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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_injector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_injector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Steam injector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_injector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giffard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giffard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Giffard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giffard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kneass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kneass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kneass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kneass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nozzle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nozzle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Nozzle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nozzle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combining_tube" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_tube"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Combining tube</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_tube-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_tube" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_tube"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Delivery tube</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_tube-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_design_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_design_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Key design parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_design_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifting_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lifting properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overflow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overflow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Overflow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overflow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Check_valve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Check_valve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Check valve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Check_valve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaust_steam_injector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust_steam_injector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Exhaust steam injector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust_steam_injector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum_ejectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum_ejectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Vacuum ejectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum_ejectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_application_of_the_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_application_of_the_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Earlier application of the principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_application_of_the_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well_pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well_pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Well pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Well_pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-stage_steam_vacuum_ejectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-stage_steam_vacuum_ejectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-stage_steam_vacuum_ejectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Construction materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Injector</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86" title="حاقن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاقن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector" title="Injector – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Injector" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor" title="Injektor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Injektor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor-Pumpe" title="Injektor-Pumpe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Injektor-Pumpe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor" title="Injektor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Injektor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Μπεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyector" title="Inyector – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inyector" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%98%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انژکتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انژکتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injecteur" title="Injecteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Injecteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxector" title="Inxector – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inxector" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%9D%ED%84%B0" title="인젝터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인젝터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor" title="Injektor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Injektor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniettore" title="Iniettore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iniettore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Форсунка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Форсунка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инжектор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инжектор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%91zsug%C3%A1r-szivatty%C3%BA" title="Gőzsugár-szivattyú – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gőzsugár-szivattyú" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്തഃക്ഷേപിണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തഃക്ഷേപിണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="အင်ဂျက်တာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဂျက်တာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector" title="Injector – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Injector" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF" title="インジェクタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インジェクタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejektor_(pumpe)" title="Ejektor (pumpe) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ejektor (pumpe)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumienica" title="Strumienica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strumienica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector" title="Injector – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Injector" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector" title="Injector – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Injector" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Паровой инжектор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паровой