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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amino_acids_and_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amino_acids_and_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Amino acids and proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amino_acids_and_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lipids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbohydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbohydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Carbohydrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbohydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleotides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleotides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nucleotides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleotides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coenzymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coenzymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Coenzymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coenzymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_and_cofactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_and_cofactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mineral and cofactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_and_cofactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catabolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catabolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Catabolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Catabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_from_organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_from_organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Energy from organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_from_organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_transformations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_transformations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy transformations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_transformations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy transformations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_transformations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxidative_phosphorylation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidative_phosphorylation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Oxidative phosphorylation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidative_phosphorylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_from_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_from_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Energy from inorganic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_from_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_from_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_from_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Energy from light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_from_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anabolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anabolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anabolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Carbon fixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbohydrates_and_glycans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbohydrates_and_glycans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Carbohydrates and glycans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbohydrates_and_glycans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatty_acids,_isoprenoids_and_sterol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatty_acids,_isoprenoids_and_sterol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fatty acids, isoprenoids and sterol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatty_acids,_isoprenoids_and_sterol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleotide_synthesis_and_salvage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleotide_synthesis_and_salvage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Nucleotide synthesis and salvage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleotide_synthesis_and_salvage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xenobiotics_and_redox_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenobiotics_and_redox_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Xenobiotics and redox metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenobiotics_and_redox_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermodynamics_of_living_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermodynamics_of_living_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Thermodynamics of living organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamics_of_living_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulation and control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Investigation and manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Greek philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_of_the_scientific_method_and_Modern_metabolic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_the_scientific_method_and_Modern_metabolic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Application of the scientific method and Modern metabolic theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_the_scientific_method_and_Modern_metabolic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stoffwechsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%88%BD_%E1%89%85%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AE" title="ገንባፍራሽ ቅንባሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ገንባፍራሽ ቅንባሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="أيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বিপাক ক্ৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিপাক ক্ৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismu" title="Metabolismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metabolismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete_reko" title="Tete reko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tete reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madd%C9%99l%C9%99r_m%C3%BCbadil%C9%99si" title="Maddələr mübadiləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddələr mübadiləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="متابولیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متابولیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="বিপাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিপাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-si%C4%81" title="Tāi-siā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метабалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метабалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мэтабалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтабалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मेटाबॉलिज्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेटाबॉलिज्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Метаболизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метаболизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolegezh" title="Metabolegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metabolegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismus" title="Metabolismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metabolismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metabolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofskifte" title="Stofskifte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stofskifte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stoffwechsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεταβολισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταβολισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolo" title="Metabolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metabolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismu" title="Metabolismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Metabolismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="متابولیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متابولیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métabolisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisim" title="Metabolisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Metabolisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitibileacht" title="Meitibileacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meitibileacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ХӀамаш хувцаялар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀамаш хувцаялар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%AF" title="ચયાપચય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચયાપચય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoi-chhia" title="Thoi-chhia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thoi-chhia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물질대사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նյութափոխանակություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյութափոխանակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" title="चयापचय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चयापचय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolio" title="Metabolio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metabolio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaskipti" title="Efnaskipti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מטבוליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטבוליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Métabolisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚಯಾಪಚಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಯಾಪಚಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეტაბოლიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტაბოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Зат алмасу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат алмасу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboledh" title="Metaboledh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Metaboledh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboli" title="Metaboli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metaboli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolis" title="Metabolis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metabolis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Зат алмашуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат алмашуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismus" title="Metabolismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metabolismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielmai%C5%86a" title="Vielmaiņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vielmaiņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismus" title="Metabolismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metabolismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizmas" title="Metabolizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metabolizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyagcsere" title="Anyagcsere – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anyagcsere" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Метаболизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метаболизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഉപാപചയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപാപചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" title="चयापचय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चयापचय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეტაბოლიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეტაბოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бодисын солилцоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодисын солилцоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဇီဝကမ္မဖြစ်စဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝကမ္မဖြစ်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stofwisseling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE" title="मेटाबोलिजम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेटाबोलिजम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="代謝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代謝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoofwaksel" title="Stoofwaksel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stoofwaksel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffskifte" title="Stoffskifte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stoffskifte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffskifte" title="Stoffskifte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stoffskifte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE" title="ମେଟାବୋଲିଜିମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେଟାବୋଲିଜିମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadheefa" title="Nadheefa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nadheefa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizm" title="Metabolizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metabolizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੈਟਾਬੋਲਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਟਾਬੋਲਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85" title="میٹابولزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹابولزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="استقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffwessel" title="Stoffwessel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stoffwessel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizm" title="Metabolizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metabolizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizm" title="Metabolizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Metabolizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imayay_yamkiy" title="Imayay yamkiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imayay yamkiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метаболізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Обмен веществ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обмен веществ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizmi" title="Metabolizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metabolizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tkov%C3%A1_premena" title="Látková premena – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Látková premena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Presnova" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مێتابۆلیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێتابۆلیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Метаболизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метаболизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tabolisme" title="Métabolisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Métabolisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aineenvaihdunta" title="Aineenvaihdunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aineenvaihdunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metabolism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metabolismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வளர்சிதை மாற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளர்சிதை மாற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Метаболизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Метаболизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="เมแทบอลิซึม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมแทบอลิซึม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizma" title="Metabolizma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metabolizma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Обмін речовин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обмін речовин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="تحول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizm" title="Metabolizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metabolizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trao_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trao đổi chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trao đổi chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="代謝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="代謝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of chemical reactions in organisms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cellular metabolism" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Cell_Metabolism" title="Cell Metabolism"><i>Cell Metabolism</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For calories burned at rest, see <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">Basal metabolic rate</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metabolism (disambiguation)">Metabolism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolism-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Metabolism-en.svg/220px-Metabolism-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Metabolism-en.svg/330px-Metabolism-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Metabolism-en.svg/440px-Metabolism-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Simplified view of cellular metabolism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATP-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ATP-3D-vdW.png/220px-ATP-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ATP-3D-vdW.png/330px-ATP-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ATP-3D-vdW.png/440px-ATP-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), a central intermediate in energy metabolism</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:light-dark(#92D3E8,#004055) !important; padding:0.2em; font-size:175%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/220px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/330px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/440px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;"><b>Chemistry of life</b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; background-color: transparent; border-color: light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles" title="Index of biochemistry articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry" title="Outline of biochemistry">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">List of biochemists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">Biochemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biochemists" title="List of biochemists">List of biochemists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Biomolecule families</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">Alcohols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoproteins">Glycoproteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosides">Glycosides</a></li> <li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">Lipids</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoids">Eicosanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty acids">Fatty acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty-acid metabolism">Fatty-acid metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerides">Glycerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipids">Phospholipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipids">Sphingolipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">Steroids</a></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">Nucleic acids</a>:</i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleobases" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobases">Nucleobases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosides">Nucleosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">Nucleotides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide metabolism">Nucleotide metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">Proteins</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">Amino acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">Amino acid metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><u>Other:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapyrroles">Tetrapyrroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemical synthesis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis" title="Artificial gene synthesis">Artificial gene synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetic_synthesis" title="Biomimetic synthesis">Biomimetic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretrosynthesis" title="Bioretrosynthesis">Bioretrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis_(nanotechnology)" title="Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology)">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_synthesis" title="Convergent synthesis">Convergent synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_peptide_synthesis" title="Custom peptide synthesis">Custom peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_process" title="Direct process">Direct process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_synthesis" title="Divergent synthesis">Divergent synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrosynthesis" title="Electrosynthesis">Electrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fully_automated_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully automated synthesis">Fully automated synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis" title="Hydrothermal synthesis">Hydrothermal synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation_synthesis_in_solution" title="Laser ablation synthesis in solution">LASiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis">Mechanosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-pot_synthesis" title="One-pot synthesis">One-pot synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesis" title="Peptide synthesis">Peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosynthesis" title="Radiosynthesis">Radiosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_synthesis" title="Solid-phase synthesis">Solid-phase synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvothermal_synthesis" title="Solvothermal synthesis">Solvothermal synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_combustion_synthesis" title="Volume combustion synthesis">Volume combustion synthesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Biochemistry fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55)"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Glossary of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Glossary of chemistry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: light-dark(#92D3E8,#004055); border-color: light-dark(#A2B8BF, #384d55);"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemistry" title="Category:Biochemistry">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Template:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Metabolism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μεταβολή</span> <i>metabolē</i>, "change") is the set of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a>. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>; and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their <a href="/wiki/Structures#Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Structures">structures</a>, and respond to their environments. The word <i>metabolism</i> can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. </p><p>Metabolic reactions may be categorized as <i><a href="/wiki/Catabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic">catabolic</a></i>—the <i>breaking down</i> of compounds (for example, of glucose to pyruvate by <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>); or <i><a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a></i>—the <i>building up</i> (<a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesis</a>) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy. </p><p>The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a>, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and will not occur by themselves, by <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(physics)" title="Coupling (physics)">coupling</a> them to <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_process" title="Spontaneous process">spontaneous reactions</a> that release energy. Enzymes act as <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a>—they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly—and they also allow the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway#Regulation" title="Metabolic pathway">regulation</a> of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell's</a> environment or to <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signals</a> from other cells. </p><p>The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritious</a> and which <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a>. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> use <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich-1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a> of an organism is the measure of the amount of energy consumed by all of these chemical reactions. </p><p>A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the set of <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a> that are best known as the intermediates in the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> and huge <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> like <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">evolutionary history</a>, and their retention is likely due to their <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenhöh-2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenhöh-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez-Hevia-1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez-Hevia-1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes">type II diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, normal metabolism is disrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolism of cancer cells is also different from the metabolism of normal cells, and these differences can be used to find targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Vander_Heiden-2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vander_Heiden-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_biochemicals">Key biochemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key biochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell (biology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/250px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/375px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/500px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a <a href="/wiki/Triacylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Triacylglycerol">triacylglycerol</a> lipid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg/220px-Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg/330px-Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg/440px-Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>This is a diagram depicting a large set of human metabolic pathways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (often called <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>). As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. These biochemicals can be joined to make <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, essential <a href="/wiki/Macromolecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromolecules">macromolecules</a> of life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of molecule </th> <th>Name of <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> forms </th> <th>Name of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> forms </th> <th>Examples of polymer forms </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </td> <td>Amino acids </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> (made of polypeptides) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_protein" title="Fibrous protein">Fibrous proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">globular proteins</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide">Polynucleotides</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amino_acids_and_proteins">Amino acids and proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amino acids and proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></div> <p>Proteins are made of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> arranged in a linear chain joined by <a href="/wiki/Peptide_bond" title="Peptide bond">peptide bonds</a>. Many proteins are <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyze</a> the chemical reactions in metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>, a system of <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> that maintains the cell shape.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proteins are also important in <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">immune responses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_adhesion" title="Cell adhesion">cell adhesion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> across membranes, and the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (<a href="/wiki/Tricarboxylic_acid_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricarboxylic acid cycle">tricarboxylic acid cycle</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when a primary source of energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lipids">Lipids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lipids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Biolipid">Biolipid</a></div> <p>Lipids are the most diverse group of biochemicals. Their main structural uses are as part of internal and external <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">biological membranes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> can also be used. Lipids contain a long, non-polar <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">hydrocarbon chain</a> with a small polar region containing oxygen. Lipids are usually defined as <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphiphiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiphiles">amphipathic</a> biological molecules but will dissolve in <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> are a large group of compounds that contain <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>; a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids by <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> linkages is called a <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triacylglyceride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several variations of the basic structure exist, including backbones such as <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin" title="Sphingomyelin">sphingomyelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterol</a> are another major class of lipids.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carbohydrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The straight chain form consists of four C H O H groups linked in a row, capped at the ends by an aldehyde group C O H and a methanol group C H 2 O H. To form the ring, the aldehyde group combines with the O H group of the next-to-last carbon at the other end, just before the methanol group." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" decoding="async" width="231" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a></div> <p>Carbohydrates are <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups attached, that can exist as straight chains or rings. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>) and structural components (<a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in plants, <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> in animals).<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2005_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic carbohydrate units are called <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and most importantly <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. Monosaccharides can be linked together to form <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> in almost limitless ways.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleotides">Nucleotides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nucleotides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a></div> <p>The two nucleic acids, DNA and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, are polymers of <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a>. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> sugar group which is attached to a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous base">nitrogenous base</a>. Nucleic acids are critical for the storage and use of genetic information, and its interpretation through the processes of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein biosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2005_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is protected by <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> mechanisms and propagated through <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> have an <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA genome</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcription">reverse transcription</a> to create a DNA template from its viral RNA genome.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RNA in <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">ribozymes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Spliceosome" title="Spliceosome">spliceosomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions. Individual <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleosides</a> are made by attaching a <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> sugar. These bases are <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocyclic">heterocyclic</a> rings containing nitrogen, classified as <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidines</a>. Nucleotides also act as coenzymes in metabolic-group-transfer reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wimmer-1978_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimmer-1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coenzymes">Coenzymes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coenzymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg/300px-Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg/450px-Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg/600px-Acetyl-CoA-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a>. The transferable <a href="/wiki/Acetyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl">acetyl group</a> is bonded to the sulfur atom at the extreme left.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">Coenzyme</a></div> <p>Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions, but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> of atoms and their bonds within molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wimmer-1978_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimmer-1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These group-transfer intermediates are called <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzymes</a>. Each class of group-transfer reactions is carried out by a particular coenzyme, which is the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrate</a> for a set of enzymes that produce it, and a set of enzymes that consume it. These coenzymes are therefore continuously made, consumed and then recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimroth-2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimroth-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One central coenzyme is <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), the energy currency of cells. This <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> is used to transfer chemical energy between different chemical reactions. There is only a small amount of ATP in cells, but as it is continuously regenerated, the human body can use about its own weight in ATP per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimroth-2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimroth-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ATP acts as a bridge between <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>. Catabolism breaks down molecules, and anabolism puts them together. Catabolic reactions generate ATP, and anabolic reactions consume it. It also serves as a carrier of phosphate groups in <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> is an organic compound needed in small quantities that cannot be made in cells. In <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">human nutrition</a>, most vitamins function as coenzymes after modification; for example, all water-soluble vitamins are phosphorylated or are coupled to nucleotides when they are used in cells.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NAD<sup>+</sup>), a derivative of vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>), is an important coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor. Hundreds of separate types of <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenase" title="Dehydrogenase">dehydrogenases</a> remove electrons from their substrates and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce</a> NAD<sup>+</sup> into NADH. This reduced form of the coenzyme is then a substrate for any of the <a href="/wiki/Reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductase">reductases</a> in the cell that need to transfer hydrogen atoms to their substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two related forms in the cell, NADH and NADPH. The NAD<sup>+</sup>/NADH form is more important in catabolic reactions, while NADP<sup>+</sup>/NADPH is used in anabolic reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/300px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/450px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/600px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The structure of iron-containing <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>. The protein subunits are in red and blue, and the iron-containing <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> groups in green. From <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1GZX">1GZX</a></span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_and_cofactors">Mineral and cofactors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mineral and cofactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></div> <p>Inorganic elements play critical roles in metabolism; some are abundant (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) while others function at minute concentrations. About 99% of a human's body weight is made up of the elements <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a> (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen; most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water.<sup id="cite_ref-Heymsfield-1991_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heymsfield-1991-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abundant inorganic elements act as <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>. The most important ions are <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> and the organic ion <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>. The maintenance of precise <a href="/wiki/Ion_gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion gradient">ion gradients</a> across <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> maintains <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ions are also critical for <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> function, as <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> and the cell's fluid, the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a> depends upon the movement of calcium, sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and <a href="/wiki/T-tubule" title="T-tubule">T-tubules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a> are usually present as <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a> in organisms, with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> being most abundant of those.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal cofactors are bound tightly to specific sites in proteins; although enzyme cofactors can be modified during catalysis, they always return to their original state by the end of the reaction catalyzed. Metal micronutrients are taken up into organisms by specific transporters and bind to storage proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metallothionein" title="Metallothionein">metallothionein</a> when not in use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catabolism">Catabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">Catabolism</a></div> <p>Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules. These include breaking down and oxidizing food molecules. The purpose of the catabolic reactions is to provide the energy and components needed by anabolic reactions which build molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts-2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact nature of these catabolic reactions differ from organism to organism, and organisms can be classified based on their sources of energy, hydrogen, and carbon (their <a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">primary nutritional groups</a>), as shown in the table below. Organic molecules are used as a source of hydrogen atoms or electrons by <a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">organotrophs</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">lithotrophs</a> use inorganic substrates. Whereas <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">phototrophs</a> convert sunlight to <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy#Chemical_potential_energy" title="Potential energy">chemical energy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemotrophs</a> depend on <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from reduced donor molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous ions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>. In animals, these reactions involve complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a> that are broken down to simpler molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water. <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthetic</a> organisms, such as plants and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, use similar electron-transfer reactions to store energy absorbed from sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"> <caption>Classification of organisms based on their metabolism<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ff0;">Energy source</td> <td style="background:#ff0;">sunlight</td> <td style="background:#ff0;">photo-</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#7fc31c;">-troph </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff0;"> <td>molecules</td> <td style="background:#ff0;">chemo- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ffb300;">Hydrogen or electron donor</td> <td style="background:#ffb300;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:#ffb300;">organo-</td> <td rowspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffb300;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a></td> <td style="background:#ffb300;">litho- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#fb805f;">Carbon source</td> <td style="background:#fb805f;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:#fb805f;">hetero- </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fb805f;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a></td> <td style="background:#fb805f;">auto- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common set of catabolic reactions in animals can be separated into three main stages. In the first stage, large organic molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, are digested into their smaller components outside cells. Next, these smaller molecules are taken up by cells and converted to smaller molecules, usually <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl coenzyme A</a> (acetyl-CoA), which releases some energy. Finally, the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>, releasing more energy while reducing the coenzyme <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NAD<sup>+</sup>) into NADH.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts-2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal tract</a></div> <p>Macromolecules cannot be directly processed by cells. Macromolecules must be broken into smaller units before they can be used in cell metabolism. Different classes of enzymes are used to digest these polymers. These <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> include <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a> that digest proteins into amino acids, as well as <a href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase" title="Glycoside hydrolase">glycoside hydrolases</a> that digest polysaccharides into simple sugars known as <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosaccharides">monosaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microbes simply secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while animals only secrete these enzymes from specialized cells in their <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">guts</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catabolism_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Catabolism_schematic.svg/300px-Catabolism_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Catabolism_schematic.svg/450px-Catabolism_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Catabolism_schematic.svg/600px-Catabolism_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A simplified outline of the catabolism of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_from_organic_compounds">Energy from organic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Energy from organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">Fermentation (biochemistry)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">Carbohydrate catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_catabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat catabolism">Fat catabolism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Protein catabolism</a></div> <p>Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells after they have been digested into <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once inside, the major route of breakdown is <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>, in which glucose is converted into <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvate</a>. This process generates the energy-conveying molecule <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> from NAD<sup>+</sup>, and generates <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> from <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a> for use in powering many processes within the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouché-2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouché-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, but the majority is converted to <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a> and fed into the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>, which enables more ATP production by means of <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>. This oxidation consumes molecular oxygen and releases water and the waste product carbon dioxide. When oxygen is lacking, or when pyruvate is temporarily produced faster than it can be consumed by the citric acid cycle (as in intense muscular exertion), pyruvate is converted to <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">lactate dehydrogenase</a>, a process that also oxidizes NADH back to NAD<sup>+</sup> for re-use in further glycolysis, allowing energy production to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lactate is later converted back to pyruvate for ATP production where energy is needed, or back to glucose in the <a href="/wiki/Cori_cycle" title="Cori cycle">Cori cycle</a>. An alternative route for glucose breakdown is the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a>, which produces less energy but supports <a href="#Anabolism">anabolism</a> (biomolecule synthesis). This pathway reduces the coenzyme <a href="/wiki/NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="NADP+">NADP<sup>+</sup></a> to NADPH and produces <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose</a> compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">ribose 5-phosphate</a> for synthesis of many biomolecules such as <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">aromatic amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruger-2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruger-2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_Catabolism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carbon_Catabolism.png/500px-Carbon_Catabolism.