CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="listScTemplate_1-0" class="comp listScTemplate article-html html mntl-html no-js taxlevel-3" data-ab="99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,55,99,99,99,78" data-mm-ads-resource-version="1.2.200" data-reference-resource-version="4.44.0" data-mm-video-resource-version="1.4.34" data-mantle-resource-version="4.0.860" lang="en" data-tracking-container="true" data-resource-version="4.44.0" data-ddm-standard-tracking="true"> <head class="loc head"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//js-sec.indexww.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//c.amazon-adsystem.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dnsprefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large, NOODP, NOYDIR" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" /> <title>Top 12 Books: The Holy Roman Empire</title> <meta name="description" content="Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers." itemprop="description"> <meta name="emailcontenttype" content="LISTSC" /> <meta name="emailvertical" content="THOUGHTCO" /> <meta name="sailthru.author" content="Robert Wilde" /> <meta name="sailthru.tags" content="humanities,history-and-culture,european-history" /> <meta name="parsely-section" content="Humanities" /> <meta name="parsely-tags" content="ThoughtCo,Humanities,History & Culture,European History" />  <meta itemprop="name" content="Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire" /> <meta property="article:section" content="ThoughtCo" />  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ThoughtCo" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Top 12 Books: The Holy Roman Empire" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NBS7xEuWJmpC1-LlwbDxfQBFw-k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CharlemagneCrownedbyPopeLeoIII-58f7a5c93df78ca159521f63.jpg" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom/" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoughtcocom" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Top 12 Books: The Holy Roman Empire" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NBS7xEuWJmpC1-LlwbDxfQBFw-k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CharlemagneCrownedbyPopeLeoIII-58f7a5c93df78ca159521f63.jpg" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://feeds-api.dotdashmeredith.com/v1/rss/google/e5bf8ae1-a904-434a-842c-3487c2b4e7c2"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" data-glb-css="top" href="/static/4.44.0/cache/eNqdVmuW2yoM3tDleBH91XO6CQyyrYZHCvLcmd1XPJLYCcGe_rEloU8vhGCIJAnVYKUjA4OKcUgS-G94XUArZxBXIxUs3mgILSULATVKN6DT8HnXyEsS3QvE26t34CgOF3b7Wb4P2PNygAkCOAVir2i9Xg3ELSBINOIDNfjsPVM9_VHGWgAlpI6tGFg8bJdek_gf9Qz8d55wQsVa3olROgeh1BAqd8LGAjgv9GORboZfGAmSkZawFeps_CgNq0udUVK39Zz8wDmHOcQLXoVBd3lQLcTkg2X7ybE0IoIManliDxyVaARLNuQBZlqNiSoAuIzbswfYMbAXFVY7xi29a86ULaccqbMx-QBk7RmnA5_KO5KKcrAb-l1XmVyH0cugT_XoZOATRwPcqT39jdmSZcNNO_7fq63NcKc6landNnlP3G3l1-nKtt6r2W1zeoXcX7mc6Yze2aOmfuAamK7LEl5ptzv5LWiqWtwx5-Dak5ZxEavDDwixxt-UdgzKwPI6livdbL-qxqNVdNQs8FgfroEPQfgS5SjsuHOpHZ3F92nUv6gjbc_2EusA0c3PfM_S1UeqZkTtptF4dXm7cGLKV_W4yFBvUNYUW2kroib6CDSuRN7F7IW3zpEokn8ongWSO6aT6fjFrQ_FbaV7Hm_q31CVKy0-CPLeEF57vUQUkJPGVIYNI5DAntis6mE44WkXUjmD7Sg7RU8XBy8M6V4S8XZRZbrjOlJYFa0B9N3AQtbkz_dg9TVU2aPrsWGgjIn9eDiR75tQ0KXt_nlkLfo1KIhCOoYj3e6BV2HvYN10RBE8892HZ3qhifT8zFE_2B4o_llvAyCyyuVLFMlZzF65Nbt4vpdr9069e4w8Htl-pZEjdw1RpxGsjN7xtZD6Zcd0MCo_UfjzF2fp16c.min.css"></link> <style type="text/css"> </style> <script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="top" src="/static/4.44.0/cache/eNqNk2FqwzAMhS804zsMxn4NxsgFFFtx1Th2kJSW9PRzQtemxQ2DONh-n6RnObGioOTsAEkjWpeHMSdMKjbCnCe1RymPcQd0_Zt9hI8LdJmFLliInDoKz8h1FamVR5ySIgs6pZxqeTN49BXB5dwTSkWZlCJpXeuS2ZN9HnZ1ZXA9pbALnTD5zFYPnLVsVYihTEzLCP2Yy_nvSYrG2CFjcvi6xuZunHC3vipVxqmVqb0L2U8R1-7_NO_LeCWtpyyTjxNuzW38w9xiLRr8FyqTk2ZJgVxjPr-bZdQkBQ6oS38FOowkWqPEGfBSUxiL4wmb6y3dkE3DSuRChlFrHYOA5kR43ul40GH9_CK53uhzpT8zmwCmcFDDQHG1eFv9P4bKD5VI0dy3TTFWzPIvW9ZmNg.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.csrf = window.Mntl.csrf || window.Mntl.csrfInit('c9efadea6f702ff3ff44b26f8d6b78b0', false);window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; Mntl.RTB = Mntl.RTB || {}; Mntl.RTB.setUseConsentManagement(false); Mntl.RTB.setIpAddress('8.222.208.146') Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveRamp(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveIntentSignedInUser(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseGDPREnforcement(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseCommerceAndShoppingAPSTag(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseAmazonNcaHookTest(false); Mntl.RTB.setTaxonomyStampValues({"tax1":"tho_humanities","tax2":"tho_history-and-culture","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_european-history"}); Mntl.RTB.setPrebidBidResponseTimeout(950); Mntl.RTB.setPrebidUserIdAuctionDelay(500); Mntl.RTB.setRtbLibraryLoadTimeout(750); Mntl.RTB.setAmazonTamBidResponseTimeout(1000); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.amazon.amazonConfigs = {"mapTaxValues":{"tax1":"tho_humanities","tax2":"tho_history-and-culture","si_section":"tho_history-and-culture","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_european-history"},"amazonSlotName":false,"mapFBValues":{"billboard2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard6":"287662961980198_287667961979698","adunitid":"mapFBID","billboard5":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard4":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard3":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard2":"287662961980198_287667635313064","billboard7":"287662961980198_287667961979698","video":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardac":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard":"287662961980198_287668258646335","default":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","native":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter":"287662961980198_287667635313064"},"amazonSection":"European History"}; Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setPriceGranularity({"buckets":[{"max":"20","increment":"0.05"},{"max":"70","increment":"1"}]}); Mntl.RTB.initVideoBidders([{ type: 'amazon', id: '3222' }, { type: 'prebid', id: 'true' } ]); Mntl.RTB.initDisplayAndOutstreamBidders([{ type: "amazon", id: '3222'},{ type: "msg", id: 'true'},{ type: "prebid", id: 'true'},{ type: "liveConnect", id: 'b-01jb'}]); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setConfig({"square-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}],"preroll":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"type":"instream","inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_preroll_pbc2s"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}],"square-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}],"global":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardac\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6405120","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setSrc('/cache/eNqllsGS0zAMhl-ITod9gwLdnc7QYdkW7o6tZLV1JI8stw1Pj1oYhgOHKJwSZ_TZvy35V9ZVg2Jcj5xahrruGqXb862ui0CHyV4SVv09WkUWeLeeC4mm_T1mPhJy5ssmKp5REaoD1LqhkCcLrpsUioLMhyNTBdJ9oDDAaG_H2DtoQQXepcNUFcb5XIKuDQPS4ED6skkHkDPId0zA80kM9UXTs_DZOMfRWDQp6vQZ6eTfYsYz7EhtCj9bQijoDH9keSrqgVAWKLuPfqXhAyZ3uRXBCI-ZWRwFXl-DQPKL1dh_ZFLhPJ9pmB78KzXCHpdIbBUsC467XgrBtdUlZ4_XRRlr3XiLXMJK69AMZgmqmhZhgiVDxl6X0FyAFh1SfG10craIKGCBZ1gJkPkSyMo-lxwmh97uDaI-tSCeElreK8byH41lPjoU_aaYq6s5OImKP8CJmDW832LyEQ8-4u-u4TjrJlZEcXJu6ALhdFBX0bJoZ55q7u8zka5ur7arilYVjtuMI3DTrw2aQ2PiMSB9MY1iLfzIL8z66f5t_hwnmC4snszdLcBv5M6UxaAwsExHCVSzMUx7m8r1J6U3tmcZn4OE0avg1rEOE0WvcCYyrzK9O-odP29N8r9X-hO5vUJst4l_Ag_Th1c.js'); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setUserIdConfig({"liveIntentPublisherId":"79925"}); Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs = Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs || {}; Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs.rawConfig = {"slots":{"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]},"preroll":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"type":"instream","inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_preroll_pbc2s"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}]},"square-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardac\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6405120","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}},"default":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"prebidModules":["prebid-core.js","rtdModule.js","allowActivities.js","atsAnalyticsAdapter.js","consentManagementTcf.js","criteoIdSystem.js","debugging.js","dfpAdServerVideo.js","iasRtdProvider.js","identityLinkIdSystem.js","liveIntentIdSystem.js","paapi.js","paapiForGpt.js","pairIdSystem.js","prebidServerBidAdapter.js","priceFloors.js","sharedIdSystem.js","tcfControl.js","uid2IdSystem.js","unifiedIdSystem.js","userId.js","appnexusBidAdapter.js","ixBidAdapter.js","pubmaticBidAdapter.js","rubiconBidAdapter.js","ttdBidAdapter.js","tripleliftBidAdapter.js","openxBidAdapter.js"]},"ab":[]}; console.log('✅ Libra is loaded!'); (function(){ const mantleDependencies = { } ; const pageTargeting = { customSeries: '' ,abtest: 'lcid1' ,tax0: 'tho' ,rid: 'nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04' ,custom: '' ,sid: 'nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04' } ; const baseSlotTargeting = { gtemplate: 'list' ,leaid: '8806' ,revenueGroup: '' ,docId: '1221677' ,viewtype: '' ,type: 'list' ,tax1: 'tho_humanities' ,tax2: 'tho_history-and-culture' ,t: '115' ,au: '8806' ,tier: 'L' ,jny: '0' ,leuid: '151378030080892' ,sbj: '' ,id: '1221677' ,aid: '3c55ff52f42c7d10bb007919' ,tax3: 'tho_european-history' ,jnyroot: '' } ; const adLazyOffset = {'mob-square-fixed-intro-1': 750}; pageTargeting.w = Mntl.utilities.getW(); const initialSlots = []; initialSlots.push({ config: { id: 'leaderboard-flex-1', sizes: [[728, 90], [970,90], [970, 250]], type: 'leaderboard', rtb: true, timedRefresh: 0, waitForThirdParty: false }, targeting: Mntl.fnUtilities.deepExtend({}, { pos: 'atf', priority: 1 }) }); initialSlots.push({ config: { id: 'square-flex-1', sizes: [[300, 250],[300, 600],[300, 1050],[160, 600]], type: 'square', rtb: true, timedRefresh: 0, waitForThirdParty: false }, targeting: Mntl.fnUtilities.deepExtend({}, { pos: 'atf', priority: 2 }) }); const testIds = Mntl.GPT.getTestIds(); pageTargeting.ab = testIds; pageTargeting.bts = testIds; Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { Mntl.utilities.loadExternalJS({ src: '//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js', async: false }); }); const options = { domain: 'www.thoughtco.com', templateName: 'listsc', isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isDesktop: true, dfpId: '3865', publisherProvidedId: 'a91a9eb1-1baa-4718-9b65-9b0fcb89914c', singleRequest: false, useLmdFormat: true, useOxygen: true, prebidConfigApi: false, useInfiniteRightRail: true, loadAdsAboveViewport: false, waitForNextFramePaint: false, revenueGroupAllowList: '', lmdSiteCode: 'hlt', pageTargeting, baseSlotTargeting, adLazyOffset, geo: { isInEurope: false, isInUsa: false }, initialSlots, auctionFloors: {"billboard2":{"id":"1552493e0f0844c9aa10ef73ad78a9e4","floor":"5"},"other":{"id":"ade0de584a2a422f99e934cd54b87d52","floor":"50"},"billboard6":{"id":"d9f82edf28e44244a1bb7117f42ac476","floor":"5"},"billboard5":{"id":"b340b93231954f2689e7025e2c0b4d18","floor":"5"},"billboard4":{"id":"7ad9ab485fa5443fa94ccc9bdca0a54c","floor":"5"},"billboard3":{"id":"f3f09dd3fe0147ca8227ab5458eebddb","floor":"5"},"billboard9":{"id":"488a3fee6fac46538f5e3ae6e51fe20e","floor":"5"},"billboard8":{"id":"f026d0eec2024513afe5b28e3319ac0f","floor":"5"},"billboardfooter2":{"id":"311073fb68e74727993cb054fe4430ac","floor":"50"},"broadmatch":{"id":"1bf596551eb9405a8d491ce078883cd4","floor":"5"},"billboard7":{"id":"8c88c6ba9f90426e800eff9dd8d0da96","floor":"5"},"leaderboardac":{"id":"1d2472433a85494c9501b140d9a1ad07","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed":{"id":"449b24392f4b4c3a8285e203a64b2e6b","floor":"50"},"billboardfooter":{"id":"bd907afd733c48f185f70915ac74154a","floor":"20"},"leaderboardfooter2":{"id":"b4e76d3c1cf74c1ca3f12ec305e5d477","floor":"20"},"leaderboard-flex-1":{"id":"6330c0d82bd34adda20418fdc163d9a1","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-flex-2":{"id":"69272dabe35b4230a13938af298f75ff","floor":"5"},"square-flex-2":{"id":"c13704bf38e94252aa37db34edaddc9d","floor":"5"},"square-flex-1":{"id":"6fc33fe17f4747dfb36dfebf395636da","floor":"5"},"adhesive":{"id":"64de72640b214667bb8b9619b8b6a19d","floor":"25"},"square-fixed-4":{"id":"d52b7b6757414cb6a7d9885ff4c77b5d","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-3":{"id":"b57dc2458de54ebfac6f1f50477c6b45","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-2":{"id":"37febc1e4b1d446eab0c4fc4c075b0fd","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-1":{"id":"18efe8595dde4c02997da03ea354f7c0","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-1":{"id":"f35a56c653844a519beacc6324430144","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-8":{"id":"4854e3a5e1df46d6bfd2d35901766c07","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-8":{"id":"f5dd53128a5f45f79b6c0e10ef184775","floor":"20"},"mob-square-flex-1":{"id":"21369d2b78ed46adb737cd0a1807ac5c","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-7":{"id":"e6ab8ef52f3d4e8b8ac868affa8e50d3","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-9":{"id":"bb244a8f3dcd4ce9a6dc10f703ec49b3","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-6":{"id":"2aac544603f648878aa881568d11cc09","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-2":{"id":"7c365e41079a42aaa31927e67c8da8e0","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-5":{"id":"06053e86f93941bda0b0f63ff74c4a36","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-5":{"id":"51cfda109b8746e9beef6c4e88481ac7","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-1":{"id":"0b11b76e67e74a2ebd92efb163f4194b","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-6":{"id":"814d9f6ea0a04d429c95152f1c83c42a","floor":"20"},"billboard":{"id":"c27504ff7166457ea12d0f4358d106ed","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-1":{"id":"fd801e654fa44f5bbd341c9d9053cfdf","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-2":{"id":"3e78f020556a47ba8c8fb5871b44e7f3","floor":"5"},"leaderboard":{"id":"08c6a6a889904e2781ba965da042d811","floor":"80"},"inline":{"id":"3d5b9b5843474c8c828a468e59265d37","floor":"5"},"square-fixed":{"id":"bab3683523e2411e99eb6ab43b2474af","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter":{"id":"0f753592739c47d1b45d66d7c441209b","floor":"20"},"dynamic-inline":{"id":"1fcee3f5892e4e1f8fd090836c51ed8e","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-9":{"id":"c85a0c059c444f8da27205fb620c12e5","floor":"5"},"mob-adhesive-banner-fixed":{"id":"1ae057445ee0474780904de1986d2af8","floor":"5"},"billboard11":{"id":"ae958d6ef4c24b51844f346b2417e7d7","floor":"5"},"primary":{"id":"ee7cd89f77d449f09425cff055e3b796","floor":"5"}}, utils: { generateSlotId: Ref.GPT.generateSlotId, buildGptUrl: Ref.GPT.buildGptUrl }, displayOnScroll: false, displayOnConsent: true, adsToCollapse: ['leaderboard*','square*'] }; if (Mntl.AdMetrics) { Mntl.AdMetrics.init("1221677", "nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04", initialSlots.map(slot => slot.config.id), Date.now()); } else { Mntl.AdMetrics = { pushMetrics: () => {} }; } Mntl.GPT.setMantleDependencies(mantleDependencies); Mntl.GPT.init(options); }());window.MMads = window.MMads || {}; MMads.auctionFloors = MMads.auctionFloors || {}; MMads.auctionFloors.floorConfig = {"billboard2":{"id":"1552493e0f0844c9aa10ef73ad78a9e4","floor":"5"},"other":{"id":"ade0de584a2a422f99e934cd54b87d52","floor":"50"},"billboard6":{"id":"d9f82edf28e44244a1bb7117f42ac476","floor":"5"},"billboard5":{"id":"b340b93231954f2689e7025e2c0b4d18","floor":"5"},"billboard4":{"id":"7ad9ab485fa5443fa94ccc9bdca0a54c","floor":"5"},"billboard3":{"id":"f3f09dd3fe0147ca8227ab5458eebddb","floor":"5"},"billboard9":{"id":"488a3fee6fac46538f5e3ae6e51fe20e","floor":"5"},"billboard8":{"id":"f026d0eec2024513afe5b28e3319ac0f","floor":"5"},"billboardfooter2":{"id":"311073fb68e74727993cb054fe4430ac","floor":"50"},"broadmatch":{"id":"1bf596551eb9405a8d491ce078883cd4","floor":"5"},"billboard7":{"id":"8c88c6ba9f90426e800eff9dd8d0da96","floor":"5"},"leaderboardac":{"id":"1d2472433a85494c9501b140d9a1ad07","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed":{"id":"449b24392f4b4c3a8285e203a64b2e6b","floor":"50"},"billboardfooter":{"id":"bd907afd733c48f185f70915ac74154a","floor":"20"},"leaderboardfooter2":{"id":"b4e76d3c1cf74c1ca3f12ec305e5d477","floor":"20"},"leaderboard-flex-1":{"id":"6330c0d82bd34adda20418fdc163d9a1","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-flex-2":{"id":"69272dabe35b4230a13938af298f75ff","floor":"5"},"square-flex-2":{"id":"c13704bf38e94252aa37db34edaddc9d","floor":"5"},"square-flex-1":{"id":"6fc33fe17f4747dfb36dfebf395636da","floor":"5"},"adhesive":{"id":"64de72640b214667bb8b9619b8b6a19d","floor":"25"},"square-fixed-4":{"id":"d52b7b6757414cb6a7d9885ff4c77b5d","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-3":{"id":"b57dc2458de54ebfac6f1f50477c6b45","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-2":{"id":"37febc1e4b1d446eab0c4fc4c075b0fd","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-1":{"id":"18efe8595dde4c02997da03ea354f7c0","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-1":{"id":"f35a56c653844a519beacc6324430144","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-8":{"id":"4854e3a5e1df46d6bfd2d35901766c07","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-8":{"id":"f5dd53128a5f45f79b6c0e10ef184775","floor":"20"},"mob-square-flex-1":{"id":"21369d2b78ed46adb737cd0a1807ac5c","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-7":{"id":"e6ab8ef52f3d4e8b8ac868affa8e50d3","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-9":{"id":"bb244a8f3dcd4ce9a6dc10f703ec49b3","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-6":{"id":"2aac544603f648878aa881568d11cc09","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-2":{"id":"7c365e41079a42aaa31927e67c8da8e0","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-5":{"id":"06053e86f93941bda0b0f63ff74c4a36","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-5":{"id":"51cfda109b8746e9beef6c4e88481ac7","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-1":{"id":"0b11b76e67e74a2ebd92efb163f4194b","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-6":{"id":"814d9f6ea0a04d429c95152f1c83c42a","floor":"20"},"billboard":{"id":"c27504ff7166457ea12d0f4358d106ed","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-1":{"id":"fd801e654fa44f5bbd341c9d9053cfdf","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-2":{"id":"3e78f020556a47ba8c8fb5871b44e7f3","floor":"5"},"leaderboard":{"id":"08c6a6a889904e2781ba965da042d811","floor":"80"},"inline":{"id":"3d5b9b5843474c8c828a468e59265d37","floor":"5"},"square-fixed":{"id":"bab3683523e2411e99eb6ab43b2474af","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter":{"id":"0f753592739c47d1b45d66d7c441209b","floor":"20"},"dynamic-inline":{"id":"1fcee3f5892e4e1f8fd090836c51ed8e","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-9":{"id":"c85a0c059c444f8da27205fb620c12e5","floor":"5"},"mob-adhesive-banner-fixed":{"id":"1ae057445ee0474780904de1986d2af8","floor":"5"},"billboard11":{"id":"ae958d6ef4c24b51844f346b2417e7d7","floor":"5"},"primary":{"id":"ee7cd89f77d449f09425cff055e3b796","floor":"5"}}; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; // moved from gtm.ftl so we can initialize GTM only onLoad. From https://support.google.com/tagmanager/answer/6103696?hl=en Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;defer=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type="text/javascript";f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f)})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5P3SZGS'); }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'ab-proctor', 'abTests-proctor': { "99-0" : "useOxygen | useOxygen | use the Oxygenated ad unit format and slot names | 1" , "99-1" : "vanillaJSLazyAdRecipeSC | active | vanillaLazyAd.js enabled | 1" , "99-2" : "useFloorSearch | active | Use Floor Search | 1" , "99-3" : "continuousScrollMobSquareFlexOffset | active | Adds offset to mob-square-fixed-1 ad on CS articles | 1" , "99-4" : "recipescDesktopAdRefresh | active | active, right rail ads timed refresh active | 1" , "99-5" : "gamVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-6" : "liveIntentConnectedIdTest | control | LiveIntent ConnectedID is enabled | 0" , "99-7" : "prebidConfigApi | active | Ad Config API is enabled | 1" , "99-8" : "prebidTotalTimeoutBudget | default | default | 1" , "99-9" : "useDynamicVideoSizes | active | active | 1" , "99-10" : "orion | active | Active | 1" , "99-11" : "rtbLibraryLoadTimeout | default | default | 1" , "99-12" : "prebidVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-13" : "useLiveIntentSignedInUser | active | active | 1" , "55" : "relatedArticlesAlgorithm | useRecommendationService | Enables usage of proximity API | 1" , "99-15" : "removeAdTiers | active | active | 1" , "99-16" : "useLiveRamp | active | active | 1" , "99-17" : "amazonTamBidResponseTimeout | default | default | 1" , "78" : "fetchPriority | active | active | 1" } }); window.dataLayer.push({ envData: { environment: { environment: "k8s-prod", application: "reference", dataCenter: "us-west-1" }, server: { version: "4.44.0", title: "reference-launcher" }, client : { browserUA: navigator.userAgent, serverUA: "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", deviceType: "pc", usStateCode: "" }, mantle: "4.0.860", commerce: "" } }); (function(fnUtils, CMP) { const deferLoadTime = 5000; const readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForThirdPartyTracking', { bubbles: true }); const readyForThirdPartyTracking = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForThirdPartyTracking'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent); }); const readyForDeferredScriptsEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForDeferredScripts', { bubbles: true }); const readyForDeferredScripts = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForDeferredScripts'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForDeferredScriptsEvent); }); const hasTargetingConsentHandler = function() { const hasConsent = CMP.hasTargetingConsent(); if (hasConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } // Trigger the readyForDeferredScripts if consent is given // or if the user has closed the banner(AlertBox) which exists for EU // or if the user optin consent is not required, which applies for non gdpr locations if (hasConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed() || !CMP.isOptInConsent()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasConsent; }; const purposeOneConsentHandler = async function() { const hasPurposeOneConsent = await CMP.hasPurposeOneConsent(); if (hasPurposeOneConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } if (hasPurposeOneConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasPurposeOneConsent; }; const onRequiredDomEvent = fnUtils.once(function() { if (!CMP) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); readyForDeferredScripts(); return; } const handler = CMP.supportsTCData() ? purposeOneConsentHandler : hasTargetingConsentHandler; if (!CMP.isLoading()) { handler(); } CMP.onConsentChange(handler); }); [ ['adRendered', onRequiredDomEvent], ['beforeunload', onRequiredDomEvent], ['load', function() { setTimeout(onRequiredDomEvent, deferLoadTime); }] ].forEach(function(event) { window.addEventListener(event[0], event[1], { once: true }); }); })(Mntl.fnUtilities || {}, Mntl.CMP);window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; (function() { var isContinuousScroll = document.querySelector('.mntl-continuous-scroll'); var pageViewDataAsJSON = {"country":"SG","description":"Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers.","title":"Top 12 Books: The Holy Roman Empire" || document.title || '',"revenueGroup":"","contentGroup":"Other","fullUrl":"https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" + location.hash,"experienceType":"single page","entryType":"direct","excludeFromComscore":false,"internalSessionId":"nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04","internalRequestId":"nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04","hid":"","experienceTypeName":"","recircDocIdsFooter":"S-1220797|S-4150166|S-1221350|S-1221841|S-1221601|S-1221999|S-1221661|S-1221658|S-4115540|S-3861006|S-4161022|S-2360781|S-1221319|S-1221771|S-1221919|S-4158012","euTrafficFlag":false,"isGoogleBot":false,"mantleVersion":"4.0.860","commerceVersion":"","primaryTaxonomyNames":"ThoughtCo|Humanities|History & Culture|European History","templateId":"115","muid":"a91a9eb1-1baa-4718-9b65-9b0fcb89914c","lastEditingAuthorId":"8806","lastEditingUserId":"151378030080892","templateName":"LISTSC","documentId":1221677,"authorNames":"Robert Wilde","primaryTaxonomyIds":"4122478|4133358|4133356|4133316","viewType":"","authorId":"8806"}; var scrolledPageData = {}; var scrolledDocOrdinal; var scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.breakpointName = Ref.utilities.getW(); pageViewDataAsJSON.bounceExchangeId = 2473; if (isContinuousScroll) { pageViewDataAsJSON.experienceTypeName = 'continuous'; if (window.dataLayer && window.dataLayer.length) { //loop through events and collect previous scrolledDocOrdinal and scrolledPage values scrolledPageData = window.dataLayer.reduce( (acc, curr) => { if (curr.event == 'unifiedPageview') { acc.scrolledDocOrdinal = acc.scrolledDocOrdinal ? acc.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; acc.scrolledPage = acc.scrolledPage ? acc.scrolledPage + " | " + (curr.documentId).toString() : (curr.documentId).toString(); } return acc; }, {}); } scrolledPage = scrolledPageData.scrolledPage ? scrolledPageData.scrolledPage + ' | ' + (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString() : (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString(); scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal ? scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledPage = scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledDocOrdinal; } Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { var isRecirc = false && document.querySelector('.mntl-recirc-section, .related-article-list, .masonry-list-section'); if (false && !isRecirc) { pageViewDataAsJSON.recircDocIdsFooter = ""; } Mntl.PageView.init(pageViewDataAsJSON); }); })();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#F4F4F4"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/4.44.0/icons/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/static/4.44.0/icons/favicons/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/static/4.44.0/icons/favicons/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/static/4.44.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x310.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/static/4.44.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x150.png"> <div id="ie-notification-banner_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner mntl-block"><div id="ie-notification-banner__content_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__content mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><svg class="icon icon-alert ie-notification-banner__icon-alert" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-alert" href="#icon-alert"></use> </svg> <div id="ie-notification-banner__text-container_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text-container mntl-block"><span id="ie-notification-banner__text--bold_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text--bold mntl-text-block">Your web browser (Internet Explorer 7) is out of date. </span> <span id="ie-notification-banner__text_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text mntl-text-block">Update your browser for more security, speed, and the best experience on this site.