инжектор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor" title="Injektor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Injektor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektori" title="Injektori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Injektori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektor" title="Injektor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Injektor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Інжектор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інжектор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="انجیکٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انجیکٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8" title="注射器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="注射器" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of pump using high pressure fluid to entrain a lower pressure fluid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the system that adds fuel to an internal combustion engine, see <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Injector_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Injector (disambiguation)">Injector (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/350px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/525px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/700px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Injector used in steam locomotives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Injector_Giffard-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Injector_Giffard-02.jpg/400px-Injector_Giffard-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Injector_Giffard-02.jpg/600px-Injector_Giffard-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Injector_Giffard-02.jpg/800px-Injector_Giffard-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A- Steam from boiler, B- Needle valve, C- Needle valve handle, D- Steam and water combine, E- Water feed, F- Combining cone, G- Delivery nozzle and cone, H- delivery chamber and pipe, K- Check valve, L- Overflow</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>injector</b> is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(hydrodynamics)" title="Entrainment (hydrodynamics)">entrained</a> in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow. </p><p>Depending on the application, an injector can also take the form of an <i>eductor-jet pump</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Water_eductor" title="Water eductor">water eductor</a></i> or an <i>aspirator</i>. An <i><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">ejector</a></i> operates on similar principles to create a vacuum feed connection for braking systems etc. </p><p>The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, a slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steam_injector">Steam injector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Steam injector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The steam injector is a common device used for delivering water to steam boilers, especially in steam locomotives. It is a typical application of the injector principle used to deliver cold <a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater" title="Boiler feedwater">water</a> to a boiler against its own pressure, using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a>. When first developed, its operation was intriguing because it seemed paradoxical, almost like <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a>, but it was later explained using <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goldfinch2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldfinch2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of injector may use other pressurised motive fluids such as air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giffard">Giffard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Giffard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The injector was invented by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giffard" title="Henri Giffard">Henri Giffard</a> in early 1850s and patented in France in 1858, for use on <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was patented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sharp,_Stewart_and_Company" title="Sharp, Stewart and Company">Sharp, Stewart and Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>. </p><p>After some initial scepticism resulting from the unfamiliar and superficially paradoxical mode of operation,<sup id="cite_ref-k1910_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> the injector became widely adopted for steam locomotives as an alternative to mechanical pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-k1910_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5,7">: 5,7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kneass">Kneass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kneass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strickland_Landis_Kneass" title="Strickland Landis Kneass">Strickland Landis Kneass</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, experimenter, and author, with many accomplishments involving railroading.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kneass began publishing a mathematical model of the physics of the injector, which he had verified by experimenting with steam. A steam injector has three primary sections:<sup id="cite_ref-k1910_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Steam nozzle, a diverging duct, which converts high pressure steam to low pressure, high velocity wet steam</li> <li>Combining tube, a converging duct, which mixes high velocity steam and cold water</li> <li>Delivery tube, a diverging duct, where a high velocity stream of steam and cold water become a slow high pressure stream of water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nozzle">Nozzle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nozzle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneass15steamDischarge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Kneass15steamDischarge.png/220px-Kneass15steamDischarge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Kneass15steamDischarge.png/330px-Kneass15steamDischarge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Kneass15steamDischarge.png/440px-Kneass15steamDischarge.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Kneass's illustrations of differently shaped steam nozzles</figcaption></figure> <p>Figure 15 shows four sketches Kneass drew of steam passing through a nozzle. In general, <a href="/wiki/Compressible_flow" title="Compressible flow">compressible flows</a> through a diverging duct increases velocity as a gas expands. The two sketches at the bottom of figure 15 are both diverging, but the bottom one is slightly curved, and produced the highest velocity flow parallel to the axis. The area of a duct is proportional to the square of the diameter, and the curvature allows the steam to expand more linearly as it passes through the duct. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> cools during <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic">adiabatic</a> expansion (without adding heat), releasing less energy than the same gas would during <a href="/wiki/Isothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothermal">isothermal</a> expansion (constant temperature). Expansion of steam follows an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_process" title="Thermodynamic process">thermodynamic process</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>. Steam does more <a href="/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" title="Work (thermodynamics)">work</a> than an ideal gas, because steam remains hot during expansion. </p><p>The extra heat comes from <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">enthalpy of vaporization</a>, as some of the steam condenses back into droplets of water intermixed with steam.