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carbon_Catabolism.png/750px-Carbon_Catabolism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carbon_Catabolism.png/1000px-Carbon_Catabolism.png 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption>Carbon Catabolism pathway map for free energy including carbohydrate and lipid sources of energy</figcaption></figure> <p>Fats are catabolized by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> to free fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol enters glycolysis and the fatty acids are broken down by <a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">beta oxidation</a> to release acetyl-CoA, which then is fed into the citric acid cycle. Fatty acids release more energy upon oxidation than carbohydrates. Steroids are also broken down by some bacteria in a process similar to beta oxidation, and this breakdown process involves the release of significant amounts of acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and pyruvate, which can all be used by the cell for energy. <i>M. tuberculosis</i> can also grow on the lipid <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> as a sole source of carbon, and genes involved in the cholesterol-use pathway(s) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of <i>M. tuberculosis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> are either used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules, or oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and carbon dioxide to produce energy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a <a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminase</a>. The amino group is fed into the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a>, leaving a deaminated carbon skeleton in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Keto_acid" title="Keto acid">keto acid</a>. Several of these keto acids are intermediates in the citric acid cycle, for example α-<a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">ketoglutarate</a> formed by deamination of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic amino acids</a> can also be converted into glucose, through <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_transformations">Energy transformations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy transformations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidative_phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oxidative phosphorylation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemiosmosis" title="Chemiosmosis">Chemiosmosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></div> <p>In oxidative phosphorylation, the electrons removed from organic molecules in areas such as the citric acid cycle are transferred to oxygen and the energy released is used to make ATP. This is done in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>, these proteins are found in the cell's <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure" title="Bacterial cell structure">inner membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These proteins use the energy from <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reduced</a> molecules like NADH to pump <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> across a membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATPsyn.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ATPsyn.gif/220px-ATPsyn.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/ATPsyn.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Mechanism of <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a>. ATP is shown in red, ADP and phosphate in pink and the rotating stalk subunit in black.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">concentration difference</a> across the membrane and generates an <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">electrochemical gradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a>. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">adenosine diphosphate</a>—turning it into ATP.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimroth-2006_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimroth-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_from_inorganic_compounds">Energy from inorganic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy from inorganic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemolithotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemolithotroph">Chemolithotrophy</a> is a type of metabolism found in <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> where energy is obtained from the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a>. These organisms can use <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds (such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich-1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">ferrous iron (Fe(II))</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as sources of reducing power and they gain energy from the oxidation of these compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These microbial processes are important in global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Acetogenesis" title="Acetogenesis">acetogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a> and are critical for <a href="/wiki/Fertility_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility (soil)">soil fertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_from_light">Energy from light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy from light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototroph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photophosphorylation" title="Photophosphorylation">Photophosphorylation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></div> <p>The energy in sunlight is captured by <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple_bacteria" title="Purple bacteria">purple bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">green sulfur bacteria</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>. This process is often coupled to the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds, as part of photosynthesis, which is discussed below. The energy capture and carbon fixation systems can, however, operate separately in prokaryotes, as purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria can use sunlight as a source of energy, while switching between carbon fixation and the fermentation of organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many organisms, the capture of solar energy is similar in principle to oxidative phosphorylation, as it involves the storage of energy as a proton concentration gradient. This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrons needed to drive this electron transport chain come from light-gathering proteins called <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre" title="Photosynthetic reaction centre">photosynthetic reaction centres</a>. Reaction centers are classified into two types depending on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_pigment" title="Photosynthetic pigment">photosynthetic pigment</a> present, with most photosynthetic bacteria only having one type, while plants and cyanobacteria have two.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">photosystem II</a> uses light energy to remove electrons from water, releasing oxygen as a waste product. The electrons then flow to the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b6f_complex" title="Cytochrome b6f complex">cytochrome b6f complex</a>, which uses their energy to pump protons across the <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid" title="Thylakoid">thylakoid</a> membrane in the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2004_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protons move back through the membrane as they drive the ATP synthase, as before. The electrons then flow through <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">photosystem I</a> and can then be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP<sup>+</sup>.<sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">This coenzyme can enter the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a> or be recycled for further ATP generation.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anabolism">Anabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">Anabolism</a></div> <p><b>Anabolism</b> is the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesize complex molecules. In general, the complex molecules that make up cellular structures are constructed step-by-step from smaller and simpler precursors. Anabolism involves three basic stages. First, the production of precursors such as <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">isoprenoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a>, secondly, their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP, and thirdly, the assembly of these precursors into complex molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal-2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal-2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anabolism in organisms can be different according to the source of constructed molecules in their cells. <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a> such as plants can construct the complex organic molecules in their cells such as polysaccharides and proteins from simple molecules like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water. <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotrophs</a>, on the other hand, require a source of more complex substances, such as monosaccharides and amino acids, to produce these complex molecules. Organisms can be further classified by ultimate source of their energy: photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, whereas chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from oxidation reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal-2009_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal-2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_fixation">Carbon fixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Carbon fixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/220px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/330px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/440px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Plant cells (bounded by purple walls) filled with chloroplasts (green), which are the site of photosynthesis</figcaption></figure> <p>Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from sunlight and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>). In plants, cyanobacteria and algae, oxygenic photosynthesis splits water, with oxygen produced as a waste product. This process uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre" title="Photosynthetic reaction centre">photosynthetic reaction centres</a>, as described above, to convert CO<sub>2</sub> into <a href="/wiki/Glycerate_3-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerate 3-phosphate">glycerate 3-phosphate</a>, which can then be converted into glucose. This carbon-fixation reaction is carried out by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO">RuBisCO</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin–Benson cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three types of photosynthesis occur in plants, <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3 carbon fixation</a>, <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 carbon fixation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism" title="Crassulacean acid metabolism">CAM photosynthesis</a>. These differ by the route that carbon dioxide takes to the Calvin cycle, with C3 plants fixing CO<sub>2</sub> directly, while C4 and CAM photosynthesis incorporate the CO<sub>2</sub> into other compounds first, as adaptations to deal with intense sunlight and dry conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> the mechanisms of carbon fixation are more diverse. Here, carbon dioxide can be fixed by the Calvin–Benson cycle, a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle" title="Reverse Krebs cycle">reversed citric acid</a> cycle,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Carboxylation" title="Carboxylation">carboxylation</a> of acetyl-CoA.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prokaryotic <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemoautotrophs</a> also fix CO<sub>2</sub> through the Calvin–Benson cycle, but use energy from inorganic compounds to drive the reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbohydrates_and_glycans">Carbohydrates and glycans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carbohydrates and glycans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle">Glyoxylate cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a></div> <p>In carbohydrate anabolism, simple organic acids can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and then used to assemble <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. The generation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> from compounds like <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerate_3-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerate 3-phosphate">glycerate 3-phosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>. Gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose-6-phosphate">glucose-6-phosphate</a> through a series of intermediates, many of which are shared with <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouché-2004_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouché-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this pathway is not simply <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> run in reverse, as several steps are catalyzed by non-glycolytic enzymes. This is important as it allows the formation and breakdown of glucose to be regulated separately, and prevents both pathways from running simultaneously in a <a href="/wiki/Futile_cycle" title="Futile cycle">futile cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although fat is a common way of storing energy, in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as humans the <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> in these stores cannot be converted to glucose through <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> as these organisms cannot convert acetyl-CoA into <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>; plants do, but animals do not, have the necessary enzymatic machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensign-2006_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensign-2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, after long-term starvation, vertebrates need to produce <a href="/wiki/Ketone_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketone body">ketone bodies</a> from fatty acids to replace glucose in tissues such as the brain that cannot metabolize fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other organisms such as plants and bacteria, this metabolic problem is solved using the <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle">glyoxylate cycle</a>, which bypasses the <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylation</a> step in the citric acid cycle and allows the transformation of acetyl-CoA to <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxaloacetate">oxaloacetate</a>, where it can be used for the production of glucose.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensign-2006_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensign-2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kornberg-1957_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornberg-1957-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than fat, glucose is stored in most tissues, as an energy resource available within the tissue through glycogenesis which was usually being used to maintained glucose level in blood.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polysaccharides and <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> are made by the sequential addition of monosaccharides by <a href="/wiki/Glycosyltransferase" title="Glycosyltransferase">glycosyltransferase</a> from a reactive sugar-phosphate donor such as <a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_glucose" title="Uridine diphosphate glucose">uridine diphosphate glucose</a> (UDP-Glc) to an acceptor <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> group on the growing polysaccharide. As any of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups on the ring of the substrate can be acceptors, the polysaccharides produced can have straight or branched structures.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polysaccharides produced can have structural or metabolic functions themselves, or be transferred to lipids and proteins by the enzymes <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase" title="Oligosaccharyltransferase">oligosaccharyltransferases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatty_acids,_isoprenoids_and_sterol"><span id="Fatty_acids.2C_isoprenoids_and_sterol"></span>Fatty acids, isoprenoids and sterol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fatty acids, isoprenoids and sterol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">Steroid metabolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterol_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sterol_synthesis.svg/350px-Sterol_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sterol_synthesis.svg/525px-Sterol_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sterol_synthesis.svg/700px-Sterol_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Simplified version of the <a href="/wiki/Steroid_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid synthesis">steroid synthesis</a> pathway with the intermediates <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> (IPP), <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">dimethylallyl pyrophosphate</a> (DMAPP), <a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">geranyl pyrophosphate</a> (GPP) and <a href="/wiki/Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a> shown. Some intermediates are omitted for clarity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fatty acids are made by <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase" title="Fatty acid synthase">fatty acid synthases</a> that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydrate</a> it to an <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a> group and then reduce it again to an <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a> group. The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups: in animals and fungi, all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional type I protein,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in plant <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a> and bacteria separate type II enzymes perform each step in the pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">Terpenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">isoprenoids</a> are a large class of lipids that include the <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> and form the largest class of plant <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These compounds are made by the assembly and modification of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> units donated from the reactive precursors <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">dimethylallyl pyrophosphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzuyama-2003_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzuyama-2003-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These precursors can be made in different ways. In animals and archaea, the <a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway">mevalonate pathway</a> produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in plants and bacteria the <a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway">non-mevalonate pathway</a> uses pyruvate and <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a> as substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzuyama-2003_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzuyama-2003-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is <a href="/wiki/Steroid_biosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid biosynthesis">sterol biosynthesis</a>. Here, the isoprene units are joined to make <a href="/wiki/Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a> and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make <a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">lanosterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroepfer-1981_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroepfer-1981-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lanosterol can then be converted into other sterols such as <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">ergosterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroepfer-1981_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroepfer-1981-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteins">Proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein biosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></div> <p>Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids. Most bacteria and plants can synthesize all twenty, but mammals can only synthesize eleven nonessential amino acids, so nine <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a> must be obtained from food.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2005_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some simple <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, such as the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a></i>, lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway. Nitrogen is provided by <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>. Nonessensial amino acid synthesis depends on the formation of the appropriate alpha-keto acid, which is then <a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminated</a> to form an amino acid.