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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bakasana1.JPG/220px-Bakasana1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bakasana1.JPG/330px-Bakasana1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bakasana1.JPG/440px-Bakasana1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption><i>Bakasana</i>, Crane pose, balancing with straight arms</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bakasana</b> (<b>Crane pose</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: बकासन, <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: bakāsana), and the similar <b>Kakasana</b> (<b>Crow pose</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: काकासन, <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST:</a> kākasana) are balancing <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Crane_Pose_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Crane_Pose-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all variations, these are arm balancing poses in which hands are planted on the floor, shins rest upon upper arms, and feet lift up. The poses are often confused, but traditionally Kakasana has arms bent, Bakasana (the <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a> being the taller bird with longer legs) has the arms straight.<sup id="cite_ref-Belling2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belling2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_origins">Etymology and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/220px-Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/330px-Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg/440px-Kakasana_in_Sritattvanidhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Kakasana, Crow Pose, in the 19th century <i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i> manuscript in the Mysore palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The names for the asanas come from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words बक <i>baka</i> ("crane") or काक <i>kāka</i> ("crow"), and आसन <i>āsana</i> meaning "posture" or "seat".<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KingslandKingsland1976_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingslandKingsland1976-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While different yoga lineages use one name or another for the asanas, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a> makes a distinction, citing Kakasana as being with arms bent (like the shorter legs of a <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a>) and Bakasana with arms straight (like the longer legs of a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mittra2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittra2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>'s 1966 <i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i> describes only Bakasana, with straight arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1987-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnudevananda">Swami Vishnudevananda</a>'s 1960 <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i> describes only Kakasana, with bent arms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, practitioners in the west often mistranslate the Sanskrit "Bakasana" as "Crow Pose".<sup id="cite_ref-Belling2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belling2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Long_2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Long_2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These balancing poses can be dated at least to the 17th century <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Ratnavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Ratnavali">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i>, where Bakasana is number 62 of the 84 poses said to have been taught by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatha_Ratnavali_2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatha_Ratnavali_2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century <i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i> describes and illustrates both Kakasana and Bakasana.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjoman_1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjoman_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In his 1969 book <i>Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Satyananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satyananda Saraswati">Swami Satyananda Saraswati</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> uses the name Bakasana for a different pose entirely (<a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga#Dandayamana_Janushirsasana" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">Dandayamana Janushirsasana, pose 5 in Bikram Yoga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bakasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Kakasana, Crow Pose, with bent arms</figcaption></figure> <p>These asanas are arm balances. In Crow Pose, the knees rest on the bent elbows. In Crane Pose, the elbows are straight and the knees are just above the shoulders, requiring flexibility in the hips.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1987-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modestini_2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modestini_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/B.K.S._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.K.S. Iyengar">B.K.S. Iyengar</a> there are two techniques for entering the poses. The simple method is by pushing up from a crouching position. The advanced method is to drop down from <a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana</a> (yoga headstand).<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1987-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">vinyasa</a> yoga practitioners jump in and out of Crane/Crow via Downward-Facing Dog Pose. This can be practised in stages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asymmetric variations include: </p> <ul><li>Parsva Bakasana (Side Crane Pose) in which one thigh rests on the opposite upper arm and the other leg is stacked on top of the first.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stearn1965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearn1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eka Pada Bakasana/Kakasana (One-Legged Crane/Crow Pose respectively) in which one leg remains in Bakasana while the other extends straight back.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt1990_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arms and shoulders can be strengthened for Crane/Crow by practising moving from <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana" title="Chaturanga Dandasana">High Plank to Low Plank</a>. Other preparatory poses include <a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward Dog Pose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana</a> (Hero Pose), and <a href="/wiki/Malasana" title="Malasana">Malasana</a> (Garland Pose).<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Crane_Pose_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Crane_Pose-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims">Claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twentieth century advocates of some schools of yoga, such as <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>, made <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy#Biomedical_claims" title="Yoga as therapy">claims for the effects of yoga</a> on specific organs, without adducing any evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewcombe2019203–227,_Chapter_"Yoga_as_Therapy"_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewcombe2019203–227,_Chapter_"Yoga_as_Therapy"-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201582–83_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201582–83-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iyengar claimed that this pose "strengthens the arms and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> organs since the latter are contracted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1979317_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1979317-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujapidasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhujapidasana">Bhujapidasana</a> – a similar hand-balancing pose, with the feet crossed in front of the body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana</a> - a hand-balancing pose with the feet stretched straight out in front</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YJ_Crane_Pose-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Crane_Pose_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Crane_Pose_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/468">"Crane Pose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Crane+Pose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fposes%2F468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belling2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belling2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belling2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelling2008" class="citation book cs1">Belling, Noa (20 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rTnpOiFVEMC&pg=PT35"><i>The Yoga Handbook</i></a>. New Holland Publishers. