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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mob</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mob-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mob subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lynching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lynching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lynching</span> </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indictments_and_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indictments_and_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indictments and trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indictments_and_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarship_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seminole_burning&params=35_07_55_N_96_46_39_W_region:JP-29_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°07′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°46′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.13194°N 96.77750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.13194; -96.77750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1898 lynching near Maud, Oklahoma, US</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Seminole burning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="15" data-lat="35.132" data-lon="-96.7775" data-overlays="["_cf0cccf3d5485e8e508dd64851918d9b184eb834"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/35.132/-96.7775/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,35.132,-96.7775,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seminole_burning&revid=1253780846&groups=_cf0cccf3d5485e8e508dd64851918d9b184eb834" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,35.132,-96.7775,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seminole_burning&revid=1253780846&groups=_cf0cccf3d5485e8e508dd64851918d9b184eb834 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Near <a href="/wiki/Maud,_Oklahoma" title="Maud, Oklahoma">Maud, Oklahoma</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seminole_burning&params=35_07_55_N_96_46_39_W_region:JP-29_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°07′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°46′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.13194°N 96.77750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.13194; -96.77750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 8, 1898<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1898-01-08</span>)</span> <br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3:00 AM <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/UTC-5:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5:00">UTC-5:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Lincoln McGeisey and Palmer Sampson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">live burning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Seminole burning</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">live burning</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a> youth, <b>Lincoln McGeisey</b> and <b>Palmer Sampson</b>, near <a href="/wiki/Maud,_Oklahoma" title="Maud, Oklahoma">Maud, Oklahoma</a>, on January 8, 1898. </p><p>On December 30, 1897, a woman named Mary Leard was murdered in her home by a Native American man. When her body was discovered by her husband and Maud townspeople the next day, a white mob began to form, and they combed the area to find the person guilty. They cornered, detained, kidnapped, tortured, and—in some cases—mock lynched several men over a few days, before they settled on two teenagers they thought were guilty of the crime: Lincoln McGeisey and Palmer Sampson. McGeisey and Sampson were chosen despite there being no evidence for a second killer, and the mob accused them of raping, murdering, and <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">having sex with the dead body</a> of Mary Leard. Although Sampson allegedly admitted guilt in the crime, both of them were likely innocent. </p><p>The mob chained the two together by the neck and brought them to a makeshift prayer site. They were surrounded by dry brush and wooden poles, and after a member of the mob lit the pile on fire, they burned alive. McGeisey's flesh sloughed off his body, and Sampson tried to struggle against the flames; both died. They were buried on Seminole land, their bodies still chained together. </p><p>Dozens of men were <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indicted</a> in relation to the case. In front of judge <a href="/wiki/John_R._Thomas" title="John R. Thomas">John R. Thomas</a>, special prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Speed" title="Horace Speed">Horace Speed</a> led the prosecutions of the men involved in the lynching. Ultimately, six of them were convicted and imprisoned. It was the first successful prosecution of lynching in the Southwestern United States, though one man was released early from prison and returned home to a celebration proclaiming his innocence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/330px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/495px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/660px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9309" data-file-height="7225" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (right) in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_background">Political background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the nineteenth century, the American government <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">removed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, a region that now lies in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610,_18,_45_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610,_18,_45-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> (including the Seminole) underwent the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a>, which divided their land claims in the western and central parts of Oklahoma and opened it to settlement from other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seminole people underwent social changes during this time of removal and resettlement, and transitioned into a mostly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Unassigned_Lands" title="Unassigned Lands">parts of this ceded land</a> were <a href="/wiki/Land_Rush_of_1889" title="Land Rush of 1889">opened to settlement by whites</a>, and in 1890, it became organized as the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Oklahoma side of its boundary with the Indian Territory sat <a href="/wiki/Maud,_Oklahoma" title="Maud, Oklahoma">Maud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma">Pottawatomie County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618,_29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618,_29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, the Oklahoma and Indian Territories had at least ten <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a> altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In territorial history, most of those murdered in bouts of extrajudicial mob violence were black or <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>: For black people accused of crimes, they were frequently lynched; for Native Americans accused, they were sometimes lynched, depending on the accusation; and for white people accused, they were only infrequently