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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abans_la_Revolució" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abans_la_Revolució"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abans la Revolució</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abans_la_Revolució-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sota_la_Revolució" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sota_la_Revolució"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sota la Revolució</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sota_la_Revolució-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Feminisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retorn_a_Holanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retorn_a_Holanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Retorn a Holanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retorn_a_Holanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Etta Palm d'Aelders</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 11 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="ايتا بالم - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايتا بالم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%E2%80%99Aelders" title="Etta Palm d’Aelders - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Etta Palm d’Aelders" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm-d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm-d'Aelders - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Etta Palm-d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm" title="Etta Palm - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etta Palm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%E2%80%99Aelders" title="Etta Palm d’Aelders - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etta Palm d’Aelders" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etta Palm d'Aelders" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q459515#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&oldid=34005206" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&id=34005206&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEtta_Palm_d%2527Aelders"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEtta_Palm_d%2527Aelders"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Etta+Palm+d%27Aelders"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q459515" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33733479">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{color:#202122;background-color:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}.mw-parser-output .infobox_center_BG{text-align:center;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_coa{padding-top:0.3em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#3C7790}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33733479"> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula persona"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula persona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Etta Palm d'Aelders</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Etta_Palm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Etta_Palm.jpg/299px-Etta_Palm.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Etta_Palm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">(nl) <span lang="nl">Etta Lubina Johanna Aelders</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P1477" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br />abril 1743 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen (Països Baixos)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">28 març 1799 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (55 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/La_Haia" title="La Haia">la Haia (Països Baixos)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Residència</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Brussel%C2%B7les" title="Brussel·les">Brussel·les</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/La_Haia" title="La Haia">la Haia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P551" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9352089" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q9352089">espia</a><small> (1778–)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Escriptor" title="Escriptor">escriptora</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3068305" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3068305">salonnière</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28692502" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q28692502">activista pels drets de les dones</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Gènere</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Feminisme" title="Feminisme">Feminisme</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459515?uselang=ca#P136" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Etta Lubina Johanna Aelders</b>, coneguda com a <b>Etta Palm</b> i també com a <b>baronessa d'Aelders</b> (<a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, abril del 1743 - <a href="/wiki/La_Haia" title="La Haia">La Haia</a>, 28 de març del 1799), fou una