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of <a href="/wiki/Peptide_bond" title="Peptide bond">peptide bonds</a>. Each different protein has a unique sequence of amino acid residues: this is its <a href="/wiki/Primary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary structure">primary structure</a>. Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined to form an almost endless variety of words, amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have been activated by attachment to a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> molecule through an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> bond. This <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA" title="Aminoacyl-tRNA">aminoacyl-tRNA</a> precursor is produced in an <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>-dependent reaction carried out by an <a href="/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase" title="Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase">aminoacyl tRNA synthetase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>, which joins the amino acid onto the elongating protein chain, using the sequence information in a <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleotide_synthesis_and_salvage">Nucleotide synthesis and salvage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nucleotide synthesis and salvage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_biosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrimidine biosynthesis">Pyrimidine biosynthesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purine#Metabolism" title="Purine">Purine § Metabolism</a></div> <p>Nucleotides are made from amino acids, carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a> in pathways that require large amounts of metabolic energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph-1994_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-1994-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, most organisms have efficient systems to salvage preformed nucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph-1994_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-1994-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">Purines</a> are synthesized as <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleosides</a> (bases attached to <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> are made from the precursor nucleoside <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a> monophosphate, which is synthesized using atoms from the amino acids <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">formate</a> transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">tetrahydrofolate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidines</a>, on the other hand, are synthesized from the base <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidinecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid">orotate</a>, which is formed from glutamine and aspartate.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xenobiotics_and_redox_metabolism">Xenobiotics and redox metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Xenobiotics and redox metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic_metabolism" title="Xenobiotic metabolism">Xenobiotic metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Drug metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol metabolism">Alcohol metabolism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidant</a></div> <p>All organisms are constantly exposed to compounds that they cannot use as foods and that would be harmful if they accumulated in cells, as they have no metabolic function. These potentially damaging compounds are called <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic" title="Xenobiotic">xenobiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenobiotics such as <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">synthetic drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">natural poisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> are detoxified by a set of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. In humans, these include <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450 oxidases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glucuronosyltransferase" title="Glucuronosyltransferase">UDP-glucuronosyltransferases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Glutathione_S-transferase" title="Glutathione S-transferase">glutathione <i>S</i>-transferases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system of enzymes acts in three stages to firstly oxidize the xenobiotic (phase I) and then conjugate water-soluble groups onto the molecule (phase II). The modified water-soluble xenobiotic can then be pumped out of cells and in multicellular organisms may be further metabolized before being excreted (phase III). In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, these reactions are particularly important in microbial <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> of pollutants and the <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_land" title="Contaminated land">contaminated land</a> and oil spills.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these microbial reactions are shared with multicellular organisms, but due to the incredible diversity of types of microbes these organisms are able to deal with a far wider range of xenobiotics than multicellular organisms, and can degrade even <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochloride</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related problem for <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic organisms</a> is <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-1995_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-1995-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, processes including <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bonds</a> during <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These damaging oxidants are removed by <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> metabolites such as <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> and enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sies-1997_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sies-1997-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vertuani-2004_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vertuani-2004-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermodynamics_of_living_organisms">Thermodynamics of living organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thermodynamics of living organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biological_thermodynamics" title="Biological thermodynamics">Biological thermodynamics</a></div> <p>Living organisms must obey the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">laws of thermodynamics</a>, which describe the transfer of heat and <a href="/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" title="Work (thermodynamics)">work</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a> states that in any <a href="/wiki/Isolated_system" title="Isolated system">isolated system</a>, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> (disorder) cannot decrease. Although living organisms' amazing complexity appears to contradict this law, life is possible as all organisms are <a href="/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)" title="Open system (systems theory)">open systems</a> that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. Living systems are not in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a>, but instead are <a href="/wiki/Dissipative_system" title="Dissipative system">dissipative systems</a> that maintain their state of high complexity by causing a larger increase in the entropy of their environments.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolism of a cell achieves this by coupling the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_process" title="Spontaneous process">spontaneous processes</a> of catabolism to the non-spontaneous processes of anabolism. In <a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> terms, metabolism maintains order by creating disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_control">Regulation and control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Regulation and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_control_analysis" title="Metabolic control analysis">Metabolic control analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory enzymes">Regulatory enzymes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></div> <p>As the environments of most organisms are constantly changing, the reactions of metabolism must be finely <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">regulated</a> to maintain a constant set of conditions within cells, a condition called <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolic regulation also allows organisms to respond to signals and interact actively with their environments.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two closely linked concepts are important for understanding how metabolic pathways are controlled. Firstly, the <i>regulation</i> of an enzyme in a pathway is how its activity is increased and decreased in response to signals. Secondly, the <i>control</i> exerted by this enzyme is the effect that these changes in its activity have on the overall rate of the pathway (the <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> through the pathway).<sup id="cite_ref-Salter-1994_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter-1994-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an enzyme may show large changes in activity (i.e. it is highly regulated) but if these changes have little effect on the flux of a metabolic pathway, then this enzyme is not involved in the control of the pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg/300px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg/450px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg/600px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which in turn starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> and influx of glucose (3), <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> synthesis (4), <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> (5) and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> synthesis (6).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are multiple levels of metabolic regulation. In intrinsic regulation, the metabolic pathway self-regulates to respond to changes in the levels of substrates or products; for example, a decrease in the amount of product can increase the <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> through the pathway to compensate.<sup id="cite_ref-Salter-1994_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter-1994-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of regulation often involves <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">allosteric regulation</a> of the activities of multiple enzymes in the pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extrinsic control involves a cell in a multicellular organism changing its metabolism in response to signals from other cells. These signals are usually in the form of water-soluble messengers such as <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a> and are detected by specific <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> on the cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These signals are then transmitted inside the cell by <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">second messenger systems</a> that often involved the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very well understood example of extrinsic control is the regulation of glucose metabolism by the hormone <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin is produced in response to rises in <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood glucose levels</a>. Binding of the hormone to <a href="/wiki/Insulin_receptor" title="Insulin receptor">insulin receptors</a> on cells then activates a cascade of <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase" title="Protein kinase">protein kinases</a> that cause the cells to take up glucose and convert it into storage molecules such as fatty acids and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolism of glycogen is controlled by activity of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylase" title="Phosphorylase">phosphorylase</a>, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen, and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_synthase" title="Glycogen synthase">glycogen synthase</a>, the enzyme that makes it. These enzymes are regulated in a reciprocal fashion, with phosphorylation inhibiting glycogen synthase, but activating phosphorylase. Insulin causes glycogen synthesis by activating <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">protein phosphatases</a> and producing a decrease in the phosphorylation of these enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-metabolism" title="Proto-metabolism">Proto-metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_int.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/400px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/600px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/800px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Evolutionary tree</a> showing the common ancestry of organisms from all three <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> of life. <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> are colored blue, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> red, and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> green. Relative positions of some of the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> included are shown around the tree.</figcaption></figure> <p>The central pathways of metabolism described above, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, are present in all <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three domains</a> of living things and were present in the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This universal ancestral cell was <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a> and probably a <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogen</a> that had extensive amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retention of these ancient pathways during later <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> may be the result of these reactions having been an optimal solution to their particular metabolic problems, with pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle producing their end products highly efficiently and in a minimal number of steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenhöh-2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenhöh-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez-Hevia-1996_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez-Hevia-1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first pathways of enzyme-based metabolism may have been parts of <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> nucleotide metabolism, while previous metabolic pathways were a part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many models have been proposed to describe the mechanisms by which novel metabolic pathways evolve. These include the sequential addition of novel enzymes to a short ancestral pathway, the duplication and then divergence of entire pathways as well as the recruitment of pre-existing enzymes and their assembly into a novel reaction pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear, but genomic studies have shown that enzymes in a pathway are likely to have a shared ancestry, suggesting that many pathways have evolved in a step-by-step fashion with novel functions created from pre-existing steps in the pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative model comes from studies that trace the evolution of proteins' structures in metabolic networks, this has suggested that enzymes are pervasively recruited, borrowing enzymes to perform similar functions in different metabolic pathways (evident in the <a href="/wiki/MANET_database" title="MANET database">MANET database</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These recruitment processes result in an evolutionary enzymatic mosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third possibility is that some parts of metabolism might exist as "modules" that can be reused in different pathways and perform similar functions on different molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as the evolution of new metabolic pathways, evolution can also cause the loss of metabolic functions. For example, in some <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> metabolic processes that are not essential for survival are lost and preformed amino acids, nucleotides and carbohydrates may instead be scavenged from the <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar reduced metabolic capabilities are seen in <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiotic</a> organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_and_manipulation">Investigation and manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Investigation and manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protein_methods" title="Protein methods">Protein methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolomics" title="Metabolomics">Metabolomics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network_modelling" title="Metabolic network modelling">Metabolic network modelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png/300px-A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png/450px-A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png/600px-A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> are shown as red squares and the interactions between them as black lines.</figcaption></figure> <p>Classically, metabolism is studied by a <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a> approach that focuses on a single metabolic pathway. Particularly valuable is the use of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">radioactive tracers</a> at the whole-organism, tissue and cellular levels, which define the paths from precursors to final products by identifying radioactively labelled intermediates and products.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enzymes that catalyze these chemical reactions can then be <a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">purified</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">kinetics</a> and responses to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a> investigated. A parallel approach is to identify the small molecules in a cell or tissue; the complete set of these molecules is called the <a href="/wiki/Metabolome" title="Metabolome">metabolome</a>. Overall, these studies give a good view of the structure and function of simple metabolic pathways, but are inadequate when applied to more complex systems such as the metabolism of a complete cell.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An idea of the complexity of the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">metabolic networks</a> in cells that contain thousands of different enzymes is given by the figure showing the interactions between just 43 proteins and 40 metabolites to the right: the sequences of genomes provide lists containing anything up to 26.500 genes.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is now possible to use this genomic data to reconstruct complete networks of biochemical reactions and produce more <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> mathematical models that may explain and predict their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These models are especially powerful when used to integrate the pathway and metabolite data obtained through classical methods with data on <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using these techniques, a model of human metabolism has now been produced, which will guide future drug discovery and biochemical research.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These models are now used in <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network analysis</a>, to classify human diseases into groups that share common proteins or metabolites.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacterial metabolic networks are a striking example of <a href="/wiki/Bow_tie_(biology)" title="Bow tie (biology)">bow-tie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Csete-2004_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csete-2004-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ma-2003_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ma-2003-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-2006_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organization, an architecture able to input a wide range of nutrients and produce a large variety of products and complex macromolecules using a relatively few intermediate common currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major technological application of this information is <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_engineering" title="Metabolic engineering">metabolic engineering</a>. Here, organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, plants or <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> are genetically modified to make them more useful in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and aid the production of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> or industrial chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/1,3-Propanediol" title="1,3-Propanediol">1,3-propanediol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">shikimic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These genetic modifications usually aim to reduce the amount of energy used to produce the product, increase yields and reduce the production of wastes.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History of biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History of molecular biology</a></div> <p>The term <i>metabolism</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word μεταβολή—"metabole" for "a change" which is derived from μεταβάλλειν—"metaballein", meaning "to change"<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png/310px-Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png/465px-Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png/620px-Aristotle%27s_metabolism.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's metabolism</a> as an open flow model</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_philosophy">Greek philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Greek philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parts_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parts of Animals">The Parts of Animals</a></i> sets out enough details of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">his views on metabolism</a> for an open flow model to be made. He believed that at each stage of the process, materials from food were transformed, with heat being released as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical element</a> of fire, and residual materials being excreted as urine, bile, or faeces.