</span></div> <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="ie-notification-banner__btn-update_1-0" class="ie-notification-banner__btn-update mntl-text-link ie-notification-banner__btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Update Browser</span></a> <button id="ie-notification-banner__btn-close_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__btn-close mntl-button ie-js-banner-dismiss ie-notification-banner__btn"> Ignore </button></div></div> <script id="schema-unified_1-0" class="comp schema-unified mntl-schema-unified" type="application/ld+json">[ { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": ["Article"] ,"headline": "Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire" ,"datePublished": "2015-09-20T20:44:38.000-04:00" ,"dateModified": "2019-10-09T16:38:23.862-04:00" ,"author": [ {"@type": "Person" ,"name": "Robert Wilde" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-wilde-1220771" } ] ,"description": "Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers." ,"image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NBS7xEuWJmpC1-LlwbDxfQBFw-k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CharlemagneCrownedbyPopeLeoIII-58f7a5c93df78ca159521f63.jpg", "height": 1006, "width": 1500 } ,"publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "ThoughtCo", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ruwsr0VaZ-mxBD_vXVdKmhL0sjY=/250x60/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TC_schema_logo_250x60-59af144bd088c00010d45b5f.png", "width": 250, "height": 60 }, "brand": "ThoughtCo" , "publishingPrinciples": "https://www.thoughtco.com/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" , "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom", "https://www.flipboard.com/@thoughtco" ] } ,"mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": ["WebPage"] ,"@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" ,"breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358", "name": "Humanities" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356", "name": "History & Culture" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/european-history-4133316", "name": "European History" } } ] }} , "about": [ { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "ItemList", "name": "Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire", "description": "Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers.", "itemListOrder": "http://schema.org/ItemListUnordered", "numberOfItems": 12, "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1 ,"name": ""The Holy Roman Empire 1495 - 1806" by Peter H. Wilson" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-the-holy-roman-empire-1495-1806-by-peter-h-wilson" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2 ,"name": ""Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I" by Joachim Whaley" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-germany-and-the-holy-roman-empire-volume-i-by-joachim-whaley" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3 ,"name": ""Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II" by Joachim Whaley" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-germany-and-the-holy-roman-empire-volume-ii-by-joachim-whaley" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4 ,"name": ""Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War" by Peter H. Wilson" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-europes-tragedy-a-new-history-of-the-thirty-years-war-by-peter-h-wilson" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 5 ,"name": ""Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith" by S. MacDonald" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-charles-v-ruler-dynast-and-defender-of-the-faith-by-s-macdonald" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 6 ,"name": ""Early Modern Germany 1477 - 1806" by Michael Hughes" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-early-modern-germany-1477-1806-by-michael-hughes" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 7 ,"name": ""Germany: a New Social and Economic History Vol 1" edited by Bob Scribner" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-germany-a-new-social-and-economic-history-vol-1-edited-by-bob-scribner" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 8 ,"name": ""Emperor Maximilian II" by P. Sutter Fichtner" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-emperor-maximilian-ii-by-p-sutter-fichtner" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 9 ,"name": ""From Reich to Revolution: German History, 1558-1806" by Peter H. Wilson" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-from-reich-to-revolution-german-history-1558-1806-by-peter-h-wilson" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 10 ,"name": ""Society and Economy in Germany 1300 - 1600" by Tom Scott" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-society-and-economy-in-germany-1300-1600-by-tom-scott" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 11 ,"name": ""The History of the Habsburg Empire 1273 - 1700" by J. Berenger" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-the-history-of-the-habsburg-empire-1273-1700-by-j-berenger" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 12 ,"name": ""The Thirty Years War" by Ronald G. Asch" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677#toc-the-thirty-years-war-by-ronald-g-asch" } ] } ] } ]</script> </head><body>  <svg class="mntl-svg-resource is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-alert"> <svg width="30" height="29" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.2522 4.38081C14.077 2.92054 16.1389 2.92054 16.9637 4.38081L26.7065 21.6302C27.5313 23.0905 26.5003 24.9158 24.8507 24.9158H5.36517C3.7156 24.9158 2.68462 23.0905 3.5094 21.6302L13.2522 4.38081Z" fill="#fff"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.6063 2.76459L29.2795 20.1815C31.3267 23.8676 28.7677 28.4753 24.6732 28.4753H5.32681C1.23233 28.4753 -1.32671 23.8676 0.720529 20.1815L10.3937 2.76459C12.441 -0.921533 17.559 -0.921526 19.6063 2.76459ZM16.8425 4.42334C16.0236 2.94889 13.9764 2.94889 13.1575 4.42334L3.4843 21.8402C2.6654 23.3147 3.68902 25.1577 5.32681 25.1577H24.6732C26.311 25.1577 27.3346 23.3147 26.5157 21.8402L16.8425 4.42334Z" fill="#C00"/><path d="M13.8863 18.8426L12.8572 11.2V7.66641H17.1429V11.2L16.1279 18.8426H13.8863ZM13.0264 22.9992V20.1106H16.9878V22.9992H13.0264Z" fill="#222"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-menu"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 25" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2 21.5C2 20.6716 2.67157 20 3.5 20H17.5C18.3284 20 19 20.6716 19 21.5C19 22.3284 18.3284 23 17.5 23H3.5C2.67157 23 2 22.3284 2 21.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 18H17.5C19.433 18 21 19.567 21 21.5C21 23.433 19.433 25 17.5 25H3.5C1.567 25 0 23.433 0 21.5C0 19.567 1.567 18 3.5 18ZM3.5 20C2.67157 20 2 20.6716 2 21.5C2 22.3284 2.67157 23 3.5 23H17.5C18.3284 23 19 22.3284 19 21.5C19 20.6716 18.3284 20 17.5 20H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 12.5C2 11.6716 2.67157 11 3.5 11H17.5C18.3284 11 19 11.6716 19 12.5C19 13.3284 18.3284 14 17.5 14H3.5C2.67157 14 2 13.3284 2 12.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 9H17.5C19.433 9 21 10.567 21 12.5C21 14.433 19.433 16 17.5 16H3.5C1.567 16 0 14.433 0 12.5C0 10.567 1.567 9 3.5 9ZM3.5 11C2.67157 11 2 11.6716 2 12.5C2 13.3284 2.67157 14 3.5 14H17.5C18.3284 14 19 13.3284 19 12.5C19 11.6716 18.3284 11 17.5 11H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 3.5C2 2.67157 2.67157 2 3.5 2H17.5C18.3284 2 19 2.67157 19 3.5C19 4.32843 18.3284 5 17.5 5H3.5C2.67157 5 2 4.32843 2 3.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 0H17.5C19.433 0 21 1.567 21 3.5C21 5.433 19.433 7 17.5 7H3.5C1.567 7 0 5.433 0 3.5C0 1.567 1.567 0 3.5 0ZM3.5 2C2.67157 2 2 2.67157 2 3.5C2 4.32843 2.67157 5 3.5 5H17.5C18.3284 5 19 4.32843 19 3.5C19 2.67157 18.3284 2 17.5 2H3.5Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-close"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.02513 14.4602L5.26777 10.2175L1.02513 5.97487C-0.341705 4.60804 -0.341705 2.39196 1.02513 1.02513C2.39196 -0.341708 4.60804 -0.341709 5.97488 1.02513L10.2175 5.26776L14.4602 1.02513C15.827 -0.341708 18.0431 -0.341708 19.4099 1.02513C20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 4.60804 19.4099 5.97487L15.1673 10.2175L19.4099 14.4602C20.7767 15.827 20.7767 18.0431 19.4099 19.4099C18.0431 20.7767 15.827 20.7767 14.4602 19.4099L10.2175 15.1673L5.97487 19.4099C4.60804 20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 1.02513 19.4099C-0.341709 18.0431 -0.341708 15.827 1.02513 14.4602ZM10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo"> <svg version="1.1" class="logo-img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="-169.7 -50 913.8 182.2" xml:space="preserve"><g class="logo-thought"><path d="M506.9 63.3c-1.7.4-5 1-8.7 1-6.1 0-8.1-1-10.6-3.9-2.1-2.5-2.1-6.6-2.1-12.4V12.6H507v-21h-12.1v0h-9.3v-25.8l-24.9-.1v25.9l-12 0 0 20.9h12v32.7c0 13.2 2.4 21.2 6.9 27.7 6.8 9.8 17.2 13.4 32.1 13.4 3.8 0 9.3-.8 12.5-1.9L506.9 63.3zM-73.1-49.6v23h-35.4v111h-25.8v-111h-35.4v-23H-73.1zM-35.5 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3H6.6V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4zM88.6-10.3c28.1 0 49.4 21.6 49.4 48.4 0 26.8-21.2 48.2-49.4 48.2S39.2 64.9 39.2 38.1C39.2 11.3 60.4-10.3 88.6-10.3zM88.6 63.3c14.5 0 24.5-11.3 24.5-25.3s-9.9-25.4-24.5-25.4c-14.5 0-24.5 11.5-24.5 25.4S74 63.3 88.6 63.3zM235.1-8.4v92.8h-23.9v-7.5c-7.3 6.5-16.1 9.4-25.1 9.4-12.8 0-24.3-5.9-31.6-14.9-5.9-7.3-9.4-16.8-9.4-30.6V-8.4h24.9v50.1c0 8.4 1.7 12.6 4.6 15.9 3.8 4.2 9.2 5.7 14 5.7 10.5 0 18.2-7.1 21.6-11.5V-8.4H235.1zM340.3 79.2c0 16.6-2.9 26.6-8.4 34.4-8.4 11.7-23.3 18.6-41.1 18.6-18.2 0-35.4-8.4-44.6-19.1l15.7-16.3c5 5.4 13.6 13.4 28.9 13.4 8 0 14.7-2.5 18.9-7.5 3.8-4.2 5.7-9.9 5.7-21.8v-3.1c-7.5 5.7-15.5 8.4-24.9 8.4-13.8 0-27-6.1-35.2-15.7-7.3-8.4-11.7-19.9-11.7-32.5 0-27.4 20.3-48.4 45.5-48.4 10.5 0 19.9 3.4 27.2 9.4v-7.5h23.9V79.2zM315.4 24.1c-5.2-6.9-13.4-11.5-23-11.5-14.5 0-23.9 12.1-23.9 25.4 0 14.5 10.5 25.3 24.5 25.3 9.4 0 17.6-4.6 22.4-11.5V24.1zM378.3 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3h-24.9V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4z"/><g class="logo-co" fill="#BEAB72"><path d="M590 67c-25.8 0-45.7-19.9-45.7-45.9 0-25.4 19.1-45.9 44.6-45.9 13.2 0 24.5 5.7 32.5 13.8l16.6-17.6c-12.1-11.7-29.1-19.1-49-19.1-41.7 0-70.6 30.4-70.6 68.9s29.3 68.9 71 68.9c15 0 28.3-4 39.1-10.5-5-6.2-8.4-13.6-10-21.8C611.2 63.3 601.7 67 590 67zM742.2 67.5c-1.2-2.1-2.9-3.8-5.1-5-2.2-1.2-4.5-1.8-6.9-1.8-3.4 0-6.4 1.2-9 3.5-3 2.7-4.5 6.1-4.5 10.2 0 3.8 1.3 7 4 9.7 2.6 2.7 5.8 4 9.6 4 2.5 0 4.9-.6 7-1.8 2.1-1.2 3.8-2.9 5-5 1.2-2.1 1.8-4.4 1.8-6.9C744 71.8 743.4 69.6 742.2 67.5z"/><path d="M669.8,5.1c-24.7,0-43.3,19-43.3,42.5c0,1.2,0.1,2.4,0.2,3.6c0.7,9,4.2,17.1,9.7,23.6c7.8,9.3,19.7,15.1,33.5,15.1 c24.7,0,43.3-18.8,43.3-42.3C713.1,24.1,694.4,5.1,669.8,5.1z M670.3,70.4c-7.1,0-13.1-3-16.9-8c-3.2-3.9-5.1-9-5.1-14.7 c0-12.3,8.7-22.3,21.5-22.3c6.5,0,11.9,2.6,15.7,6.7c3.9,4,6.3,9.7,6.3,16.1C691.7,61,682.7,70.4,670.3,70.4z"/></g></g></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-search"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 29 34"><path d="M5.04807 30.5496C6.15292 31.1875 7.5657 30.8089 8.20358 29.7041L13.6111 20.338C14.249 19.2332 13.8704 17.8204 12.7656 17.1825L12.7179 17.155C11.6131 16.5171 10.2003 16.8957 9.56242 18.0005L4.15492 27.3666C3.51703 28.4714 3.89558 29.8842 5.00043 30.5221L5.04807 30.5496Z" fill="#DCD8A0" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/><path d="M9.88244 22.8385C5.33866 20.2151 3.78184 14.405 6.4052 9.86122C9.02855 5.31744 14.8387 3.76062 19.3824 6.38397C23.9262 9.00733 25.483 14.8174 22.8597 19.3612C20.2363 23.905 14.4262 25.4618 9.88244 22.8385Z" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-caret-down"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.77819 12.3744C7.1924 12.9602 6.24266 12.9602 5.65687 12.3744L1.44243e-05 6.71751L2.12133 4.59619L6.71753 9.19239L11.3137 4.59619L13.435 6.71751L7.77819 12.3744Z" fill="#DE2229"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34"><path d="M22.4,30.1V18.9h3.7l0.6-4.4h-4.3v-2.8c0-1.3,0.3-2.1,2.2-2.1h2.3V5.8c-0.4-0.1-1.8-0.2-3.4-0.2c-3.3,0-5.6,2-5.6,5.7v3.2h-3.8v4.4h3.8v11.2L22.4,30.1L22.4,30.1z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-flipboard"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="240.4 241 17.3 17.3"><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 240.4 241 240.4 246.7 240.4 252.5 240.4 258.3 246.2 258.3 246.2 252.6 251.9 252.6 251.9 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241z"/><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 246.2 246.8 252 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241zM246.2 246.8H252V252.60000000000002H246.2z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-instagram"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M21.8,8.5c2.9,0,3.2,0,4.4,0.1c1.1,0,1.6,0.2,2,0.4c0.5,0.2,0.9,0.4,1.2,0.8c0.4,0.4,0.6,0.7,0.8,1.2c0.1,0.4,0.3,1,0.4,2c0.1,1.1,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.4s0,3.2-0.1,4.4c0,1.1-0.2,1.6-0.4,2c-0.2,0.5-0.4,0.9-0.8,1.2c-0.4,0.4-0.7,0.6-1.2,0.8c-0.4,0.1-1,0.3-2,0.4c-1.1,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.4,0.1s-3.2,0-4.4-0.1c-1.1,0-1.6-0.2-2-0.4c-0.5-0.2-0.9-0.4-1.2-0.8c-0.4-0.4-0.6-0.7-0.8-1.2c-0.1-0.4-0.3-1-0.4-2c-0.1-1.1-0.1-1.5-0.1-4.4s0-3.2,0.1-4.4c0-1.1,0.2-1.6,0.4-2c0.2-0.5,0.4-0.9,0.8-1.2c0.4-0.4,0.7-0.6,1.2-0.8c0.4-0.1,1-0.3,2-0.4C18.6,8.5,18.9,8.5,21.8,8.5 M21.8,6.6c-2.9,0-3.3,0-4.5,0.1c-1.2,0.1-1.9,0.2-2.6,0.5c-0.7,0.3-1.3,0.6-1.9,1.2c-0.6,0.6-1,1.2-1.2,1.9c-0.3,0.7-0.4,1.5-0.5,2.6C11,14.1,11,14.4,11,17.4c0,2.9,0,3.3,0.1,4.5c0.1,1.2,0.2,1.9,0.5,2.6c0.3,0.7,0.6,1.3,1.2,1.9c0.6,0.6,1.2,1,1.9,1.2c0.7,0.3,1.5,0.4,2.6,0.5c1.2,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.5,0.1s3.3,0,4.5-0.1c1.2-0.1,1.9-0.2,2.6-0.5c0.7-0.3,1.3-0.6,1.9-1.2c0.6-0.6,1-1.2,1.2-1.9c0.3-0.7,0.4-1.5,0.5-2.6c0.1-1.2,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.5s0-3.3-0.1-4.5c-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.9-0.5-2.6c-0.3-0.7-0.6-1.3-1.2-1.9c-0.6-0.6-1.2-1-1.9-1.2c-0.7-0.3-1.5-0.4-2.6-0.5C25.1,6.6,24.7,6.6,21.8,6.6L21.8,6.6z"/><path d="M21.8,11.8c-3.1,0-5.5,2.5-5.5,5.5s2.5,5.5,5.5,5.5s5.5-2.5,5.5-5.5S24.9,11.8,21.8,11.8zM21.8,21c-2,0-3.6-1.6-3.6-3.6s1.6-3.6,3.6-3.6s3.6,1.6,3.6,3.6S23.8,21,21.8,21z"/><circle cx="27.6" cy="11.6" r="1.3"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-linkedin"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 41.8 41.8"><path d="M12.2 18.2h3.9v12.7h-3.9V18.2zm1.9-6.3c1.3 0 2.3 1 2.3 2.3s-1 2.3-2.3 2.3-2.3-1-2.3-2.3c0-1.3 1.1-2.3 2.3-2.3M18.6 18.2h3.8v1.7h.1c.8-1.3 2.2-2.1 3.7-2 4 0 4.7 2.6 4.7 6v7H27v-6.2c0-1.5 0-3.4-2-3.4s-2.3 1.6-2.3 3.2v6.3h-3.9l-.2-12.