lynched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155–156_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155–156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case in Pottawatomie County in 1897, a mob attempted to lynch a man named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynching_of_Israel_C._McGlothlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynching of Israel C. McGlothlin (page does not exist)">Israel C. McGlothlin</a>: He was hanged alive three times, but he ultimately survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996104–105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996104–105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the evening of December 30, 1897, Mary Leard (also rendered as Mary Laird<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996126_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Julia Laird<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was at her home alone with her three children as her husband stayed at a friend's house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634–35_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634–35-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Native American man with a distinctive scar on his cheek approached the house and left, only to return later that night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199633–34_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199633–34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chased Leard out of the house and tried to shoot her twice, but the gun failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He murdered her by <a href="/wiki/Firearm_as_a_blunt_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm as a blunt weapon">hitting her over the head with his gun</a>, threw her infant daughter Cora on the floor, asked the children for money, and then fled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary Leard's children left her dead body outside,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was partially eaten by roaming pigs during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635Wickett2000153_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635Wickett2000153-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning, the Leard children sought help, and Maud townspeople and their father returned to find her dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cora died from her injuries a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victims">Victims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png/220px-Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png/330px-Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Thomas_McGeisey_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> drawing of Thomas McGeisey (here rendered as Thomas McGeesie) in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln McGeisey<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the 18-year-old son of Seney and Thomas McGeisey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647,_184_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647,_184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas was a Seminole farmer, landowner, and public official who served as the superintendent of the Seminole Nation's public schools, and he was selected to visit <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in early 1898 in a Seminole delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_31,_47McReynolds1957272,_339_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_31,_47McReynolds1957272,_339-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He owned the land on which the Leards built their home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGeisey had four siblings through his father: Martha, Nora, William, and James.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_184_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_184-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived in a large, multistory house—uncharacteristic for most members of the Seminole Nation, who at the time lived in single room houses made of logs and mud—about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of Maud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmer Sampson<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the uneducated 17-year-old son of Sukey Natuksie and Sampson Walker; he had a sister named Rhoda.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672,_75–76McReynolds1957340_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672,_75–76McReynolds1957340-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was involved in crime, having earlier pleaded guilty to <a href="/wiki/Horse_theft" title="Horse theft">horse theft</a> (whether he was sentenced for this crime is unknown), and he had only recently returned from the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas State Penitentiary">Kansas State Penitentiary</a> for <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199675_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199675-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could not understand or speak English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957339_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957339-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mob">Mob</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mob"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The general public acts in such cases [accusations of rape] on the theory that it is infinitely safer to summarily execute such criminals than run the risk of seeing them turned loose upon the community for the want of prosecution. [...] If speedy justice is not had in the courts of the country, there is a surer and swifter way, and there is no section on the American continent where the remedy will not be applied. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Chieftan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weekly Chieftan (page does not exist)">Weekly Chieftan</a></i>, 1898<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>After finding Leard's dead body, her husband and his friends looked for a man that met the description of the murderer: a Native American man with a distinctive cheek scar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though close acquaintances of the Leard family initially congregated and planned out their violence, this tight inner circle soon expanded, and many of its members were strangers to the Leards; they had no personal stake in the crime, and many traveled a great distance for the express purpose of lynching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob distorted the truth of the underlying crime: in their imagination, two men raped Leard, murdered her, assaulted Cora, left the scene, and then returned to <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">have sex with Leard's corpse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967,_66,_92_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967,_66,_92-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most members of the final mob did not understand the circumstances of the murder, including the fact that Leard had not been raped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19968,_41_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19968,_41-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mob combed through the area and arrested men who did not fit the