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class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1870</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 180 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">180 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1870 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1870 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1870 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1870 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1870 сон – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1870 сон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۸۷۰ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۷۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6" title="১৮৭০ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৭০" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_n%C3%AE" title="1870 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1870 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1870 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1870 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870." title="1870. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1870." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1870 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1870 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B0" title="۱۸۷۰ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸۷۰" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4" title="1870年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1870年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-ngi%C3%A8n" title="1870-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1870-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%EB%85%84" title="1870년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1870년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6" title="१८७० – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८७०" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870." title="1870. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1870." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6" title="মারি ১৮৭০ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৮৭০" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1870-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1870-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AD%E0%B3%A6" title="೧೮೭೦ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೮೭೦" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1870 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1870 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1870 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1870 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1870-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1870-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1870 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1870 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B8" title="1870 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1870 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870._gads" title="1870. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1870. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1870 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1870 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_m." title="1870 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1870 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870moi" title="1870moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1870moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6" title="१८७० – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८७०" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6" title="इ.स. १८७० – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १८७०" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B0" title="۱۸۷۰ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸۷۰" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1870 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1870 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88%E1%81%87%E1%81%80" title="၁၈၇၀ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈၇၀" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4" title="1870年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1870年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1870 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1870 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AD%E0%AD%A6" title="୧୮୭୦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮୭୦" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6" title="१८७० – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१८७०" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1870 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1870 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6" title="१८७० – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१८७०" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%D8%B9" title="1870ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1870ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A7%D9%A0" title="١٨٧٠ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨٧٠" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1870 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1870 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2413" title="พ.ศ. 2413 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2413" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1870" title="Соли 1870 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1870" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1870 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1870 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%D8%A1" title="1870ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1870ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_nienz" title="1870 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1870 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%83%E3%80%87%E5%B9%B4" title="一八七〇年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八七〇年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4" title="1870年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1870年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4" title="1870年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1870年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1870" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4" title="1870年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1870年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1870" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year 1870. For the 1971 Italian film, see <a href="/wiki/1870_(film)" title="1870 (film)">1870 (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1867">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1868">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1869" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1869">1869</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1870">1870</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1871">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1872">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1873" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1873">1873</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1870" title="Category:1870">1870 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Humanities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_animation" title="1870 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_archaeology" title="1870 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_architecture" title="1870 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_art" title="1870 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_literature" title="1870 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_poetry" title="1870 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_music" title="1870 in music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Australia" title="1870 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Belgium" title="1870 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Brazil" title="1870 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Canada" title="1870 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_China" title="1870 