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-pinterest"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-1217.8 0 640 480"><path d="M-888.5,96c-77.6,0-120,52.2-120,108.7c0,26.8,14.1,59.3,36.7,70.6c2.8,1.4,5.6,1.4,5.6-2.8c0-2.8,4.2-14.1,5.6-21.2c0-1.4,0-2.8-1.4-5.6c-7.1-8.5-14.1-25.4-14.1-40.9c0-39.5,29.6-79.1,81.9-79.1c43.8,0,74.8,29.6,74.8,73.4c0,49.4-24,83.3-56.5,83.3c-18.4,0-31.1-14.1-26.8-32.5c5.6-21.2,15.5-45.2,15.5-60.7c0-14.1-7.1-25.4-22.6-25.4c-18.4,0-32.5,18.4-32.5,43.8c0,15.5,5.6,26.8,5.6,26.8s-18.4,76.2-21.2,90.4c-5.6,24,1.4,62.1,1.4,66.4c0,1.4,2.8,2.8,2.8,1.4c1.4-2.8,24-35.3,29.6-57.9c2.8-8.5,11.3-42.4,11.3-42.4c5.6,11.3,22.6,21.2,40.9,21.2c55.1,0,93.2-50.8,93.2-112.9C-776.9,141.2-824.9,96-888.5,96z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-x"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6468 10.4686L20.9321 2H19.2057L12.8799 9.3532L7.82741 2H2L9.6403 13.1193L2 22H3.72649L10.4068 14.2348L15.7425 22H21.57L13.6468 10.4686ZM11.2821 13.2173L10.508 12.1101L4.34857 3.29968H7.00037L11.9711 10.4099L12.7452 11.5172L19.2066 20.7594H16.5548L11.2821 13.2173Z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-privacy-options"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 14"><path fill="#FFF" d="M7.4 12.8h6.8l3.1-11.6H7.4C4.2 1.2 1.6 3.8 1.6 7s2.6 5.8 5.8 5.8z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M22.6 0H7.4c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 7s3.1 7 7 7h15.2c3.9 0 7-3.1 7-7s-3.2-7-7-7zm-21 7c0-3.2 2.6-5.8 5.8-5.8h9.9l-3.1 11.6H7.4c-3.2 0-5.8-2.6-5.8-5.8z"/><path fill="#FFF" d="M24.6 4c.2.2.2.6 0 .8L22.5 7l2.2 2.2c.2.2.2.6 0 .8-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0l-2.2-2.2-2.2 2.2c-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8L20.8 7l-2.2-2.2c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0l2.2 2.2L23.8 4c.2-.2.6-.2.8 0z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M12.7 4.1c.2.2.3.6.1.8L8.6 9.8c-.1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.2.1-.5.1-.7-.1L5.4 7.7c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0L8 8.6l3.8-4.5c.2-.2.6-.2.9 0z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="5 2.8 290 69"><circle cx="39.6" cy="37.4" r="34.3" fill="#f44b34"/><path fill="#fff" d="M50.4 17.9c-1.7-1.8-4-2.6-7-2.6-9.1-.1-12.4-.1-13.2-.1L27.3 22h8.1L30 28v21h-.1l.1.1v6.7l-3.6 4h18.5L53 51V25c0-.1.1-4.3-2.6-7.1zm-5.2 19.6-7.4 7.8V41l7.4-7.8v4.3zm-7.4-15.4h3c.9 0 2.1-.1 3.1.9s1.4 2.5 1.4 4.9v3.6l-7.4 7.8-.1-17.2zm-4.9 30.1 3.3-3.6 9-9.5v13.1c0 .1-12.3.1-12.3 0z"/><path fill="#009ad9" d="m99.645 22.637 6.505-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.505 6.506zM121 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5-4.2-4.2zm-3.2-31.2c1.8-1.8 4.7-1.8 6.5 0 1.9 1.9 1.7 4.8 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0 2 2 1.6 4.9 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c4.2-4.2 4-10.8 0-14.8-2.8-2.8-6.1-3.1-7.6-3.1.1-1.5-.3-4.8-3.1-7.6-3.9-3.9-10.6-4.2-14.8 0l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.2-3.4zm-7.5 20.6 4.2 4.1L121 31l-4.2-4.1-6.5 6.5z"/><path fill="#6ebd44" d="m99.6 52.4 6.6 6.5 4.1-4.2-6.5-6.5zm36.3-14.9-4.2 4.2L135 45c1.6 1.6 2 4.5 0 6.5-1.6 1.6-4.5 2.1-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c1.7 1.7 1.9 4.6 0 6.5-1.8 1.8-4.7 1.8-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c4.2 4.2 10.9 3.9 14.8 0 2.8-2.8 3.1-6.1 3.1-7.6 1.5 0 4.8-.3 7.6-3.1 4-4 4.2-10.6 0-14.8l-3.2-3.4zm-25.6 4.2 6.5 6.5L121 44l-6.5-6.5zm14.9-14.8L121 31l6.5 6.5 4.2-4.1-6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#f68f1e" d="m110.332 54.607 6.506-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.506 6.505zM102.8 62.2c-1.6 1.6-4.5 2-6.5 0-1.6-1.6-2.1-4.5 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-1.7 1.7-4.6 1.9-6.5 0-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-4.2 4.2-3.9 10.9 0 14.8 2.8 2.8 6.1 3.1 7.6 3.1 0 1.5.3 4.8 3.1 7.6 4 4 10.6 4.2 14.8 0l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.2 3.4zm3.4-24.7L99.6 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5zM95.5 26.9 89 33.4l4.1 4.1 6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#ec174c" d="m99.6 44-6.5-6.5-4.1 4.2 6.5 6.5zm-14-14c-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5 1.9-1.9 4.8-1.7 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.3c-2-2-1.6-4.9 0-6.5 2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.2c-4.2-4.2-10.8-4-14.8 0-2.8 2.8-3.1 6.1-3.1 7.6-1.5-.1-4.9.3-7.6 3.1-3.9 3.9-4.2 10.6 0 14.8l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.4-3.3zm24.73-9.682 4.172-4.172 6.505 6.505-4.172 4.172zM106.2 37.5l4.1-4.1-6.5-6.5-4.2 4.1 6.6 6.5z"/><path fill="#573357" d="m106.142 16.042 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#be272d" d="m84.81 37.543 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#008e4c" d="m127.497 37.555 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#7a773e" d="m106.172 58.866 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m116.856 26.74 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#803136" d="m95.455 48.169 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#593438" d="m95.446 26.753 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.173-4.172 4.171z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m106.155 37.456 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.171-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#2a6442" d="m116.871 48.153 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path d="M170.4 13.5c-2.5-2.2-5.7-3.3-9.6-3.3h-7.2v23.6h7.6c3.8 0 7-1.1 9.4-3.3s3.6-5 3.6-8.5-1.3-6.3-3.8-8.5zm.1 8.5c0 2.6-.9 4.7-2.6 6.2-1.7 1.6-4.1 2.3-7 2.3h-3.8V13.4h3.8c2.9 0 5.2.8 7 2.3 1.7 1.5 2.6 3.7 2.6 6.3zm14.6-6.3c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.7s-2.6 4-2.6 6.6.9 4.8 2.6 6.6c1.7 1.8 3.9 2.7 6.4 2.7h.1v-.1c2.5 0 4.7-.9 6.4-2.7s2.6-4 2.6-6.6c0-2.5-.9-4.8-2.6-6.6-1.8-1.7-3.9-2.6-6.5-2.6zm4.1 13.7c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.3-2.2.3c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 3 .6 4 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3 0 1.9-.5 3.4-1.6 4.6zm16.9.8c-.5.6-1.3.9-2.3.9-1.6 0-2.4-.9-2.4-2.7v-9.2h5v-3h-5v-4.4h-3.3v4.4h-2.9l.1 3h2.9v9.3c0 1.9.5 3.3 1.4 4.3s2.2 1.5 3.9 1.5c1.8 0 3.2-.5 4.2-1.5l-1.6-2.6zm38.1-11.6c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V16.1h-3.4v2.5h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.4-2.2.4c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6.1 2.9.6 4 1.8zm17.9 3.6c-.9-.3-1.9-.6-3-.9-1-.3-1.9-.6-2.5-1-.7-.4-1-1-1-1.6l.1-.1c0-.7.3-1.2.9-1.6.6-.4 1.4-.6 2.3-.6 2 0 3.4.7 4.5 2l2-2c-1.3-1.8-3.5-2.7-6.6-2.7-1.9 0-3.5.5-4.7 1.4-1.2 1-1.7 2.1-1.7 3.5 0 1.2.3 2.1 1 2.9s1.5 1.3 2.6 1.7c1.1.4 2 .7 2.9 1 1 .3 1.8.7 2.4 1.1.7.5 1 1 1 1.8s-.3 1.4-.9 1.8c-.6.5-1.4.7-2.5.7-2.3 0-4.1-.8-5.3-2.3l-2 2.2c1.5 1.9 3.9 2.9 7.1 2.9 2.2 0 3.9-.5 5.1-1.5s1.8-2.3 1.8-3.8c0-1.2-.3-2.2-1-3-.6-.9-1.5-1.4-2.5-1.9zm14.9-8.6c-2.3 0-4.1.8-5.2 2.5V8.4h-3.4v25.4h3.4l.1-10.3c0-1.4.4-2.6 1.2-3.4.8-.8 1.8-1.2 3.2-1.2 1.3 0 2.4.4 3.2 1.3.8.8 1.2 2 1.2 3.4v10.3h3.4V23c0-2.3-.6-4-1.9-5.4-1.4-1.4-3.1-2-5.2-2zm-52.2 3c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V8.4h-3.4v10.2h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4 1.8-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 2.9.5 4 1.7zm48.8 19.9h-3.6v19.1c0 2.4.7 4.1 2.1 5.1 1.2.9 3.1 1.4 5.6 1.4h.1v-3h-.1c-1.2 0-2.1-.2-2.7-.6-.9-.6-1.4-1.7-1.4-3.3V51h4.1v-3h-4.1v-7.5zm-96.2 7c-1.4 0-2.6.3-3.7 1-1 .6-1.7 1.5-2.3 2.6-1.2-2.4-3.2-3.6-6-3.6-2.2 0-4 .9-5.2 2.6V48h-3.5v18.2h3.5l.2-10.7c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.1-3.5.7-.9 1.8-1.3 3.1-1.3s2.3.4 3.1 1.3c.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.4V55.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5s1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3c1.3 0 2.3.4 3.1 1.3.7.9 1.1 2 1.1 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5-1.3-1.3-3-2-5.1-2zm18.9 0c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7 1-.9 2.2-1.4 3.6-1.4zm22.5-2.3c-.6-.5-1.6-.8-2.8-.8-1.9 0-3.4.9-4.5 2.6v-2H205v18.2h3.5l-.1-10.5c0-1.5.3-2.7.9-3.6.6-.9 1.5-1.3 2.6-1.3.9 0 1.7.2 2.3.7h.1l1.4-3.3zm9-.7c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7.9-.9 2.1-1.4 3.6-1.4zm26.1 0c-1.5-2-3.6-3.1-6.3-3.1-2.5 0-4.6.9-6.3 2.7s-2.5 4.1-2.5 6.8.9 5 2.5 6.8c1.7 1.8 3.8 2.7 6.3 2.7 2.6 0 4.7-1.1 6.3-3.2v2.7h3.5V40.5h-3.5v10zm-1.7 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.6 4.5 0 1.7-.6 3.3-1.6 4.5-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4.2 1.8-1.7 0-3.1-.6-4.2-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.7-2.7-1.7-4.5s.6-3.3 1.7-4.5c1.1-1.2 2.5-1.8 4.2-1.8 1.8.1 3.1.7 4.2 1.8zm43.5-3c-1.3-1.4-3-2.1-5.2-2.1-2.4 0-4.2.9-5.4 2.6v-9.6h-3.5v25.7h3.5l.1-10.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5.8-.9 1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3 1.4 0 2.5.4 3.3 1.3.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5zM259.1 48h3.5v18.2h-3.5zm0-7.5h3.4v3.4h-3.4z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-caret-right"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M33 99 82.1 50 33 .9z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-envelope"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M100,88.3H0V11.7h100V88.3z M9.4,78.9h81.3V21.1H9.4V78.9z"/><path d="M1.1 13.9 49.6 62.3 97.8 13.9z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-print"> <svg viewBox="0 0 176 170"><path class="print-st0" d="M46.7 12.3H125.7V33.3H46.7zM46.7 156.3h79v-74h-79V156.3zM60.3 99.7l54.7.1 0 7.5-54.7-.1L60.3 99.7zM60.3 116.7l54.7.1 0 7.5-54.7-.1L60.3 116.7zM60.3 133.7l39.4.1 0 7.5-39.4-.1L60.3 133.7z"/><circle class="print-st0" cx="147.6" cy="58.6" r="7.5"/><path class="print-st1" d="M155.9,33.3h-17.2v-33h-105v33H19c-9.5,0-18.3,8.6-18.3,18v81.7c0,0.4,1.4,0.2,1.8,0.2h31.2v36h105v-36h17.2 c9.5,0,18.8-7.2,18.8-16.7V51.4C174.7,41.9,165.4,33.3,155.9,33.3z M125.7,156.3h-79v-74h79V156.3z M125.7,33.3h-79v-21h79V33.3z M147.6,66.2c-4.2,0-7.5-3.4-7.5-7.5c0-4.2,3.4-7.5,7.5-7.5s7.5,3.4,7.5,7.5C155.1,62.8,151.8,66.2,147.6,66.2z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.907 87.615 103.541)" class="print-st1" d="M83.8 76.2H91.3V130.9H83.8z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.907 87.615 120.526)" class="print-st1" d="M83.8 93.2H91.3V147.9H83.8z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.871 79.961 137.511)" class="print-st1" d="M76.2 117.8H83.7V157.2H76.2z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="reviewer-icon"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 16 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 15" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M13.9,10.2c0.4-0.8,0.6-1.8,0.6-2.7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7s-7,3.1-7,7s3.1,7,7,7C10.4,14.5,12.9,12.7,13.9,10.2z" style="fill:#dcd8a0;stroke-width:0"/><path d="M3.5,6.5l4,3.5L15,1" style="fill:none;stroke:#333;stroke-width:1.75"/><path d="M13.5,10.6c-1.1,2.2-3.4,3.6-6,3.6c-3.7,0-6.7-3-6.7-6.7s3-6.7,6.7-6.7c2.5,0,4.6,1.3,5.8,3.3" style="fill:none;stroke:#333;stroke-width:1.25"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-bullet"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 18 18" xml:space="preserve" height="20" width="20"><path fill="#D04940" d="M9.3,17.3c-0.5,0-1,0-1.5-0.1C3.3,16.4,0.3,12,1.1,7.5S6.3,0,10.8,0.8c2.2,0.4,4.1,1.6,5.3,3.4 c1.3,1.8,1.7,4,1.4,6.2s-1.6,4.1-3.4,5.3C12.6,16.8,11,17.3,9.3,17.3z M9.3,5.3C7.5,5.3,6,6.6,5.7,8.3c-0.4,2,1,3.9,3,4.3 c1,0.2,2,0,2.8-0.6s1.4-1.4,1.5-2.4l0,0c0.2-1,0-2-0.6-2.8c-0.6-0.8-1.4-1.4-2.4-1.5C9.7,5.3,9.5,5.3,9.3,5.3z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="light-box-arrow"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="2575 18840 48 48"><g transform="translate(1355 18464)"><circle cx="24" cy="24" r="24" transform="translate(1220 376)" fill="#fff"/><path d="M1248.675 390l9.38 9.38M1258.055 399.38l-9.38 9.553M1232 399.38h25.186" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="3"/></g></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-camera"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"><circle fill="#333" cx="49.5" cy="55.2" r="21.6"/><circle fill="#FFF" cx="49.5" cy="55.2" r="12.8"/><path fill="#333" d="M91.5,17.6V7H44.1L41,17.6H0v76.4h99.7V17.6H91.5z M91.3,85.6H8.4V26h82.9V85.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-sources-show"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 10.621L6.818 7.44a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121 2.122l4.242 4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2.122 0l4.242-4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121-2.122L10 10.621z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-sources-hide"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0z" transform="rotate(180 10 10)"/><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M10 10.621L6.818 7.44a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121 2.122l4.242 4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2.122 0l4.242-4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121-2.122L10 10.621z" transform="rotate(180 10 10)"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-checkmark"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path d="M7.7,16.6l-5.8-5.8l2.8-2.8l3.2,3.2l8.6-8.2C14.8,1.2,12.3,0,9.5,0C4.3,0,0,4.3,0,9.5C0,14.7,4.3,19,9.5,19S19,14.7,19,9.5c0-1.2-0.2-2.4-0.7-3.5L7.7,16.