physical description of Leard's murderer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 1, 1898, they arrested, tortured, and held in bondage a 19-year-old man named Billy (whose last name was either Harjo or Thlocco), attempting to extract a confession from him, but Leard's son never said he looked like his mother's killer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They arrested Thlocco again and threatened to murder him; he was released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199654_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199654-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other men, never identified by Leard's son as the killer, were also chained up and released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, they shot at a group of several Native American men; the men were not struck and were never arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199636_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199636-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They arrested Lincoln McGeisey twice, but Leard's son testified that he did not kill Leard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199646_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199646-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They interrogated him—asking where he was on the night of the murder, to which he responded he was with family—stripped him down, and continued asking whether he murdered Leard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They strung a noose around his neck and threatened to immediately lynch him if he did not confess, but he continued to deny, so they attacked him, strung a noose around his neck again, and brought him back to the home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199648_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199648-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They continued combing through the area in an attempt to find the killer, arresting and threatening several men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199649–52_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199649–52-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They invaded the home of John Washington, kidnapped him at gunpoint, and mock lynched him by stringing a noose around his neck and hanging him from a tree until he <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">lost consciousness</a>, then brought him down and brutalized him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199653_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199653-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mob intended to lynch Washington and McGeisey, even though Leard's husband thought McGeisey was innocent of the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199662,_68_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199662,_68-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They decided to release Washington in exchange for Palmer Sampson, a boy who also did not meet the description of the killer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGeisey and Sampson were chained together at the neck while held in custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampson allegedly admitted to the murder through a translator, even though neither Sampson nor McGeisey are likely to have committed the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661,_73–74_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661,_73–74-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 7, the plans to lynch Sampson and McGeisey were finalized with 64 accomplices present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199678–79_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199678–79-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lynching">Lynching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lynching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Stoically, the Indians went to their death. One of them, it is true, when the pain was unbearable, leaned forward and sucked the flames into his lungs. But the other, like the braves among his ancestors who had silently borne the worst tortures enemies could devise, stood erect until the flames ended his life, a dreadful punishment at the best made still more dreadful by the thought that the victims might have been innocent of the crime laid on them. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> report, 1899<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2007321Sampson2002_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2007321Sampson2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>In the still-dark morning hours of January 8, 1898, a mob carried McGeisey and Sampson to a makeshift prayer site filled with dry brush, just south of the post office in Maud—a "tabernacle" in the local parlance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leard had previously confessed her sins to the community at this location, and the mob wanted to "mingle their [McGeisey's and Sampson's] blood with her departed spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were shackled together by their necks to opposite sides of a tree, facing northwards, as the mob surrounded them with dry wooden poles from the site's <a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">brush arbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a news account, their clothes were doused in oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob offered the two a chance to pray; only McGeisey did, in his own language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the members of the mob, which consisted of more than two hundred people, then lit the wood on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both McGeisey and Sampson were burned alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGeisey's muscle and skin dripped and slid off the right side of his body as he was burned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Sampson—who struggled against the heat and kicked pieces of burning wood away from his body—McGeisey did not wrangle his body away from the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the mob took one of their bodies and impaled a skull with a stick, causing the still-boiling brains to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683,_171_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683,_171-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a newspaper report, their arms and legs burned away, leaving behind only unrecognizable "trunks" joined by padlocked chains.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still chained together, they were eventually recovered and buried on Seminole land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199686_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199686-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immediate aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminole_Burning_trial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Seminole_Burning_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The trial of some of the members of the lynch mob (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>The white public of Oklahoma Territory largely supported those who lynched McGeisey and Sampson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the men were murdered, newspapers started claiming that members of the Seminole Nation were planning to target white Oklahomans in a <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199689_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199689-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers for the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weekly Oklahoma State Capital (page does not exist)">Weekly Oklahoma State Capital</a></i> claimed on January 15, 1898—through a special bulletin—that in response to "the excesses of the armed bands of whites", Native American revenge was "imminent".