Oxford Art

<!DOCTYPE html>       <html data-locale="en" lang="en" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];dataLayer.push({ "pf:selectedLanguage" : "English", "pf:sitegenUUid" : "0", "pf:authorized" : "not-authorized", "pf:authenticationStatus" : "not-logged-in" });</script><script type="text/javascript">function runOnDomLoaded(f) { if (!!document.domLoaded) { setTimeout(f, 0); } else { window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', f); } }</script><link as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link crossorigin="" as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link as="script" rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/" rel="canonical"/> <title>Oxford Art</title> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> if (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMSIE) { window.onload = function () {MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset",MathJax.Hub])} } MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["MMLorHTML.js"], jax: ["input/MathML","output/CommonHTML","output/NativeMML"], extensions: ["mml2jax.js","MathMenu.js","MathZoom.js"] }); hasMathjax = true; mathjaxComplete = false; MathJax.Hub.signal.Interest( function (message) { if ('End Process' == message[0]) { mathjaxComplete = true; } } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=default"></script> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>  <meta content="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/" property="og:url"/> <meta content="Oxford Art Online" property="og:site_name"/> <meta content="website" property="og:type"/> <meta content="Oxford Art" property="og:title"/> <meta content="Oxford Art" property="og:description"/> <meta content="Oxford Art" name="description"/> <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"/> <meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/> <meta content="Oxford Art" name="twitter:title"/> <meta content="Oxford Art" name="twitter:description"/>  <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/> <meta content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/> <link href="/newsrss" title="News (RSS 2.0)" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"/> <script> ;(function(d, s, c) { var j = d.createElement(s), t = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0] j.src = 'https://prod-apm-public-files.s3.amazonaws.com/5.9.1/elastic-apm-rum.umd.js' j.onload = function() { function initApm() { if (!!window.elasticApm) { window.elasticApm.init(c); console.debug('Initialized Elastic APM JS from https://apm.oupprodelk.pubfactory.com'); } else { // console.debug('Waiting for Elastic APM'); setTimeout(initApm, 500); } } initApm(); } t.parentNode.insertBefore(j, t) })(document, 'script', {serviceName: 'orr-web-live', serverUrl: 'https://apm.oupprodelk.pubfactory.com'}) </script> <link type="image/x-icon" href="/fileasset/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/> <link media="all" href="/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45/css/normalize.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link media="all" href="/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-06A2BFABA0A26D1CC639251FDE1DF69F/css/style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/za29a1266/oup-cxs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/baseskin/z868d4a2f/css/cxs-reset.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/baseskin/z2fb7dce7/css/cxs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/oup/z2b87a83d/css/mystuff.css" id="mystuffStylesheet"/> <link href="/cxs/css/oup-content.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="cxs"/> <link class="nocombine" media="print" href="/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-06A2BFABA0A26D1CC639251FDE1DF69F/css/print.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/vendor/zdf8cf3f4/modernizr.min.js"></script> <script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/vendor/za34738ba/respond.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> gAppName = 'orr'; gSiteIdentifier = 'oao'; gCxsBasePath = '/cxs/'; gCurrentPagePath = 'https://www.oxfordartonline.com/'; </script> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/meta/zee34e021/tapestry5/font_awesome/css/font-awesome.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/zbb83c97/default.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/vendor/ze5c2e950/splide/splide.min.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/vendor/zcb91ae9f/font-awesome/css/brands.min.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/zb721ef28/FindThisResource.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/za8ff4a48/ContributorDetails.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/oxford/z8afeb2e/components/module/OdoPopupWidgetModule.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/oxford/z41888ac9/components/ResourceSelector.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-6A687A59A8648DEF9D55727382C12FEA/languageFonts.css"/><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 4 libraries synchronously in head');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/zaa95d746/micromodal.js/micromodal.min.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/vendor/zaa95d746/micromodal.js/micromodal.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z96255596/js/dist/shareLink.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/shared/z96255596/js/dist/shareLink.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z16dd3571/js/lightbox/lightbox.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/shared/z16dd3571/js/lightbox/lightbox.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/z71e35edf/LoginBox.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/js/z71e35edf/LoginBox.js" type="text/javascript"></script></head> <body data-page-initialized="false" data-homepage="true" data-lock-appbar="false" data-cxs-css-selector-prefix=".cxs-style-root" data-site-name="oao" class="home page-start site-oao unauthenticated no-configurable-layout appbar-standard pf-skin-pubfactory"> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P4JZ9XL"height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P4JZ9XL');</script>  <a id="jumpToContent" href="#mainContent" class="offScreen skip js-skip">Jump to Content </a> <div class="twoColumnOmega" id="contentWrapper"> <div id="headerWrap"> <div id="header"> <div id="headerUtilityBar"> <div class="expandContractButtons"> <a title="Menu" class="toggleMenu" href="#"> Menu </a> </div> <div class="nav-menu user-nav-menu js-user-nav-menu expandContractBox closed" id="loginNav"> <a class="nav-toggle user-nav-toggle ico-user js-user-nav-toggle" href="#"> <span>User Account</span> </a> <div class="top-menu-flex-links"> <div class="user-nav js-user-nav" id="userNav"> <span class="personalization-link-sign-in"> <a id="signIn" data-testid="login" href="/login"> Personal Profile </a> </span> </div> <div class="utilLinks nav-menu util-nav-menu js-util-nav-menu" id="utilityNav"> <ul class="null c-List__items"> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/about" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/news" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>News</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/tools-and-resources" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Tools and Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/subscribe" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/customer-services" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Customer Services</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="headerLogo"> <a href="/"> <span> Oxford Art Online </span> </a> </div> <div class="site-search js-site-search " id="quickSearch"> <form role="search" class="search-form single-query-form site-search-form" id="quickLinks" action="/search"> <div class="search-scope-select"> </div> <input placeholder="" aria-label="Enter search query" name="q" id="q" type="text"></input> <input title="Search" name="searchBtn" id="searchBtn" value="Search" type="submit"></input> <div id="quickSearchItems"> </div> <div id="advancedSearchLink"> <a href="/advancedsearch?st=adv"> Advanced search </a> </div> <input value="true" name="isQuickSearch" type="hidden"></input> </form> </div> <div id="navigation"> <div id="navigationWrapper"> <a aria-expanded="false" title="Browse" class="toggleTaxonomy" href="#"> Browse </a> <ul id="homenav" class="closed"> <li class="browseNav