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> described metabolism in his 1260 AD work titled <a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Kamiliyyah_fil_Siera_al-Nabawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah">Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah</a> (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography) which included the following phrase "Both the body and its parts are in a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment, so they are inevitably undergoing permanent change."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_of_the_scientific_method_and_Modern_metabolic_theories">Application of the scientific method and Modern metabolic theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Application of the scientific method and Modern metabolic theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the scientific study of metabolism spans several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals in early studies, to examining individual metabolic reactions in modern biochemistry. The first controlled <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> in human metabolism were published by <a href="/wiki/Santorio_Santorio" title="Santorio Santorio">Santorio Santorio</a> in 1614 in his book <i>Ars de statica medicina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described how he weighed himself before and after eating, <a href="/wiki/Sleeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping">sleep</a>, working, sex, fasting, drinking, and excreting. He found that most of the food he took in was lost through what he called "<a href="/wiki/Insensible_perspiration" title="Insensible perspiration">insensible perspiration</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantoriosMeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SantoriosMeal.jpg/150px-SantoriosMeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SantoriosMeal.jpg/225px-SantoriosMeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SantoriosMeal.jpg/300px-SantoriosMeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santorio_Santorio" title="Santorio Santorio">Santorio Santorio</a> in his steelyard balance, from <i>Ars de statica medicina</i>, first published 1614</figcaption></figure> <p>In these early studies, the mechanisms of these metabolic processes had not been identified and a <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital force</a> was thought to animate living tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, when studying the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> of sugar to <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> concluded that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within the yeast cells he called "ferments". He wrote that "alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery, along with the publication by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Woehler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Woehler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> in 1828 of a paper on the chemical synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is notable for being the first organic compound prepared from wholly inorganic precursors. This proved that the organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells were no different in principle than any other part of chemistry. </p><p>It was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> at the beginning of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> that separated the study of the chemical reactions of metabolism from the biological study of cells, and marked the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass of biochemical knowledge grew rapidly throughout the early 20th century. One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Krebs</a> who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discovered the urea cycle and later, working with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kornberg" title="Hans Kornberg">Hans Kornberg</a>, the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kornberg-1957_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornberg-1957-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Modern biochemical research has been greatly aided by the development of new techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopic_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopic labelling">radioisotopic labelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> simulations. These techniques have allowed the discovery and detailed analysis of the many molecules and metabolic pathways in cells.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_metabolism" title="Anthropogenic metabolism">Anthropogenic metabolism</a> – Material and energy turnover of human society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolite</a> – Chemical that inhibits the use of a metabolite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a> – Determining heat transfer in a system by measuring its other properties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothermal_microcalorimetry" title="Isothermal microcalorimetry">Isothermal microcalorimetry</a> – Measuring versus elapsed time the net rate of heat flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of metabolism">Inborn errors of metabolism</a> – Class of genetic diseases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_hypothesis" title="Iron–sulfur world hypothesis">Iron–sulfur world hypothesis</a> – Hypothetical scenario for the origin of life, a "metabolism first" theory of the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorder</a> – Any disease hindering the body's ability to process and distribute nutrients</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphysiometry" title="Microphysiometry">Microphysiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a> – Group of organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-metabolism" title="Proto-metabolism">Proto-metabolism</a> – Chemical reactions which turn into modern metabolism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirometry" title="Respirometry">Respirometry</a> – Estimation of metabolic rates by measuring heat production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism" title="Sulfur metabolism">Sulfur metabolism</a> – Set of chemical reactions involving sulfur in living organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_dynamic_action" title="Specific dynamic action">Thermic effect of food</a> – Energy expenditure for processing food</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a> – Model of the flows of materials and energy in cities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">Water metabolism</a> – Aspect of homeostasis concerning control of the amount of water in an organism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_metabolism" title="Overflow metabolism">Overflow metabolism</a> – Cellular phenomena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncometabolism" title="Oncometabolism">Oncometabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactome" title="Reactome">Reactome</a> – Database of biological pathways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> – Collection of bioinformatics databases</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Friedrich-1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich-1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich-1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, CG (1997). <i>Physiology and Genetics of Sulfur-oxidizing Bacteria</i>. Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 39. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2911%2808%2960018-1">10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60018-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-027739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-027739-1"><bdi>978-0-12-027739-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9328649">9328649</a>.</cite><span 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States of America</i>. <b>98</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">805–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98..805P">2001PNAS...98..805P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.98.3.805">10.1073/pnas.98.3.805</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33372">33372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Development+of+the+Chemical+and+Biological+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=A+History+of+Science%3A+in+Five+Volumes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofscience04willuoft%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1995" class="citation journal cs1">Manchester KL (December 1995). "Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)--chance and the prepared mind". <i>Trends in Biotechnology</i>. <b>13</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2800%2989014-9">10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8595136">8595136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur+%281822-1895%29--chance+and+the+prepared+mind&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2800%2989014-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8595136&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinne-SaffranKinne1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne RK (1999). "Vitalism and synthesis of urea. From Friedrich Wöhler to Hans A. Krebs". <i>American Journal of Nephrology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">290–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013463">10.1159/000013463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213830">10213830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71727190">71727190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Vitalism+and+synthesis+of+urea.+From+Friedrich+W%C3%B6hler+to+Hans+A.+Krebs&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71727190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000013463&rft.aulast=Kinne-Saffran&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kinne%2C+RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Buchner's 1907 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-lecture.html">Nobel lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708144420/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-lecture.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org">http://nobelprize.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/">Archived</a> 5 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 20 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornberg2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kornberg H (December 2000). "Krebs and his trinity of cycles". <i>Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35043073">10.1038/35043073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11252898">11252898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28092593">28092593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Krebs+and+his+trinity+of+cycles&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28092593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11252898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35043073&rft.aulast=Kornberg&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsHenseleit1932" class="citation journal cs1">Krebs HA, Henseleit K (1932). "Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im tierkorper". <i>Z. Physiol. Chem</i>. <b>210</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbchm2.1932.210.1-2.33">10.1515/bchm2.1932.210.1-2.33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Physiol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Harnstoffbildung+im+tierkorper&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbchm2.1932.210.1-2.33&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Henseleit%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsJohnson1937" class="citation journal cs1">Krebs HA, Johnson WA (April 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266984">"Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues"</a>. <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">645–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0310645">10.1042/bj0310645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266984">1266984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16746382">16746382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Metabolism+of+ketonic+acids+in+animal+tissues&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E645-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1937-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16746382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj0310645&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Johnson%2C+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Metabolism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Metabolism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Metabolism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Metabolism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Introductory</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseMileusnic1999" class="citation book cs1">Rose S, Mileusnic R (1999). <i>The Chemistry of Life</i>. Penguin Press Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027273-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027273-9"><bdi>0-14-027273-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Life.&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+Science&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-027273-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mileusnic%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderSagan2005" class="citation book cs1">Schneider EC, Sagan D (2005). <i>Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73936-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73936-8"><bdi>0-226-73936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Cool%3A+Energy+Flow%2C+Thermodynamics%2C+and+Life.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-73936-8&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Sagan%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2004" class="citation book cs1">Lane N (2004). <i>Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860783-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860783-0"><bdi>0-19-860783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxygen%3A+The+Molecule+that+Made+the+World.&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860783-0&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Advanced</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceStevens1999" class="citation book cs1">Price N, Stevens L (1999). <i>Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850229-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850229-X"><bdi>0-19-850229-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Enzymology%3A+Cell+and+Molecular+Biology+of+Catalytic+Proteins.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-850229-X&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Stevens%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2002" class="citation book cs1">Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L (2002). <i>Biochemistry</i>. W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4955-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-4955-6"><bdi>0-7167-4955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7167-4955-6&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+J&rft.au=Stryer%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxNelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Cox M, Nelson DL (2004). <i>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6"><bdi>0-7167-4339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehninger+Principles+of+Biochemistry.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7167-4339-6&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nelson%2C+DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockMadiganMartinkoParker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Brock" title="Thomas D. Brock">Brock TD</a>, Madigan MR, Martinko J, Parker J (2002). <i>Brock's Biology of Microorganisms</i>. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-066271-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-066271-2"><bdi>0-13-066271-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock%27s+Biology+of+Microorganisms.&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-066271-2&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Madigan%2C+MR&rft.au=Martinko%2C+J&rft.au=Parker%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_SilvaWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1">Da Silva JJ, Williams RJ (1991). <i>The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-855598-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-855598-9"><bdi>0-19-855598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biological+Chemistry+of+the+Elements%3A+The+Inorganic+Chemistry+of+Life.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-855598-9&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Williams%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsFerguson2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls DG, Ferguson SJ (2002). <i>Bioenergetics</i>. Academic Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-518121-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-518121-3"><bdi>0-12-518121-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioenergetics&rft.pub=Academic+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-12-518121-3&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wood HG (February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.2.1900793">"Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.2.1900793">10.1096/fasebj.5.2.1900793</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1900793">1900793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45967404">45967404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Life+with+CO+or+CO2+and+H2+as+a+source+of+carbon+and+energy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1991-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45967404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1900793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.2.1900793&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=HG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffasebj.5.2.1900793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/metabolism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/metabolism">metabolism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metabolism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metabolism">Metabolism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308172226/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html">The Biochemistry of Metabolism</a> (archived 8 March 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/">Sparknotes SAT biochemistry</a> Overview of biochemistry. School level.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/index.html">MIT Biology Hypertextbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160519111914/http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/index.html">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.</li></ul> <p><b>Human metabolism</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/titles.htm">Topics in Medical Biochemistry</a> Guide to human metabolic pathways. School level.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/">THE Medical Biochemistry Page</a> Comprehensive resource on human metabolism.</li></ul> <p><b>Databases</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl">Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways</a> at <a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/pdf/MetabolicPathways_6_17_04_.pdf">IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/">SuperCYP: Database for Drug-Cytochrome-Metabolism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103123642/http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Metabolic pathways</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html">Metabolism reference Pathway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223112439/http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm">The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1200px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1600px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="945" /></a></span> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:8px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:var(--color-base,#202122)"><div id="annotation_225x150" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:150px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Carbon<br />fixation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_135x185" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:185px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration"><span style="color:#5400a9;">Photo-<br />respiration</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x140" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:140px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Pentose<br />phosphate<br />pathway</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_215x340" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:340px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Citric<br />acid cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x505" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:505px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Glyoxylate<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x398" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:398px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle"><span style="color:#89dd00;">Urea<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x260" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:260px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />synthesis</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x335" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:335px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />elongation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x425" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:425px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x495" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:495px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Peroxisomal</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x510" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:510px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_295x42" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:42px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis"><span style="color:#8a2c2c;">Glyco-<br />genolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x80" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:80px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis"><span style="color:#2e427e;">Glyco-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_360x160" style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis"><span style="color:#ea0000;">Glyco-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x160" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">Gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x332" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:332px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase"><span style="color:#ea6000;">Pyruvate<br />decarb-<br />oxylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x335" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:335px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation"><span style="color:#d47ff0;">Fermentation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_325x430" style="position:absolute; left:325px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies"><span