<sup id="cite_ref-k1910_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combining_tube">Combining tube</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combining tube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the nozzle, the steam has very high velocity, but at less than atmospheric pressure, drawing in cold water which becomes <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(hydrodynamics)" title="Entrainment (hydrodynamics)">entrained</a> in the stream, where the steam condenses into droplets of water in a converging duct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delivery_tube">Delivery tube</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Delivery tube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delivery tube is a diverging duct where the force of deceleration increases pressure, allowing the stream of water to enter the boiler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The injector consists of a body filled with a secondary fluid, into which a motive fluid is injected. The motive fluid induces the secondary fluid to move. Injectors exist in many variations, and can have several stages, each repeating the same basic operating principle, to increase their overall effect. </p><p>It uses the <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a> of a <a href="/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle" title="De Laval nozzle">converging-diverging nozzle</a> on a steam jet to convert the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> energy of the steam to <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> energy, reducing its pressure to below that of the atmosphere, which enables it to entrain a fluid (e.g., water). After passing through the convergent "combining cone", the mixed fluid is fully condensed. The condensate mixture then enters a divergent "delivery cone" which slows the jet, converting kinetic energy back into static pressure energy above the pressure of the boiler enabling its feed through a non-return valve.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldfinch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldfinch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the heat energy in the condensed steam is returned to the boiler, increasing the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a> of the process. Injectors are therefore typically over 98% energy-efficient overall; they are also simple compared to the many moving parts in a feed pump. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg/350px-Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg/525px-Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg/700px-Injektor_Dampfstrahlpumpe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Steam injector of a locomotive boiler</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_design_parameters">Key design parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key design parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluid feed rate and operating pressure range are the key parameters of an injector, and vacuum pressure and evacuation rate are the key parameters for an ejector. </p><p>Compression ratio and the entrainment ratio may also be defined: </p><p>The compression ratio of the injector, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{2}/P_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{2}/P_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48ff3f3f8c1e7ffaf7945f1b60c0c8ecc01890bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.255ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{2}/P_{1}}" /></span>, is defined as ratio of the injector's outlet pressure <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87858df7457aa93caaef5a316db87a7240cc8c29" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{2}}" /></span> to the inlet pressure of the suction fluid <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" /></span>. </p><p>The entrainment ratio of the injector, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{s}/W_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{s}/W_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcaaa3d2f76fa0ff79311a13ca576f1630f2afbb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.228ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{s}/W_{m}}" /></span>, is defined as the amount <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{s}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{s}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b46f7e6c1d04631b9483bfa74e105b09cb2e5263" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.197ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{s}}" /></span> (in kg/h) of suction fluid that can be entrained and compressed by a given amount <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f08f3ae7d801a080a258998f4051dddb3af00dfe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.869ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{m}}" /></span> (in kg/h) of motive fluid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifting_properties">Lifting properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifting properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other key properties of an injector include the fluid inlet pressure requirements i.e. whether it is lifting or non-lifting. </p><p>In a non-lifting injector, positive inlet fluid pressure is needed e.g. the cold water input is fed by gravity. </p><p>The steam-cone minimal orifice diameter is kept larger than the combining cone minimal diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-lifting Nathan 4000 injector used on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_4294" title="Southern Pacific 4294">Southern Pacific 4294</a> could push 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) per hour at 250 psi (17 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lifting injector can operate with negative inlet fluid pressure i.e. fluid lying below the level of the injector. It differs from the non-lifting type mainly in the relative dimensions of the nozzles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overflow">Overflow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overflow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An overflow is required for excess steam or water to discharge, especially during starting. If the injector cannot initially overcome boiler pressure, the overflow allows the injector to continue to draw water and steam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Check_valve">Check valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Check valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is at least one <a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">check valve</a> (called a "clack valve" in locomotives because of the distinctive noise it makes<sup id="cite_ref-goldfinch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldfinch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) between the