وروستيو کې د «حرکت قوه يا محرک» (impetus) په توګه د جان بوراېډن (John Buridan) له خوا تشرېح شوه. جان بوراېډن د ابن سينا د «شفا کتاب» نه اغېزمن شوی و. <sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sayili_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayili-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibn_sina_and_buridan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibn_sina_and_buridan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د يوې ثابتې (ورته) قوې اړوند د يو جسم په پوښتنه باندې، د ۱۲ پېړۍ يهودي عرب عالم هيبت الله ابوالابرکات البغدادي (Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi)، چې د عراق د بغداد ښار په ناتانيل سيمه کې زېږېدلی دی وويل، چې ثابته قوه ثابته چټکتيا څرګندوي. د شلومو پاينس (Shlomo Pines) په اند د البغدادي د حرکت نظريه د ارستو د بنسټيز ډيناميک قانون [يانې دا چې يوه ثابته قوه يو ورته حرکت توليدوي] دا يوه تر ټولو پخوانۍ نفې وه] [او په همدې ډول] دا لرغوني ميخانيک د بنسټيز قانون په مبهم ډول کې يوه توقع ده [يانې دا چې يوه وارده شوې قوه په متداوم ډول چټکتيا توليدوي]. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ۱۴ پېړۍ فرانسوي کشيش جين بوراېډن (Jean Buridan)، چې د ابن سينا او البغدادي غوندې د لومړنيو ليکوالانو څخه اغېزمن شوی و؛ د حرکت قوې يانې محرک نظريه يې رامنځته کړه، چې وروسته يې د inertia، چټکتيا، شتاب او د هغې قوې معاصرو نظريو ته وده وکړه، چې يو متحرک جسم يې د حرکت او وزن له مخې لري. دا او نور کارونه په ۱۴ پېړۍ په انګلستان کې د اکسفورډ محاسبينو لکه توماس براډوارډېن (Thomas Bradwardine) په مټ لا پر مخ ولاړل. توماس د لوېدونکو جسمونو له مخې ګڼ قوانين رامنځته کړل. هغه مفهوم چې د يو جسم اصلي ځانګړنې په ورته ډول شتابي حرکت دی (لکه  لوېدونکو جسمونو)، د ۱۴ پېړۍ د اکسفورډ محاسبينو په مټ رامنځته شو. <sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_معاصرې_دورې_لومړي_وختونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.85.D8.B9.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1.DB.90_.D8.AF.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.90_.D9.84.D9.88.D9.85.DA.93.D9.8A_.D9.88.D8.AE.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د معاصرې دورې لومړي وختونه</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: د معاصرې دورې لومړي وختونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د معاصرې دورې دوه مرکزي څېرې ګاليله او اسحاق نيوټن دي. د ګاليله د ميخانيک وروستۍ وينا په ځانګړي ډول د لوېدونکو جسمونو، د نوموړي دوه نوي علوم (<i>Two New Sciences</i> (1638)) دي. نيوټن په ۱۶۸۷ (<i>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</i>) د ميخانيک لپاره يو تفصيلي رياضيکي دليل چمتو کړ، چې د احصائیې نوي رامنځته شوې رياضي نه ګټه اخلي او د نيوټن د ميخانيک بنسټ جوړوي. <sup id="cite_ref-mechanics2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanics2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د بېلابېلو نظرياتو د لومړيتوب په اړه هم يوه مناقشه شته: د نيوټن قانون (Newton's <i>Principia</i>) په حقيقت کې اصلي کار دی او په پراخه کچه اغېزناک دی او سيستماتيکه رياضيکي نظريه نسبتاً پخوا نه ده پېژندل شوې او نه هم پېژندل کېدلی شوه، ځکه چې احصائيه لا تر دې دمه نه وه رامنځته شوې. که څه هم ډېری نظريې په ځانګړي ډول د حرکت قوې يا محرک او لوېدونکو جسمونو ته د راجع کېدو په توګه رامنځته شوې وه او لومړنيو څېړونکو د then-recent ګاليله او لږ پېژندل شوو منځنيو کسانو دواړو له خوا پېژندل شوې وه. په وختونو کې دقيق امتياز ستونزمن يا جنجالي ځکه دی، چې د ثبوت علمي ژبه او معيارونه بدل شول، نو يا دا چې منځنۍ بيانيې د معاصرو بيانيو سره معادل يا کافي دليل دی او يا دا چې د دې پر ځای له معاصرو بيانيو سره ورته دی او فرضيې ډېر کله د بحث وړ دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="معاصره_دوره"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B9.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1.D9.87_.D8.AF.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.87"></span>معاصره دوره</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: معاصره دوره"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په ميخانيک کې دوه مهم معاصر پرمختګونه يو د انشټاين عمومي نسبيت او بل د کوانټم ميخانيک دی، چې دواړه په شلمې پېړۍ کې د ۱۹ پېړۍ د لومړيو وختونو د يوې برخې پر بنسټ وو. په معاصر کميتي ميخانيک کې پرمختګ په ځانګړي ډول د ارتجاعيت، د پلاستيکيت يانې د کش کېدو وړتيا درلودونکې ماده، مايع يا ګاز حرکت، برېښنايي حرکت او د بدلېدونکي يا بې بڼې رسنۍ حرارتي حرکتونه د شلمې پېړۍ په دويمه نيمايي کې پيل شول. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_ميخانيکي_جسمونو_ډولونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.AE.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A.DA.A9.D9.8A_.D8.AC.D8.B3.D9.85.D9.88.D9.86.D9.88_.DA.89.