espia i <a href="/wiki/Feminisme" title="Feminisme">feminista</a> <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Països Baixos">holandesa</a> que s'implicà en la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Francesa" title="Revolució Francesa">Revolució francesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creà el primer cercle femení de la història de l'estat francés, la Societat Patriòtica i de Beneficència de les Amigues de la Veritat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Biografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abans_la_Revolució"><span id="Abans_la_Revoluci.C3.B3"></span>Abans la Revolució</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Abans la Revolució"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etta Lubina Johanna Aelders nasqué en una família burgesa de <a href="/wiki/Groninga" class="mw-redirect" title="Groninga">Groninga</a>. Era filla de Jacob Aelders van Nieuwenhuys, negociant i prestador, i d'Agatha Petronella de Sitter. Quan va morir son pare al <a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>, la seua mare va dur els negocis i així li va permetre a Etta una bona educació. Mentre estudiava, conegué Christian Palm, fill d'un fiscal d'<a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, i es casaren el <a href="/wiki/1762" title="1762">1762</a>. Etta va perdre una filla amb pocs mesos i el seu marit la va abandonar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1767" title="1767">1767</a>, resideix a <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, on manté relacions amb un patriota holandés, Jan Munniks, que fou nomenat cònsol a <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>. De camí a Messina, el <a href="/wiki/1773" title="1773">1773</a>, cau malalta i es quedà a París en un pis proper al Palau Reial i es converteix en cortesana. </p><p>Fent-se dir "baronessa d'Aelders", sovintejava els <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%B3_literari" title="Saló literari">salons</a> i cercles socials. </p><p>També es comprometé en una intensa activitat de «corresponsal oficiosa» (espia), fins al <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>. Es posà al servei fins i tot d'interessos antagonistes, Països Baixos, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Prússia">Prússia</a> i estat francés. Així, en arribar a l'estat francés, li paguen per a informar el <a href="/wiki/Stadhouder" title="Stadhouder">Stadhouder</a> sobre la diplomàcia francesa. Des del 1774, té com a protector el comte de Maurepas i els serveis secrets francesos la recluten per a una missió d'espionatge a La Haia el <a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1778</a> per «informar-se» de la situació davant l'eventualitat d'una guerra francoanglesa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amb els diners rebuts torna a París a un pis més gran a la rue Favard, on creà el seu propi saló freqüentat per polítics i intel·lectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S'hi reunien exiliats d'Holanda i revolucionaris prominents com ara <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>, Georges Chabot i Basire. Etta informava el govern del seu país sobre els esdeveniments de París. En <i>La Révolution et</i> <i>les étrangers. Cosmopolitisme et défense national</i> (1918) Albert Mathiez la descriu posant de manifest el poder de manipulació de "la baronessa" entre els dirigents revolucionaris: aconseguí que Marat fes tres articles per desprestigiar els patriotes holandesos exiliats a París. També en destaca la seua audàcia quan aconsegueix fer-se pagar informes periòdics pel Ministeri de relacions exteriors francés des del 1792 mentre continuava pagant-li el gran pensionat holandés van de Spiegel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sota_la_Revolució"><span id="Sota_la_Revoluci.C3.B3"></span>Sota la Revolució</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Sota la Revolució"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durant la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Francesa" title="Revolució Francesa">Revolució Francesa</a>, desplegà una important activitat a favor de l'emancipació de les dones i de la igualtat entre sexes. A més a més de continuar l'activitat en el saló de la rue Favard s'implicà en societats patriòtiques mixtes, com ara la Societat Fraternal d'un i altre sexe (1790) o la Societat Patriòtica d'Amics de la Veritat (1790). Al març del 1791 creà una societat només de dones i fundà la Societat Patriòtica i de Beneficència de les Amigues de la Veritat per a reivindicar la igualtat entre sexes.