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Denmark" title="1870 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_France" title="1870 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Germany" title="1870 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_New_Zealand" title="1870 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Norway" title="1870 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Portugal" title="1870 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Russia" title="1870 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_South_Africa" title="1870 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Sweden" title="1870 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1870 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_the_United_States" title="1870 in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_rail_transport" title="1870 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_science" title="1870 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_sports" title="1870 in sports">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_entities_in_the_19th_century" title="List of political entities in the 19th century">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1870">Sovereign state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_19th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 19th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_in_law" title="Category:1870 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_births" title="Category:1870 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_deaths" title="Category:1870 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_establishments" title="Category:1870 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_disestablishments" title="Category:1870 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_works" title="Category:1870 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1870 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1870<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCCCLXX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2623</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1319<br />ԹՎ ՌՅԺԹ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6620</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>26–27</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1791–1792</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1277</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2820</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>33 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a> – 34 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2414</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1232</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7378–7379</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">己巳</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />4567 or 4360<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />庚午年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>)<br />4568 or 4361</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1586–1587</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3036</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1862–1863</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5630–5631</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1926–1927</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1791–1792</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4970–4971</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11870</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>870–871</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1248–1249</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1286–1287</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> 3<br />(明治３年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1798–1799</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 12 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4203</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>42 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前42年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>402</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2412–2413</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阴土蛇年<br />(female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />1996 or 1615 or 843<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阳金马年<br />(male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>)<br />1997 or 1616 or 844</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1870" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1870">1870</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg/220px-Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg/330px-Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg/440px-Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a>: Start of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>1870</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCCCLXX</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday" title="Common year starting on Saturday">common year starting on Saturday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday" title="Common year starting on Thursday">common year starting on Thursday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1870th year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 870th year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 70th year of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, and the 1st year of the <a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a> decade. As of the start of 1870, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> <ul><li>The first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Echo" title="The Northern Echo">The Northern Echo</a></i> newspaper is published in Priestgate, <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, England.</li> <li>Plans for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> are completed.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> begins in New York City.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – The <i><a href="/wiki/Musikverein" title="Musikverein">Musikverein</a></i>, Vienna, is inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> incorporates <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> for the first time symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">United States Democratic Party</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> (<i>A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marias_Massacre" title="Marias Massacre">Marias Massacre</a>: U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp of <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piegan Blackfeet</a> Indians, led by chief Heavy Runner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> (United States): <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> rejoins the Union. This year it adopts a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia#1870" title="Constitution of Virginia">new Constitution</a>, drawn up by <a href="/wiki/John_Curtiss_Underwood" title="John Curtiss Underwood">John Curtiss Underwood</a>, expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, including <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – British <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Boston" title="SS City of Boston">SS <i>City of Boston</i></a> departs <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, on a transatlantic passage on which it will be lost with all 191 aboard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Denis_Vrain-Lucas" title="Denis Vrain-Lucas">Denis Vrain-Lucas</a> is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a>, in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Goodna_State_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodna State School">Goodna State School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goodna,_Queensland" title="Goodna, Queensland">Goodna, Queensland</a>, Australia, is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> <ul><li>It is revealed that the famed <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Giant" title="Cardiff Giant">Cardiff Giant</a> in the U.S. is just carved <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and not the petrified remains of a human.