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Folk art - Wikipedia

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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of folk art objects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_folk_art_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Folk artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_crafted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_crafted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hand crafted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_crafted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workshops_and_apprentices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workshops_and_apprentices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Workshops and apprentices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workshops_and_apprentices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owned_by_the_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owned_by_the_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Owned by the community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owned_by_the_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_of_the_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_of_the_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Utility of the object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_of_the_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_of_the_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_of_the_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Aesthetics of the genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_of_the_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials,_forms,_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials,_forms,_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Materials, forms, and crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials,_forms,_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_mainstream_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_mainstream_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on mainstream art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_mainstream_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Supporting organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_folk_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_folk_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional folk arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_folk_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum_Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Museum Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="فن شعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن شعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="লোক-কলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লোক-কলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="লোকশিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকশিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskunst" title="Volkskunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volkskunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvakunst" title="Rahvakunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvakunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_folcl%C3%B3rico" title="Arte folclórico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte folclórico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هنر فولکلور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر فولکلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_et_traditions_populaires" title="Arts et traditions populaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arts et traditions populaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%86%8D_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="민속 예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민속 예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="लोककला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोककला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_tradisional" title="Seni tradisional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni tradisional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_popolare" title="Arte popolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte popolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaudies_menas" title="Liaudies menas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liaudies menas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pm%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Népművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_rakyat" title="Seni rakyat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskunst" title="Volkskunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volkskunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="フォークアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォークアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86" title="لوک فن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک فن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_ludowa" title="Sztuka ludowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C4%83_popular%C4%83" title="Artă populară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artă populară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86" title="لوک فن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لوک فن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansantaide" title="Kansantaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansantaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkkonst" title="Folkkonst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkkonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நாட்டுப்புறக் கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாட்டுப்புறக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halk_sanat%C4%B1" title="Halk sanatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halk sanatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86" title="لوک فن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوک فن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_d%C3%A2n_gian" title="Nghệ thuật dân gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật dân gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="民間美術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民間美術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="民間藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民間藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1153484#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Art produced from an indigenous culture or by peasants or other laboring tradespeople</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about tangible folk art objects. For performance folk arts, see <a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a>. For the album by Joe Lovano, see <a href="/wiki/Folk_Art_(album)" title="Folk Art (album)">Folk Art (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Pew_group_MET_DP-1135-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pew_group" title="Pew group">Pew group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire figures">Staffordshire figures</a>, England, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1745</span>, salt-glazed stoneware. 