(3) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminisme">Feminisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Feminisme"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etta Palm d'Aelders és una de les poques dones que desplegà una acció política directa al segle XVIII. El <a href="/wiki/30_de_desembre" title="30 de desembre">30 de desembre</a> del <a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a>, va llegir davant el Cercle Social un discurs titulat <i>Sobre la injustícia de les lleis en favor dels hòmens a costa de les dones</i>. </p><p>Els textos d'Etta Palm impugnen les arbitrarietats sobre les quals es funda la desigualtat entre sexes; hi reclama que es destruïsquen "els bastions dels prejudicis, potser més perillosos, perquè són més nocius per a la felicitat general"; i que "les lleis siguen comunes a tots els éssers, com l'aire i el sol". Desaprova que les diferències de constitució siguen un fonament legítim de la desigualtat entre sexes; aquest aspecte -també observat per <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet" title="Nicolas de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> quan es pregunta: "<i>Per què éssers exposats a embarassos i a indisposicions passatgeres no podrien exercir drets dels quals mai es va imaginar privar als hòmens que tenen gota cada hivern i que es constipen fàcilment?</i>"- és un dels més notables arguments per a desbaratar el pensament sexista; privades de la seua suposada base biològica, les idees que promouen l'exclusió de les dones resten com a mers prejudicis, com a residus de temps més foscos.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reivindicà que les dones intervinguessen en la vida política i intentà federar les societats fraternals i els moviments polítics femenins de <a href="/wiki/Bordeus" title="Bordeus">Bordeus</a>, Alès i <a href="/wiki/Creil" title="Creil">Creil</a>. </p><p>Al març del 1791 creà la Societat Patriòtica i de Beneficència de les Amigues de la Veritat, cercle femení de la societat masculina homònima, la Societat patriòtica dels Amics de la Veritat. </p><p>L'1 d'abril del 1792 Etta Palm, acompanyada d'un grup de dones, intervingué en l'Assemblea Nacional. Hi reivindicà per a les dones el dret a l'educació, la majoria d'edat als 21 anys, la llibertat política, la igualtat de drets i la llei de divorci.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Després va desaparéixer de l'escena pública francesa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tornà a Holanda on intentà formar clubs femenins com els francesos, signant la crida com "Vriendinne van de waarheid".(3) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retorn_a_Holanda">Retorn a Holanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Retorn a Holanda"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El 1795 les forces revolucionàries franceses envaïren Holanda i Palm esdevingué sospitosa per als revolucionaris holandesos en intentar negociar la pau que evitàs la invasió.(3) </p><p>Etta fou detinguda acusada d'orangista i empresonada en la fortalesa de <a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a>, durant tres anys. La presó li malmeté la salut. Quan va ser alliberada a la fi del 1798 va caure malalta i morí poc després, el 28 de març del 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cites">Cites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Cites"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>«Senyors, (...)si [la natura] us donà un braç més nerviós, ella ens va fer les vostres iguals en forces morals, i les vostres superiors potser per la vivacitat de la imaginació, la delicadesa dels sentiments, la resignació en els revessos, la fermesa en els dolors, la paciència en el sofriment, finalment en generositat d'ànima i zel patriòtic, i si aquestes qualitats naturals s'enfortissen per una educació acurada, pel suport dels vostres sufragis, per les recompenses públiques, no temo de dir-ho, el nostre sexe superaria sovint al vostre.<i>»</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obres">Obres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Obres"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sud l´injustice des Loix en faveur des Hommes, aux dépens de Femmes</i>, en The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, traduït a l'anglés, editat i amb la introducció de Lynn Hunt (Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston/Nova York), 1996, 122–23.</li> <li><i>Appel aux Francoises sur la régénération des mœurs, et nécessité de l'influence des femmes dans un gouvernement libre</i>, Impremta del Cercle Social, probablement impresa al juliol del 1791. Facsímil en: Les femmes dans la révolution Française, T. 2, Paris, Edhis, 1982 et sud Gallica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahrf.revues.org/5773"><i>La prise de parole publique des femmes</i></a>, Annales historiques de la Révolution Française, No 344, avril-juin 2006.</li> <li>Olivier Blanc, Etta-Llobarro-Johana d'Aëlders, Mme Palm, in <i>Les Libertines, Plaisir et Liberté au temps des Lumières</i>, Paris, Perrin, 1997, p. 213-234; 256-258.</li> <li>Marc de Villiers, <i>Histoire des Clubs des Femmes et des Légions d'Amazones</i>, Paris, 1910, p. 14- 41</li> <li>W. J. Koppius, Etta Palm. <i>Nederlands eerste feministe</i>, Zeist, 1929</li> <li>H. Hardenberg, Etta Palm. <i>Een Hollandse Parisienne</i> 1743-1799, Assen, 1962</li> <li>Judith A. Vega (1989b), <i>Luxury, necessity, or the morality of men.</i> <i>The republiquen discourse of Etta Palm-Aelders</i>, in: <i>Les Femmes et la Révolution Française</i>, Actes du Colloque, I, Tolosa, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, p. 363-370.