style="color:#e06c1f;">Keto-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x430" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis"><span style="color:#5f8216;">Keto-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x470" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:470px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">feeders to<br />gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_225x230" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:230px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation#Carbon_concentrating_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Direct / C4 / CAM<br />carbon intake</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x143" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:143px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Light reaction</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_115x355" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:355px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation"><span style="color:#c34747;">Oxidative<br />phosphorylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_25x415" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination"><span style="color:#4999c2;">Amino acid<br />deamination</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x288" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:288px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis#Glycolytic_end_products_are_used_in_the_conversion_of_carbohydrates_into_fatty_acids" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Citrate<br />shuttle</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x415" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Lipogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x455" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:455px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Lipolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_585x260" style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:260px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Steroid#Steroidogenesis" title="Steroid"><span style="color:#0099cc;">Steroidogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x235" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:235px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#0099cc;">MVA pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_460x210" style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:210px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#af753a;">MEP pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_487x153" style="position:absolute; left:487px; top:153px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway"><span style="color:#00cc99;">Shikimate<br />pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x105" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Transcription &</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication"><span style="color:#79793d;">replication</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x83" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:83px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Translation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x57" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:57px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis"><span style="color:#6666cc;">Proteolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_687x55" style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:55px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><span style="color:#79793d;">Glycosyl-<br />ation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_210x38" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">Sugar<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_240x38" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Double</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">multiple<br />sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_340x38" style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Simple<br />sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_380x45" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">Inositol-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_160x90" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_sugar" title="Amino sugar">Amino sugars</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x120" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">Nucleotide sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x105" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Hexose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x180" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Triose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_305x240" style="position:absolute; left:305px; top:240px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x260" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x110" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x190" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Erythrose_4-phosphate" title="Erythrose 4-phosphate">Tetrose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x440" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">Propionyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x495" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">Succinate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_455x530" style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:530px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x210" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:210px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_85x180" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid" title="Glyoxylic acid">Glyoxylate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_65x152" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:152px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystems</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_320x310" style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x308" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:308px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x345" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_295x380" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:380px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_270x300" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">Oxalo-<br />acetate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_200x310" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x405" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x405" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-Keto-<br />glutarate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x455" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:455px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone<br />bodies</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_70x365" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:365px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Respiratory<br />chain</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x265" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:265px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x290" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:290px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x345" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x275" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate<br />group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_180x250" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:250px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Homoserine" title="Homoserine">Homoserine<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x445" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:445px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_105x465" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_40x465" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x385" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_550x85" style="position:absolute; left:550px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_520x190" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">Shikimate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_635x165" style="position:absolute; left:635px; top:165px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino<br />acids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_158x38" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">Ascorbate</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x490" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">δ-ALA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_155x510" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:510px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile pigment">Bile<br />pigments</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_210x520" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Hemes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x585" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:585px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x45" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">Various<br />vitamin Bs</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x300" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">Calciferols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_725x235" style="position:absolute; left:725px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x190" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>)<br />& <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x140" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_745x140" style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">minerals</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x185" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_490x140" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_535x140" style="position:absolute; left:535px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_610x140" style="position:absolute; left:610px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x87" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_710x87" style="position:absolute; left:710px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x520" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x235" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Methylerythritol_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylerythritol phosphate">MEP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x245" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:245px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">MVA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x260" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_440x330" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x230" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:230px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Terpenoid<br />backbones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x235" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x287" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x287" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x330" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycero-<br />phospholipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x397" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerolipid">Glycerolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_620x430" style="position:absolute; left:620px; top:430px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">Acyl-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_630x500" style="position:absolute; left:630px; top:500px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x350" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">Glyco-<br />sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x397" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x440" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_680x497" style="position:absolute; left:680px; top:497px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">Polyunsaturated<br />fatty acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x45" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_705x305" style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:305px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_587x330" style="position:absolute; left:587px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endo-<br />cannabinoids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_735x465" style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div> <div class="skin-invert-image">Major <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">metro-style map</a>. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.<br />Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Orange nodes: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Violet nodes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Red nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Pink nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Blue nodes: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Grey nodes: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Brown nodes: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">nucleotide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">protein</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Green nodes: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>.</span></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism:_glycolysis/gluconeogenesis_enzymes131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycolysis_enzymes" title="Template:Glycolysis enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycolysis_enzymes" title="Template talk:Glycolysis enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolysis_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolysis enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism:_glycolysis/gluconeogenesis_enzymes131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glycolysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexokinase" title="Hexokinase">Hexokinase</a> (<a href="/wiki/HK1" class="mw-redirect" title="HK1">HK1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HK2" class="mw-redirect" title="HK2">HK2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HK3" class="mw-redirect" title="HK3">HK3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucokinase" title="Glucokinase">Glucokinase</a>)→/<a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphatase" title="Glucose 6-phosphatase">Glucose 6-phosphatase</a>←</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase">Glucose isomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_1" title="Phosphofructokinase 1">Phosphofructokinase 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/PFKL" title="PFKL">Liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFKM" title="PFKM">Muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFKP" title="PFKP">Platelet</a>)→/<a href="/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphatase" title="Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase">Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase</a>←</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase" title="Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase">Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase</a> (Aldolase <a href="/wiki/Aldolase_A" title="Aldolase A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldolase_B" title="Aldolase B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldolase_C" title="Aldolase C">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase" title="Triosephosphate isomerase">Triosephosphate isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_kinase" title="Phosphoglycerate kinase">Phosphoglycerate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase" title="Phosphoglycerate mutase">Phosphoglycerate mutase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enolase" title="Enolase">Enolase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase" title="Pyruvate kinase">Pyruvate kinase</a> (<a href="/wiki/PKLR" class="mw-redirect" title="PKLR">PKLR</a>, <a href="/wiki/PKM2" title="PKM2">PKM2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gluconeogenesis only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">to <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">oxaloacetate</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase" title="Pyruvate carboxylase">Pyruvate carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase" title="Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase">Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">from <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cori_cycle" title="Cori cycle">Cori cycle</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">Lactate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">from <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alanine_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanine cycle">Alanine cycle</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">Alanine transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">from <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol_kinase" title="Glycerol kinase">Glycerol kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol dehydrogenase">Glycerol dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_2" title="Phosphofructokinase 2">Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PFKFB1" title="PFKFB1">PFKFB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFKFB2" title="PFKFB2">PFKFB2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFKFB3" title="PFKFB3">PFKFB3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFKFB4" title="PFKFB4">PFKFB4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphoglycerate_mutase" title="Bisphosphoglycerate mutase">Bisphosphoglycerate mutase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_*_fructose_and_galactose_enzymes186" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Fructose and galactose metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Fructose and galactose metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fructose and galactose metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_*_fructose_and_galactose_enzymes186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_fructokinase" title="Hepatic fructokinase">Hepatic fructokinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_B" title="Aldolase B">Aldolase B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triokinase" title="Triokinase">Triokinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol_dehydrogenase" title="Sorbitol dehydrogenase">Sorbitol dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldose_reductase" title="Aldose reductase">Aldose reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactokinase" title="Galactokinase">Galactokinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase" title="Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase">Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase</a>/<a href="/wiki/UDP-glucose_4-epimerase" title="UDP-glucose 4-epimerase">UDP-glucose 4-epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldose_reductase" title="Aldose reductase">Aldose reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose_mutarotase" title="Galactose mutarotase">Galactose mutarotase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose_synthase" title="Lactose synthase">Lactose synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactase" title="Lactase">Lactase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_phosphate_isomerase" title="Mannose phosphate isomerase">Mannose phosphate isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_*_proteoglycan_enzymes139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proteoglycan_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Proteoglycan metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proteoglycan_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Proteoglycan metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proteoglycan_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proteoglycan metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_*_proteoglycan_enzymes139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycan</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycan</a> anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-xylulose_reductase" title="L-xylulose reductase">L-xylulose reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-gulonolactone_oxidase" title="L-gulonolactone oxidase">L-gulonolactone oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDP-glucuronate_5%27-epimerase" title="UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase">UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylosyltransferase" title="Xylosyltransferase">Xylosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">Sulfotransferase</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">Heparan sulfate</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/EXT1" title="EXT1">EXT1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/EXT2_(gene)" title="EXT2 (gene)">EXT2</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/PAPSS1" title="PAPSS1">PAPSS1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/PAPSS2" title="PAPSS2">PAPSS2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycan</a> catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hunter,_Hurler183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunter_syndrome" title="Hunter syndrome">Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurler_syndrome" title="Hurler syndrome">Hurler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iduronate-2-sulfatase" title="Iduronate-2-sulfatase">Iduronate-2-sulfatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduronidase" title="Iduronidase">Iduronidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sanfilippo_syndrome" title="Sanfilippo syndrome">Sanfilippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sly_syndrome" title="Sly syndrome">Sly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SGSH" title="SGSH">Heparan sulfamidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGSNAT" title="HGSNAT">N-acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase">Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucuronidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucuronidase">Glucuronidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase" title="N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase">N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morquio_syndrome" title="Morquio syndrome">Morquio</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maroteaux%E2%80%93Lamy_syndrome" title="Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome">Maroteaux-Lamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_B" title="Arylsulfatase B">Arylsulfatase B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactosamine-6_sulfatase" title="Galactosamine-6 sulfatase">Galactosamine-6 sulfatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a> (<a href="/wiki/GLB1" title="GLB1">GLB1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_·_glycoprotein_enzymes144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycoprotein_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycoprotein_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoprotein_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_·_glycoprotein_enzymes144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolichol_kinase" title="Dolichol kinase">Dolichol kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCS1" title="GCS1">GCS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase" title="Oligosaccharyltransferase">Oligosaccharyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase" title="Neuraminidase">Neuraminidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexosaminidase" title="Hexosaminidase">Hexosaminidase</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannosidase" title="Mannosidase">mannosidase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Mannosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Mannosidase">alpha-Mannosidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-mannosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-mannosidase">beta-mannosidase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartylglucosaminidase" title="Aspartylglucosaminidase">Aspartylglucosaminidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucosidase" title="Fucosidase">Fucosidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAGA_(gene)" title="NAGA (gene)">NAGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC17A5">SLC17A5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mannose-6-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannose-6-phosphate">M6P</a> tagging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate_transferase" title="N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase">N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism,_lipid_metabolism,_glycolipid_enzymes181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolipid_and_sphingolipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycolipid and sphingolipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_lipid_metabolism,_glycolipid_enzymes181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycolipid" title="Glycolipid">glycolipid</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">glycosphingolipid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosyltransferase" title="Glycosyltransferase">Glycosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">Sulfotransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Ceramide" title="Ceramide">ceramide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">ganglioside</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HEXA" title="HEXA">Hexosaminidase A</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase" title="Neuraminidase">Neuraminidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase" title="Glucocerebrosidase">Glucocerebrosidase</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">globoside</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/HEXB" title="HEXB">Hexosaminidase B</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alpha-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-galactosidase">Alpha-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beta-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-galactosidase">Beta-galactosidase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase" title="Glucocerebrosidase">Glucocerebrosidase</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin" title="Sphingomyelin">sphingomyelin</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase_1" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">From <a href="/wiki/Sulfatide" title="Sulfatide">sulfatide</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arylsulfatase_A" title="Arylsulfatase A">Arylsulfatase A</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galactosylceramidase" title="Galactosylceramidase">Galactosylceramidase</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine" title="Sphingosine">sphingosine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramidase" title="Ceramidase">Ceramidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACER1" title="ACER1">ACER1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACER2" title="ACER2">ACER2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACER3" title="ACER3">ACER3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH1" title="ASAH1">ASAH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2" title="ASAH2">ASAH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2B" title="ASAH2B">ASAH2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAH2C" title="ASAH2C">ASAH2C</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine_kinase" title="Sphingosine kinase">Sphingosine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_ceroid_lipofuscinosis" title="Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis">NCL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoyl_protein_thioesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmitoyl protein thioesterase">Palmitoyl protein thioesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripeptidyl_peptidase_I" title="Tripeptidyl peptidase I">Tripeptidyl peptidase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN3" class="mw-redirect" title="CLN3">CLN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN5" title="CLN5">CLN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN6" title="CLN6">CLN6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLN8" title="CLN8">CLN8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramide#Pathways_for_ceramide_synthesis" title="Ceramide">Ceramide synthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine_C-palmitoyltransferase" title="Serine C-palmitoyltransferase">Serine C-palmitoyltransferase</a> (<a href="/wiki/SPTLC1" title="SPTLC1">SPTLC1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramide_glucosyltransferase" title="Ceramide glucosyltransferase">Ceramide glucosyltransferase</a> (<a href="/wiki/UGCG" title="UGCG">UGCG</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_eicosanoid_metabolism_enzymes127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoid</a> metabolism <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">Phospholipase A2</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">Phospholipase C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacylglycerol_lipase" title="Diacylglycerol lipase">Diacylglycerol lipase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">Prostanoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">Cyclooxygenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTGS1" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGS1">PTGS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTGS2" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGS2">PTGS2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_synthase" title="Prostaglandin D2 synthase">PGD2 synthase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_synthase" title="Prostaglandin E synthase">PGE synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin-E2_9-reductase" title="Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase">Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_synthase" title="Prostacyclin synthase">PGI2 synthase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane-A_synthase" title="Thromboxane-A synthase">TXA synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene" title="Leukotriene">Leukotrienes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Lipoxygenase-activating_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein">5-Lipoxygenase activating protein</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase" title="Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase">Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene-A4_hydrolase" title="Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase">LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_C4_synthase" title="Leukotriene C4 synthase">LTC4 synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase">Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_D4_hydrolase" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene D4 hydrolase">LTD4 hydrolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprostaglandin_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase">HPGD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_/_fatty_acid_metabolism,_triglyceride_and_fatty_acid_enzymes160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lipid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lipid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_/_fatty_acid_metabolism,_triglyceride_and_fatty_acid_enzymes160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty acid metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malonyl-CoA" title="Malonyl-CoA">Malonyl-CoA</a> synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_citrate_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP citrate lyase">ATP citrate lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Acetyl-CoA carboxylase">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase" title="Fatty acid synthase">Fatty acid synthase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-ketoacyl-ACP_synthase" title="Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase">Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Ketoacyl_ACP_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase">Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyacyl_ACP_dehydrase" title="3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase">3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl_ACP_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoyl ACP reductase">Enoyl ACP reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Desaturase" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaturase">desaturases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1">Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Triacyl glycerol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acyl-CoA_synthase" title="Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase">Thiokinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Degradation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorder#Carnitine.2Ftransport" title="Fatty-acid metabolism disorder">Acyl transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_I" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine_translocase" title="Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase">Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II">Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyl CoA dehydrogenase">Acyl CoA dehydrogenase</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACADL" title="ACADL">ACADL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADM" title="ACADM">ACADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADS" title="ACADS">ACADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADVL" title="ACADVL">ACADVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACADSB" title="ACADSB">ACADSB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_trifunctional_protein" title="Mitochondrial trifunctional protein">MTP</a>: <a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase">HADH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HADHA" title="HADHA">HADHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HADHB" title="HADHB">HADHB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_C-acyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase">Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#.CE.B2-oxidation_of_unsaturated_fatty_acids" title="Beta oxidation">Unsaturated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl_CoA_isomerase" title="Enoyl CoA isomerase">Enoyl CoA isomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4_Dienoyl-CoA_reductase" title="2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase">2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#.CE.B2-oxidation_of_odd-numbered_chains" title="Beta oxidation">Odd chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Propionyl-CoA carboxylase">Propionyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase" title="Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase">Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malonyl-CoA_decarboxylase" title="Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase">Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehydes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-chain-aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase">Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_-_urea_cycle_enzymes119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urea_cycle_enzymes" title="Template:Urea cycle enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urea_cycle_enzymes" title="Template talk:Urea cycle enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urea_cycle_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urea cycle enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_-_urea_cycle_enzymes119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">mitochondrial matrix</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase_I" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I">Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">Ornithine transcarbamylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argininosuccinate_synthase" title="Argininosuccinate synthase">Argininosuccinate synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argininosuccinate_lyase" title="Argininosuccinate lyase">Argininosuccinate lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">Arginase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory/transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate_synthase" title="N-Acetylglutamate synthase">N-Acetylglutamate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_translocase" title="Ornithine translocase">Ornithine translocase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes_involved_in_neurotransmission167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Neurotransmitter metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitter metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitter metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes_involved_in_neurotransmission167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmission</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> → <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_decarboxylase" title="Histidine decarboxylase">Histidine decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Histamine N-methyltransferase">Histamine N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamine_oxidase" title="Diamine oxidase">Diamine oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase">Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechol-O-methyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-O-methyl transferase">Catechol-O-methyl transferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">Monoamine oxidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">Glutamate decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_transaminase" title="4-aminobutyrate transaminase">4-aminobutyrate transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase" title="Tryptophan hydroxylase">Tryptophan hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkylamine_N-acetyltransferase" title="Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase">Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase" title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase">Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">Nitric oxide synthase</a> (<a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>→<a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase" title="Choline acetyltransferase">Choline acetyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">Acetylcholinesterase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase">Butyrylcholinesterase</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes_involved_in_the_metabolism_of_heme_and_porphyrin194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Porphyrin_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Porphyrin metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Porphyrin_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Porphyrin metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Porphyrin_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Porphyrin metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes_involved_in_the_metabolism_of_heme_and_porphyrin194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">metabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porphyrin#Biosynthesis" title="Porphyrin">Porphyrin biosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>early mitochondrial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid_synthase" title="Aminolevulinic acid synthase">Aminolevulinic acid synthase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALAS1" title="ALAS1">ALAS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALAS2" title="ALAS2">ALAS2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>cytosolic:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphobilinogen_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphobilinogen synthase">Porphobilinogen synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphobilinogen_deaminase" title="Porphobilinogen deaminase">Porphobilinogen deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen_III_synthase" title="Uroporphyrinogen III synthase">Uroporphyrinogen III synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen_III_decarboxylase" title="Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase">Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>late mitochondrial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coproporphyrinogen_III_oxidase" title="Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase">Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoporphyrinogen_oxidase" title="Protoporphyrinogen oxidase">Protoporphyrinogen oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrochelatase" title="Ferrochelatase">Ferrochelatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heme#Degradation" title="Heme">Heme degradation</a><br />to <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>spleen:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heme_oxygenase" title="Heme oxygenase">Heme oxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliverdin_reductase" title="Biliverdin reductase">Biliverdin reductase</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>liver:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucuronosyltransferase" title="Glucuronosyltransferase">glucuronosyltransferase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UDP_glucuronosyltransferase_1_family,_polypeptide_A1" title="UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1">UGT1A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism_of_vitamins,_coenzymes,_and_cofactors146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism_of_vitamins,_coenzymes,_and_cofactors" title="Template:Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism_of_vitamins,_coenzymes,_and_cofactors" title="Template talk:Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism_of_vitamins,_coenzymes,_and_cofactors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism_of_vitamins,_coenzymes,_and_cofactors146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, coenzymes, and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat soluble vitamins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinol_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinol binding protein">Retinol binding protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-tocopherol_transfer_protein" title="Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein">Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>liver</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">Sterol 27-hydroxylase or CYP27A1</a>)</li> <li><i>renal</i> (<a href="/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase">25-Hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> 1-alpha-hydroxylase or CYP27B1</a>)</li> <li><i>degradation</i> (<a href="/wiki/CYP24A1" title="CYP24A1">1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> 24-hydroxylase or CYP24A1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_epoxide_reductase" title="Vitamin K epoxide reductase">Vitamin K epoxide reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water soluble vitamins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a> (B<sub>1</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_diphosphokinase" title="Thiamine diphosphokinase">Thiamine diphosphokinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> (B<sub>3</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase">Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamidase" title="Formamidase">Formamidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub>5</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase" title="Pantothenate kinase">Pantothenate kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">Folic acid</a> (B<sub>9</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropteroate_synthase" title="Dihydropteroate synthase">Dihydropteroate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase" title="Dihydrofolate reductase">Dihydrofolate reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase" title="Serine hydroxymethyltransferase">Serine hydroxymethyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase" title="Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase">Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMAA" title="MMAA">MMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMAB" title="MMAB">MMAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMACHC" title="MMACHC">MMACHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMADHC" title="MMADHC">MMADHC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-gulonolactone_oxidase" title="L-gulonolactone oxidase">L-gulonolactone oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (B<sub>2</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin_kinase" title="Riboflavin kinase">Riboflavin kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonvitamin cofactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrahydrobiopterin40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">Tetrahydrobiopterin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GTP_cyclohydrolase_I" title="GTP cyclohydrolase I">GTP cyclohydrolase I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase">6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiapterin_reductase" title="Sepiapterin reductase">Sepiapterin reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PCBD1" title="PCBD1">PCBD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTS_(gene)" title="PTS (gene)">PTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QDPR" title="QDPR">QDPR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">Molybdopterin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOCS1" title="MOCS1">MOCS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOCS2" title="MOCS2">MOCS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOCS3" title="MOCS3">MOCS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gephyrin" title="Gephyrin">Gephyrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_Protein_metabolism,_synthesis_and_catabolism_enzymes216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Amino acid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Amino acid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amino acid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_Protein_metabolism,_synthesis_and_catabolism_enzymes216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">synthesis</a> and catabolism <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">Essential amino acids</a> are in Capitals</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">K</a>→<a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">LYSINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saccharopine_dehydrogenase" title="Saccharopine dehydrogenase">Saccharopine dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase">Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">LEUCINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase">3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">HMG-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase" title="HMG-CoA