7 1/2 × 8 3/8 in. (19.1 × 21.3 cm)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg/300px-Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg/450px-Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg/600px-Gran_calavera_el%C3%A9ctrica2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4538" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>"Gran calavera eléctrica" by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Posada" title="José Guadalupe Posada">José Guadalupe Posada</a>, Mexico, 1900–1913</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Smart_Old_Bright,_the_Postman,_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg/220px-George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg/330px-George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg/440px-George_Smart_Old_Bright%2C_the_Postman%2C_1_%C2%A9_Jonathan_Christie-Tunbridge_Wells_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>"Old Bright, The Postman", <a href="/wiki/George_Smart_(tailor)" title="George Smart (tailor)">George Smart</a>, c1830s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall,_2014.09.12_(26).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG/220px-Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG/330px-Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG/440px-Sz%C3%A9kely_Land_-_Great_Market_Hall%2C_2014.09.12_%2826%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Traditional styles of <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> pottery from <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a>, now in Romania, on sale in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary in 2014. A conventional idea of folk art, though no doubt made in quasi-industrial conditions.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Folk art </b> covers all forms of <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> made in the context of <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>. Definitions vary, but generally the objects have practical utility of some kind, rather than being exclusively <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative</a>. The makers of folk art are typically trained within a popular tradition, rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> tradition of the culture. There is often overlap, or contested ground<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with '<a href="/wiki/Naive_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Naive art">naive art</a>'. "Folk art" is not used in regard to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional societies">traditional societies</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic art">ethnographic art</a> continue to be made. </p><p> The types of objects covered by the term "folk art" vary. The art form is categorised as "divergent... of cultural production ... comprehended by its usage in Europe, where the term originated, and in the United States, where it developed for the most part along very different lines."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampler_(USA),_1831_(CH_18564023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg/220px-Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg/330px-Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg/440px-Sampler_%28USA%29%2C_1831_%28CH_18564023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(needlework)" title="Sampler (needlework)">sampler</a>, 1831</figcaption></figure><p> From a European perspective, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lucie-Smith" title="Edward Lucie-Smith">Edward Lucie-Smith</a> described it as "Unsophisticated art, both fine and applied, which is supposedly rooted in the collective awareness of simple people. The concept of folk art is a distinctly 19th-century one. Today it carries with it a tinge of nostalgia for pre-industrial society."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a>, which include both performance and tangible arts, reflect the cultural life of a community associated with the fields of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Tangible folk art</a> can include objects which historically are crafted and used within a traditional community. <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible folk arts</a> can include such forms as music and art galleries, dance and narrative structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_folk_art_objects">Characteristics of folk art objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics of folk art objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primstav_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Primstav_2.jpg/220px-Primstav_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="689" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Primstav_2.jpg/330px-Primstav_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Primstav_2.jpg/440px-Primstav_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Detail of 17th century <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> stick carved with national coat of arms, a common motif in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> folk art.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concepts_in_folk_art" title="Concepts in folk art">Concepts in folk art</a></div> <p>Objects of folk art are a subset of <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> and include objects which are experienced through the senses, by seeing and touching. Typical for material culture in art, these tangible objects can be handled, repeatedly re-experienced, and sometimes broken. They are considered <a href="/wiki/Works_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of art">works of art</a> because of the technical execution of an existing form and design; the skill might be seen in the precision of the form, the surface decoration or in the beauty of the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a folk art, these objects share several characteristics that distinguish them from other artifacts of material culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_artists">Folk artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Folk artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The object is created by a <em>single <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> or team of artisans.</em> The craft-person works within an established cultural framework. The folk art has a recognizable <a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (visual art)">style</a> and method in crafting its pieces, which allows products to be recognized and attributed to a single individual or workshop. This was originally articulated by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Riegl" title="Alois Riegl">Alois Riegl</a> in his study of <i>Volkskunst, Hausfleiss, und Hausindustrie</i>, published in 1894. "Riegl&#160;... stressed that the individual hand and intentions of the artist were significant, even in folk creativity. To be sure, the artist may have been obliged by group expectations to work within the norms of transmitted forms and conventions, but individual creativity – which implied personal aesthetic choices and technical virtuosity – saved received or inherited traditions from stagnating and permitted them to be renewed in each generation."