<sup id="cite_ref-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a falsehood crafted by a communications employee in <a href="/wiki/Earlsboro,_Oklahoma" title="Earlsboro, Oklahoma">Earlsboro, Oklahoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_the_Interior189896_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_the_Interior189896-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officials from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> were unable to find any evidence of any insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199692_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199692-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigation_and_arrests">Investigation and arrests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Investigation and arrests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Speed,_1890s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Horace_Speed%2C_1890s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Special prosecutor Horace Speed in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1898, the federal government began investigating the lynching as a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">criminal conspiracy</a>, but could not investigate it as murder since there was no applicable federal <a href="/wiki/Murder_(United_States_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (United States law)">murder statute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693,_95,_99_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693,_95,_99-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were complications in the investigation, however, as many witnesses, both white and Seminole, were reluctant to provide testimony, many of the Seminole witnesses did not speak English, and at least one witness was intimidated by a mob and forced to destroy his <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199696_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199696-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independently, Governor <a href="/wiki/Cassius_McDonald_Barnes" title="Cassius McDonald Barnes">Cassius McDonald Barnes</a> of the Oklahoma Territory offered a $1,000 reward for anyone who could secure a conviction against mob members for their role in "acts of lawlessness and barbarism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February and March, several warrants were executed by federal investigators, but it remained difficult to find all of the members of the mob; out of around 90 people who were due to be arrested, only 67 had been located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199699,_110_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199699,_110-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indictments_and_trials">Indictments and trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indictments and trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horace_Speed" title="Horace Speed">Horace Speed</a> was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Special_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Special prosecutor">special prosecutor</a> in April 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996129_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996129-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He successfully persuaded a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> to return <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictments</a> against dozens of men—45 on charges of kidnapping, which carried up to 21 years in prison and 49 on charges of arson, which carried up to 20 years in prison, albeit many of them successfully evaded capture for a time, and some found comfort in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996135–137_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996135–137-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Judge <a href="/wiki/John_R._Thomas" title="John R. Thomas">John R. Thomas</a>, Speed successfully prosecuted several men, some of whom requested a <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pleading" title="Pleading">pleaded</a> guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996142,_149,_157_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996142,_149,_157-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, six members of the mob were sentenced to prison: Deputy U.S. Marshal Nelson Jones (21 years), Andrew J. Mathis (10 years), Mont Ballard (10 years), Sam Pryor (pleaded guilty, 3 years), Bird Ivanhoe (pleaded guilty, 3 years), and H. Clay Roper (3 years).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_157–158,_164,_166_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_157–158,_164,_166-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first successful prosecution of lynching in the Southwestern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996170_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996170-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones was seen as one of the most culpable members of the mob, having recommended that the victims be tortured, made no attempt to notify his superiors about the mob, and gave directions to the mob. Mathis was found to have set fire to the brush that was heaped around the victims.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Mont Ballard was sentenced to 10 years, albeit he served 7, and returned home to a celebration of hundreds in Maud who proclaimed his innocence. Nelson Jones, the last man serving prison time for his role in the lynchings, was released from <a href="/wiki/USP_Leavenworth" class="mw-redirect" title="USP Leavenworth">USP Leavenworth</a> on parole in November 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_158_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_158-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 24, 1916, Mont Ballard, 53, was murdered by a friend, W.L. Harding, in a personal dispute. Harding was found guilty of murder for killing Ballard and sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 14, 1927, Andrew Mathis, now 60, was murdered in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> by his former housekeeper, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Dugan" title="Eva Dugan">Eva Dugan</a>. Dugan was convicted of first degree murder, sentenced to death, and executed on February 21, 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 1, 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996193_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996193-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after McGeisey and Sampson were exonerated of the murder, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> appropriated over $35,000 ($1,281,840 in 2023) in relation to the lynching. $5,000 was allotted to each family of the victims, $25,000 for the prosecutions for the lynchings, and $82.50 to Sampson's family and $1,113.25 to McGeisey's family for property damage.