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-cite"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.476 0 10c0 5.523 4.477 10 10 10s10-4.477 10-10c0-5.524-4.477-10-10-10z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.79 8.746a5.455 5.455 0 0 1-5.384 5.455 5.466 5.466 0 0 0 2.646-3.065 2.418 2.418 0 0 1-2.114-2.394 2.426 2.426 0 1 1 4.851 0v.004zM9.724 8.746A5.456 5.456 0 0 1 4.341 14.2a5.47 5.47 0 0 0 2.645-3.065 2.418 2.418 0 0 1-2.113-2.394 2.426 2.426 0 0 1 4.851 0v.004z"/></svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg>   <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5P3SZGS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header_1-0" class="comp header" role="banner" data-tracking-container="true"><a href="#skip-to-content" rel="nocaes" id="skip-link_1-0" class="skip-link mntl-text-link btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Skip to content</span></a> <div class="menu-button-container"> <button class="menu-button"> <span class="is-vishidden">Menu</span> <div class="menu-button-inner"> <svg class="icon icon-menu " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-menu" href="#icon-menu"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-close " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div> </button> </div> <div id="logo_1-0" class="comp logo"> <a href="/" rel="home" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's homepage"> <span class="is-vishidden">Home</span> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <nav id="header-nav_1-0" class="comp header-nav" role="navigation"> <ul class="header-nav__list"> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Science, Tech, Math </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Math </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Social Sciences </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Computer Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Animals & Nature </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Humanities </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > History & Culture </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Visual Arts </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Literature </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Geography </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Philosophy </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Issues </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Languages </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English as a Second Language </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Spanish </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > French </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > German </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Italian </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Japanese </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Mandarin </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Russian </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Resources </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Students & Parents </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Educators </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Adult Learners </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" >About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="general-search_1-0" class="comp general-search" data-tracking-container="true"> <button class="search-icon"> <span class="is-vishidden">Search</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> <form class="general-search-form" role="search" action="/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <span class="general-search__close">Close</span> <label for="search-input" class="is-vishidden">Search the site</label> <input type="text" name="q" id="search-input" class="general-search-input" placeholder="Search here..." type="text" required="required" value="" tabindex="-1"> <button class="btn btn-go" tabindex="-1"> <span class="is-vishidden">GO</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-nav-panel"> <nav id="fullscreen-nav_1-0" class="comp fullscreen-nav " role="navigation" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-list"> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--science-tech-math" > <div> Science, Tech, Math </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" >Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" >Math</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" >Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" >Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" >Animals & Nature</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--humanities" > <div> Humanities </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" >History & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" >Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" >Literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" >English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" >Geography</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" >Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" >Issues</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--languages" > <div> Languages </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" >English as a Second Language</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" >Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" >French</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" >German</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" >Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" >Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" >Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" >Russian</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--resources" > <div> Resources </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" >For Students & Parents</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" >For Educators</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" >For Adult Learners</a></li> </uL> </li> <li> <ul id="contact-nav_1-0" class="comp contact-nav"> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" >About Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" >Contact Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" >Editorial Guidelines</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" >Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> </uL> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="mm-ads-leaderboard-header_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-leaderboard-header mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard mm-ads-flexible-ad mm-ads-gpt-adunit leaderboard--header has-right-label gpt leaderboard "> <div id="leaderboard-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div> <div id="mm-ads-leaderboard-spacer_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-leaderboard-spacer mntl-block js-rollaway-spacer"></div><main id="main" class="loc main" role="main"><iframe id="height-change-listener" role="none" tabindex="-1" src="about:blank" aria-hidden="true"></iframe> <div id="skip-to-content" class="jump-link"></div> <article id="ref-article_1-0" class="comp ref-article mntl-article mntl-article--three-column sc-ad-container right-rail" data-tracking-container="true"><div class="loc article-header"><div id="article-header-block_1-0" class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History & Culture</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-history-4133316" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">European History</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire</h1> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire" document="ListStructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=LISTSC, documentId=1221677, bestTitle='Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire'}}" data-description="Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span data-href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fholy-roman-empire-books-1221677%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook.com%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-share-article" data-network="facebook" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-facebook" tabindex="0" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-flipboard"> <span data-href="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fholy-roman-empire-books-1221677%3Futm_source%3Dflipit%26utm_medium%3Dweb%26utm_campaign%3Dwidgets%26utm_content%3Dwww.thoughtco.com&title=Top+12+Books+About+the+Holy+Roman+Empire&t=1740631753847" data-network="flipboard" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-flipboard" tabindex="0" title="Share on Flipboard" aria-label="Share on Flipboard" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-flipboard " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-flipboard" href="#icon-flipboard"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-email"> <span data-href="https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons" data-network="emailshare" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-email" tabindex="0" title="Email this article" aria-label="Email this article" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-envelope " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-envelope" href="#icon-envelope"></use> </svg> </span> </li> </ul></div> <form id="print-button_1-0" class="comp print-button" method="POST" action="/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677?print" target="_blank"> <button class="mntl-print-button__btn" aria-label="Print this article."> Print <svg class="icon icon-print mntl-print-button__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-print" href="#icon-print"></use> </svg> </button> <input type="hidden" value="true" name="print" /> <input type="hidden" value="c9efadea6f702ff3ff44b26f8d6b78b0" name="CSRFToken" /> </form></div> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list hide-toplevel-small" data-tracking-container="true"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="breadcrumbs-list-image" ><div class="loc image"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MbxSdKcvs3dVP8888BFPz398xhQ=/150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/left_rail_image_history-58a22da068a0972917bfb5b7.png" width="150" height="0" alt="History and Culture" class=" universal-image__image" /> </div></a> <span class="breadcrumbs-list-title"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" >History & Culture</a> </span> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-list"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item is-active"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-history-4133316" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link is-active" > <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon-active" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> European History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-submenu"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-history-figures-and-events-4133314" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="1" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > European History Figures & Events <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-wars-and-battles-4133312" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="2" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Wars & Battles <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-holocaust-4133313" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="3" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > The Holocaust <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-revolutions-4133311" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="4" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > European Revolutions <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-history-industry-4133309" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="5" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Industry and Agriculture History in Europe <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/american-history-4133354" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="2" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > American History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-history-4133344" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="3" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > African American History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/african-history-4133338" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="4" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > African History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ancient-history-4133336" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="5" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Ancient History and Culture <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/asian-history-4133325" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="6" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Asian History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/genealogy-4133308" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="7" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Genealogy <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/inventions-4133303" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="8" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Inventions <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-american-history-4133296" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="9" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Latin American History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/medieval-and-renaissance-history-4133289" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="10" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Medieval & Renaissance History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/military-history-4133285" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="11" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Military History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/20th-century-4133273" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="12" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > The 20th Century <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/womens-history-4133260" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="13" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Women's History <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="text-btn" > <span class="text-btn__text-label">View More</span> <svg class="icon icon-caret-right text-btn-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-wilde-1220771" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Robert Wilde</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-wilde-1220771" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Robert Wilde</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">History Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on October 09, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="list-sc_1-0" class="comp list-sc mntl-block article-content list "><div id="article-intro_1-0" class="comp article-intro mntl-block article-content__description"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Depending on your definition, the Holy Roman Empire lasted over either seven hundred or a thousand years. Throughout this period the geographical borders constantly changed, and so did the institution's role: sometimes it dominated Europe, sometimes Europe dominated it. These are the top books on the subject. </p></div> <div id="list-sc__content_1-0" class="comp list-sc__content mntl-sc-page mntl-block " data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><div id="list-sc-item_1-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_1-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-holy-roman-empire-1495-1806-by-peter-h-wilson"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Roman-Empire-Thousand-Europes/dp/014104747X/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919250&sr=8-4&keywords=Peter+H.