reductase">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleryl_coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase">Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-ketoisocaproate_dioxygenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase">α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine_2,3-aminomutase" title="Leucine 2,3-aminomutase">Leucine 2,3-aminomutase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase">Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglutaconyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase">Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase</a></li></ul> <p>(See <a href="/wiki/Template:Leucine_metabolism_in_humans" title="Template:Leucine metabolism in humans">Template:Leucine metabolism in humans</a> – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">TRYPTOPHAN</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase">Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase">Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylformamidase" title="Arylformamidase">Arylformamidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynureninase" title="Kynureninase">Kynureninase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyanthranilate_oxidase" title="3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase">3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde_decarboxylase" title="Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase">Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminomuconate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase">Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">PHENYLALANINE</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">G</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G→pyruvate→citrate205" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a><br />→<a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase" title="Serine hydroxymethyltransferase">Serine hydroxymethyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine_dehydratase" title="Serine dehydratase">Serine dehydratase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guanidinoacetate_N-methyltransferase" title="Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase">Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">Alanine transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-cysteine_desulfhydrase" title="D-cysteine desulfhydrase">D-cysteine desulfhydrase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-threonine_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="L-threonine dehydrogenase">L-threonine dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">HISTIDINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_ammonia-lyase" title="Histidine ammonia-lyase">Histidine ammonia-lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urocanase" title="Urocanase">Urocanate hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formiminotransferase_cyclodeaminase" class="mw-redirect" title="Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase">Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proline_oxidase" title="Proline oxidase">Proline oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_reductase" title="Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase">Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_dehydrogenase" title="1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase">1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_4_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1">ALDH4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYCR1" title="PYCR1">PYCR1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_aminotransferase" title="Ornithine aminotransferase">Ornithine aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_decarboxylase" title="Ornithine decarboxylase">Ornithine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agmatinase" title="Agmatinase">Agmatinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-ketoglutarate">alpha-ketoglutarate</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>+<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamylcysteine_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase">Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase" title="Glutathione synthetase">Glutathione synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase">Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase" title="Glutamine synthetase">Glutamine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutaminase" title="Glutaminase">Glutaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">propionyl-CoA</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">VALINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA_hydrolase" title="3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase">3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyrate_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase">3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_(acylating)" title="Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)">Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">ISOLEUCINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase">3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">METHIONINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Generation_of_homocysteine" title="Methionine">generation of homocysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Methionine_adenosyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Methionine adenosyltransferase">Methionine adenosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase" title="Adenosylhomocysteinase">Adenosylhomocysteinase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Regeneration_of_methionine" title="Methionine">regeneration of methionine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Methionine_synthase" title="Methionine synthase">Methionine synthase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Methionine_synthase" title="Methionine synthase">Homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase">Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Conversion_to_cysteine" title="Methionine">conversion to cysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cystathionine_beta_synthase" title="Cystathionine beta synthase">Cystathionine beta synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystathionine_gamma-lyase" title="Cystathionine gamma-lyase">Cystathionine gamma-lyase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">THREONINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threonine_aldolase" title="Threonine aldolase">Threonine aldolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Propionyl-CoA carboxylase">Propionyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl_CoA_epimerase" title="Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase">Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase" title="Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase">Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Fumarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarate">fumarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">PHENYLALANINE</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">Phenylalanine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_aminotransferase" title="Tyrosine aminotransferase">Tyrosine aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase" title="4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase">4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase" title="Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase">Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase" title="Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase">Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">Tyrosinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">oxaloacetate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">asparagine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">aspartate</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparaginase" title="Asparaginase">Asparaginase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asparagine_synthetase" title="Asparagine synthetase">Asparagine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_*_nucleotide_enzymes161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_*_nucleotide_enzymes161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">R5P</a>→<a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribose-phosphate_diphosphokinase" title="Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase">Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidophosphoribosyltransferase" title="Amidophosphoribosyltransferase">Amidophosphoribosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase">Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIR_synthetase_(FGAM_cyclase)" title="AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)">AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole_carboxylase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide_synthase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_synthase" title="Inosine monophosphate synthase">IMP synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i>IMP→<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_synthase" title="Adenylosuccinate synthase">Adenylosuccinate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase">Adenylosuccinate lyase</a></li> <li><i>reverse</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMP_deaminase" title="AMP deaminase">AMP deaminase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i>IMP→<a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMP_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="IMP dehydrogenase">IMP dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMP_synthase_(glutamine%E2%80%94hydrolysing)" class="mw-redirect" title="GMP synthase (glutamine—hydrolysing)">GMP synthase</a></li> <li><i>reverse</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMP_reductase" title="GMP reductase">GMP reductase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase">Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase">Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase" title="Adenosine deaminase">Adenosine deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine_deaminase" title="Guanine deaminase">Guanine deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urate_oxidase" title="Urate oxidase">Urate oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAD_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD (gene)">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthase_II" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II">Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Aspartate carbamoyltransferase">Aspartate carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotase" title="Dihydroorotase">Dihydroorotase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-phosphate_decarboxylase" title="Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase">Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uridine monophosphate synthetase">Uridine monophosphate synthetase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTP_synthetase" title="CTP synthetase">CTP synthetase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyrimidine_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase">Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyrimidinase" title="Dihydropyrimidinase">Dihydropyrimidinase</a>/<a href="/wiki/DPYS" title="DPYS">DPYS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-ureidopropionase" title="Beta-ureidopropionase">Beta-ureidopropionase</a>/<a href="/wiki/UPB1" title="UPB1">UPB1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxyribonucleotides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase" title="Ribonucleotide reductase">Ribonucleotide reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside-diphosphate_kinase" title="Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase">Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCMP_deaminase" title="DCMP deaminase">DCMP deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase" title="Thymidylate synthase">Thymidylate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase" title="Dihydrofolate reductase">Dihydrofolate reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_lipid_metabolism_–_ketones/cholesterol_synthesis_enzymes/steroid_metabolism189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> synthesis <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">steroid metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway">Mevalonate pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA" title="HMG-CoA">HMG-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiolase" title="Thiolase">Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="HMG-CoA synthase">HMG-CoA synthase</a> (regulated step)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis">Ketogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">HMG-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxybutyrate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase">3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophorase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiophorase">Thiophorase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">Mevalonic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase" title="HMG-CoA reductase">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">DMAPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_kinase" title="Mevalonate kinase">Mevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomevalonate_kinase" title="Phosphomevalonate kinase">Phosphomevalonate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphomevalonate_decarboxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase">Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl-diphosphate_delta_isomerase" title="Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase">Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Geranyl-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyltranstransferase" title="Dimethylallyltranstransferase">Dimethylallyltranstransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">Geranyl pyrophosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">lanosterol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyl-diphosphate_farnesyltransferase" title="Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase">Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_synthase" title="Lanosterol synthase">Lanosterol synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol_14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanosterol 14α-demethylase">Lanosterol 14α-demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol-C5-desaturase-like" title="Sterol-C5-desaturase-like">Sterol-C5-desaturase-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Desmosterol" title="Desmosterol">Desmosterol</a> path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase" title="24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase">24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7%CE%B1-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase">Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">Sterol 27-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">Cholesterol side-chain cleavage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">18-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">11β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_1" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B1" title="HSD3B1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSD3B2" title="HSD3B2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">21-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-Hydroxylase">11β-Hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17α-Hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17,20-Lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-alpha_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5-alpha reductase">5α-Reductase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A1" title="SRD5A1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRD5A2" title="SRD5A2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">To <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">Aromatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" title="17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">17β-<abbr title="Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">HSD</abbr></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid metabolism">Steroid metabolism</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sulfatase" title="Sulfatase">sulfatase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_sulfatase" title="Steroid sulfatase">Steroid sulfatase</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulfotransferase" title="Sulfotransferase">sulfotransferase</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SULT1A1" title="SULT1A1">SULT1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SULT2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SULT2A1">SULT2A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_acute_regulatory_protein" title="Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein">Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_total_synthesis" title="Cholesterol total synthesis">Cholesterol total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_·_pentose_phosphate_pathway_enzymes115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pentose_phosphate_pathway_enzymes" title="Template:Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pentose_phosphate_pathway_enzymes" title="Template talk:Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pentose_phosphate_pathway_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_carbohydrate_metabolism_·_pentose_phosphate_pathway_enzymes115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">oxidative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-phosphogluconolactonase" title="6-phosphogluconolactonase">6-phosphogluconolactonase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase">Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">nonoxidative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphopentose_isomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphopentose isomerase">Phosphopentose isomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphopentose_epimerase" title="Phosphopentose epimerase">Phosphopentose epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transketolase" title="Transketolase">Transketolase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaldolase" title="Transaldolase">Transaldolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism_-_non-mevalonate_pathway_enzymes51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-mevalonate_pathway_enzymes" title="Template:Non-mevalonate pathway enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol_4-phosphate_cytidylyltransferase" title="2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase">2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol_2,4-cyclodiphosphate_synthase" title="2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase">2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-(cytidine_5%27-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol_kinase" title="4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase">4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl_diphosphate_synthase" title="4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase">4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl_diphosphate_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase">4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_science69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_science" title="Template:Food science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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systems">Nutritional rating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_index" title="Insulin index">Insulin index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiety_value" title="Satiety value">Satiety value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nutrition" title="Clinical nutrition">Clinical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processing_aid" title="Processing aid">Processing aids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_psychology" title="Food psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">Sensory analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_testing" title="Discrimination testing">Discrimination testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">Rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_chemistry18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_chemistry" 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title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" 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use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_foods152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_foods" title="Template talk:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_foods152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artificial foods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olestra" title="Olestra">Olestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial protein substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alitame" title="Alitame">Alitame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantame" title="Advantame">Advantame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame-acesulfame_salt" title="Aspartame-acesulfame salt">Aspartame-acesulfame salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrelame" title="Carrelame">Carrelame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcin" title="Dulcin">Dulcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucin" title="Glucin">Glucin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysates" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates">Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugduname" title="Lugduname">Lugduname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohesperidin_dihydrochalcone" title="Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone">Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotame" title="Neotame">Neotame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural food substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_analogue" title="Cheese analogue">Cheese analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Coffee substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">Meat substitutes</a> <ul><li><a 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safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">List of food additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_swamp" title="Food swamp">Food swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Food_Protection" title="International Association for Food Protection">International Association for Food Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agriculture_and_Food_Research_Organization" title="National Agriculture and Food Research Organization">National Agriculture and Food Research Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Food_and_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food and Drug Authority">National Food and Drug Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85084016">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Métabolisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383963">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Métabolisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383963">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="metabolismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115265&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000139111&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span 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