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957340–341Wickett2000154_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957340–341Wickett2000154-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was written by Senator <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. John Washington and George Harjo, who were both abducted and tortured prior to the lynchings, but not killed, also received compensation. John Washington was paid $500 for personal injury and $35 for loss of property. George Harjo was awarded $300 for personal injuries, as was William Thlloco. Four members of Seminole Lighthorse Police who were wrongfully detained, but not harmed, received $50 each. Another 13 Seminoles who were wrongfully detained received $25 each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the participants in the tortures and lynching—James Edwards Nix—wrote a <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> for his family in 1942, recounting his participation and suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> was the reason the murder and the lynching occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-grandchild, Kirsten Dyck, wrote in 2016 that the lynching was an instance of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide of indigenous peoples</a> in the United States, and that the lynching was tantamount to a <a href="/wiki/Fractal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractal massacre">fractal massacre</a>: individual "atrocities over large geographical areas" that contribute to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_F._Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel F. Littlefield (page does not exist)">Daniel F. Littlefield</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112463502#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q112463502"><span title=""Daniel F. Littlefield" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> released <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Burning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seminole Burning (page does not exist)">Seminole Burning</a></i>, an examination of the lynching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Michael J. Pfeifer called it a "magisterial [...] case study" which "richly mined" the historical evidence of the lynching and its aftermath, and said Brundage's typology of lynch mobs was a "clear[] influence" on Littlefield's writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called for more examinations of the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Native Americans">lynching of Native Americans</a>, since there is extensive documentary evidence of their existence, and it is underrepresented in historical analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202184_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202184-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Variously rendered as Lincoln McGeezy,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln McGeesey,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln McGeizy,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. Markus McGeisey,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lincoln McGresey.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes spelled Palmer Samson in news accounts from the time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>news 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His sister's last name is either Natuksie or Fixico. Sukey's last name is rendered variously as Natuksie, Sampson, and Cobuxey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The impaler screamed in response to the brains oozing out of the skull, and members of the mob ran away in disgust.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610,_18,_45-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610,_18,_45_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 10, 18, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199610_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618,_29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199618,_29_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 18, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickett2000">Wickett 2000</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155–156-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000155–156_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickett2000">Wickett 2000</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996104–105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996104–105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996126-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996126_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634–35-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634–35_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199633–34-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199633–34_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199634_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635Wickett2000153-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635Wickett2000153_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFWickett2000">Wickett 2000</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199635_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647,_184-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647,_184_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 47, 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_31,_47McReynolds1957272,_339-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_31,_47McReynolds1957272,_339_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 24, 31, 47; <a href="#CITEREFMcReynolds1957">McReynolds 1957</a>, pp. 272, 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199625_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_184-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199624,_184_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 24, 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672,_75–76McReynolds1957340-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672,_75–76McReynolds1957340_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 72, 75–76; <a href="#CITEREFMcReynolds1957">McReynolds 1957</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199675-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199675_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957339-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957339_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcReynolds1957">McReynolds 1957</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickett2000154_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickett2000">Wickett 2000</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967,_66,_92-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19967,_66,_92_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 7, 66, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19968,_41-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19968,_41_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 8, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199642_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199654-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199654_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199636-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199636_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199646-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199646_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199647_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199648-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199648_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199649–52-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199649–52_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199653-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199653_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199662,_68-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199662,_68_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 62, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199672_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661,_73–74-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199661,_73–74_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 61, 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199678–79-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199678–79_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2007321Sampson2002-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2007321Sampson2002_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2007">Baker 2007</a>, p. 321; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2002">Sampson 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82,_88_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 81–82, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199681–82_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199682_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683,_171-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199683,_171_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 83, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199686-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199686_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199689-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199689_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_the_Interior189896-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_the_Interior189896_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Interior1898">Department of the Interior 1898</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199692-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199692_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693,_95,_99-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693,_95,_99_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 93, 95, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199696-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199696_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199693_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield199699,_110-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield199699,_110_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 99, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996129-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996129_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996135–137-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996135–137_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996142,_149,_157-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996142,_149,_157_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 142, 149, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_157–158,_164,_166-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_157–158,_164,_166_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 3, 5, 157–158, 164, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996170-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996170_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org/seminole_burnings.htm">"The Seminole Burnings"</a>. <i>www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org&rft.atitle=The+Seminole+Burnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seminolenation-indianterritory.org%2Fseminole_burnings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_158-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield19963,_5,_158_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, pp. 3, 5, 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://okcca.net/cases/1919/OK-CR-138/">"OCCA"</a>. <i>okcca.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=okcca.net&rft.atitle=OCCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fokcca.net%2Fcases%2F1919%2FOK-CR-138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancestry Library Edition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996193-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlefield1996193_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957340–341Wickett2000154-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcReynolds1957340–341Wickett2000154_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcReynolds1957">McReynolds 1957</a>, pp. 340–341; <a href="#CITEREFWickett2000">Wickett 2000</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation web cs1">Burton, Art T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truewestmagazine.com/article/the-seminole-burnings/">"The Seminole Burnings"</a>. <i>True West Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=True+West+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Seminole+Burnings&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Art+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftruewestmagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-seminole-burnings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org/seminole_burnings.htm">"The Seminole Burnings"</a>. <i>www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org&rft.atitle=The+Seminole+Burnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seminolenation-indianterritory.org%2Fseminole_burnings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyck2016">Dyck 2016</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyck2016">Dyck 2016</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202182_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifer2021">Pfeifer 2021</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202184-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifer202184_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifer2021">Pfeifer 2021</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteubenville_Herald-Star1898">Steubenville Herald-Star 1898</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeekly_Chieftan1898b">Weekly Chieftan 1898b</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuskogee_Phoenix1898">Muskogee Phoenix 1898</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlisle_Evening_Herald1898">Carlisle Evening Herald 1898</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaily_News-Democrat1898">Daily News-Democrat 1898</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNebraska_State_Capital1898">Nebraska State Capital 1898</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaily_Ardmoreite1899">Daily Ardmoreite 1899</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFWeekly_Chieftan1898b">Weekly Chieftan 1898b</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeekly_Chieftan1898a">Weekly Chieftan 1898a</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Herald1898">New York Herald 1898</a>, sec. 6, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital1898">Weekly Oklahoma State Capital 1898</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittsburgh_Post1898">Pittsburgh