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title="Psicologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikiquote.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ψυχολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psikologio" title="Psikologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psikologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa" title="Psicología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Psühholoogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psühholoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פסיכולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיכולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiquote</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="w:Psychology">Psychology</a></b> is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Mental_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental processes">mental processes</a> and behavior. Psychologists study such phenomena as <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships">interpersonal relationships</a>. Psychology also refers to the application of such <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> problems. </p> <dl><dd><small><a href="#A_-_F">A - F</a> , <a href="#G_-_L">G - L</a> , <a href="#M_-_R">M - R</a> , <a href="#S_-_Z">S - Z</a> , <a href="#See_also">See also</a> , <a href="#External_links">External links</a></small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_-_F">A - F</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A - F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Psychology, or the great, and in our days, so neglected science of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, both as an entity distinct from the spirit and in its relations with the spirit and body. In modern science, psychology relates only or principally to conditions of the nervous system, and almost absolutely ignores the psychical essence and nature. Physicians denominate the science of insanity psychology, and name the lunatic chair in medical colleges by that designation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a>, <i>Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology</i>, Before the Veil, (1877)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Astrology is to exact astronomy what psychology is to exact physiology. In astrology and psychology one has to step beyond the visible world of matter, and enter into the domain of transcendent spirit. It is the old struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Platonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic">Platonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelean</a> schools, and it is not in our century of Sadducean skepticism that the former will prevail over the latter. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a>, <i>Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology</i>, p. 259, (1877)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When psychology and physiology become worthy of the name of sciences, Europeans will be convinced of the weird and formidable potency existing in the human will and imagination, whether exercised consciously or otherwise. And yet, how easy to realize such power in spirit, if we only think of that grand truism in nature that every most insignificant atom in it is moved by spirit, which is one in its essence, for the least particle of it represents the whole; and that matter is but the concrete copy of the abstract idea, after all. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a>, <i>Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology</i>, p. 384, (1877)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Neglected as <a class="mw-selflink selflink">psychology</a> now is, and with the strangely chaotic state in which physiology is confessed to be by its most fair students, certainly it is not very likely that our men of science will soon rediscover the lost knowledge of the ancients. In the days of old, when <a href="/wiki/Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets">prophets</a> were not treated as <a href="/wiki/Charlatans" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlatans">charlatans</a>, nor thaumaturgists as impostors, there were colleges instituted for teaching <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" title="Occultism">occult sciences</a> in general. Samuel is recorded as the chief of such an institution at Ramah; Elisha, also, at Jericho. The schools of hazim, prophets or seers, were celebrated throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Hillel" class="mw-disambig" title="Hillel">Hillel</a> had a regular academy, and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> is well known to have sent away several of his disciples to study manticism. The study of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, included every branch of science, the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> as well as the physical, psychology and physiology in their common and occult phases, and the study of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> was universal, for it was both a physical and a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual">spiritual</a> science. Therefore why doubt or wonder that the ancients, who studied nature under its double aspect, achieved discoveries which to our modern <a href="/wiki/Physicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicists">physicists</a>, who study but its dead letter, are a closed book? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H.P. Blavatsky">H.P. Blavatsky</a>, <i>Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology</i>, Vol. I, p. 482, (1877)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Modern psychology at its best has a questionable understanding of the soul. It has no place for the natural superiority of the philosophic life, and no understanding of education. So children who are impregnated with that psychology live in a sub-basement and have a long climb just to get back up to the cave, or the world of common sense, which is the proper beginning for their ascent toward wisdom. They do not have confidence in what they feel or what they see, and they have an ideology that provides not a reason but a rationalization for their timidity. