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CSIROpedia – Innovation shaping Australia and the world since 1916

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class=" banner__title-wrap"> <h1 class="banner__text banner__title display__title "><span>CSIROpedia</span></h1> </div><p class="banner__text banner__summary">Innovation shaping Australia and the world since 1916</p><a class="banner__cta btn btn--primary" href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/category/oral-histories/">Oral History Collection</a></div> </div></div></div> <a href="#maincontent" class="banner__scroll-indicator link--remove-underline"> <span class="icon icon--large icon--rounded"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="chevron-down svg-inline chevron-down-regular"><use xlink:href="#chevron-down-regular"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Scroll down the page</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div id="maincontent" class="content"> <div class="section section--gray" > <div class="widget__wrapper container"> <div class="grid widget__footer-area"> <div class="col-1-1 "> <div class="widget"><div class="widget__block"><div class="nba-widget nba-csiro__post-grid"><div class="nba-layout"><div class="grid__container"><h2 class="grid__title h2">Explore oral histories</h2><div class="grid"><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/interview-with-catherine-money/" class="card grid__card item__1 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Catherine Money" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/6237413.gif" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Catherine Money, interviewed by Tom Spurling and Terry Healy, 8 December 2021</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Catherine Money was Group Manager of CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology’s Leather Research Centre at Clayton. In 2001, she was appointed Officer-in-Charge, CSIRO Leather Research Centre.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/enid-plante-interviewed-by-tom-spurling-and-jean-swift-17-january-1986/" class="card grid__card item__2 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/enid_plante_1940s-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/enid_plante_1940s-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/enid_plante_1940s-770x512.jpg 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/enid_plante_1940s-1155x768.jpg 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Enid Plante, circa 1940s" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/enid_plante_1940s-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Enid Plante, interviewed by Tom Spurling and Jean Swift, 17 January 1986</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Enid was the first female appointed to the Physical Chemistry Section of the CSIR Division of Industrial Chemistry at the age of 21.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/interview-with-john-stocker/" class="card grid__card item__3 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john_stocker_bw_square-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john_stocker_bw_square-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john_stocker_bw_square-770x512.jpg 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john_stocker_bw_square-1155x768.jpg 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="John Stoker" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john_stocker_bw_square-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">John Stocker, interviewed by Tom Spurling and Terry Healy, 25 May 2018</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">John Stocker held the position of Chief Executive at CSIRO from 1990 to 1995</p></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section--white" > <div class="widget__wrapper container"> <div class="grid widget__footer-area"> <div class="col-1-1 "> <div class="widget"><div class="widget__block"><div class="nba-widget nba-csiro__post-grid"><div class="nba-layout"><div class="grid__container"><h2 class="grid__title h2">Spotlight on....</h2><div class="grid"><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/rv-investigator-skidding-time-lapse/" class="card grid__card item__1 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/RS1885_TR1541-lpr-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/RS1885_TR1541-lpr-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/RS1885_TR1541-lpr-770x512.jpg 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/RS1885_TR1541-lpr-1155x768.jpg 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Research vessel Investigator under construction" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/RS1885_TR1541-lpr-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">RV Investigator skidding time-lapse</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">The 93.9 metre research vessel, which weighs 6,082 ton, was moved from the wharf to a barge using a hydraulic system, and then towed to a dock, where the barge was submerged, leaving the vessel floating.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/parkes-radio-telescope-and-the-apollo-11-moon-landing/" class="card grid__card item__2 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Parkes-Control-Room-Apollo-11-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Parkes-Control-Room-Apollo-11-577x384.jpg 577w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, (min-width: 385px) 577px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="The Parkes Control Room, Apollo 11 Mission" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Parkes-Control-Room-Apollo-11-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Parkes radio telescope and the Apollo 11 Moon landing</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">In July 1969, the Parkes Observatory played an important role in history, when it received and broadcast the first Moon landing, Apollo 11.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/2c-climate-target-hot-topic/" class="card grid__card item__3 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Josep.Canadell-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Josep.Canadell-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Josep.Canadell-770x512.jpg 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Josep.Canadell-1059x768.jpg 1059w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1059px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Josep.Canadell-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">2°C climate target a hot topic</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Carbon dioxide emission reductions required to limit global warming to 2°C are becoming a receding goal based on new figures [&hellip;]</p></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section--gray" > <div class="widget__wrapper container"> <div class="grid widget__footer-area"> <div class="col-1-1 "> <div class="widget"><div class="widget__block"><div class="nba-widget nba-csiro__post-grid"><div class="nba-layout"><div class="grid__container"><h2 class="grid__title h2">Featured profiles</h2><div class="grid"><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/augustin-mary-ann/" class="card grid__card item__1 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Mary_Ann_Augustin-385x256.jpg 385w, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Mary Ann Augustin" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Mary_Ann_Augustin-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Mary Ann Augustin</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Mary Ann Augustin has had several science leadership and multi-disciplinary project leader roles at CSIRO. Her main area of research is in protein structure and immunoparasitology.