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د ميخانيکي جسمونو ډولونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: د ميخانيکي جسمونو ډولونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د جسم (Body) اکثريت کارېدلې اصطلاح د عناصر يا برخو، توغنديزو شيانو، فضايي کښتۍ، ستورو، د ماشين الاتو د برخو، د جامداتو د برخو، د مايع يا ګاز د برخو او داسې نورو شيانو يوې پراخه ډلبندۍ ته اړتيا لري. </p><p>د ميخانيک د نورو فرعي څانګو تر منځ نور توپيرونه د تشرېح شوو جسمونو له طبيعت سره اړيکه يا علاقه لري. عناصر يا اتومونه په لږ پېژندل شوي داخلي جوړښت سره جسمونه دي، چې په پخواني ميخانيک کې ورته د رياضيکي نقطو په توګه پام کېږي. سخت يا کلک جسمونه اندازه او شکل لري، مګر د هغې عنصر ته نږدې طبيعي توب ساتي او يوازې يو څو په شمار د ازادۍ تش په نامه درجې لکه په فضا کې د موقعيت ټاکنې په توګه اضافه کوي. </p><p>که نه جسمونه کېدای شي نيمه کلک لکه ارتجاعي يا ناکلک لکه: مايع يا ګاز وي. دا موضوعګانې د څېړنې پخوانی او کوانټم وېش دواړه لري. </p><p>د بېلګې په ډول: د يوې فضايي کښتۍ حرکت د هغې د مدار او سلوک يا څرخ په نظر کې نيولو سره، د پخواني ميخانيک د نسبيتي نظريې په مټ تشرېح شوی دی، په داسې حال کې چې د يوې اتومې هستې ورته يا د مقايسې وړ حرکتونه د کوانټم ميخانيک په مټ تشرېح شوي دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فرعي_څانګې"><span id=".D9.81.D8.B1.D8.B9.D9.8A_.DA.85.D8.A7.D9.86.DA.AB.DB.90"></span>فرعي څانګې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="د سمولو برخه: فرعي څانګې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په لاندې ډول د بېلابېلو موضوعګانو دوه لېستونه دي، چې په ميخانيک کې څېړل کېږي. </p><p>په ياد ولرئ چې د ډګرونو نظریه (theory of fields) هم شته، چې په فزيک کې يوه بېله څانګه رامنځته کوي او د ميخانيک او د ميخانيک له پخوانيو او کوانټم برخو څخه د بېلې برخې په توګه په پام کې نيول کېږي. مګر په ريښتيني عمل کې په ميخانيک او برخو پورې يې تړلي موضوعات يو له بل سره خورا نږدې تړلي دي. ځکه خو د بېلګې په ډول: هغه قوې چې په عناصرو عمل کوي په مکرر ډول له برخو (برېښنايي جاذبې يا جاذبې قوې) څخه په لاس راغلي دي او عناصر د يوې سرچينې په توګه د عمل کولو په مټ برخې (fields) توليدوي. په حقيقت کې په کوانټم ميخانيک کې عناصر په خپله برخې (fields) دي، لکه څرنګه چې په تيوريکي ډول د څپې دندې (wave function) په مټ تشرېح شو. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچینې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Hugh_D._(Hugh_David),_1930-" class="citation book cs1">Young, Hugh D. (Hugh David), 1930-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1104689918"><i>Sears and Zemansky's university physics : with modern physics</i></a>. Freedman, Roger A., Ford, A. Lewis (Albert Lewis), Estrugo, Katarzyna Zulteta (Fifteenth edition in SI units ed.). Harlow. p. 62. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/1-292-31473-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/1-292-31473-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>1-292-31473-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1104689918">1104689918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+university+physics+%3A+with+modern+physics&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=Fifteenth+edition+in+SI+units&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104689918&rft.isbn=1-292-31473-7&rft.au=Young%2C+Hugh+D.+%28Hugh+David%29%2C+1930-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1104689918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: سرچينه ساتل:څونوميز:ليکوالانو نوملړ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84:%DA%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2:%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%DA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:سرچينه ساتل:څونوميز:ليکوالانو نوملړ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dugas, Rene. A History of Classical Mechanics. New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc, 1988, pg 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rana, N.C., and Joag, P.S. Classical Mechanics. West Petal Nagar, New Delhi. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991, pg 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Renn, J., Damerow, P., and McLaughlin, P. Aristotle, Archimedes, Euclid, and the Origin of Mechanics: The Perspective of Historical Epistemology. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2010, pg 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPT-JubW-7QC&pg=PA19&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">A history of mechanics</a></i>". René Dugas (1988). p.19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-486-65632-2" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-486-65632-2">0-486-65632-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechanics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mechanics_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2008/01/a_tiny_taste_of_the_history_of.html">A Tiny Taste of the History of Mechanics</a>". The University of Texas at Austin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinoza-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFEspinoza2005" class="citation journal cs1">Espinoza, Fernando (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching". <i>Physics Education</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 141. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhyEd..40..139E">2005PhyEd..40..139E</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F40%2F2%2F002">10.1088/0031-9120/40/2/002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+historical+development+of+ideas+about+motion+and+its+implications+for+teaching&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F40%2F2%2F002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhyEd..40..139E&rft.aulast=Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr_&_Mehdi_Amin_Razavi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> & Mehdi Amin Razavi (1996). <i>The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Routledge</a>. p. 72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7007-0314-2" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7007-0314-2 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7007-0314-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+intellectual+tradition+in+Persia&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0314-2&rft.au=Seyyed+Hossein+Nasr+%26+Mehdi+Amin+Razavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayili-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sayili_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAydin_Sayili1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aydin_Sayili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aydin Sayili (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Aydin Sayili</a> (1987). "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>500</b> (1): 477–482. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500..477S">1987NYASA.500..477S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81+and+Buridan+on+the+Motion+of+the+Projectile&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=477-482&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.500..477S&rft.au=Aydin+Sayili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Espinoza, Fernando. "An Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibn_sina_and_buridan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ibn_sina_and_buridan_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayili, Aydin. "Ibn Sina and Buridan on the Motion the Projectile". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 500(1). p.477-482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i> <b>1</b>.  New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0684101149" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-10114-9</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.title=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+%2C+Hibat+Allah&rft.source=%5B%5BDictionary+of+Scientific+Biography%5D%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.publisher=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26%E2%80%9328&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9"> </span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cf.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cf. (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">cf.</a> Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>64</b> (4), p. 521-546 [528].)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2003" class="citation cs2">Gutman, Oliver (2003), <i>Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 193, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/90-04-13228-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/90-04-13228-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>90-04-13228-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Avicenna%2C+Liber+Celi+Et+Mundi%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13228-7&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechanics2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mechanics2_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2008/01/a_tiny_taste_of_the_history_of.html">A Tiny Taste of the History of Mechanics</a>". The University of Texas at Austin.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ميخانيک&oldid=275334">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ميخانيک&oldid=275334</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a 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