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> (1987), p. 121</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There is one view that we can allow these <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> [tools] to deal with data and analytics and we let people deal with the <a href="/wiki/Caring" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring">caring</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emotional" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional">emotional</a> aspects of <a href="/wiki/Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Care">care</a>, which I think is absolutely critical... What if technology is capable of high touch engagement? What if AI was also social and emotionally intelligent? For me when I talk about emotional engagement, it’s not just about great user experience with technology... It is about deeper human engagement to enable <a href="/wiki/Transformative" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformative">transformative</a> change in people’s lives... We have the world of design and we have the world of AI and right now those two aren’t built top of each other... But these have to come together. So we, through a lot of psychology, understand how people are thinking about experiencing new <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Breazeal" title="Cynthia Breazeal">Cynthia Breazeal</a> quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/emotional-support-part-ais-future-healthcare">Is emotional support part of AI's future in healthcare? by Laura Lovett, <i>Healthcare IT News,</i></a> (10 November 2018)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To judge from current writing, psychology has pretty well demolished the private conscience. University professors can tell their students nowadays that the moral standards of the past are only tribal tabus, and a goodly number devote themselves to pulling habits out of rats. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bush" class="extiw" title="w:Douglas Bush">Douglas Bush</a> in a lecture <i>Life, Letters and Education</i> given at Smith College (Nov 13 1941) and Wellesley College (Dec 2 1941), Massachusetts. Reprinted in 1953 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysbritishame0000unse/page/464/mode/2up?q=%22psychology+has+pretty+well+demolished%22"><i>Essays British and American</i></a></li> <li>Douglas Bush is the commonly cited source of "habits out of rats", but see under William York Tindall for an earlier (1939) use.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Psychology appeared to be a jungle of confusing, conflicting, and arbitrary concepts. These pre-scientific theories doubtless contained insights which still surpass in refinement those depended upon by psychiatrists or psychologists today. But who knows, among the many brilliant ideas offered, which are the true ones? Some will claim that the statements of one theorist are correct, but others will favour the views of another. Then there is no objective way of sorting out the truth except through scientific research. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a> (1965). <i>The Scientific Analysis of Personality,</i> Baltimore, MD: Penguin, p. 14.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Unlike the physicist, the psychologist … investigates processes that belong to the same order — perception, learning, thinking — as those by which he conducts his investigation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morris_R._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris R. Cohen">Morris R. Cohen</a>, <i>Reason and Nature</i> (1953), p. 81</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Psychology has a long past, but only a short <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Ebbinghaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Ebbinghaus">Herman Ebbinghaus</a>, cited in: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1929) <i>A History of Experimental Psychology</i> p. ix</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G_-_L">G - L</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: G - L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cancer has the biopsy, kidney disease has the urine test, and HIV has the cheek swab, yet diagnosis for mental illness is often nothing more than a survey or a conversation with a psychiatrist. <ul><li>Knaresboro, Tarah (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2011-05-03">3 May 2011</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201106/read-my-blood">Read My Blood</a>. Psychology Today.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[Modern psychology] appears as the sickly offspring of average common sense when it is taken as what it professes to be—a science of the inner life. The entire achievements of the so-called science in this respect is outweighed by a single page of Goethe’s or of Jean Paul’s psychology; and it is impossible to evade the bitter truth which Novalis already has summed up, when he says that so-called psychology is one of those idols which have usurped the place in the sanctuary where true images of the gods should stand. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Ludwig Klages</a>, <i>The Science of Character</i>, W. Johnston, trans., p. 16</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Truly, if you want to ascertain what love there is in you or in another person, then pay attention to how he relates himself to one who is dead. <b>If one wishes to observe a person, it is very important for the sake of the observation that one, in seeing him in a relationship, look at him alone.</b> When one actual person relates himself to another actual person, the result is two, the relationship is constituted, and the observation of the one person alone is made difficult. In other words, the second person covers over something of the first person; moreover, the second person can have so much influence that the first one appears different from what he is. Therefore a double accounting is necessary here; the observation must keep a special account of the influence the second person has on the person who is the object under observation through his personality, his characteristics, his virtues, and his defects. If you could manage to see someone shadowboxing in dead earnest, or if you could prevail upon a dancer to dance solo the dance he customarily dances with another, you would be able to observe his motions best, better than if he were boxing with another actual person or is he were dancing with another actual person. And if, in conversation with someone, you understand the art of making yourself no one, you get to know best what resides in this person. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soren_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Soren Kierkegaard">Soren Kierkegaard</a> 1847 <i>Works of Love</i>, Hong 1995 p. 347</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Psychology is a very unsatisfactory science.</b> Comparing the vast body of systematised and recognised facts in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> with those in psychology one will doubt the advisability of teaching the latter to anybody who does not intend to become a professional psychologist, one might even doubt the advisability of training professional psychologists. But when one considers the potential contribution which psychology can make to our understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, one's attitude may be changed. <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> becomes easily divorced from life. The <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> needs an escape from the thin air of his abstractions, beautiful as they are; the physicist wants to revel in sounds that are soft, mellow, and melodious, that seem to reveal mysteries which are hidden under the curtain of waves and atoms and mathematical equations; and even the biologist likes to enjoy the antics of his dog on Sundays unhampered by his weekday conviction that in reality they - are but chains of machine-like reflexes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a>. <i>Principles of Gestalt Psychology,</i> 1935; p. 22. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/koffka.htm">Chapter 1</a>, online at <i>marxists.org</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> provides truth in an infantile, that is, a schoolboy fashion: we learn from it, roughly and hurriedly, things that scandalize us and thereby command our attention. It sometimes happens, and such is the case here, that a simplification touching upon the truth, but cheaply, is of no more value than a lie. Once again we are shown the demon and the angel, the beast and the god locked in Manichean embrace, and once again man has been pronounced, by himself, not culpable. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>, <i>His Master's Voice</i> (1968), tr. Michael Kandel (1983), Preface</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>One can ask two different kinds of questions with regard to the topics of study in psychology as well as in other <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a>. One can ask for the phenomenal characteristics of psychological units or events, for example, how many kinds of feelings can be qualitatively differentiated from one another or which characteristics describe an experience of a voluntary act. Aside from this are the questions asking for the why, for the cause and the effect, for the conditional-genetic interrelations. For example, one can ask: Under which conditions has been a decision made and which are the specific psychological effects which follow this decision? The depiction of phenomenal characteristics is usually characterized as “description”, the depiction of causal relationships as “explanation.” <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a> (1927). "Gesetz und experiment in der Psychologie" [Law and experiment in psychology]. in: <i>Symposion</i>, Vol 1, p. 375-421. Transl. Kurt Kreppner</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M_-_R">M - R</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: M - R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg/220px-Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg/330px-Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg/440px-Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>But a person who calls himself a psychologist is in a peculiar position these days. Before he can <a href="/wiki/Write" class="mw-redirect" title="Write">write</a> about the psychology of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, or, in fact, about the psychology of any human <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviour</a>, he must define what he means by psychology. The introspectionistic psychologists, now considered unscientific, regarded any exposition as psychological which described its phenomena in subjective or introspective terms. Now the introspectionists are pushed into the background. In their place we find a great variety of teachers and researchers all <a href="/wiki/Naming" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming">naming</a> their diverse <a href="/wiki/Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods">methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observations" class="mw-redirect" title="Observations">observations</a> "psychology". We have, for instance, in the field of emotions, the physiologists, the neurologists, the physiological psychologists, the behaviorists, the endocrinologists, the mental-tester-statisticians, the psycho-analysts, and the psychiatrists. Each of these types of worker confesses himself to be a psychologist, and, moreover, each maintains that his are the only psychologically worth-while results. Psychology to-day, like <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, is being fought over by feudal barons who have little in common save tacit acceptance of the rule that spoils shall be taken whenever and however possible. ~ <a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston" title="William Moulton Marston">William Moulton Marston</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Despite the burgeoning technologies in the field of "helping", on many levels <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> is still a crapshoot. Some of the goal of training, I think, is to help students accept that fact. The work is part science, part art, and part luck. Learning to tolerate the anxiety inherent in that recipe is critical for any clinician.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Manning" class="extiw" title="w:Martha Manning">Martha Manning</a>, in <i>Undercurrents</i> (1st edition ed.). HarperCollins. 1995. pp. p. 9</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>But a person who calls himself a psychologist is in a peculiar position these days. Before he can <a href="/wiki/Write" class="mw-redirect" title="Write">write</a> about the psychology of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, or, in fact, about the psychology of any human <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviour</a>, he must define what he means by psychology. The introspectionistic psychologists, now considered unscientific, regarded any exposition as psychological which described its phenomena in subjective or introspective terms. Now the introspectionists are pushed into the background. In their place we find a great variety of teachers and researchers all <a href="/wiki/Naming" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming">naming</a> their diverse <a href="/wiki/Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods">methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observations" class="mw-redirect" title="Observations">observations</a> "psychology". We have, for instance, in the field of emotions, the physiologists, the neurologists, the physiological psychologists, the behaviorists, the endocrinologists, the mental-tester-statisticians, the psycho-analysts, and the psychiatrists. Each of these types of worker confesses himself to be a psychologist, and, moreover, each maintains that his are the only psychologically worth-while results. Psychology to-day, like <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, is being fought over by feudal barons who have little in common save tacit acceptance of the rule that spoils shall be taken whenever and however possible. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston" title="William Moulton Marston">William Moulton Marston</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionsofnormal032195mbp/page/n25/mode/2up"><i>The Emotions of Normal People</i></a>, London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co Ltd. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1928. Ch.1 “Normalcy and Emotion”, pp.5-6.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Our problem is : What are the underlying <a href="/wiki/Desires" class="mw-redirect" title="Desires">desires</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wishes" title="Wishes">wishes</a>, that lead some <a href="/wiki/Scientists" title="Scientists">scientists</a> to insist upon mechanistic conceptions, and others equally eminent, to espouse some form of scientific vitalism ? For in psychology, as in other sciences, a materialistic or vitalistic <a href="/wiki/Bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias">bias</a> may be found at the root of nearly all factional schools, or contentious groups. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston" title="William Moulton Marston">William Moulton Marston</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionsofnormal032195mbp/page/n25/mode/2up"><i>The Emotions of Normal People</i></a>, London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co Ltd. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1928. Ch.2, “Materialism, Vitalism and Psychology”, p. 7.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Stripped of its bizarre excesses, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Ewen_Cameron" class="extiw" title="w:Donald Ewen Cameron">Cameron</a>'s experiments, building upon Donald O. Hebb's earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method. <ul><li>Alfred W. McCoy, as quoted by Klein, N., "The Shock Doctrine", p. 41, Metropolitan Books, New York, 2007</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The practical basis of the medical profession rested on psychology. Everyone felt better when self-confident, expensive experts could be called in to handle a vital emergency. Doctors relieved others of the responsibility for deciding what to do. As such, their role was strictly comparable to that of the priesthood, whose ministrations to the soul relieved anxieties parallel to those relieved by medical ministrations to the body. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hardy_McNeill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hardy McNeill">William Hardy McNeill</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagues_and_Peoples" class="extiw" title="w:Plagues and Peoples">Plagues and Peoples</a></i> (1976)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Theories in "soft" areas of psychology (e.g., clinical, counseling, social, personality, school, and community) lack the cumulative character of scientific knowledge because they tend neither to be refuted nor corroborated, but instead merely fade away as people lose interest. Even though intrinsic subject matter difficulties (20 are listed) contribute to this, the excessive reliance on significance testing is partly responsible (<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald A. Fisher</a>). <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>'s approach, with modifications, would be prophylactic. Since the null hypothesis is quasi-always false, tables summarizing research in terms of patterns of "significant differences" are little more than complex, causally uninterpretable outcomes of statistical power functions. Multiple paths to estimating numerical point values ("consistency tests") are better, even if approximate with rough tolerances; and lacking this, ranges, orderings, 2nd-order differences, curve peaks and valleys, and function forms should be used. Such methods are usual in developed sciences that seldom report statistical significance. Consistency tests of a conjectural taxometric model yielded 94% success with no false negatives. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal"> (1978). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1979-25042-001">Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology</a>". <i>Journal of consulting and clinical Psychology</i> <b>46</b> (4): 806–834.</cite></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The old distinctions among emotion, reason, and aesthetics are like the earth, air, and fire of an ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" class="extiw" title="w:Alchemy">alchemy</a>. We will need much better concepts than these for a working psychic chemistry. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/MusicMindMeaning.html">"Music, Mind, and Meaning"</a> (1981)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We cannot describe how the mind is made without having good ways to describe <a href="/wiki/Complicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Complicated">complicated</a> processes. Before <a href="/wiki/Computers" title="Computers">computers</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> were good for that. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a> tried algebra and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a> tried diagrams; other psychologists used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain" class="extiw" title="w:Markov chain">Markov Chains</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix" class="extiw" title="w:Matrix">matrices</a>, but none came to much. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism" class="extiw" title="w:Behaviorism">Behaviorists</a>, quite properly, had ceased to speak at all. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="w:Linguistics">Linguists</a> flocked to formal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" class="extiw" title="w:Syntax">syntax</a>, and made progress for a time but reached a limit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar" class="extiw" title="w:Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a> shows the contents of the registers (so to speak), but has no way to describe what controls them. This makes it hard to say how surface speech relates to underlying designation and intent–a baby-and-bath-water situation. I prefer ideas from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="w:Artificial intelligence">AI</a> research because there we tend to seek procedural description first, which seems more appropriate for mental matters. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, in "Music, Mind, and Meaning" (1981)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The popular medical formulation of morality that goes back to <a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios" title="Aristo of Chios">Ariston of Chios</a>, "virtue is the <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>," would have to be changed to become useful, at least to read: "your virtue is the health of your soul." For there is no health as such, and all attempts to <a href="/wiki/Define" class="mw-redirect" title="Define">define</a> a thing that way have been wretched <a href="/wiki/Failures" class="mw-redirect" title="Failures">failures</a>. Even the determination of what is healthy for your <i>body</i> depends on your goal, your horizon, your energies, your impulses, your errors, and above all on the ideals and phantasms of your soul. Thus there are innumerable healths of the body; and the more we allow the unique and incomparable to raise its head again, and the more we abjure the dogma of the "equality of men," the more must the concept of a normal health, along with a normal diet and the normal course of an illness, be abandoned by medical men. Only then would the time have come to reflect on the health and illness of the soul, and to find the peculiar virtue of each man in the health of his soul. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche‎‎</a>, <i>The Gay Science</i>, § 120 “Health of the Soul”</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I'm anti too much psychology. I never miss a chance to take a snipe at it. If anything in this world is a narrow and structured way of looking at things, kind of a sheet thrown in front of your eyes that tells you how to look at things, it's psychology. I've had psychology teachers tell students who've written very good stories that their characters would never have behaved as they did in the story. They're practically murderers of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>; and besides, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> preceded psychology. (1978) <ul><li>1978 interview anthologized in <i>Conversations with <a href="/wiki/Grace_Paley" title="Grace Paley">Grace Paley</a></i> edited by Gerhard Bach and Blaine Hall (1997)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology" class="extiw" title="w:Clinical psychology">clinical psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Quietly" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietly">quietly</a> <a href="/wiki/Questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Questions">questions</a> his patient and passively <a href="/wiki/Observes" class="mw-redirect" title="Observes">observes</a> his <a href="/wiki/Behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior">behavior</a> during many preliminary consultations. He then collects his notes and observations, concentrates his thought upon the entire case, and makes an analysis of the patient's mental difficulties and maladjustments of <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>. The psychologist then begins to persuade the patient to change his course of action in accordance with professional advice. In the end, the psychologist removes the patient's emotional difficulties and effects a more normal and efficient organization of his personality, thereby improving his <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and increasing his <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>. <br /> In the behavior of the psychologist during the treatment of his patient, we see expressions of the four elementary <a href="/wiki/Emotions" title="Emotions">emotions</a> in their proper order:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DISC_assessment" class="extiw" title="w:DISC assessment">(1) compliance; (2) dominance; (3) inducement; (4) submission</a>. <br /> The psychologist begins by complying completely with the patient's existing state of personality and emotion (a method strongly advocated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>). The psychologist accepts the patient just as he is, and merely observes and records his condition. This behavior constitutes intellectual compliance. <br /> Next, he analyzes and reconstructs the entire personality picture. He attempts to understand his patient's personality and to master its hidden difficulties and maladjustments. Here, he dominates intellectually by over coming the difficulties and resistance which blocked the complete conprehension of the patient's personality. <br /> He then persuades his patient to behave in a new way, prescribed by the psychologist — a process which is clearly inducement. <br /> Finally, the psychologist, by means of inducement, re moves the patient's personality difficulties and serves the patient as he most wants to be served. This ultimate action expresses the submission, which is the psychologist's final purpose in undertaking the case. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_B._Pitkin" class="extiw" title="w:Walter B. Pitkin">Walter B. Pitkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston" title="William Moulton Marston">William M. Marston</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003987503">“The Art of Sound Pictures”</a> D. Appleton and Company, New York London (1930), Chapter VII FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS, pp. 147-148</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Western psychologists accuse religion of repressing the vital energy of man and rendering his life quite miserable as a result of the sense of guilt which especially obsesses the religious people and makes them imagine that all their actions are sinful and can only be expiated through abstention from enjoying the pleasures of life. Those psychologists add that Europe lived in the darkness of ignorance as long as it adhered to its religion but once it freed itself from the fetters of religion, its emotions were liberated and accordingly it achieved wonders in the field of production. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qutb" title="Muhammad Qutb">Muhammad Qutb</a>, <i>Islam and Sexual Repression</i>, chapter 4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is a principle of modern psychology that the feelings most apt to influence behavior are those that we try hardest to suppress. They work like malicious secret agents in the shadowed corners of the psyche. The basic strategy of every school of psychology is therefore to recover the repressed, to shine the light of awareness upon all that is hidden so that its influence can be assessed and allowed for. This amounts to saying that honesty—a clear declaration of one's tastes, preferences, vested interests, and emotional involvement—may be more important than objecitivity, if by objectivity one means affecting a blank and neutral state. In the latter sense objectivity may be a pretense that hides profound distortions. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roszak_(scholar)" title="Theodore Roszak (scholar)">Theodore Roszak</a>, <i>The Gendered Atom</i> (1999)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>One of the symptoms of an approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one’s work is terribly important. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PZLXEn5ekwEC&pg=PA48">The Conquest of Happiness</a>,</i> Routledge, 12 October 2012, p. 48</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S_-_Z">S - Z</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: S - Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OswaldSpengler1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/OswaldSpengler1922.jpg/220px-OswaldSpengler1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/OswaldSpengler1922.jpg/330px-OswaldSpengler1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/OswaldSpengler1922.jpg/440px-OswaldSpengler1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Everything that our present-day psychologist has to tell us—and here we refer not only to the systematic science but also in the wider sense to the physiognomic knowledge of men—relates to the present condition of the Western soul, and not, as hitherto gratuitously assumed, to “the human soul” at large. ~ <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg/220px-Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg/330px-Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Dr_Thomas_S_Szasz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>The great shift … is the movement away from the value-laden languages of … the “humanities,” and toward the ostensibly value-neutral languages of the “sciences.” This