+Wilson&dpID=51JtDJ4WC9L&preST=_SY291_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"The Holy Roman Empire 1495 - 1806" by Peter H. Wilson</a> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:67.0%;"> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NBS7xEuWJmpC1-LlwbDxfQBFw-k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CharlemagneCrownedbyPopeLeoIII-58f7a5c93df78ca159521f63.jpg" width="2114" height="1418" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5EpTH5r2nhwjpu-Ju3RbT-Z62Sk=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CharlemagneCrownedbyPopeLeoIII-58f7a5c93df78ca159521f63.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Charlemagne Crowned by Pope Leo III" class=" universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">SuperStock / Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In this slim, but affordable, volume, Wilson explores the broad nature of the Holy Roman Empire and the changes that occurred within it, while avoiding unnecessary, perhaps even unfair, comparisons to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-made-charles-so-great-1788566" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">'successful' monarchies</a> and the later German state. In doing so, the author has produced an excellent overview of the subject. </p></div> <div id="adslot_1-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_2-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_2-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-germany-and-the-holy-roman-empire-volume-i-by-joachim-whaley"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Germany-Holy-Roman-Empire-Maximilian/dp/0199688826/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919760&sr=1-2&keywords=Joachim+Whaley+germany" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I" by Joachim Whaley</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The first volume of monumental two-part history, ‘Germany and the Holy Roman Empire Volume 1’ contains 750 pages, so you’ll need the commitment to tackle the pair. However, now there are paperback editions the price is far more affordable, and the scholarship is top-notch. </p></div> <div id="adslot_2-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_3-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_3-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-germany-and-the-holy-roman-empire-volume-ii-by-joachim-whaley"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Germany-Holy-Roman-Empire-Dissolution/dp/0199688834/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919760&sr=1-1&keywords=Joachim+Whaley+germany" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II" by Joachim Whaley</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> While you can understand how three hundred busy years would have produced the material to fill more than 1500 pages, it’s down to Whaley’s talent that his work is consistently fascinating, inclusive and powerful. Reviews have used words like '<em>magnum opus</em>.' </p></div> <div id="adslot_3-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_4-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_4-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-europes-tragedy-a-new-history-of-the-thirty-years-war-by-peter-h-wilson"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Thirty-Years-War-Europes-Tragedy/dp/0674062310/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919250&sr=8-1&keywords=Peter+H.+Wilson" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War" by Peter H. Wilson</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> It’s another large volume, but Wilson’s history of this large and complicated war is both excellent, and our recommendation for the best book on the subject. If you think the list is a bit Wilson heavy at the top, that’s probably a sign he’s a pre-eminent figure. </p></div> <div id="adslot_4-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_5-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_5-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-charles-v-ruler-dynast-and-defender-of-the-faith-by-s-macdonald"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Charles-Dynast-Defender-1500-58-History/dp/0340749229/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919743&sr=1-1&keywords=MacDonald+dynast" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith" by S. MacDonald</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Written as an introduction for mid to higher-level students and general readers, this book is concise, clear in its explanations and modest in price. The text has been divided into numbered sections to allow for easy navigation, while diagrams, maps, reading lists, and sample questions - both essay and source-based - are scattered liberally throughout. </p></div> <div id="adslot_5-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_6-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_6-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-early-modern-germany-1477-1806-by-michael-hughes"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Germany-1477-1806-Michael-Hughes/dp/0812214277/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919712&sr=1-1&keywords=Michael+Hughes+germany" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Early Modern Germany 1477 - 1806" by Michael Hughes</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In this book, Hughes covers the major events of the period, whilst also discussing the possibility and nature of 'German' culture and identity within the Holy Roman Empire. The book is suitable for general readers and students, especially as the text notes previous historical orthodoxy. The volume also has a nice reading list, but too few maps. </p></div> <div id="adslot_6-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_7-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_7-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-germany-a-new-social-and-economic-history-vol-1-edited-by-bob-scribner"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Germany-Social-Economic-History-1450-1630/dp/0340652179/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919681&sr=1-5&keywords=Bob+Scribner&dpID=41G1MK66AZL&preST=_SY291_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Germany: a New Social and Economic History Vol 1" edited by Bob Scribner</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The first of a three-part series (volume 2 is equally good, covering the period 1630 - 1800) this book presents several historians' work, some of which is usually available only in German. The emphasis is on new interpretations, and the text covers many issues and themes: this book will thus be of interest to all. </p></div> <div id="adslot_7-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_8-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_8-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-emperor-maximilian-ii-by-p-sutter-fichtner"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Maximilian-Paula-Sutter-Fichtner/dp/0300085273/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525919657&sr=1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Emperor Maximilian II" by P. Sutter Fichtner</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Fellow emperors such as <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-troubled-succession-of-charles-v-1221841" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Charles V</a> may have overshadowed Maximilian II, but he is still a prominent and fascinating subject. Sutter Fichtner has used a large range of sources - many little known - to create this excellent biography, which examines Maximilian's life and works in an eminently fair and readable manner. </p></div> <div id="adslot_8-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_9-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_9-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-from-reich-to-revolution-german-history-1558-1806-by-peter-h-wilson"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Reich-Revolution-1558-1806-European-Perspective/dp/0333652444/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919250&sr=8-6&keywords=Peter+H.+Wilson&dpID=31Wvra2vynL&preST=_SY291_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"From Reich to Revolution: German History, 1558-1806" by Peter H. Wilson</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This analytical study of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-other-reichs-1220797" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">‘Germany’</a> during the early modern period is longer than Wilson’s short introduction given above but shorter than his mammoth look at the whole Holy Roman Empire. It’s aimed at the older student and is a worthwhile read. </p></div> <div id="adslot_9-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_10-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_10-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-society-and-economy-in-germany-1300-1600-by-tom-scott"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Society-Economy-Germany-1300-1600-Scott/dp/0333585321/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919500&sr=8-1&keywords=Tom+Scott+society" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"Society and Economy in Germany 1300 - 1600" by Tom Scott</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Scott deals with the German-speaking peoples of Europe, located largely within the Holy Roman Empire. As well as discussing society and economy, the text also covers the changing political structure of these lands, both geographically and institutionally; however, you will need background knowledge to fully understand Scott's work. </p></div> <div id="adslot_10-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_11-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_11-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-history-of-the-habsburg-empire-1273-1700-by-j-berenger"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Habsburg-Empire-1273-1700-ebook/dp/B00M1TFRYM/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919519&sr=8-2&keywords=Berenger+habsburg" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"The History of the Habsburg Empire 1273 - 1700" by J. Berenger</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Part one of a large two-part study on the Habsburg Empire (the second volume covers the period 1700 - 1918), this book focuses on the lands, peoples, and cultures ruled by the Habsburgs, the perennial holders of the Holy Roman Crown. Consequently, much of the material is important context. </p></div> <div id="adslot_11-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_12-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_12-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-thirty-years-war-by-ronald-g-asch"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Thirty-Years-War-European-Perspective/dp/0312165854/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1525919425&sr=8-3&keywords=Ronald+G.+Asch" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >"The Thirty Years War" by Ronald G. Asch</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Subtitled 'The Holy Roman Empire and Europe 1618 - 1648', this is one of the better books on the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/1600s-and-1700s-military-history-timeline-2361262" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Thirty Years War</a>. A modern examination, Asch's text covers a range of topics, including the crucial conflicts in religion and state. The book is aimed at mid to higher-level students, balancing straightforward explanations with a historiographical discussion. </p></div> <div id="adslot_12-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div></div> <div id="article-outro_1-0" class="comp article-outro mntl-block"></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Wilde, Robert. "Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire." ThoughtCo, Jun. 25, 2024, thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Wilde, Robert. (2024, June 25). Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Wilde, Robert. "Top 12 Books About the Holy Roman Empire." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677 (accessed February 27, 2025).