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Brothers">The Seven Brothers</a></i> (<i>Seitsemän veljestä</i>), a novel by Finnish author <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a>, is published first time in several thin booklets.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> men the right to vote, is passed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – The U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Weather_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather Bureau">Weather Bureau</a> is created within the <a href="/wiki/Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Signal Corps">Army Signal Corps</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a>, is incorporated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a>: Women gain the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – Military control of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> ends and it is readmitted to the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Rhodes Revels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from Mississippi, is sworn into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, becoming the first African American to sit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> <ul><li>In New York City, the first <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit" title="Beach Pneumatic Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a>, is opened.</li> <li>The German <i><a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a></i> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – The <b>Nisshoki</b> 'circle of the sun' <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">flag of Japan</a> is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships, by proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> is established, by decree of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> Company is established in Japan as a <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> firm, by <a href="/wiki/Iwasaki_Yatar%C5%8D" title="Iwasaki Yatarō">Iwasaki Yatarō</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blake_Glover" title="Thomas Blake Glover">Thomas Blake Glover</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Cor%C3%A1" title="Battle of Cerro Corá">Battle of Cerro Corá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>: Marshal <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>'s last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a> is executed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>'s provisional government, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – The first ever international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> match, <a href="/wiki/England_v_Scotland_(1870)" class="mw-redirect" title="England v Scotland (1870)">England v Scotland</a>, takes place under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">the Football Association</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a>, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> is founded in Berlin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Female_Infanticide_Prevention_Act,_1870" title="Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870">Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870</a>, passed in British India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> is established in New York (state) and officially opens.</li> <li>A Chilean prospecting party led by José Díaz Gana discovers the silver ores of <a href="/wiki/Caracoles" title="Caracoles">Caracoles</a> in the Bolivian portion of <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-arqueo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arqueo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the last of <a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rushes</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChSI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChSI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a diplomatic dispute over its taxation between Chile and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mem2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mem2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, giving African American men the right to vote, is ratified.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> is readmitted to the Union.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mundy_Peterson" title="Thomas Mundy Peterson">Thomas Mundy Peterson</a> is the first African American to vote in an election.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – A <a href="/wiki/1870_Batang_earthquake" title="1870 Batang earthquake">7.3 earthquake</a> shakes the Chinese county of <a href="/wiki/Batang_County" title="Batang County">Batang</a> causing a fire that leaves about 5,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> was established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a> begins his first term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – The Chicago Base Ball Club, later to be known as the Chicago White Stockings and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a>, play their first game against the St. Louis Unions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Base Ball Players">National Association of Base Ball Players</a>, an amateur league.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> <ul><li>The Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> is created, in response to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide Football Club</a> is founded.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> match is played in New Zealand, between the Nelson Football Club and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_College" title="Nelson College">Nelson College</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Eccles_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccles hill">Eccles hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – The final splice on the first <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> submarine cable between <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is made.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – English novelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> dies at <a href="/wiki/Gads_Hill_Place" title="Gads Hill Place">Gads Hill Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, leaving his last book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood" title="The Mystery of Edwin Drood">The Mystery of Edwin Drood</a></i>, unfinished.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a> of 17 foreigners (mostly European Christian priests and nuns) and 40 Chinese people who had converted to Christianity, takes place in China when an angry mob attacks churches established in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> <ul><li>The office of the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> is set up, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> –The first message by <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> submarine cable is sent from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> is first performed at <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theatre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – American President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> signs an act making the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Independence Day">United States Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanksgiving Day (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> federal holidays in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ems_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ems Dispatch">Ems Dispatch</a> is published, serving as <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> for a war between <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> becomes the last former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate state of America</a> to be readmitted to the Union.</li> <li>The British government admits the former <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> to the Dominion of Canada.