exit of the injector and the boiler to prevent back flow, and usually a valve to prevent air being sucked in at the overflow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhaust_steam_injector">Exhaust steam injector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exhaust steam injector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efficiency was further improved by the development of a multi-stage injector which is powered not by live steam from the boiler but by exhaust steam from the cylinders, thereby making use of the residual energy in the exhaust steam which would otherwise go to waste. However, an exhaust injector also cannot work when the locomotive is stationary; later exhaust injectors could use a supply of live steam if no exhaust steam was available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injectors can be troublesome under certain running conditions, such as when vibration causes the combined steam and water jet to "knock off". Originally the injector had to be restarted by careful manipulation of the steam and water controls, and the distraction caused by a malfunctioning injector was largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ais_Gill_rail_accident" title="1913 Ais Gill rail accident">1913 Ais Gill rail accident</a>. Later injectors were designed to automatically restart on sensing the collapse in vacuum from the steam jet, for example with a spring-loaded delivery cone. </p><p>Another common problem occurs when the incoming water is too warm and is less effective at condensing the steam in the combining cone. That can also occur if the metal body of the injector is too hot, e.g. from prolonged use. </p><p>The internal parts of an injector are subject to erosive wear, particularly damage at the throat of the delivery cone which may be due to <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum_ejectors">Vacuum ejectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vacuum ejectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejector_or_Injector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ejector_or_Injector.svg/396px-Ejector_or_Injector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="396" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ejector_or_Injector.svg/594px-Ejector_or_Injector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ejector_or_Injector.svg/792px-Ejector_or_Injector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a typical modern ejector</figcaption></figure> <p>An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in <a href="/wiki/Railway_brake" title="Railway brake">continuous train braking systems</a>, which were made compulsory in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Railways_Act_1889" title="Regulation of Railways Act 1889">Regulation of Railways Act 1889</a>. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire. The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the <a href="/wiki/Crosshead" title="Crosshead">crosshead</a> because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving. </p><p>Vacuum brakes have been superseded by air brakes in modern trains, which allow the use of smaller brake cylinders and/or higher braking force due to the greater difference from atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_application_of_the_principle">Earlier application of the principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Earlier application of the principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png/200px-Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png/300px-Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png/400px-Smokebox_ejection_mechanism.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the smokebox of a steam locomotive, rotated 90 degrees. The similarity to the generic injector diagram at the top of this article is apparent.</figcaption></figure> <p>An empirical application of the principle was in widespread use on steam locomotives before its formal development as the injector, in the form of the arrangement of the <a href="/wiki/Blastpipe" title="Blastpipe">blastpipe</a> and chimney in the locomotive smokebox. The sketch on the right shows a cross section through a smokebox, rotated 90 degrees; it can be seen that the same components are present, albeit differently named, as in the generic diagram of an injector at the top of the article. Exhaust steam from the cylinders is directed through a nozzle on the end of the blastpipe, to reduce pressure inside the smokebox by entraining the flue gases from the boiler which are then ejected via the chimney. The effect is to increase the draught on the fire to a degree proportional to the rate of steam consumption, so that as more steam is used, more heat is generated from the fire and steam production is also increased. The effect was first noted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> and subsequently developed empirically by the early locomotive engineers; <a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Stephenson's Rocket</a> made use of it, and this constitutes much of the reason for its notably improved performance in comparison with contemporary machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of injectors (or ejectors) in various industrial applications has become quite common due to their relative simplicity and adaptability. For example: </p> <ul><li>To inject <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a> into the boiler drums of small, stationary, low pressure boilers. In large, high-pressure modern boilers, usage of injectors for chemical dosing is not possible due to their limited outlet pressures.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a>, they are used for the removal of the boiler <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>, the removal of <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> from the hoppers of the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitators</a> used to remove that ash from the boiler <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a>, and for drawing a vacuum pressure in <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> exhaust <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">condensers</a>.</li> <li>Jet pumps have been used in <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water nuclear reactors</a> to circulate the coolant fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For use in producing a vacuum pressure in <a href="/wiki/Steam_jet_cooling" title="Steam jet cooling">steam jet cooling</a> systems.</li> <li>For expansion work recovery in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> processes in the oil & gas Industry.</li> <li>For the bulk handling of <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a> or other granular or powdered materials.</li> <li>The construction industry uses them for pumping <a href="/wiki/Turbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbid">turbid</a> water and <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a>.</li> <li>Eductors are used in ships to pump residual <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a> water, or cargo oil which cannot be removed using centrifugal pumps due to loss of suction head and may damage the centrifugal pump if run dry, which may be caused due to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trim" class="extiw" title="wikt:trim">trim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_list" title="Angle of list">list</a> of the ship.