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="listsc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp listsc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex1-sticky mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="1050" style="height: 1050px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_2-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square "> <div id="square-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard2-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard2-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_3-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex2-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_4-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],[300, 600],[160, 600],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard3-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard3-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_5-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_6-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_7-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_8-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_9-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_10-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_11-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_12-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_13-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_14-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></article> <div id="prefooter--outbrain_1-0" class="comp prefooter--outbrain prefooter mntl-block"><div id="reference-outbrain_1-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" data-widget-id="AR_1"></div> </div> <section id="masonry-list-section_1-0" class="comp masonry-list-section mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_1-0" class="comp mntl-masonry-tax-card-list mntl-masonry-card-list mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_1-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_1-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1220797" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-other-reichs-1220797" data-ordinal="1" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:64.9%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2uHhPmLSahqnqmK6QfC6EmWn4W4=/250x1298/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2-5b43566b46e0fb003702726a.jpg" width="250" height="1298" alt="Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini (1725), St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, Italy" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.541" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2uHhPmLSahqnqmK6QfC6EmWn4W4=/250x1298/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2-5b43566b46e0fb003702726a.jpg" width="250" height="1298" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini (1725), St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, Italy" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Other Reichs: The First and Second Before Hitler's Third</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_2-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_2-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4150166" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-peasants-war-4150166" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aIxjtxajj86WaPfxIG6dwwWBIww=/250x2400/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-Muntzer-587837874-59b27b54c41244001076ca50.jpg" width="250" height="2400" alt="Thomas Muntzer German Peasants War" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aIxjtxajj86WaPfxIG6dwwWBIww=/250x2400/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-Muntzer-587837874-59b27b54c41244001076ca50.jpg" width="250" height="2400" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Thomas Muntzer German Peasants War" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European Revolutions"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">German Peasants War (1524 – 1525): Uprising of the Poor</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_3-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_3-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221350" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/anschluss-union-1221350" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:67.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J3evfJEf3SYTKcz5WLZOkCbfaHU=/250x1018/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hitler_accepts_the_ovation_of_the_Reichstag_after_announcing_an_Anschluss_with_Austria_Berlin_March_1938-96fb5c2968474939886f2c04c2ed8bd4.jpg" width="250" height="1018" alt="Hitler receives an ovation after announcing the Anschluss, black and white photograph with people saluting." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.478" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J3evfJEf3SYTKcz5WLZOkCbfaHU=/250x1018/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hitler_accepts_the_ovation_of_the_Reichstag_after_announcing_an_Anschluss_with_Austria_Berlin_March_1938-96fb5c2968474939886f2c04c2ed8bd4.jpg" width="250" height="1018" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Hitler receives an ovation after announcing the Anschluss, black and white photograph with people saluting." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Anschluss Was the Union of Germany and Austria</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_4-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_4-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221841" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-troubled-succession-of-charles-v-1221841" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:146.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0hxELF7cG1FGwuqYqci8MzAmYl4=/250x2301/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Charles_V._-_after_Bernaerd_van_Orley-59a9dbafd088c00010777edd.jpg" width="250" height="2301" alt="Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558) by Bernaerd van Orley" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="0.685" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0hxELF7cG1FGwuqYqci8MzAmYl4=/250x2301/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Charles_V._-_after_Bernaerd_van_Orley-59a9dbafd088c00010777edd.jpg" width="250" height="2301" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558) by Bernaerd van Orley" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Troubled Succession of Charles V: Spain 1516-1522</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_5-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_5-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221601" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/key-leaders-in-european-history-1221601" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:63.5%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/RsrymPmAx9VSQTcH1UOH18T5cTY=/250x3529/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/alexander-entering-babylon-the-triumph-of-alexander-the-great-artist-le-brun-charles-1619-1690-520721095-58e197f83df78c5162014696.jpg" width="250" height="3529" alt="Painting of Alexander Entering Babylon by Le Brun, Charles." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.575" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/RsrymPmAx9VSQTcH1UOH18T5cTY=/250x3529/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/alexander-entering-babylon-the-triumph-of-alexander-the-great-artist-le-brun-charles-1619-1690-520721095-58e197f83df78c5162014696.jpg" width="250" height="3529" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Painting of Alexander Entering Babylon by Le Brun, Charles." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Influential Leaders in European History</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_6-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_6-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221999" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/longest-reigning-british-monarch-1221999" data-ordinal="6" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:146.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YsnHQzQ38ST4OhQJt-kaO3LXWg0=/250x4000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-royal-family-attend-easter-service-at-st-george-s-chapel--windsor-940589020-5af76d06eb97de003dd184ee.jpg" width="250" height="4000" alt="Queen Elizabeth II in purple holding a bouquet." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="0.682" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YsnHQzQ38ST4OhQJt-kaO3LXWg0=/250x4000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/the-royal-family-attend-easter-service-at-st-george-s-chapel--windsor-940589020-5af76d06eb97de003dd184ee.jpg" width="250" height="4000" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Queen Elizabeth II in purple holding a bouquet." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Longest Reigning British Monarch</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_7-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_7-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221661" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/key-events-in-italian-history-1221661" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.7%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h3B2-Nv_ivnenWpkzdg7PvgWjZ8=/250x1148/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Etruscan-Sarcophagus-56a027535f9b58eba4af26cd.jpg" width="250" height="1148" alt="Etruscan Painted Sarcophagus, Caere, Italy: Procession on the Base" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.321" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h3B2-Nv_ivnenWpkzdg7PvgWjZ8=/250x1148/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Etruscan-Sarcophagus-56a027535f9b58eba4af26cd.jpg" width="250" height="1148" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Etruscan Painted Sarcophagus, Caere, Italy: Procession on the Base" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Key Events in Italian History</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_8-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_8-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221658" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-rome-1221658" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9IiiADPZDe7EHhUyKxRFesyMDJU=/250x600/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Capitoline_she-wolf_RomulusRemus-57083c943df78c7d9ec69163.jpg" width="250" height="600" alt="Creation Myth: Romulus and Remus suckled by the Capitoline Wolf bronze statue" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.333" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9IiiADPZDe7EHhUyKxRFesyMDJU=/250x600/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Capitoline_she-wolf_RomulusRemus-57083c943df78c7d9ec69163.jpg" width="250" height="600" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Creation Myth: Romulus and Remus suckled by the Capitoline Wolf bronze statue" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">A Brief History of Rome</span></div> </div> </a></li></ul> <div id="reference-outbrain_2-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" data-widget-id="AR_2"></div> </div> <ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_2-0" class="comp mntl-masonry-tax-card-list mntl-masonry-card-list mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_9-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_9-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4115540" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-diet-of-worms-1521-4115540" data-ordinal="1" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:107.5%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Oo73FozXdHX5NnPCt07UvBgEHkw=/250x645/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration-57117db85f9b588cc221e312.jpg" width="250" height="645" alt="Martin Luther by Cranach" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="0.93" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Oo73FozXdHX5NnPCt07UvBgEHkw=/250x645/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration-57117db85f9b588cc221e312.jpg" width="250" height="645" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Martin Luther by Cranach" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Diet of Worms 1521: Luther Squares Off with the Emperor</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_10-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_10-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="3861006" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/schmalkaldic-league-reformation-war-part-1-3861006" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:69.9%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fhSpoSiAdwhrNNl-sYzJ7c8zRNU=/250x1103/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/war-council-during-the-schmalkaldic-war-171081808-22aa3e0e00a24073a0fe68a52111be54.jpg" width="250" height="1103" alt="War council during the Schmalkaldic War" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.43" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fhSpoSiAdwhrNNl-sYzJ7c8zRNU=/250x1103/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/war-council-during-the-schmalkaldic-war-171081808-22aa3e0e00a24073a0fe68a52111be54.jpg" width="250" height="1103" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="War council during the Schmalkaldic War" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Schmalkaldic League: Reformation War</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_11-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_11-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4161022" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-frederick-the-great-4161022" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:77.4%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lA1zuCtOpplsxGuImMVtHjvNhoc=/250x1162/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/frederickthegreat-5be65d6446e0fb002daf13c0.png" width="250" height="1162" alt="Portrait of Frederick II of Prussia as Crown Prince, 1739, by Antoine Pesne" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.291" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lA1zuCtOpplsxGuImMVtHjvNhoc=/250x1162/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/frederickthegreat-5be65d6446e0fb002daf13c0.png" width="250" height="1162" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Portrait of Frederick II of Prussia as Crown Prince, 1739, by Antoine Pesne" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Biography of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_12-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_12-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2360781" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/war-of-spanish-succession-battle-of-blenheim-2360781" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.4%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2H7AITosvbbkz6_I9m1EtaD_0ds=/250x1152/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battle-of-blenheim-large-57c4ba625f9b5855e5f76c45.jpg" width="250" height="1152" alt="Marlborough at Blenheim" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.325" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2H7AITosvbbkz6_I9m1EtaD_0ds=/250x1152/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battle-of-blenheim-large-57c4ba625f9b5855e5f76c45.jpg" width="250" height="1152" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Marlborough at Blenheim" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Wars & Battles"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_13-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_13-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221319" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/key-events-in-french-history-1221319" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:77.