Post 1898</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrand_Island_Daily_Republican1899">Grand Island Daily Republican 1899</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarship_2">Scholarship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, David V. (December 1, 2007). "American Indian executions in historical context". <i>Criminal Justice Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 315–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786010701758138">10.1080/14786010701758138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143564441">143564441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+Studies&rft.atitle=American+Indian+executions+in+historical+context&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-373&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786010701758138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143564441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelknap1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michal_Belknap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michal Belknap (page does not exist)">Belknap, Michal R.</a> (1995). "W. Fitzhugh Brundage, <i>Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930</i>". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 154–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743965">10.2307/743965</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743965">743965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147043442">147043442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=W.+Fitzhugh+Brundage%2C+Lynching+in+the+New+South%3A+Georgia+and+Virginia%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=154-156&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147043442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F743965&rft.aulast=Belknap&rft.aufirst=Michal+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Interior1898" class="citation book cs1">Department of the Interior (1898). <i>Annual reports of the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1898: Indian Affairs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+reports+of+the+Department+of+the+Interior+for+the+fiscal+year+ended+June+30%2C+1898%3A+Indian+Affairs&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Department+of+the+Interior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyck2016" class="citation book cs1">Dyck, Kirsten (2016). "Confronting genocide denial in US history textbooks". In Bentrovato, Denise; Korostelina, Karina V.; Schulze, Martina (eds.). <i>History can bite: History education in divided and postwar societies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847006084" title="Special:BookSources/9783847006084"><bdi>9783847006084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confronting+genocide+denial+in+US+history+textbooks&rft.btitle=History+can+bite%3A+History+education+in+divided+and+postwar+societies&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783847006084&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlefield1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_F._Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel F. Littlefield (page does not exist)">Littlefield, Daniel F.</a> (1996). <i>Seminole burning: A story of racial vengeance</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878059232" title="Special:BookSources/9780878059232"><bdi>9780878059232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seminole+burning%3A+A+story+of+racial+vengeance&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780878059232&rft.aulast=Littlefield&rft.aufirst=Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcReynolds1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_C._McReynolds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin C. McReynolds (page does not exist)">McReynolds, Edwin C.</a> (1957). <i>The Seminoles</i>. The civilization of the American Indian (first ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seminoles&rft.series=The+civilization+of+the+American+Indian&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=McReynolds&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue1980" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Theda (1980). <i>Nations remembered: An oral history of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1865–1907</i>. Contributions in ethnic studies. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313220975" title="Special:BookSources/9780313220975"><bdi>9780313220975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+remembered%3A+An+oral+history+of+the+Five+Civilized+Tribes%2C+1865%E2%80%931907&rft.series=Contributions+in+ethnic+studies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780313220975&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Theda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeifer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pfeifer, Michael J. (2021). "Daniel F. Littlefield Jr.'s <i>Seminole Burning</i> and the historiography of the lynching of Native Americans". <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b>: 81–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781420000493">10.1017/S1537781420000493</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229417729">229417729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Daniel+F.+Littlefield+Jr.%27s+Seminole+Burning+and+the+historiography+of+the+lynching+of+Native+Americans&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=81-86&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781420000493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229417729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfeifer&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2002" class="citation web cs1">Sampson, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org/seminole_burnings.htm">"Seminole burning"</a>. <i>Seminole Nation, Indian Territory</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705211034/http://www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org/seminole_burnings.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seminole+Nation%2C+Indian+Territory&rft.atitle=Seminole+burning&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seminolenation-indianterritory.org%2Fseminole_burnings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickett2000" class="citation book cs1">Wickett, Murray R. (2000). <i>Contested territory: Whites, Native Americans, and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907</i>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807125847" title="Special:BookSources/9780807125847"><bdi>9780807125847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+territory%3A+Whites%2C+Native+Americans%2C+and+African+Americans+in+Oklahoma%2C+1865%E2%80%931907&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780807125847&rft.aulast=Wickett&rft.aufirst=Murray+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers_2">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrick1977" class="citation news cs1">Warrick, Sherryl (May 29, 1977). "Tragedy stalked the cold winter". Orbit Magazine. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oklahoman" title="The Oklahoman">Daily Oklahoman</a></i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=Tragedy+stalked+the+cold+winter&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1977-05-29&rft.aulast=Warrick&rft.aufirst=Sherryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle_Evening_Herald1898" class="citation news cs1">"Innocent men were convicted". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlisle_Evening_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlisle Evening Herald (page does not exist)">Carlisle Evening Herald</a></i>. March 1, 1898. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carlisle+Evening+Herald&rft.atitle=Innocent+men+were+convicted&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1898-03-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaily_Ardmoreite1899" class="citation news cs1">"Dead Indians value". <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Ardmoreite" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Ardmoreite">Daily Ardmoreite</a></i>. February 10, 1899. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Ardmoreite&rft.atitle=Dead+Indians+value&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1899-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaily_News-Democrat1898" class="citation news cs1">"An awful revenge". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_News-Democrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily News-Democrat (page does not exist)">Daily News-Democrat</a></i>. January 10, 1898. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News-Democrat&rft.atitle=An+awful+revenge&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1898-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmporia_Democrat1899" class="citation news cs1">"He burned Indian boys". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emporia_Democrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emporia Democrat (page does not exist)">Emporia Democrat</a></i>. May 26, 1899. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emporia+Democrat&rft.atitle=He+burned+Indian+boys&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1899-05-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrand_Island_Daily_Republican1899" class="citation news cs1">"Lynchers on trial". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Island_Daily_Republican&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Island Daily Republican (page does not exist)">Grand Island Daily Republican</a></i>. August 17, 1899. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Island+Daily+Republican&rft.atitle=Lynchers+on+trial&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1899-08-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuskogee_Phoenix1898" class="citation news cs1">"(No title)". <i><a href="/wiki/Muskogee_Phoenix" title="Muskogee Phoenix">Muskogee Phoenix</a></i>. January 13, 1898. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muskogee+Phoenix&rft.atitle=%28No+title%29&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1898-01-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebraska_State_Capital1898" class="citation news cs1">"Seminoles up in arms". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebraska_State_Capital_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebraska State Capital (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Nebraska State Capital</a></i>. January 15, 1898. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+State+Capital&rft.atitle=Seminoles+up+in+arms&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1898-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Herald1898" class="citation news cs1">"Men who lynched Indians by burning must pay the law's penalty". <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i>. June 18, 1899. sec. 6, p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Men+who+lynched+Indians+by+burning+must+pay+the+law%27s+penalty&rft.pages=sec.+6%2C+p.+9&rft.date=1899-06-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittsburgh_Post1898" class="citation news cs1">"Indians massacred twenty-five men, women and children". <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post</a></i>. January 12, 1898. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post&rft.atitle=Indians+massacred+twenty-five+men%2C+women+and+children&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1898-01-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Louis_Daily_Globe-Democrat1899" class="citation news cs1">"Seminole lynching case in court". <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Globe-Democrat" title="St. Louis Globe-Democrat">St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat</a></i>. May 7, 1899. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Daily+Globe-Democrat&rft.atitle=Seminole+lynching+case+in+court&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1899-05-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteubenville_Herald-Star1898" class="citation news cs1">"A brutal Indian murders a white woman in a shocking manner". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steubenville_Herald-Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steubenville Herald-Star (page does not exist)">Steubenville Herald-Star</a></i>. January 6, 1898. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steubenville+Herald-Star&rft.atitle=A+brutal+Indian+murders+a+white+woman+in+a+shocking+manner&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1898-01-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekly_Chieftan1898a" class="citation news cs1">"(No title)". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Chieftan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weekly Chieftan (page does not exist)">Weekly Chieftan</a></i>. January 13, 1898. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Chieftan&rft.atitle=%28No+title%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1898-01-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekly_Chieftan1898b" class="citation news cs1">"In the U.S. court". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Chieftan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weekly Chieftan (page does not exist)">Weekly Chieftan</a></i>. February 10, 1898. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Chieftan&rft.atitle=In+the+U.S.+court&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1898-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital1898" class="citation news cs1">"Indians roused". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Oklahoma_State_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weekly Oklahoma State Capital (page does not exist)">Weekly Oklahoma State Capital</a></i>. January 15, 1898. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Oklahoma+State+Capital&rft.atitle=Indians+roused&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1898-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_burning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1957" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, Geraldine (1957). <i>Violence on the Oklahoma Territory–Seminole Nation border: The Mont Ballard case</i> (MA). University of Oklahoma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Violence+on+the+Oklahoma+Territory%E2%80%93Seminole+Nation+border%3A+The+Mont+Ballard+case&rft.inst=University+of+Oklahoma&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+burning" class="Z3988"></span> Referred to as the "first attempt to write a detailed history of the event" by <a href="#CITEREFLittlefield1996">Littlefield 1996</a>, p. vii; thesis on microfilm.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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