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/gerald-lightfoot/" class="card grid__card item__2 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/gerald_lightfoot-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/gerald_lightfoot-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/gerald_lightfoot-770x512.jpg 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/gerald_lightfoot-1155x768.jpg 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Portrait of Gerald Lightfoot" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/gerald_lightfoot-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Gerald Lightfoot [1877–1966]</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Mr. Lightfoot came to Australia in 1906 and joined the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics where he was responsible for establishing the Bureau's Labour and Industrial Branch and extending it to the main industrial centres of the Commonwealth.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/" class="card grid__card item__3 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/rubypaynescott-385x256.jpg 385w, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Ruby Payne Scott black and white image" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/rubypaynescott-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">Ruby Payne-Scott [1912-1981]</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Ruby Payne-Scott was an Australian pioneer in radio physics and radio astronomy, and is believed to have been the first female radio astronomer.</p></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section--white" > <div class="widget__wrapper container"> <div class="grid widget__footer-area"> <div class="col-1-1 "> <div class="widget"><div class="widget__block"><div class="nba-widget nba-csiro__post-grid"><div class="nba-layout"><div class="grid__container"><h2 class="grid__title h2">Watch</h2><div class="grid"><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/the-c-s-i-r-research-facilities-part-2/" class="card grid__card item__1 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1_Research-facilities-of-the-CSIR-pt2-385x256.jpg 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1_Research-facilities-of-the-CSIR-pt2-577x384.jpg 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1_Research-facilities-of-the-CSIR-pt2-768x512.jpg 768w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, (min-width: 577px) 768px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="" src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1_Research-facilities-of-the-CSIR-pt2-385x256.jpg" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">The C.S.I.R. Research Facilities &#8211; Part 2: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Preservation (1946)</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">The second of five films on C.S.I.R.'s research facilities, produced for the Commonwealth Scientific Conference held in London in 1946.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/csiro-medals-1995-chairmans-medal-dr-keith-murray-and-the-aahl-team/" class="card grid__card item__2 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSIRO-Medals-1995-AAHL-Team-385x256.png 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSIRO-Medals-1995-AAHL-Team-577x384.png 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSIRO-Medals-1995-AAHL-Team-770x512.png 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSIRO-Medals-1995-AAHL-Team-1155x768.png 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Close up view of micro-pipettes." src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSIRO-Medals-1995-AAHL-Team-385x256.png" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">CSIRO Medals 1995 &#8211; Chairman&#8217;s Medal – Dr Keith Murray and the AAHL Team</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Keith Murray and colleagues (CSIRO Animal Health). For the discovery of a previously unknown equine morbillivirus: a new disease found in horses which can also affect humans.</p></div></div></a></div><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/csiro-medals-2005-research-achievement-novosorb-team/" class="card grid__card item__3 section--gray-lighter"><div class="card__container"><div class="card__block"><div class="card__image-wrapper"><img srcset="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CSIRO-Medals-2005-Novosorb-team-385x256.png 385w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CSIRO-Medals-2005-Novosorb-team-577x384.png 577w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CSIRO-Medals-2005-Novosorb-team-770x512.png 770w, https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CSIRO-Medals-2005-Novosorb-team-1155x768.png 1155w, " sizes="(max-width: 385px) 385px, ((min-width: 385px) and (max-width: 577px)) 577px, ((min-width: 577px) and (max-width: 770px)) 770px, (min-width: 770px) 1155px, " loading="lazy" class="card__image " alt="Samples of polymer fibres." src="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CSIRO-Medals-2005-Novosorb-team-385x256.png" style=" object-fit:cover; background-size:cover;"></img></div><h3 class="card__title h3 more-link">CSIRO Medals 2005 – Research achievement – Novosorb team</h3><p class="card__summary card__text">Pathiraja (Thilak) Gunatillake and colleagues (CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies). For the development of the novel family of biodegradable polymers for advanced biomedical and tissue engineering applications.</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class="grid__more-link__container container--centered section--med section--remove-bottom"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/?posts_per_page=3&orderby=rand&order=0&post_type=post&cat=52" class="grid__more-link btn btn--primary"><span class="btn__text">Show more</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section--bgi" > <div class="widget__wrapper container"> <div class="grid widget__footer-area"> <div class="col-1-1 "> <div class="widget"><div class="widget__block"><div class="nba-widget nba-csiro__post-grid"><div class="nba-layout"><div class="grid__container"><h2 class="grid__title h2">Explore CSIROpedia</h2><div class="grid"><div class="col-1-3"><a href="https://csiropedia.csiro.au/organisational-history/" class="card __card item__1 section--gray-lighter"><div 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