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Individual innovation in the production process plays an important role in the continuance of these traditional forms. Many folk art traditions like quilting, ornamental picture framing, and decoy carving continue to be practiced, and new forms continue to emerge. </p><p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider</a> artists are often self-taught, and their work is usually developed in isolation or in small communities across the country. The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> houses over 70 folk and self-taught artists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_crafted">Hand crafted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Hand crafted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_taka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg/220px-Horse_taka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg/330px-Horse_taka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taka_(paper_mache)" title="Taka (paper mache)">taka</a> is a type of paper mache art native to Paete in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Folk art objects are usually produced in a one-off production process. Only one object is made at a time, either by hand or in a combination of hand and machine methods, and are not <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a>. As a result of manual production, individual pieces are considered to be unique and usually can be differentiated from other objects of the same type. In his essay on "Folk Objects", folklorist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bronner" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bronner">Simon Bronner</a> references preindustrial modes of production, but folk art objects continue to be made as unique crafted pieces by folk artisans. "The notion of folk objects tends to emphasize the handmade over machine manufactured. Folk objects imply a mode of production common to preindustrial <a href="/wiki/Communal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal society">communal society</a> where knowledge and skills were personal and traditional."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Folk art does not need to be old; it continues to be hand-crafted today in many regions around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workshops_and_apprentices">Workshops and apprentices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Workshops and apprentices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design and production of folk art is <em>learned and taught informally or formally; folk artists are not self-taught.</em> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Folk art does not aim for individualistic expression. Instead, "the concept of group art implies, indeed requires, that artists acquire their abilities, both manual and intellectual, at least in part from communication with others. The community has something, usually a great deal, to say about what passes for acceptable folk art."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Historically, the training in a handicraft was done as apprenticeships with local craftsmen, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">stonemason</a>. As the equipment and tools needed were no longer readily available in the community, these traditional crafts moved into <a href="/wiki/Technical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical schools">technical schools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a> schools. </p><p>Teaching of the craft through informal means outside of institutions has opened the genre to artists who may face barrier to entry in other disciplines. Canadian folk artist <a href="/wiki/Maud_Lewis" title="Maud Lewis">Maud Lewis</a>, for example, suffered from an undiagnosed congenital illness, making formal art schooling a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite barriers to formal education, Lewis became one of Canada's most famous folk artists, creating thousands of paintings of life in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owned_by_the_community">Owned by the community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Owned by the community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The object is <em>recognizable within its cultural framework as being of a known type.</em> Similar objects can be found in the environment made by other individuals which resemble this object. Individual pieces of folk art will reference other works in the culture, even as they show exceptional individual execution in form or design. If antecedents cannot be found for this object, it might still be a piece of art but it is not folk art. "While traditional society does not erase ego, it does focus and direct the choices that an individual can acceptably make… the well-socialized person will find the limits are not inhibiting but helpful… Where traditions are healthy the works of different artists are more similar than they are different; they are more uniform than personal."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tradition in folk art emerges through the passing of information from one generation to another. Through generations of family lines, family members pass down the knowledge, information, skills and tools needed to continue the creation of one's folk art. Examples are Leon “Peck” Clark, a Mississippi basket maker, who learned his skills from a community member; George Lopez of Cordova, New Mexico, who is a sixth-generation santos carver whose children also carve; and the Yorok-Karok basket weavers, who explain that relatives generally taught them to weave.” <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_of_the_object">Utility of the object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Utility of the object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The known type of the object <em>must be, or have originally been, utilitarian;</em> it was created to serve some function in the daily life of the household or the community. This is the reason the design continues to be made. Since the form itself had function and purpose, it was duplicated over time in various locations by different individuals. A book on the history of art states that "every man-made thing arises from a problem as a purposeful solution."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Written by <a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">George Kubler</a> and published in 1962, "<a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Time:_Remarks_on_the_History_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things">The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things</a>" describes an approach to historical change which places the history of objects and images in a larger continuum of time. The purpose of folk art is not purely decorative or aimed to have duplicated handicraft. However, since the form itself was a distinct type with its function and purpose, folk art has continued to be copied over time by different individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics_of_the_genre">Aesthetics of the genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Aesthetics of the genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The object is recognized as being <em>exceptional in the form and decorative motifs.</em> Being part of the community, the craftsperson is reflecting on the community's cultural aesthetics, and may take into consideration the community's response to the handicraft. An object can be created to match the community's expectations, and the artist may design the product with unspoken cultural biases to reflect this aim.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the shared form indicates a shared culture, innovation can enable the individual artisan to embody their own vision. This can be a representation of manipulating collective and individual culture, within the traditional folk art production. "For art to progress, its unity must be dismantled so that certain of its aspects can be freed for exploration, while others shrink from attention."