attempt to escape from, or to deny, valuation is … especially important in psychology … and the so-called social sciences. Indeed, one could go so far as to say that the specialized languages of these disciplines serve virtually no other purpose than to conceal valuation behind an ostensibly scientific and therefore nonvaluational semantic screen. ~ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simone_Weil_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/220px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/330px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/440px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Psychology consists of describing states of the soul by displaying them all on the same plane, without any discrimination of value, as though good and evil were external to them, as though the effort toward the good could be absent at any moment from the thought of any man. ~ <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">Economists</a> have never allowed their analysis to be influenced by psychologists of their time, but have always framed for themselves such assumptions about psychical processes as they have thought it desirable to make. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <i>History of Economic Analysis,</i> 1945. p. 27</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Everything that our present-day psychologist has to tell us—and here we refer not only to the systematic science but also in the wider sense to the physiognomic knowledge of men—relates to the present condition of the Western soul, and not, as hitherto gratuitously assumed, to “the human soul” at large. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, <i>Decline of the West</i>, C. Atkinson, trans., Volume 1, p. 303</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The great shift … is the movement away from the value-laden languages of … the “humanities,” and toward the ostensibly value-neutral languages of the “sciences.” This attempt to escape from, or to deny, valuation is … especially important in psychology … and the so-called social sciences. Indeed, one could go so far as to say that the specialized languages of these disciplines serve virtually no other purpose than to conceal valuation behind an ostensibly scientific and therefore nonvaluational semantic screen. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a>, <i>Anti-Freud</i> (1990), p. 44</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The mysteries revealed by the psychoanalysts have been equally agreeable to those in rebellion against the behaviorists, who seemed to be occupied with nothing more spiritual than pulling habits out of rats. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_York_Tindall" class="extiw" title="w:William York Tindall">William York Tindall</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dhlawrencesusanh0000unse/page/196/mode/1up?q=%22habits+out+of+rats%22">D.H. Lawrence & Susan his Cow,</a> New York : Columbia University Press, p. 196.</li> <li>The more commonly cited source of this witticism is Douglas Bush (cf.) who used it in a lecture in 1941.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Psychology consists of describing states of the soul by displaying them all on the same plane, without any discrimination of value, as though good and evil were external to them, as though the effort toward the good could be absent at any moment from the thought of any man. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, “The responsibility of writers,” <i>On Science, Necessity, and the Love of God</i>, R. Rees, trans. (1968), p. 168</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the specialist culture of our bureaucratic-industrial age, the reliance on experts to interpret and evaluate inner life is in itself the most malignant and invasive reach of division of labor. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a>, <i>Future Primitive Revisited</i> (2012), p. 43</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">psychology</a></b></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="w:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</div> </div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#9F9F9F" align="center" colspan="3"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychology</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Themes about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychology</a> </td> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of psychology (page does not exist)">History</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of psychology (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Psychology (page does not exist)">Portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_science_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic science (psychology) (page does not exist)">Basic <br />psychology</a> </td> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abnormal_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abnormal psychology (page does not exist)">Abnormal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affective_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affective science (page does not exist)">Affective science</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affective_neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affective neuroscience (page does not exist)">Affective neuroscience</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioural_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioural genetics (page does not exist)">Behavioral genetics</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral neuroscience (page does not exist)">Behavioral neuroscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitivism_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cognitivism (psychology) (page does not exist)">Cognitivism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_cognitive_neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social cognitive neuroscience (page does not exist)">Social</a>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparative psychology (page does not exist)">Comparative</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-cultural_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-cultural psychology (page does not exist)">Cross-cultural</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural psychology (page does not exist)">Cultural</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Developmental psychology (page does not exist)">Developmental</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Differential_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Differential psychology (page does not exist)">Differential</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological psychology (page does not exist)">Ecological</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental psychology (page does not exist)">Experimental</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical psychology (page does not exist)">Mathematical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropsychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropsychology (page does not