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Pastor_aeternus" title="Pastor aeternus">Pastor aeternus</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> declares <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, in matters of faith and morals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>: France declares war on <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – Start of <a href="/wiki/Solar_Saros_153" title="Solar Saros 153">Solar Saros 153</a>. The final eclipse in this series will be in 3114.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – The '<a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West#Diggers_Republic_(1870-71)" title="Griqualand West">Diggers' Republic</a>' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Parker" title="Stafford Parker">Stafford Parker</a> as president.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Tower_Subway" title="Tower Subway">Tower Subway</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in London, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway, officially opens.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_shield" title="Tunnelling shield">tunnelling shield</a>, devised by <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Barlow" title="Peter W. Barlow">Peter W. Barlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Greathead" title="James Henry Greathead">James Henry Greathead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of a permanent tunnel lining of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> segments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Republic of Ploiești">Republic of Ploiești</a>, an uprising against <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, fails.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> in Canada ends with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolseley Expedition">Wolseley Expedition</a> and the flight of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan, France">Sedan, France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France is deposed and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> is declared. <a href="/wiki/Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Eugénie">Empress Eugénie</a> flees to England with her son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Swain" title="Louisa Swain">Louisa Swain</a> of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Old_Faithful_Geyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Faithful Geyser">Old Faithful Geyser</a> is observed and named by <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Washburn" title="Henry D. Washburn">Henry D. Washburn</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Washburn%E2%80%93Langford%E2%80%93Doane_Expedition" title="Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition">Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> in Wyoming.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">Siege of Paris (1870–1871)</a> begins. From September 23, <a href="/wiki/Balloon_mail" title="Balloon mail">balloon mail</a> is sent out of the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a>; With <i><a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a></i> soldiers entering Rome at <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> is completed, ending the last remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Papal temporal power</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscite</a> held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – Rome becomes the capital of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unified Italy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> escapes besieged Paris in a <a href="/wiki/Hot-air_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-air balloon">hot-air balloon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> adjourns.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/1870_Charlevoix_earthquake" title="1870 Charlevoix earthquake">6.6 earthquake</a> shakes the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, killing 6 people.<sup id="cite_ref-anss_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anss-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – The Chinese leaders of June's <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a> of foreigners are executed by China's Imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1870)" title="Siege of Metz (1870)">Siege of Metz</a> – Marshal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine" title="François Achille Bazaine">François Achille Bazaine</a>, commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Metz" title="Fortifications of Metz">fortifications of Metz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>) makes its first official <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I of Spain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Rainey">Joseph H. Rainey</a> of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim" title="Juan Prim">Juan Prim</a>, prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barkly" title="Henry Barkly">Sir Henry Barkly</a> is appointed <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony#Governors_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope_(1797–1910)" title="Cape Colony">Governor of the Cape of Good Hope</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a>.</li> <li>The 12.8 km (8.0 mi) <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Rail_Tunnel" title="Fréjus Rail Tunnel">Fréjus Rail Tunnel</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> is completed.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Kenyon invents the <a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">fireman's pole</a> in Chicago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeter%27s" title="Graeter's">Graeter's</a> ice cream is originated in Cincinnati, Ohio.</li> <li>Just one of the 916 members of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> is Indian.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93March_2"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg/110px-ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg/165px-ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg/220px-ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001,_Gustav_Bauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg/110px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg/165px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0113-0500-001%2C_Gustav_Bauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a>, German sculptor, graphic artist and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor of Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Helena_Willman-Grabowska" title="Helena Willman-Grabowska">Helena Willman-Grabowska</a>, Polish indologist, Sorbonne and Jagiellonian University professor (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edwards_(director)" title="Walter Edwards (director)">Walter Edwards</a>, American film director (d. <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, dictator of Spain (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_Calder" title="Alexander Stirling Calder">Alexander Stirling Calder</a>, American sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a>, Australian politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta">Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta</a>, Thai Buddhist monk (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William G. Morgan</a>, American inventor of volleyball (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erik_Adolf_von_Willebrand" title="Erik Adolf von Willebrand">Erik Adolf von Willebrand</a>, Finnish physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, Austrian psychologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Lloyd" title="Marie Lloyd">Marie Lloyd</a>, English singer (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stinnes" title="Hugo Stinnes">Hugo Stinnes</a>, German industrialist, politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jay_Johnson_Morrow" title="Jay Johnson Morrow">Jay Johnson Morrow</a>, American military engineer, politician, 3rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Panama Canal Zone">Governor of the Panama Canal Zone</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jelica_Belovi%C4%87-Bernardzikowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska">Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska</a>, Croatian writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a>, American writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ester_Rachel_Kami%C5%84ska" title="Ester Rachel Kamińska">Ester Rachel Kamińska</a>, Polish actress, "mother of Yiddish theatre" (d. <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seale_Harris" title="Seale Harris">Seale Harris</a>, American physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horace_Donisthorpe" title="Horace Donisthorpe">Horace Donisthorpe</a>, English entomologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>, German general (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Storch_(sculptor)" title="Arthur Storch (sculptor)">Arthur Storch (sculptor)</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Melas" title="Pavlos Melas">Pavlos Melas</a>, Greek revolutionary and army officer (d. <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">election of 1920</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June_2"><span id="April.E2.80.93June_2"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg/110px-Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg/165px-Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Hamaguchi_Osachi_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamaguchi_Osachi" title="Hamaguchi Osachi">Hamaguchi Osachi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/110px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/165px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg/110px-Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg/165px-Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg/220px-Bain_News_Service_-_Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="5397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r" title="Franz Lehár">Franz Lehár</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hamaguchi_Osachi" title="Hamaguchi Osachi">Hamaguchi Osachi</a>, 27th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">George Albert Smith</a>, 8th president of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</a>, American journalist, author (d. <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Crocker" title="J. Howard Crocker">J. Howard Crocker</a>, Canadian educator and sports executive (d. <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>, American film director (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, Russian revolutionary, first <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier of the Soviet Union</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein</a>, German general (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r" title="Franz Lehár">Franz Lehár</a>, Austrian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harry_Vardon" title="Harry Vardon">Harry Vardon</a>, English golf professional (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tyrwhitt" title="Reginald Tyrwhitt">Reginald Tyrwhitt</a>, British admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fish" title="Albert Fish">Albert Fish</a>, American serial killer (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Benjamin N. Cardozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, South African soldier, statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a>, Belgian immunologist, microbiologist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Le_Roy" title="Édouard Le Roy">Édouard Le Roy</a>, French mathematician and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dufr%C3%A9noy" title="Georges Dufrénoy">Georges Dufrénoy</a>, French post-impressionist painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September_2"><span id="July.E2.80.93September_2"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Montessori1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Maria_Montessori1913.jpg/110px-Maria_Montessori1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Maria_Montessori1913.jpg/165px-Maria_Montessori1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Maria_Montessori1913.jpg/220px-Maria_Montessori1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Claude_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Georges_Claude_1926.jpg/110px-Georges_Claude_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Georges_Claude_1926.jpg/165px-Georges_Claude_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Georges_Claude_1926.jpg/220px-Georges_Claude_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a>, 11th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Beard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathew Beard">Mathew Beard</a>, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1870 (d. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Louis II, Prince of Monaco">Louis II, Prince of Monaco</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a>, American illustrator (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Becker" title="Charles Becker">Charles Becker</a>, American policeman and murderer (d. <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, French/English man of letters (d. <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Dixon_(boxer)" title="George Dixon (boxer)">George Dixon</a>, Canadian boxer (d. <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Marianne Weber</a>, German sociologist and suffragist (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lauder" title="Harry Lauder">Harry Lauder</a>, Scottish entertainer (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zenker" title="Hans Zenker">Hans Zenker</a>, German admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Richardson_(cricketer)" title="Tom Richardson (cricketer)">Tom Richardson</a>, English cricketer (d. <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a>, British general (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley_Kellogg" title="Edward Stanley Kellogg">Edward Stanley Kellogg</a>, 16th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of American Samoa">Governor of American Samoa</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>, Italian educator (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a>, French engineer, inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X of Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a>, French physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont">Thomas W. Lamont</a>, American banker (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December_2"><span id="October.E2.80.93December_2"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hood" title="Horace Hood">Horace Hood</a>, British admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>, 1st Chancellor of Austria (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>, Russian writer, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>, Japanese philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel" title="Johan Ludwig Mowinckel">Johan Ludwig Mowinckel</a>, Norwegian businessman, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Grant" title="Lawrence Grant">Lawrence Grant</a>, English actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigfrid_Edstr%C3%B6m" title="Sigfrid Edström">Sigfrid Edström</a>, Swedish sports official, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="President of the International Olympic Committee">President of the International Olympic Committee</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">Juho Kusti Paasikivi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_M._Blech" title="Gustavus M. Blech">Gustavus M. Blech</a>, German-American physician, surgeon (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Trixie_Friganza" title="Trixie Friganza">Trixie Friganza</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Vítězslav Novák">Vítězslav Novák</a>, Czech composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a>, 36th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a>, Indian historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer" title="Dirk Jan de Geer">Dirk Jan de Geer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>, 4th President of Austria (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saki" title="Saki">Saki</a>, English writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mbah_Gotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbah Gotho">Mbah Gotho</a>, Indonesian man, oldest human (d. <a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June"><span id="January.E2.80.93June"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lopez1870.jpg/110px-Lopez1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lopez1870.jpg/165px-Lopez1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lopez1870.jpg/220px-Lopez1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/110px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/165px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/220px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Seymour_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Seymour (Royal Navy officer)">Sir George Seymour</a>, British admiral of the fleet (b. <a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Victor de Broglie</a>, Prime Minister of France (b. <a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Salnave" title="Sylvain Salnave">Sylvain Salnave</a>, Haitian general, 9th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President of Haiti</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Carlos Soublette</a>, 2-time President of Venezuela (b. <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a>, French wine grower (b. <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">President of Paraguay</a> (killed in action) (b. <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Light" title="Henry Light">Henry Light</a>, third governor of British Guiana (b. <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a>, Canadian Orangeman, surveyor of the Red River Rebellion (shot by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> and the Métis) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Moshoeshoe_I" title="Moshoeshoe I">Moshoeshoe I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>, American general (b. <a href="/wiki/1816" title="1816">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a>, General, First constitutional <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> (assassinated) (b. <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a>, American women's rights activist (b. <a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domni%C8%9Ba_Rallou_Caragea" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnița Rallou Caragea">Domnița Rallou Caragea</a>, Greek princess, independence activist (b. <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Young_Simpson" title="James Young Simpson">James Young Simpson</a>, Scottish physician, researcher (b. <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Ferdinand von Wrangel</a>, Baltic-German explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>/<a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hohe" title="Friedrich Hohe">Friedrich Hohe</a>, German lithographer, painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, British novelist (b. <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Goncourt" title="Jules de Goncourt">Jules de Goncourt</a>, French writer, publisher (b. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Mihd%C3%AD" title="Mírzá Mihdí">Mírzá Mihdí</a>, youngest child of Baháʼí founder Baháʼu'lláh (b. <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Kingsbury" title="Cyrus Kingsbury">Cyrus Kingsbury</a>, American missionary to Choctaw Indians (b. <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December"><span id="July.E2.80.93December"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg/110px-Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg/165px-Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg/220px-Portrett_av_forfatter_Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4218" data-file-height="4219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje" title="Aasmund Olavsson Vinje">Aasmund Olavsson Vinje</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_(1802-1870)_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/110px-Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/165px-Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_%281802-1870%29_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="7440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pelaghia_Ro%C8%99u" title="Pelaghia Roșu">Pelaghia Roșu</a>, Romanian heroine (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josef_Strauss" title="Josef Strauss">Josef Strauss</a>, Austrian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abel_Douay" title="Abel Douay">Abel Douay</a>, French general (killed in action) (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a>, American admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Perucho_Figueredo" title="Perucho Figueredo">Pedro Figueredo</a>, Cuban poet, musician and freedom fighter (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Javier_Espinosa" title="Juan Javier Espinosa">Juan Javier Espinosa</a>, 9th President of Ecuador (b. <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, French writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_F._Packer" title="William F. Packer">William F. Packer</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenleaf_Bulfinch" title="Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch">Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch</a>, American minister, hymn writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, Confederate general (b. <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diego_Noboa" title="Diego Noboa">Diego Noboa</a>, 4th President of Ecuador (b. <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuseppina_Bozzacchi" title="Giuseppina Bozzacchi">Giuseppina Bozzacchi</a>, Milanese-born ballerina (b. <a href="/wiki/1853" title="1853">1853</a>) (result of deprivation during <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">Siege of Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a>, French poet, writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1846" title="1846">1846</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Graf_von_Wimpffen" title="Franz Graf von Wimpffen">Franz Graf von Wimpffen</a>, Austrian general and admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bazille" title="Frédéric Bazille">Frédéric Bazille</a>, French painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</a>, early politician within the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, père, French author (b. <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_MacDowell" title="Patrick MacDowell">Patrick MacDowell</a>, Northern Irish sculptor (b. <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim,_1st_Marquis_of_los_Castillejos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos">Juan Prim</a>, Spanish general and prime minister (assassinated) (b. <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nurmijarvi.fi/aleksis-kivi/artikkelit/seitseman-veljesta-150-juhlavuosi/">Seitsemän veljestä 150 juhlavuosi – Nurmijärvi</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arqueo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arqueo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-AlbaridoLorcaRivera2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García-Albarido, Francisco; Lorca, Rodrigo; Rivera, Francisco (2010). "Arquelogía histórica en el mineral de Caracoles, Región de Antofagasta, Chile (1870-1989)". <i>Revista de Arqueología Histórica Argentina y Latinoamericana</i> (in Spanish). <b>4</b>: 169–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Hist%C3%B3rica+Argentina+y+Latinoamericana&rft.atitle=Arquelog%C3%ADa+hist%C3%B3rica+en+el+mineral+de+Caracoles%2C+Regi%C3%B3n+de+Antofagasta%2C+Chile+%281870-1989%29&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=169-194&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Albarido&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Lorca%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Rivera%2C+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChSI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChSI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1993" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie, ed. (1993). <i>Chile Since Independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43375-4"><bdi>978-0-521-43375-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92017160">92017160</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25873947">25873947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+Since+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25873947&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92017160&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43375-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mem2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mem2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-92800.html">"Mineral de Caracoles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria_Chilena" title="Memoria Chilena">Memoria Chilena</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena&rft.atitle=Mineral+de+Caracoles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-92800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGDC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGDC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS)1972" class="citation cs2">National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1138"><i>Significant Earthquake Database</i></a> (Data Set), <a href="/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center" title="National Geophysical Data Center">National Geophysical Data Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K">10.7289/V5TD9V7K</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Significant+Earthquake+Database&rft.pub=National+Geophysical+Data+Center%2C+NOAA&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K&rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fearthquake%2Fevent-more-info%2F1138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Putnam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"China", in <i>The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates</i>, ed. by George P. Putnam and F. B. Perkins (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878) p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivia_B._Waxman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Olivia B. Waxman (December 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4608452/christmas-america-national-holiday/">"The Surprising Story of Christmas in the United States"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Story+of+Christmas+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.au=Olivia+B.+Waxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4608452%2Fchristmas-america-national-holiday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102715-9"><bdi>978-0-14-102715-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102715-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Denis (2001). <i>Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley</i>. Thomas Telford. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2876-0"><bdi>978-0-7277-2876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Engineering+Heritage%3A+London+and+the+Thames+Valley&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2876-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2005" class="citation book cs1">West, Graham (2005). <i>Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33512-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+and+the+Rise+of+the+Tunnelling+Industry&rft.pages=116-118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33512-6&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anss-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anss_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSS:M_6.6_-_Near_Baie-Saint-Paul,_Quebec,_Canada1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">ANSS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ott18701020163000000">"M 6.6 - Near Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec, Canada 1870"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Catalog</i>. U.S. Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M+6.6+-+Near+Baie-Saint-Paul%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada+1870&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Catalog&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.au=ANSS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fott18701020163000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prussianmachine.com/aka/kress.htm">"Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein"</a>. <i>prussianmachine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prussianmachine.com&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Freiherr+Kre%C3%9F+von+Kressenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprussianmachine.com%2Faka%2Fkress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998" class="citation book cs1">Lengermann, Patricia M.; Niebrugge-Brantley, Jill (1998). "Marianne Weber (1870- 1954): A Woman-Centered Sociology". <i>The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory, 1830-1930 : a Text/reader</i>. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-509-0"><bdi>978-1-57766-509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marianne+Weber+%281870-+1954%29%3A+A+Woman-Centered+Sociology&rft.btitle=The+Women+Founders%3A+Sociology+and+Social+Theory%2C+1830-1930+%3A+a+Text%2Freader&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-509-0&rft.aulast=Lengermann&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rft.au=Niebrugge-Brantley%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dickens, Charles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dickens,_Charles">"Dickens, Charles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dickens%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pages from the Goncourt Journals</i> (2006). NYRB Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159017190X" title="Special:BookSources/159017190X">159017190X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Prosper-Merimee">"Prosper Mérimée"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>. September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prosper+M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FProsper-Merimee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Munro1978" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Munro (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2JHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Alexandre Dumas Père: A Bibliography of Works Translated Into English to 1910</i></a>. Garland Pub. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-9836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-9836-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-9836-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas+P%C3%A8re%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Works+Translated+Into+English+to+1910&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-9836-0&rft.au=Douglas+Munro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2JHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carruth, Gorton. "1870: Publishing; arts and music; popular entertainment; architecture; theatre." <i>The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates</i> by Gorton Carruth, (9th ed., HarperCollins, 1993), p. 302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18264630/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=349ae456">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140605161908/http://dp.la/timeline%231870">"1870"</a>. <i>Timeline</i>. USA: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" title="Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dp.la/timeline#1870">the original</a> on June 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline&rft.atitle=1870&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdp.la%2Ftimeline%231870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1870" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1870&oldid=1257880042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1870&oldid=1257880042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870" title="Category:1870">1870</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_Cite_anss" title="Category:Articles using Cite anss">Articles using Cite anss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2011">Use mdy dates from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 02:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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