</li> <li>Eductors are used on-board ships to pump out bilges, since using centrifugal pump would not be feasible as the suction head may be lost frequently.</li> <li>Some aircraft (mostly earlier designs) use an ejector attached to the fuselage to provide vacuum for gyroscopic instruments such as an <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude indicator</a> (artificial horizon).</li> <li>Eductors are used in aircraft fuel systems as transfer pumps; fluid flow from an engine-mounted mechanical pump can be delivered to a fuel tank-mounted eductor to transfer fuel from that tank.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirators</a> are vacuum pumps based on the same operating principle and are used in <a href="/wiki/Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratories">laboratories</a> to create a partial vacuum and for medical use in <a href="/wiki/Suction" title="Suction">suction</a> of mucus or bodily fluids.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_eductor" title="Water eductor">Water eductors</a> are water pumps used for dredging silt and panning for gold, they're used because they can handle the highly abrasive mixtures quite well.</li> <li>To create vacuum system in vacuum distillation unit (oil refinery).</li> <li>Vacuum autoclaves use an ejector to pull a vacuum, generally powered by the cold water supply to the machine.</li> <li>Low weight jet pumps can be made out of paper mache.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well_pumps">Well pumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Well pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_well_pump" title="Water well pump">Water well pump</a></div> <p>Jet pumps are commonly used to extract water from <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">water wells</a>. The main pump, often a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pump</a>, is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to the jet pump installed below ground in the well. This recirculated part of the pumped fluid is used to power the jet. At the jet pump, the high-energy, low-mass returned flow drives more fluid from the well, becoming a low-energy, high-mass flow which is then piped to the inlet of the main pump. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Eductor_pump.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_Eductor_pump.svg/220px-S_Eductor_pump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_Eductor_pump.svg/330px-S_Eductor_pump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_Eductor_pump.svg/440px-S_Eductor_pump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The S type pump is useful for removing water from a well or container.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shallow well pumps</b> are those in which the jet assembly is attached directly to the main pump and are limited to a depth of approximately 5-8m to prevent <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>. </p><p><b>Deep well pumps</b> are those in which the jet is located at the bottom of the well. The maximum depth for deep well pumps is determined by the inside diameter of and the velocity through the jet. The major advantage of jet pumps for deep well installations is the ability to situate all mechanical parts (e.g., electric/petrol motor, rotating impellers) at the ground surface for easy maintenance. The advent of the electrical <a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">submersible pump</a> has partly replaced the need for jet type well pumps, except for <a href="/wiki/Water_well#Driven_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">driven point wells</a> or surface water intakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-stage_steam_vacuum_ejectors">Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In practice, for suction pressure below 100 <a href="/wiki/Mbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbar">mbar</a> absolute, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers between the ejector stages. Condensing of motive steam greatly improves ejector set efficiency; both <a href="/wiki/Barometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric">barometric</a> and shell-and-tube <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">surface condensers</a> are used. </p><p>In operation a two-stage system consists of a primary high-vacuum (HV) ejector and a secondary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. Initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to finally pull vacuum to the required pressure. </p><p>In operation a three-stage system consists of a primary booster, a secondary high-vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. As per the two-stage system, initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to pull vacuum to the lower intermediate pressure. Finally the booster is operated (in conjunction with the HV & LV ejectors) to pull vacuum to the required pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_materials">Construction materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Construction materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injectors or ejectors are made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, and other materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator (pump)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle" title="De Laval nozzle">De Laval nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_pump" title="Diffusion pump">Diffusion pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Venturi" title="Giovanni Battista Venturi">Giovanni Battista Venturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_de_Laval" title="Gustaf de Laval">Gustaf de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">Nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_R._H.Green,_D._W.2007" class="citation book cs1">Perry, R. H.; Green, D. W., eds. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Perry%27s_Chemical_Engineers%27_Handbook" title="Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook"><i>Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</i></a> (8th ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142294-9"><bdi>978-0-07-142294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perry%27s+Chemical+Engineers%27+Handbook&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142294-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Robert_B.1993" class="citation book cs1">Power, Robert B. (1993). <i>Steam Jet Ejectors For The Process Industries</i> (First ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050618-3"><bdi>978-0-07-050618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steam+Jet+Ejectors+For+The+Process+Industries&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-07-050618-3&rft.au=Power%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYarongPeirong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yarong, Wang; Peirong, Wang (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F202125203055">"Analysis of the adiabatic process by using the thermodynamic property diagram of water vapor"</a>. <i>E3S Web of Conferences</i>. <b>252</b>: 03055. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021E3SWC.25203055Y">2021E3SWC.25203055Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F202125203055">10.1051/e3sconf/202125203055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238022926">238022926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E3S+Web+of+Conferences&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+adiabatic+process+by+using+the+thermodynamic+property+diagram+of+water+vapor&rft.volume=252&rft.pages=03055&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238022926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F202125203055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021E3SWC.25203055Y&rft.aulast=Yarong&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft.au=Peirong%2C+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Fe3sconf%252F202125203055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldfinch2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldfinch2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldfinch_&_Semmens2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldfinch & Semmens (2000). <i>How Steam Locomotives Really Work</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860782-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860782-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860782-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Steam+Locomotives+Really+Work&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860782-3&rft.au=Goldfinch+%26+Semmens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrickland_L._Kneass1894" class="citation book cs1">Strickland L. Kneass (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practiceandtheo04kneagoog"><i>Practice and Theory of the Injector</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Kessinger Publications, 2007 ). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-47587-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-47587-4"><bdi>978-0-548-47587-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+and+Theory+of+the+Injector&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+%28Reprinted+by+Kessinger+Publications%2C+2007+%29&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=978-0-548-47587-4&rft.au=Strickland+L.+Kneass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticeandtheo04kneagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k1910-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k1910_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k1910_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k1910_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k1910_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrickland_Landis_Kneass1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strickland_Landis_Kneass" title="Strickland Landis Kneass">Strickland Landis Kneass</a> (1910). <i>Practice and Theory of the Injector</i>. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Wentworth Press, 2019). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0469047891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0469047891"><bdi>978-0469047891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+and+Theory+of+the+Injector&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+%28Reprinted+by+Wentworth+Press%2C+2019%29&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0469047891&rft.au=Strickland+Landis+Kneass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraff1884" class="citation journal cs1">Graff, Frederic (April 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/982738">"Obituary Notice of Strickland Kneass"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>21</b> (115): <span class="nowrap">451–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/982738">982738</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notice+of+Strickland+Kneass&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=1884-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F982738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F982738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“THE STEAM INJECTOR.” BY MR.F.T.BARWELL, G.W.R. MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE. SWINDON ENGINEERING SOCIETY. TRANSACTIONS, 1929-30. ORDINARY MEETING. — JANUARY 21ST, 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldfinch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldfinch_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldfinch_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldfinch_&_Semmens2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldfinch & Semmens (2000). <i>How Steam Locomotives Really Work</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860782-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860782-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860782-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Steam+Locomotives+Really+Work&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860782-3&rft.au=Goldfinch+%26+Semmens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPullen1900" class="citation book cs1">Pullen, William Wade Fitzherbert (1900). <i>Injectors: their Theory, Construction and Working</i> (Second ed.). London: The Technical Publishing Company Limited. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0951936751" title="Special:BookSources/0951936751"><bdi>0951936751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Injectors%3A+their+Theory%2C+Construction+and+Working&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Technical+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=0951936751&rft.aulast=Pullen&rft.aufirst=William+Wade+Fitzherbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonO'Day2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David N.; O'Day, Russell M. H. (17 July 2013). <i>Cab-Forward Notes Southern Pacific Railroad's Signature Locomotive</i> (Revision 1 ed.). Sacramento, California: Gerald Rood. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cab-Forward+Notes+Southern+Pacific+Railroad%27s+Signature+Locomotive&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+California&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=Revision+1&rft.pub=Gerald+Rood&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft.au=O%27Day%2C+Russell+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Model Injector, Ted Crawford, Tee Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clan-line.org.uk/tech/injectors/">"Clan Line : Injectors"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clan+Line+%3A+Injectors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clan-line.org.uk%2Ftech%2Finjectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4847043.html">"Steam-assisted jet pump"</a>. General Electric<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2011</span>. <q>United States Patent 4847043 ... recirculation of a coolant in a nuclear reactor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steam-assisted+jet+pump&rft.pub=General+Electric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F4847043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.B._Snell1973" class="citation book cs1">J.B. Snell (1973). <i>Mechanical Engineering: Railways</i>. Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-908170-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-908170-8"><bdi>978-0-09-908170-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanical+Engineering%3A+Railways&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-09-908170-8&rft.au=J.B.