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-935-3"><bdi>978-1-84537-935-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Handbook&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84537-935-3&rft.aulast=Belling&rft.aufirst=Noa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6rTnpOiFVEMC%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1996_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1996" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, S. C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18"><i>Dictionary of Philosophy</i></a>. Anmol Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-293-9"><bdi>978-81-7041-293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-293-9&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zzRvh1fRzEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingslandKingsland1976-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingslandKingsland1976_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingslandKingsland1976" class="citation book cs1">Kingsland, Kevin; Kingsland, Venika (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehathayog00king"><i>Complete Hatha Yoga</i></a></span>. Arco. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehathayog00king/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-668-03958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-668-03958-1"><bdi>978-0-668-03958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Hatha+Yoga&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Arco&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-668-03958-1&rft.aulast=Kingsland&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Kingsland%2C+Venika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletehathayog00king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittra2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mittra2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittra2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Mittra, Dharma</a> (21 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ev8EAAAACAAJ"><i>Asanas: 608 Yoga Postures</i></a>. New World Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-402-8"><bdi>978-1-57731-402-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asanas%3A+608+Yoga+Postures&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2003-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-57731-402-8&rft.aulast=Mittra&rft.aufirst=Dharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dev8EAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyengar_1987-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1987_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (1987) [1966]. <i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i>. New York: Schocken Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightonyoga00bksi/page/315">315–317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0610-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0610-8"><bdi>0-8052-0610-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Yoga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315-317&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8052-0610-8&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnu-devananda1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnu-devananda, Swami</a> (1988) [1960]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i>. Three Rivers Press. p. plate 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-88431-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-88431-3"><bdi>0-517-88431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga&rft.pages=plate+110&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-517-88431-3&rft.aulast=Vishnu-devananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_Long_2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_Long_2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2009" class="citation book cs1">Long, Ray (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrx_jhsD784C&pg=PA230"><i>The Key Muscles of Yoga: The Scientific Keys, Volume 1</i></a>. Greenleaf Books. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60743-238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60743-238-8"><bdi>978-1-60743-238-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+Muscles+of+Yoga%3A+The+Scientific+Keys%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Greenleaf+Books&rft.date=2009-08&rft.isbn=978-1-60743-238-8&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhrx_jhsD784C%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatha_Ratnavali_2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatha_Ratnavali_2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasa2002" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasa, Narinder (2002). Gharote, M. L.; Devnath, Parimal; Jha, Vijay Kant (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HathaRatnavaliSrinivasayogiATreatiseOnHathayogaEd.GharoteM.L.DevnathParimalDevNa/page/n191"><i>Hatha Ratnavali Srinivasayogi | A Treatise On Hathayoga</i></a> (1st ed.). Lonavla, India: The Lonavla Yoga Institute. pp. 98–122 asanas listed, Figures of asanas in unnumbered pages between pages 153 and 154, asanas named but not described in text listed on pages 157–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-901176-96" title="Special:BookSources/81-901176-96"><bdi>81-901176-96</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatha+Ratnavali+Srinivasayogi+%7C+A+Treatise+On+Hathayoga&rft.place=Lonavla%2C+India&rft.pages=98-122+asanas+listed%2C+Figures+of+asanas+in+unnumbered+pages+between+pages+153+and+154%2C+asanas+named+but+not+described+in+text+listed+on+pages+157-159&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Lonavla+Yoga+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-901176-96&rft.aulast=Srinivasa&rft.aufirst=Narinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHathaRatnavaliSrinivasayogiATreatiseOnHathayogaEd.GharoteM.L.DevnathParimalDevNa%2Fpage%2Fn191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjoman_1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sjoman_1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Sjoman, Norman E.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC"><i>The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 73–74, plate 5 (poses 27 and 30). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.pages=73-74%2C+plate+5+%28poses+27+and+30%29&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BU2WI8wMpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satyananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satyananda Saraswati">Saraswati, Swami Satyananda</a> (1996) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807084750/http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf"><i>Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yoga Publications Trust. pp. 299–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4"><bdi>978-81-86336-14-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asana+Pranayama+Mudra+Bandha&rft.pages=299-300&rft.pub=Yoga+Publications+Trust&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-86336-14-4&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Swami+Satyananda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znakovi-vremena.net%2Fen%2FSwami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modestini_2016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modestini_2016_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModestini2016" class="citation web cs1">Modestini, Eddie (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/types-of-yoga/vinyasa-yoga/vinyasa-101-downward-facing-dog-secret-crane-pose/">"Vinyasa 101: Why Down Dog Is the Secret to Crane Pose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyasa+101%3A+Why+Down+Dog+Is+the+Secret+to+Crane+Pose&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Modestini&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fyoga-101%2Ftypes-of-yoga%2Fvinyasa-yoga%2Fvinyasa-101-downward-facing-dog-secret-crane-pose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeagberg" class="citation web cs1">Heagberg, Kat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yogainternational.com/article/view/jump-from-downdog-to-crow-in-3-simple-steps">"Jump From Downdog to Crow in 3 Simple Steps"</a>. <i>Yoga International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yoga+International&rft.atitle=Jump+From+Downdog+to+Crow+in+3+Simple+Steps&rft.aulast=Heagberg&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyogainternational.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fjump-from-downdog-to-crow-in-3-simple-steps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/2478">"Side Crane Pose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Side+Crane+Pose&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fposes%2F2478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearn1965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearn1965_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jess_Stearn" title="Jess Stearn">Stearn, Jess</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrPwAAAAIAAJ"><i>Yoga, Youth, and Reincarnation</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 348<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Youth%2C+and+Reincarnation&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrPwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt1990-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt1990_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1990" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, James (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EntWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Complete Yoga Book</i></a>. Schocken Books. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0969-3"><bdi>978-0-8052-0969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Yoga+Book&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0969-3&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEntWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewcombe2019203–227,_Chapter_"Yoga_as_Therapy"-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewcombe2019203–227,_Chapter_"Yoga_as_Therapy"_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewcombe2019">Newcombe 2019</a>, pp. 203–227, Chapter "Yoga as Therapy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201582–83-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain201582–83_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2015">Jain 2015</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1979317-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1979317_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar1979">Iyengar 1979</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakasana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (1979) [1966]. <i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika</a></i>. Unwin Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855381667" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855381667"><bdi>978-1855381667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Yoga%3A+Yoga+Dipika&rft.pub=Unwin+Paperbacks&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1855381667&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Jain, Andrea</a> (2015). <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a> : from Counterculture to Pop culture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878953765">878953765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga+%3A+from+Counterculture+to+Pop+culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878953765&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcombe2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Newcombe" title="Suzanne Newcombe">Newcombe, Suzanne</a> (2019). <i>Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis</i>. Bristol, England: Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-661-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78179-661-0"><bdi>978-1-78179-661-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Britain%3A+Stretching+Spirituality+and+Educating+Yogis&rft.place=Bristol%2C+England&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78179-661-0&rft.aulast=Newcombe&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakasana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asanas" title="Template talk:Asanas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asanas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">Vinyasa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Yoga as therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Backbend#Asanas" title="Backbend">Backbends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjaneyasana" title="Anjaneyasana">Anjaneyasana (crescent moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidalasana" title="Bidalasana">Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana (cobra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Dandasana" title="Viparita Dandasana">Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapotasana" title="Kapotasana">Kapotasana (pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka_Pada_Rajakapotasana" title="Eka Pada Rajakapotasana">Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustrasana" title="Ustrasana">Ushtrasana (camel)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapala_Asana_(headstand)_from_Jogapradipika_1830_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830"><img alt="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm balances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astavakrasana" title="Astavakrasana">Ashtavakrasana (8-angled)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koundinyasana" title="Koundinyasana">Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana (cockerel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana (peacock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana (firefly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inverted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana (plough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvangasana" title="Sarvangasana">Sarvangasana (shoulderstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana (headstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani (legs up the wall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrischikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrischikasana">Vrischikasana (scorpion)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reclining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantasana" title="Anantasana">Anantasana (Vishnu's couch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Namaskara" title="Ashtanga Namaskara">Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhekasana" title="Bhekasana">Bhekasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana" title="Chaturanga Dandasana">Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana (bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathara_Parivartanasana" title="Jathara Parivartanasana">Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana (crocodile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabhasana" title="Salabhasana">Shalabhasana (locust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana (corpse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasishtasana">Vasishtasana (side plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoganidrasana" title="Yoganidrasana">Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sitting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meditation_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation seat">Meditation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana (cobbler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana (cow face)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana (cowherd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana (lotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana (accomplished)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana (lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana (thunderbolt)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvajasana" title="Bharadvajasana">Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichyasana" title="Marichyasana">Marichyasana (the sage Marichi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasasana" title="Pasasana">Pashasana (noose)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasana" title="Balasana">Balasana (child)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Pindasana" title="Garbha Pindasana">Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumanasana" title="Hanumanasana">Hanumanasana (monkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana (heron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana (tortoise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasana" title="Malasana">Malasana (garland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana (root lock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(gymnastics)" title="Split (gymnastics)">Samakonasana (split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana (hero)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both legs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parighasana" title="Parighasana">Parighasana (gate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvottanasana" title="Parshvottanasana">Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasarita_Padottanasana" title="Prasarita Padottanasana">Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadasana" title="Tadasana">Tadasana (mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikonasana" title="Trikonasana">Trikonasana (triangle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana (powerful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttanasana" title="Uttanasana">Uttanasana (standing forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Parshvakonasana" title="Utthita Parshvakonasana">Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Virabhadrasana (warrior)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardha_chandrasana" title="Ardha chandrasana">Ardha Chandrasana (half moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana (eagle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natarajasana" title="Natarajasana">Natarajasana (lord of the dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Padangusthasana" title="Utthita Padangusthasana">Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vriksasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vriksasana">Vrikshasana (tree)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga_as_exercise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hatha_yoga" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatha_yoga" title="Template:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hatha_yoga" title="Template talk:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hatha_yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hatha_yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">Sushumna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mayurasana, in the Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/80px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/120px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/160px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> seats <i><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana Upanishad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stravivara%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa">Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Goraksha Sataka</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktasana">Muktasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopasrayasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopasrayasana">Sopasrayasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhasana">Sukhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svastikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Svastikasana">Svastikasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Ancient non-meditation <i><a href="/wiki/Ahirbudhnya_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā">Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stravivara%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa">Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dandasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandasana">Dandasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 7th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 10th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 11th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hemacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemacandra">Hemachandra's <i>Yogashastra</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktasana">Muktasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>12th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha" title="Amaraugha">Amaraugha</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>13th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Yoga_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dattatreya Yoga Shastra">Dattatreya Yoga Shastra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goraksha_Shataka" title="Goraksha Shataka">Goraksha Shataka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Vivekamārtaṇḍa">Vivekamārtaṇḍa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>14th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%ABvidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Khecarīvidyā">Khecarīvidyā</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharngadhara-paddhati" title="Sharngadhara-paddhati">Sharngadhara-paddhati</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogab%C4%ABja" title="Yogabīja">Yogabīja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogat%C4%81r%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Yogatārāvalī">Yogatārāvalī</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>15th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>17th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogacintamani" title="Yogacintamani">Yogacintamani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hay%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr al-Hayāt">Bahr al-Hayāt</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bakasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakasana">Kakasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrikshasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrikshasana">Vrikshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>18th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasa-paddhati</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrikshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>19th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhairavasana">Bhairavasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashasana">Pashasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Dhanurasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdhva Dhanurasana">Urdhva Dhanurasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Late <ul><li>1905 <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li> <li>1943 <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_A_Personal_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yogic_mudrās" title="Mudra">Mudras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Bandha">Maha Bandha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhara_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhara Bandha">Jalandhara Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Bandha">Mula Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddiyana_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddiyana Bandha">Uddiyana Bandha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">Khechari mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajroli_mudra" title="Vajroli mudra">Vajroli mudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuloma_pranayama" title="Anuloma pranayama">Anuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhramari#Pranayama" title="Bhramari">Bhramari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjayi" title="Ujjayi">Ujjayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Hatha_Yoga_asanas" title="Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas">Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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