exist)">Neuropsychology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personality psychology (page does not exist)">Personality</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positive_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positive psychology (page does not exist)">Positive</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psycholinguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psycholinguistics (page does not exist)">Psycholinguistics</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychophysiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychophysiology (page does not exist)">Psychophysiology</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative psychology (page does not exist)">Quantitative</a> • <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoretical psychology (page does not exist)">Theoretical</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a> </td> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalistic_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomalistic psychology (page does not exist)">Anomalistic</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_behavior_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied behavior analysis (page does not exist)">Applied behavior analysis</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_testing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychological testing (page does not exist)">Assessment</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical psychology (page does not exist)">Clinical</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coaching psychology (page does not exist)">Coaching</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community psychology (page does not exist)">Community</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_behaviour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer behaviour (page does not exist)">Consumer</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Counseling_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Counseling psychology (page does not exist)">Counseling</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical psychology (page does not exist)">Critical</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational psychology (page does not exist)">Educational</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_and_ergonomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human factors and ergonomics (page does not exist)">Ergonomics</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist psychology (page does not exist)">Feminist</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensic_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forensic psychology (page does not exist)">Forensic</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health psychology (page does not exist)">Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal psychology (page does not exist)">Legal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media psychology (page does not exist)">Media</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical psychology (page does not exist)">Medical</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military psychology (page does not exist)">Military</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music psychology (page does not exist)">Music</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_health_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupational health psychology (page does not exist)">Occupational health</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastoral_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastoral psychology (page does not exist)">Pastoral</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political psychology (page does not exist)">Political</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychometrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychometrics (page does not exist)">Psychometrics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology_of_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychology of religion (page does not exist)">Religion</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School psychology (page does not exist)">School</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport psychology (page does not exist)">Sport and exercise</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicidology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicidology (page does not exist)">Suicidology</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems psychology (page does not exist)">Systems</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traffic psychology (page does not exist)">Traffic</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methodologies </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archival_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archival research (page does not exist)">Archival research</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_epigenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral epigenetics (page does not exist)">Behavior epigenetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Content analysis (page does not exist)">Content analysis</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental psychology (page does not exist)">Experiments</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_subject_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human subject research (page does not exist)">Human subject research</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interview_(research)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interview (research) (page does not exist)">Interviews</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroimaging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuroimaging (page does not exist)">Neuroimaging</a> • <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychophysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychophysics (page does not exist)">Psychophysics</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_psychological_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualitative psychological research (page does not exist)">Qualitative research</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_psychological_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative psychological research (page does not exist)">Quantitative research</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-report_inventory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-report inventory (page does not exist)">Self-report inventory</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_methodology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey methodology (page does not exist)">Statistical surveys</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychologists </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> (1832–1920) •<a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1842–1910) •<a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1849–1936) •<a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (1856–1939) •<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a> (1870–1937) •<a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1874–1949) •<a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (1875–1961) •<a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1878–1958) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_L._Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark L. Hull (page does not exist)">Clark L. Hull</a> (1884–1952) •<a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a> (1890–1947) •<a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> (1896–1980) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Allport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Allport (page does not exist)">Gordon Allport</a> (1897–1967) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Guilford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. Guilford (page does not exist)">J. P. Guilford</a> (1897–1987) •<a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1902–1987) •<a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> (1902–1994) •<a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a> (1904–1990) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_O._Hebb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald O. Hebb (page does not exist)">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1904–1985) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hilgard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Hilgard (page does not exist)">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1904–2001) •<a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1905–1981) •<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a> (1905–1997) •<a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a> (1905–1998) •<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1908–1970) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neal_E._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neal E. Miller (page does not exist)">Neal E. Miller</a> (1909–2002) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Bruner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerome Bruner (page does not exist)">Jerome Bruner</a> (1915–2016) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald T. Campbell (page does not exist)">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1916–1996) •<a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> (1916–1997) •<a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1916–2001) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=David_McClelland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David McClelland (page does not exist)">David McClelland</a> (1917–1998) •<a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a> (1919–1989) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armitage_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Armitage Miller (page does not exist)">George A. Miller</a> (1920–2012) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lazarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Lazarus (page does not exist)">Richard Lazarus</a> (1922–2002) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Schachter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Schachter (page does not exist)">Stanley Schachter</a> (1922–1997) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zajonc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zajonc (page does not exist)">Robert Zajonc</a> (1923–2008) •<a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1925–2021) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Brown_(psychologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Brown (psychologist) (page does not exist)">Roger Brown</a> (1925–1997) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endel_Tulving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endel Tulving (page does not exist)">Endel Tulving</a> (b. 1927) •<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a> (1927–1987) •<a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a> (1928–2012) •<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a> (1929–2021) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Mischel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Mischel (page does not exist)">Walter Mischel</a> (1930–2018) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Aronson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliot Aronson (page does not exist)">Elliot Aronson</a> (b. 1932) •<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> (b. 1934) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ekman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ekman (page does not exist)">Paul Ekman</a> (b. 1934) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Posner_(psychologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Posner (psychologist) (page does not exist)">Michael Posner</a> (b. 1936) •<a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a> (1937–1996) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_McEwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce McEwen (page does not exist)">Bruce McEwen</a> (1938–2020) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Squire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Squire (page does not exist)">Larry Squire</a> (b. 1941) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Nisbett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Nisbett (page does not exist)">Richard E. Nisbett</a> (b. 1941) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Seligman (page does not exist)">Martin Seligman</a> (b. 1942) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Diener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Diener (page does not exist)">Ed Diener</a> (1946–2021) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_E._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley E. Taylor (page does not exist)">Shelley E. Taylor</a> (b. 1946) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist) (page does not exist)">John Anderson</a> (b. 1947) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_C._Kessler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald C. Kessler (page does not exist)">Ronald C. Kessler</a> (b. 1947) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._LeDoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph E. LeDoux (page does not exist)">Joseph E. LeDoux</a> (b. 1949) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Davidson (page does not exist)">Richard Davidson</a> (b. 1951) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Fiske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Fiske (page does not exist)">Susan Fiske</a> (b. 1952) •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Baumeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Baumeister (page does not exist)">Roy Baumeister</a> (b. 1953)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Psychology&oldid=3396945">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Psychology&oldid=3396945</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology" title="Category:Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupations" title="Category:Occupations">Occupations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2023, at 16:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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