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JtMeuNamUZ7jWABhY7Qv0cUi6bk=/250x3913/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/marie-antoinette-being-taken-to-her-execution-on-16-october-1793-1794-artist-hamilton-william-1751-1801-533483497-58d999d73df78c516274f83c.jpg" width="250" height="3913" alt="Marie Antoinette Being Taken to Her Execution on 16 October 1793, 1794. Artist: Hamilton, William (1751-1801)" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.298" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JtMeuNamUZ7jWABhY7Qv0cUi6bk=/250x3913/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/marie-antoinette-being-taken-to-her-execution-on-16-october-1793-1794-artist-hamilton-william-1751-1801-533483497-58d999d73df78c516274f83c.jpg" width="250" height="3913" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Marie Antoinette Being Taken to Her Execution on 16 October 1793, 1794. Artist: Hamilton, William (1751-1801)" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Key Events in French History</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_14-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_14-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221771" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-women-1500-1945-1221771" data-ordinal="6" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/-wx3ZVAo9aacUGJUymbVjZ7av68=/250x2608/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923548586-5b1aabc0ba6177003738aeb5.jpg" width="250" height="2608" alt="Ada Lovelace" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/-wx3ZVAo9aacUGJUymbVjZ7av68=/250x2608/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923548586-5b1aabc0ba6177003738aeb5.jpg" width="250" height="2608" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Ada Lovelace" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Female European Historical Figures: 1500 - 1945</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_15-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_15-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1221919" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/napoleons-empire-1221919" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:134.4%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cFKD7S152BTPAj6ogDBG6fIa51U=/250x2722/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani-59d944780d327a00114119f6.jpg" width="250" height="2722" alt="Napoleon" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="0.744" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cFKD7S152BTPAj6ogDBG6fIa51U=/250x2722/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani-59d944780d327a00114119f6.jpg" width="250" height="2722" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Napoleon" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Napoleon's Empire</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_16-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_16-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4158012" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/john-dee-biography-4158012" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:61.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Z7MfvPh1cRaiXRgFCJ0wIoN3eig=/250x1262/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Glindoni_John_Dee_performing_an_experiment_before_Queen_Elizabeth_I-5a6933c08023b900195a3276.jpg" width="250" height="1262" alt="John Dee" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.623" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Z7MfvPh1cRaiXRgFCJ0wIoN3eig=/250x1262/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Glindoni_John_Dee_performing_an_experiment_before_Queen_Elizabeth_I-5a6933c08023b900195a3276.jpg" width="250" height="1262" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="John Dee" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="European History Figures & Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Biography of John Dee</span></div> </div> </a></li></ul> <div id="leaderboard2-deferred-footer_1-0" class="comp leaderboard2-deferred-footer mm-ads-leaderboardfooter-flex-2-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard mm-ads-flexible-ad mm-ads-gpt-adunit js-lazy-ad has-right-label leaderboard gpt leaderboard dynamic"> <div id="leaderboardfooter-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="leaderboard" data-pos="atf" data-priority="1" data-sizes="[[728, 90], [970, 250], "fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></section></div> </main><footer id="footer_1-0" class="comp footer mntl-footer" role="contentinfo" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-footer__inner"> <div class="mntl-footer__primary"> <div class="mntl-footer__logo"> <a href="/" rel="home nocaes" id="mntl-logo_1-0" aria-label="Visit the homepage" > <div class="is-screenreader-only">ThoughtCo</div> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg></a> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__social"> <div id="mntl-footer-social_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-social reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <h2 class="social-nav__title">Follow Us</h2> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--facebook"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--facebook" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Facebook" > <svg class="icon icon-facebook social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--flipboard"> <a href="https://flipboard.com/@thoughtco?utm_source=thoughtco&utm_medium=follow&utm_campaign=tools" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--flipboard" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Flipboard" > <svg class="icon icon-flipboard social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-flipboard" href="#icon-flipboard"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__secondary"> <nav id="mntl-footer-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav mntl-block" aria-label="Footer"><ul id="mntl-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-block mntl-footer-nav__list"><li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_1-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science, Tech, Math</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_2-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_3-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Languages</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_4-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Resources</span></a></li></ul></nav><ul id="mntl-footer-links_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-links footer-links"> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" data-type="ourStory" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > About Us </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/advertising" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="advertise" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Advertise </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/careers" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="careersAtDotDashMeredith" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Careers </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="privacyPolicy" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" data-type="editorialGuidelines" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Editorial Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" data-type="contact" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Contact </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-termsofservice" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="termsOfService" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Terms of Service </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item mntl-truste-badge-wrapper"> <div class="loc truste-badge"><div id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0" class="comp mntl-universal-truste-badge mntl-block"><a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0-link" class="mntl-truste-badge-link" data-tracking-container="true" > <img class="mntl-truste-badge-image lazyload" alt="Access TRUSTe's Enterprise Privacy Certification program" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" width="100" height="32" /> </a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="loc footer-bottom"><div id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-dotdash-universal-nav mntl-carbon-dotdash-universal-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__content"> <svg class="icon mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo" href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"></use> </svg> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__wrapper"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text"> ThoughtCo is part of the <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text--link" >Dotdash Meredith</a> publishing family. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer><svg class="is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="mntl-sc-block-starrating-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path d="M0,0v20h20V0H0z M14.2,12.2l1.1,6.3l-5.4-3.2l-5.1,3.2l1-6.3L1.4,8l5.9-0.8l2.6-5.8l2.7,5.8L18.5,8L14.2,12.2z"/> </svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg><script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="bottom" src="/static/4.44.0/cache/eNqNVNF2gzAI_aHl-BF73U9gRKXF0CVkrfv6YWy7zrms5_Q0AS9X4IJNUlDyzQRBGZurxdSm5mC_94xxfml-guxBVmJSwuTaTKzuTDq6P9GTXdwHBGIGl3wU5i3Ky3SSgEFTQ0ExBuCmwx7jEl8uEbt7kPlODLOD3JFUqI6geFn_Kyjoe6vGQI4pHF3EcyRd32yoCaPHvzAVVrysZdDnGlMa-sv5TSBdZiwghk8rratwn6kb0M4gSj15Q0lwLYSwZk14NZ6gGJGGUV9HCAO-UVJcOPacd64HkoGlNaFGhK5ELccerpc4GXqhAXYJIfpxY-6FBfigoRTX9JnZJgcxOPNuzMe5KPKw5VybsAmGMpgD9XsCLAMKZ5h_PXvgaCEVip7xQi1jXbCOgGW4HkX5J6RJ4mnpzwixvOrRfiJcRVjpdDtrC5B1lOhuAYetpxKaNGav2ZbTebHFDXrtrolj2_K2zFErl1eIkhPynsq3fD3pOsirY2tvk9h8qpIZx7klTTXV0nu-NdM7Fn90q6dSoWRtI1C4X_5J5JDTspSlIZynkCrcEyQJcS7z-sP4Ao2kJlY.min.js" async defer="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> Mntl.utilities.scriptsOnLoad(document.querySelectorAll('script[data-glb-js="bottom"]'), function() { var Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter.setMappings( { DOC_ID: '1221677' ,SITE: 'thoughtco' ,REQUEST_ID: 'nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04' } );window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.amazonAffiliateTagger); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.init();(function() { var article = document.getElementById('ref-article_1-0'); if (article && !article.gtmPageView) { article.gtmPageView = {"country":"SG","description":"Here are our top recommendations for books on the Holy Roman Empire, from 800 to 1806, and its rulers.","title":"Top 12 Books: The Holy Roman Empire" || document.title || '',"revenueGroup":"","contentGroup":"Other","fullUrl":"https://www.thoughtco.com/holy-roman-empire-books-1221677" + location.hash,"experienceType":"single page","entryType":"direct","excludeFromComscore":false,"internalSessionId":"nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04","internalRequestId":"nfdee88add87f4948bc3ddd7d10cd6f1e04","hid":"","experienceTypeName":"","recircDocIdsFooter":"","euTrafficFlag":false,"isGoogleBot":false,"mantleVersion":"4.0.860","commerceVersion":"","primaryTaxonomyNames":"ThoughtCo|Humanities|History & Culture|European History","templateId":"115","muid":"a91a9eb1-1baa-4718-9b65-9b0fcb89914c","lastEditingAuthorId":"8806","lastEditingUserId":"151378030080892","templateName":"LISTSC","documentId":1221677,"authorNames":"Robert Wilde","primaryTaxonomyIds":"4122478|4133358|4133356|4133316","viewType":"","authorId":"8806"}; } }()); (function(Mntl) { Mntl.Tooltip.init({ defaultPositionX: "auto", defaultPositionY: "auto" }); })(window.Mntl || {}); (function(Mntl) { Mntl.Tooltip.init({ defaultPositionX: "auto", defaultPositionY: "auto" }); })(window.Mntl || {}); (function(utils) { utils.readyOrDeferred(() => { const masonryInstance = document.getElementById('mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_1-0'); if (masonryInstance.dataset.noJs) return; Mntl.MasonryList.init(masonryInstance, {autoResize: false, stretch: '.card__img, .card--no-image .card__content'}); }); })(window.Mntl.utilities || {});(function(utils) { utils.readyOrDeferred(() => { const masonryInstance = document.getElementById('mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_2-0'); if (masonryInstance.dataset.noJs) return; Mntl.MasonryList.init(masonryInstance, {autoResize: false, stretch: '.card__img, .card--no-image .card__content'}); }); })(window.Mntl.utilities || {});}); </script></body> </html>