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This dichotomous representation of the culture is typically visible in the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials,_forms,_and_crafts"><span id="Materials.2C_forms.2C_and_crafts"></span>Materials, forms, and crafts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Materials, forms, and crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk art is designed in different shapes, sizes and forms. It traditionally uses the materials which are at hand in the locality and reproduces familiar shapes and forms. The Smithsonian <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Folklife_and_Cultural_Heritage" title="Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage">Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage</a> has compiled a page of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festival.si.edu/50objects">storied objects</a> that have been part of one of their annual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festival.si.edu">folklife festivals</a>. The list below includes a sampling of different materials, forms, and artisans involved in the production of everyday and folk art objects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alebrije" title="Alebrije">Alebrije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armourer" title="Armourer">Armourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">Basketry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellmaker">Bellmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">Blacksmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Brickmaker">Brickmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broommaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillum_(pipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillum (pipe)">Chillum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_decoy_(model)" title="Duck decoy (model)">Decoy carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Drystone Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-voto" title="Ex-voto">Ex-voto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li>Furniture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Harness maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li> <li>Jewelry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiyottam" title="Kuthiyottam">Kuthiyottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Retablos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Retablos">Latin American Retablos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leather crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei (garland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljuskrona" title="Ljuskrona">Ljuskrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Locksmith">Locksmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubok" title="Lubok">Lubok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhubani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani painting">Madhubani painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_art" title="Miniature art">Miniatures</a> or Models</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_Kantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakshi Kantha">Nakshi Kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li>Painting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewterer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pewterer">Pewterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phad_painting" title="Phad painting">Phad painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycled_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled materials">Recycled materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ropemaker">Ropemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Sawsmith</a></li> <li>Sculpture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker">Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">Stonemason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner (occupation)">Tanner</a></li> <li>Textiles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile#Materials_and_processes" title="Tile">Tile maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">Tinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">Tinsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_art_in_South_Asia" title="Truck art in South Asia">Truck art in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tools">Tools</a></li> <li>Toys</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen_(wooden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treen (wooden)">Treenwaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirligig" title="Whirligig">Whirligig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terminology">Related terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Related terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are a wide-ranging assortment of labels for an eclectic group of art works. All of these genres are created outside of the institutional structures of the art world, and are not considered "fine art". There is overlap between these labeled collections, such that an object might be listed under two or more labels.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of these groupings and individual objects might also resemble "folk art" in its aspects, however may not align to the defining characteristics outlined above. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_brut" class="mw-redirect" title="Art brut">Art brut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandma_Prisbrey%27s_Bottle_Village" title="Grandma Prisbrey&#39;s Bottle Village">Folk Environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre paintings">Genre paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li>Outlier art<sup id="cite_ref-NGA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive art">Primitive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_art" title="Tramp art">Tramp art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_art" title="Trench art">Trench art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_art" title="Tribal art">Tribal art</a></li> <li>Vanguard art<sup id="cite_ref-NGA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular art">Vernacular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_mainstream_art">Influence on mainstream art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on mainstream art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk artworks, styles and motifs have inspired various artists. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> was inspired by African tribal sculptures and masks. <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Natalia Goncharova</a> and others were inspired by traditional <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_prints" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular prints">popular prints</a> called <a href="/wiki/Lubok" title="Lubok">luboks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, artist, writer and curator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jones_(artist)" title="Barbara Jones (artist)">Barbara Jones</a> organised the exhibition <i>Black Eyes and Lemonade</i> at the Whitechapel Gallery in London as part of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>. This exhibition, along with her publication <i>The Unsophisticated Arts</i>, exhibited folk and mass-produced consumer objects alongside contemporary art in an early instance of the popularisation of <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporting_organizations">Supporting organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Supporting organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations recognizes and supports <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in particular <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in partnership with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iov.world">International Organization of Folk Art (IOV)</a>. Their declared mission is to “further folk art, customs and culture around the world through the organization of festivals and other cultural events, … with emphasis on dancing, folk music, folk songs and folk art.”<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By supporting international exchanges of folk art groups as well as the organization of festivals and other cultural events, their goal is promote international understanding and world peace. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> works to promote greater understanding and sustainability of cultural heritage across the United States and around the world through research, education, and community engagement. As part of this, they identify and support NEA folk art fellows in quilting, ironwork, woodcarving, pottery, embroidery, basketry, weaving, along with other related traditional arts. The NEA guidelines define as criteria for this award a display of “authenticity, excellence, and significance within a particular tradition” for the artists selected. (NEA guidelines) .” In 1966, the NEA's first year of funding, support for national and regional folk festivals was identified as a priority with the first grant made in 1967 to the National Folk Festival Association. <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">Folklife festivals</a> are celebrated around the world to encourage and support the education and community engagement of diverse ethnic communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_folk_arts">Regional folk arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Regional folk arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_folk_art" title="African folk art">African folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_art" title="Chinese folk art">Chinese folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a> (Japanese folk art movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a> (Korean folk art)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mak Yong">Mak Yong</a> (Northern Malay Peninsular folk art dance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Mexican handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joget" title="Joget">Joget</a> (Wider Malay folk art dance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_art" title="Tribal art">Tribal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli_painting" title="Warli painting">Warli painting</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts of Karnataka</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Art_and_Ethnological_Museum_of_Macedonia_and_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Art and Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and Thrace">Folk Art and Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Art_Museum_of_Patras" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Art Museum of Patras">Folk Art Museum of Patras</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art_of_the_United_States" title="Folk art of the United States">Folk art of the United States</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_art" title="Appalachian folk art">Appalachian folk art</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations">Associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Art_Society_of_America" title="Folk Art Society of America">Folk Art Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/partnerships/non-governmental-organizations/international-organization-folk-art">IOV International Organization of Folk Art, in partnership with UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cioff.org">CIOFF: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTxowBxbLzE"><i>Pennsylvania Folklore: Woven Together</i> TV Program on textile arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Organization" title="National Folk Organization">National Folk Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum_Collections">Museum Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Museum Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum" title="American Folk Art Museum">American Folk Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southernhighlandguild.org">Folk Art Center and Guild, Asheville NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_International_Folk_Art" title="Museum of International Folk Art">Museum of International Folk Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller_Folk_Art_Museum" title="Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum">Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Museum" title="Shelburne Museum">Shelburne Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWertkin2004">Wertkin 2004</a>, p.&#160;xxxiv-xxxvi)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWertkin2004">Wertkin 2004</a>, p.&#160;xxxii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lucie-Smith" title="Edward Lucie-Smith">Lucie-Smith, Edward</a>, <i>The Thames &amp; Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms</i>, p. 95, 2003 (2nd edn), Thames &amp; Hudson, World of Art series, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500203652" title="Special:BookSources/0500203652">0500203652</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWertkin2004">Wertkin 2004</a>, p.&#160;xxx)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWertkin2004">Wertkin 2004</a>, p.&#160;xxviii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanart.si.edu/art/highlights/folk">"Folk and Self-Taught Art"</a>. <i>SAAM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=SAAM&amp;rft.atitle=Folk+and+Self-Taught+Art&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanart.si.edu%2Fart%2Fhighlights%2Ffolk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p.&#160;214)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFVlach1992">Vlach 1992</a>, p.&#160;19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2021" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Ray (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/maud-lewis/biography/"><i>Maud Lewis: Life &amp; Work</i></a>. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0267-8"><bdi>978-1-4871-0267-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Maud+Lewis%3A+Life+%26+Work&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=Art+Canada+Institute&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4871-0267-8&amp;rft.aulast=Cronin&amp;rft.aufirst=Ray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci-iac.ca%2Fart-books%2Fmaud-lewis%2Fbiography%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFVlach1992">Vlach 1992</a>, p.&#160;20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongdon1986" class="citation journal cs1">Congdon, Kristin (1986). "Finding the Tradition in Folk Art: An Art Educator's Perspective". <i>The Journal of Aesthetic Education</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3332437">10.2307/3332437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3332437">3332437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Aesthetic+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Finding+the+Tradition+in+Folk+Art%3A+An+Art+Educator%27s+Perspective&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3332437&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3332437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Congdon&amp;rft.aufirst=Kristin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKubler1962">Kubler 1962</a>, p.&#160;8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, p.&#160;221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGlassie1992">Glassie 1992</a>, p.&#160;271)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPocius1995">Pocius 1995</a>, p.&#160;421)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRoberts1972">Roberts 1972</a>, p.&#160;240 ff)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2018/outliers-and-american-vanguard-art.html">"Outliers and American Vanguard Art"</a>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&amp;rft.atitle=Outliers+and+American+Vanguard+Art&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fexhibitions%2F2018%2Foutliers-and-american-vanguard-art.