</li> <li>Judith A. Vega (1989a), <i>Feminist Republicanism</i>. <i>Etta Palm-Aelders on justice, virtue and men</i>, in: History of European Idees, special issue on Women and the French Revolution (eds. R.M. Dekker and J.A. Vega), 10, 3, p. 333-351.</li> <li>Judith A. Vega, <i>Inventing enlightenment's gender, The representation of modernity in dispute</i>, thèse de doctorat, Université de Leyde, 1998, p. 96-116.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701195849/http://www.cf2r.org/fr/notes-historiques/souvent-femme-varie-une-espionne-hollandaise-paris.php">«Souvent femme varie», une espionne hollandaise à Paris...</a>». <i>www.cf2r.org</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cf2r.org/fr/notes-historiques/souvent-femme-varie-une-espionne-hollandaise-paris.php">original</a> el 1 de juliol de 2014. [Consulta: 8 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">2,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mujeresenlahistoria.com/2015/06/en-el-club-de-la-espia-etta-palm-1743.html">En el club de la espía, Etta Palm (1743-1799)</a>». <i>www.mujeresenlahistoria.com</i>. [Consulta: 8 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=kxylNKARKD4C&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Etta+Palm+d'Aelders&source=bl&ots=EZylgXX13G&sig=VK_HeiaRXeVGMCxzHWNnlACNoNQ&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB4amvlZnQAhVCthoKHcV2DfYQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=Etta%20Palm%20d'Aelders&f=false"><i>Cuatro mujeres en la revolución francesa</i></a> (en espanyol).  Editorial Biblos, 1 de gener de 2007. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9789507866098" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9789507866098">ISBN 9789507866098</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuatro+mujeres+en+la+revoluci%C3%B3n+francesa&rft.date=1+de+gener+de+2007&rft.pub=Editorial+Biblos&rft.isbn=9789507866098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxylNKARKD4C%26pg%3DPA67%26lpg%3DPA67%26dq%3DEtta%2BPalm%2Bd%27Aelders%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DEZylgXX13G%26sig%3DVK_HeiaRXeVGMCxzHWNnlACNoNQ%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjB4amvlZnQAhVCthoKHcV2DfYQ6AEIVzAJ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DEtta%2520Palm%2520d%27Aelders%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043332/http://www.herramienta.com.ar/revista-herramienta-n-37/cuatro-mujeres-en-la-revolucion-francesa-de-olympe-de-gouges-etta-palm-ther">«Cuatro mujeres en la Revolución Francesa», de Olympe de Gouges, Etta Palm, Théroigne de Méricourt y Claire Lacombe | Herramienta</a>». <i>www.herramienta.com.ar</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herramienta.com.ar/revista-herramienta-n-37/cuatro-mujeres-en-la-revolucion-francesa-de-olympe-de-gouges-etta-palm-ther">original</a> el 10 de novembre de 2016. [Consulta: 9 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Palm d'Aelders</span>, Etta (1743-1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86050m"><i>Discours de Mme Palme d'Aelders, Hollandaise , lu à la Confédération des amis de la vérité, par un de MM. les secrétaires</i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discours+de+Mme+Palme+d%27Aelders%2C+Hollandaise+%2C+lu+%C3%A0+la+Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+des+amis+de+la+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9%2C+par+un+de+MM.+les+secr%C3%A9taires&rft.aulast=Palm+d%27Aelders&rft.aufirst=Etta+%281743-1799%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k86050m"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMartin2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, Jean-Clément Martin. <i>La révolte brisée</i>.  Colin, 2008, p. 272. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-20034626-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-20034626-3">ISBN 978-2-20034626-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9volte+bris%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment+Martin&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Colin&rft.pages=272&rft.isbn=978-2-20034626-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701195849/http://www.cf2r.org/fr/notes-historiques/souvent-femme-varie-une-espionne-hollandaise-paris.php">Gérald Arboit</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701195849/http://www.cf2r.org/fr/notes-historiques/souvent-femme-varie-une-espionne-hollandaise-paris.php"><i>«Sovint DONA VARIA» UNA ESPIA HOLANDESA A PARÍS</i></a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12524459f">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPN" class="mw-redirect" title="BPN">BPN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/34874338">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/121484564">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF">VIAF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/44407895">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI">ISNI</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000016537348">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC">SUDOC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/034493603">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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