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value="Go"> </form> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"><a class="t" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347*/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">110 captures</a> <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL"> 13 Jul 2007 - 08 Oct 2024 </div> </div> <div class="k"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-graph-anchor"> <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="n"> <table> <tbody> <tr class="m"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628151906/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 Jun 2021"><strong>Jun</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 19:43:47 Aug 29, 2021">AUG</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20211008085000/https://servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="08 Oct 2021"><strong>Oct</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr class="d"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210628151906/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15:19:06 Jun 28, 2021"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 19:43:47 Aug 29, 2021">29</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20211008085000/https://servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="08:50:00 Oct 08, 2021"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr class="y"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200706130507/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="06 Jul 2020"><strong>2020</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 19:43:47 Aug 29, 2021">2021</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20221126153529/https://servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 Nov 2022"><strong>2022</strong></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column 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target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Save Page Now</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page"> TIMESTAMPS </div> <div> <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"> <img src="/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-print"> The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ __wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html","20210829194347",1996,"/_static/",["/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"], false); __wm.rw(1); //]]></script> 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</a> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled components"> <p></p> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#constSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" class="dropdown-toggle" id="constToggle"><b>Constitutions</b></a> <ul class="collapse show list-unstyled" id="constSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>Afghanistan</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ym__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/za__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zambia</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">Afghanistan</h1> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">2004</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00c___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210829194347im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/http://www.parliament.af/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Parliament</a><img src="/web/20210829194347im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/http://www.president.gov.af/Index_eng.aspx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Government</a><img src="/web/20210829194347im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/http://www.supremecourt.gov.af/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Supreme Court</a><img src="/web/20210829194347im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> The current ICL edition is based on an unofficial translation of the constitutional text provided anonymously to the general public on the Afghaniyat Listserver.  That text is accompanied by the warning: "Please refer to Pashtu and Dari version for accuracy".  For the purpose of this edition, remaining red color highlighting for last minute changes has been omitted and paragraph numbers have been added. </div><br> <div align="left"> The new constitution has been adopted by all 502 delegates of the <i>Loya Jirga</i> (Grand Council) on 3 Jan 2004.  Parliamentary elections are to follow during the same year.  Establishing the "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", the Council decided for a presidential system with Islam acknowledged as the "sacred religion" (Article <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A002_">2</a>) and immutably protected (<i>cf.</i> Article <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A149_">149</a>).  Pashtu as well as Dari are chosen for official languages with Turkmen and Uzbek acknowledged as officially recognised languages in areas where they are spoken by a majority (Article <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A016_">16</a>).  Also, <i>Shia</i> law is applicable in personal matters wherever both parties are followers of the <i>Shia</i> sect (cf. Article <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A131_">131</a>). </div><br> <div align="left"> The new bicameral parliament encompasses the "House of the People" (lower house, <i>Wolesi Jirga</i>) and the "House of the Elder" (upper house, <i>Meshrano Jirga</i>).  According to ICL guidelines, the chambers are named "House of Representatives" and "Senate" for the purpose of this edition.  Ministers are nominated by the President and confirmed by the House of Representatives; if a nominee has another citizenship besides the Afghani one, the parliament can veto his or her nomination. </div><br> <div align="left"> Though generally strengthening the office of President <i>Hamid Karzai,</i> the constitution also adds two (instead of one) Vice Presidents to balance that power. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>26 Jan 2004: Constitution signed and promulgated by President <i>Karzai.</i></li> <li>4 Jan 2004: All members of the <i>Loya Jirga</i> approve the <b>New Constitution</b>.</li> <li>14 Dec 2003: <i>Loya Jirga</i> of 502 delegates from across the country start its deliberation.</li> <li>5 Oct 2002: Appointment of committee to draft the new constitution to be adopted by a constitutional <i>Loya Jirga</i> (Grand Council) in 2003.</li> <li>Dec 2001: Afghan representatives and foreign countries revived with modifications the 1964 constitution during the Petersberg conference in Bonn (Germany); <i>Hamid Karzai</i> is established as President by the conference.</li> <li>7 Oct 2001: Following the World Trade Center attack of 11 Sep, the United States military begins strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.</li> <li>1979-1989: War with Soviet Union.</li> <li>1964: <b>Constitution adopted</b>.</li> <li>19 Aug 1919: Independence from the United Kingdom.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 27.6.2020 / For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210829194347/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. 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