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStudentProjects/00-01/9705226m/mmcourse/project/gonch.project/biography.htm"><i>Goncharova Biography</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720062835/http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStudentProjects/00-01/9705226m/mmcourse/project/gonch.project/biography.htm">Archived</a> 2009-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hatii, retrieved 19/2/2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty2017" class="citation book cs1">Moriarty, Catherine (2017-11-30). "Popular Art, Pop Art, and 'the Boys who Turn out the Fine Arts'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Pop art and design</i>. Massey, Anne, 1956-, Seago, Alex. London, UK. pp.&#160;25–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474226189" title="Special:BookSources/9781474226189"><bdi>9781474226189</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928487681">928487681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Popular+Art%2C+Pop+Art%2C+and+%27the+Boys+who+Turn+out+the+Fine+Arts%27&amp;rft.btitle=Pop+art+and+design&amp;rft.place=London%2C+UK&amp;rft.pages=25-47&amp;rft.date=2017-11-30&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928487681&amp;rft.isbn=9781474226189&amp;rft.aulast=Moriarty&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/note5788.doc.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'GREAT MASTERS OF MEXICAN FOLK ART' EXHIBIT TO OPEN AT UN HEADQUARTERS ON 10 APRIL | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.un.org&amp;rft.atitle=%27GREAT+MASTERS+OF+MEXICAN+FOLK+ART%27+EXHIBIT+TO+OPEN+AT+UN+HEADQUARTERS+ON+10+APRIL+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2003%2Fnote5788.doc.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/partnerships/non-governmental-organizations/international-organization-folk-art">UNESCO Mission Statement</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Visual Arts">Visual Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alebrije" title="Alebrije">Alebrije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_folk_art" title="African folk art">African folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum" title="American Folk Art Museum">American Folk Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cornett" title="Chester Cornett">Chester Cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillum_(pipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillum (pipe)">Chillum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_art" title="Chinese folk art">Chinese folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-voto" title="Ex-voto">Ex-voto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Cobb" title="Guy Cobb">Guy Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_%22Uncle_Jack%22_Dey" class="mw-redirect" title="John William &quot;Uncle Jack&quot; Dey">John William "Uncle Jack" Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_R._Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliana R. Force">Juliana R. Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiyottam" title="Kuthiyottam">Kuthiyottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Retablos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Retablos">Latin American Retablos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljuskrona" title="Ljuskrona">Ljuskrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubok" title="Lubok">Lubok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhubani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani painting">Madhubani painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a> (Japanese folk art movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a> (Korean folk art)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_folklore" title="Museum folklore">Museum folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_Kantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakshi Kantha">Nakshi Kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_art" title="Nose art">Nose art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phad_painting" title="Phad painting">Phad painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_vehicle_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani vehicle art">Pakistani vehicle art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaquan" title="Pasaquan">Pasaquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Couch" title="Rebecca Couch">Rebecca Couch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_crafts" title="Rural crafts">Rural crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thidambu_Nritham" title="Thidambu Nritham">Thidambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_art" title="Tramp art">Tramp art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_art" title="Tribal art">Tribal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaillancourt_Folk_Art" title="Vaillancourt Folk Art">Vaillancourt Folk Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warli painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirligig" title="Whirligig">Whirligig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia#Culture" title="Zambia">Wire craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech folklore</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Richard (1971). "Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>84</b> (331): 31–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539731">10.2307/539731</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539731">539731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&amp;rft.atitle=Differential+Identity+and+the+Social+Base+of+Folklore&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=331&amp;rft.pages=31-41&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F539731&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F539731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Bauman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Amos1997a" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Amos, Dan (1997a). "Performance". In Green, Thomas (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreencyclop00gree_262"><i>Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreencyclop00gree_262/page/n663">630</a>–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874369861" title="Special:BookSources/9780874369861"><bdi>9780874369861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Performance&amp;rft.btitle=Folklore+An+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs%2C+Customs%2C+Tales%2C+Music%2C+and+Art&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&amp;rft.pages=630-35&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780874369861&amp;rft.aulast=Ben-Amos&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkloreencyclop00gree_262&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner1986" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (1986). "Folk Objects". In Oring, Elliott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkgroupsfolklo00orin"><i>Folk Groups And Folklore Genres: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkgroupsfolklo00orin/page/199">199</a>–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Folk+Objects&amp;rft.btitle=Folk+Groups+And+Folklore+Genres%3A+An+Introduction&amp;rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&amp;rft.pages=199-223&amp;rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.aulast=Bronner&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkgroupsfolklo00orin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner1986a" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (1986a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graspingthingsfo00bron"><i>Grasping Things&#160;: Folk Material Culture and Mass Society in America</i></a></span>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813115726" title="Special:BookSources/9780813115726"><bdi>9780813115726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grasping+Things+%3A+Folk+Material+Culture+and+Mass+Society+in+America&amp;rft.place=Lexington&amp;rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=9780813115726&amp;rft.aulast=Bronner&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraspingthingsfo00bron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongdon1996" class="citation book cs1">Congdon, Kristin G. (1996). "Art, Folk". In Brunvand, Jan Harald (ed.). <i>American Folklore, an Encyclopedia</i>. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp.&#160;46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Art%2C+Folk&amp;rft.btitle=American+Folklore%2C+an+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+London&amp;rft.pages=46-53&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Congdon&amp;rft.aufirst=Kristin+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassie1972" class="citation book cs1">Glassie, Henry (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folklorefolklife00dors">"Folk Art"</a></span>. In Dorson, Richard (ed.). <i>Folklore and Folklife: an Introduction</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folklorefolklife00dors/page/253">253–280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226158709" title="Special:BookSources/9780226158709"><bdi>9780226158709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Folk+Art&amp;rft.btitle=Folklore+and+Folklife%3A+an+Introduction&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=253-280&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=9780226158709&amp;rft.aulast=Glassie&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolklorefolklife00dors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1980" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1980). <i>Interpreting Folklore</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Interpreting+Folklore&amp;rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.aulast=Dundes&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbert1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gabbert, Lisa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/2326/30(1-2)+119-128.pdf?sequence=1">"The "Text/Context" Controversy and the Emergence of Behavioral Approaches in Folklore"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folklore Forum</i>. <b>30</b> (112): 119–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Folklore+Forum&amp;rft.atitle=The+%22Text%2FContext%22+Controversy+and+the+Emergence+of+Behavioral+Approaches+in+Folklore&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=112&amp;rft.pages=119-128&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Gabbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2022%2F2326%2F30%281-2%29%2B119-128.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassie1976" class="citation book cs1">Glassie, Henry (1976). <i>Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts</i>. Univ of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870491733" title="Special:BookSources/9780870491733"><bdi>9780870491733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Folk+Housing+in+Middle+Virginia%3A+Structural+Analysis+of+Historic+Artifacts&amp;rft.pub=Univ+of+Tennessee+Press&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=9780870491733&amp;rft.aulast=Glassie&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassie1992" class="citation book cs1">Glassie, Henry (1992). "The Idea of Folk Art". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). <i>Folk Art and Art Worlds</i>. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp.&#160;269–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+Folk+Art&amp;rft.btitle=Folk+Art+and+Art+Worlds&amp;rft.place=Logan%2C+Utah&amp;rft.pages=269-274&amp;rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Glassie&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassie1999" class="citation book cs1">Glassie, Henry (1999). <i>Material Culture</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Material+Culture&amp;rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Glassie&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1975" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael Owen (1975). <i>The Handmade Object and its Maker</i>. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreencyclop00gree_262/page/n77">56</a>–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874369861" title="Special:BookSources/9780874369861"><bdi>9780874369861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Art%2C+Folk&amp;rft.btitle=Folklore+An+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs%2C+Customs%2C+Tales%2C+Music%2C+and+Art&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&amp;rft.pages=56-60&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780874369861&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+Owen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkloreencyclop00gree_262&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1992" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Rosemary (1992). 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreencyclop00gree_262/page/n573">540</a>–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874369861" title="Special:BookSources/9780874369861"><bdi>9780874369861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Material+Culture&amp;rft.btitle=Folklore+An+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs%2C+Customs%2C+Tales%2C+Music%2C+and+Art&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&amp;rft.pages=540-544&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780874369861&amp;rft.aulast=Vlach&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkloreencyclop00gree_262&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertkin2004" class="citation book cs1">Wertkin, Gerard C. (2004). "Introduction". In Wertkin, Gerald C. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415929868"><i>Encyclopedia of American Folk Art</i></a></span>. New York, London: Routledge. pp.&#160;xxvii–xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415929868" title="Special:BookSources/9780415929868"><bdi>9780415929868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Folk+Art&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+London&amp;rft.pages=xxvii-xxxiii&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9780415929868&amp;rft.aulast=Wertkin&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerard+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415929868&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich"><i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</i></a></span>. USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&amp;rft.place=USA&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MM Hoque and SS Mostafizur Rahman, Wari-Bateshwer, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Retrieved; 11 January 2013</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_art&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Folk_art" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Folk art">Folk art</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cioff.org">CIOFF: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23716">Collection: "Folk, Self-Taught, Amateur, and Visionary Art"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_tripping" title="Legend tripping">Legend tripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives&#39; tale">Old wives' tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">Silver bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Folk epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)">Morphology (folkloristics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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