+Snell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.T._HodgsonC.S._Lake1954" class="citation book cs1">J.T. Hodgson; C.S. Lake (1954). <i>Locomotive Management</i> (Tenth ed.). Tothill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locomotive+Management&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Tothill+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.au=J.T.+Hodgson&rft.au=C.S.+Lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjector" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injector&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">Slide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve#Murdoch's_D_slide_valve" title="Slide valve">D slide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Piston valve (steam engine)">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">Bash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_valve_gear" title="Gab valve gear">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley conjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_(beam_engine)" title="Cataract (beam engine)">Cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod#Steam_engines" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocycloidal">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">straight line mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">Link chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_chain" title="Roller chain">Plate chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Simple boilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">Haystack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon boiler">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg-ended boiler">Egg-ended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Box boiler">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">Fire-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotive boiler">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch-type_boiler" title="Launch-type boiler">Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-tube_boiler" title="Field-tube boiler">Field-tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_boiler" title="Sentinel boiler">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_boiler" title="Stirling boiler">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimble_tube_boiler" title="Thimble tube boiler">Thimble tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-drum_boiler" title="Three-drum boiler">Three-drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_boiler" title="Yarrow boiler">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Boiler feed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feedwater_heater" title="Feedwater heater">Feedwater heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">Feedwater pump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Injector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-_and_double-acting_cylinders" title="Single- and double-acting cylinders">Single- and double-acting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">Condensing steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet condenser">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchweger_condenser" title="Kirchweger condenser">Kirchweger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser" title="Watt steam engine">Watt's separate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen#After_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">"Pickle-pot"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(steam_engine)" title="Blowback (steam engine)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshead" title="Crosshead">Crosshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">Expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">Hydrolock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine" title="Return connecting rod engine">Return connecting rod engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-column_beam_engine" title="Six-column beam engine">Six-column beam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine#Steeple_engines" title="Return connecting rod engine">Steeple engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeple_compound_engine" title="Steeple compound engine">Steeple compound engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Precursors" title="History of the steam engine">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Savery Engine</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Memorial_Engine" title="Newcomen Memorial Engine">Newcomen Memorial Engine</a> (1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairbottom_Bobs" title="Fairbottom Bobs">Fairbottom Bobs</a></i> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsecar_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsecar Engine">Elsecar Engine</a> (1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinneil_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneil Engine">Kinneil Engine</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bess_(beam_engine)" title="Old Bess (beam engine)"><i>Old Bess</i></a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Chacewater Mine engine</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(beam_engine)" title="Resolution (beam engine)"><i>Resolution</i></a> (1781)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory#Steam_engines" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory engine</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)#Boring_machine_for_steam_engines" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">Bradley Works engine</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Engine" title="Whitbread Engine">Whitbread Engine</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Preserved_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">National Museum of Scotland engine</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a> (1788)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#High-pressure_engines" title="History of the steam engine">High-pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#High-pressure_engine" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#London_Steam_Carriage" title="Richard Trevithick">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> (1804)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Woolf's compound engine</a> (1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray%27s_Hypocycloidal_Engine" title="Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine">Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)"><i>Salamanca</i></a> (1812)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_steam_engine" title="High-speed steam engine">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter-Allen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter-Allen engine">Porter-Allen</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_turbine" title="Ljungström turbine">Ljungström</a> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#The_first_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lean%27s_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Modern steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-returning_engine" title="Water-returning engine">Water-returning engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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