expandable first"> <a data-body="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Field</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:1"> African Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:2"> American Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:6"> Art of the Middle East/North Africa </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:8"> Contemporary Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:9"> Early Christian/Byzantine Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:83"> East Asian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:14"> Egyptian/Ancient Near Eastern Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:17"> Eighteenth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:21"> Greek/Roman Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:27"> Latin American/Caribbean Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:10"> Medieval Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:29"> Nineteenth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:41"> Oceanic/Australian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:42"> Pre-Columbian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:43"> Prehistoric Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:45"> Religious Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:51"> Renaissance/Baroque Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:44"> South/Southeast Asian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:54"> Twentieth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Medium</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:1"> Aesthetics </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:2"> Archaeology </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:3"> Architecture and Urban Planning </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:4"> Art Education </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:5"> Art History and Theory </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:6"> Art Law and Crime </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:7"> Art Markets </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:34"> Art Materials and Techniques </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:8"> Arts Administration </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:9"> Books, Manuscripts, and Illustration </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:10"> Ceramics and Pottery </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:11"> Collecting, Patronage, and Display of Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:12"> Conservation and Preservation </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:13"> Digital, Multimedia, and Sound </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:15"> Fashion, Jewellery, and Body Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:16"> Film and Video </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:17"> Gardens and Landscape Design </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:18"> Glass </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:19"> Graphic Design and Typography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:20"> Industrial and Commercial Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:21"> Installation Art, Mixed-Media, and Assemblage </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:22"> Interior Design and Furniture </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:23"> Liturgical and Ritual Objects </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:24"> Metalwork </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:25"> Painting and Drawing </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:26"> Performance Art and Dance </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:27"> Photography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:28"> Prints and Printmaking </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:29"> Public Art, Land Art, and Environmental Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:30"> Publishing </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:31"> Scenography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:32"> Sculpture and Carving </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:33"> Textiles and Embroidery </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:36"> Vernacular and Folk Art </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Era</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:1"> 10000–1000 BCE </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:2"> 1000–300 BCE </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:3"> 300 BCE–CE 500 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:4"> CE 500–1000 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:5"> 1000–1100 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:6"> 1100–1200 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:15"> 1200–1300 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:7"> 1300–1400 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:8"> 1400–1500 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:9"> 1500–1600 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:10"> 1600–1700 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:11"> 1700–1800 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:12"> 1800–1900 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:13"> 1900–2000 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:14"> 2000– </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="GeographyNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="GeographyNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Region</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="GeographyNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Geography:002"> Africa </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Geography:142"> Asia </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Geography:150"> Europe </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Geography:009"> Oceania </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Geography:019"> The Americas </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="PlaceNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="PlaceNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Place Type</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="PlaceNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Place:6"> Building/Structure </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Place:1"> City </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Place:2"> Country </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Place:3"> Region </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=Place:4"> Site </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_PeopleNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_PeopleNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Occupation</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_PeopleNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_People:1"> Artist, Architect, or Designer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_People:2"> Patron, Collector, or Dealer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_People:3"> Publisher or Printer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/browse?t0=art_People:4"> Writer or Scholar </a> </li> <li class="browse-group last"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div id="personalNav"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: none;" id="navDrop"> <div class="t-invisible"></div> <a title="Close" href="#" class="closeNav">Close</a> </div> </div> <div id="columnWrapper"> <div class="clearfix" id="pageBody"> <div class="message-feed-containter"> </div> <div class="mainBase" id="mainContent"> <div class="expandContractButtons"> <a title="Sign in" class="toggleScroll toggleLogin" href="#">Sign in</a> </div> <div class="homepageLoginWelcome expandContractBox closed stickyMenu"> <div class="multi-auth noauth" id="login"> <div class="component component-content-item component-login-box "> <div class="flex flex-col flex@sm-row flex-1 unauthenticated" id="loginPanel">  <div id="loginwrapper1"> <span class="signin-flex"> <span class="subscriber-sign-in-label">Sign in</span> <span class="get-help-with-access"> <a target="_self" href="/page/customer-services"> Get help with access </a> </span> </span>  <div class="authType userPassAuth"> <form onsubmit="return validate_form(this)" method="post" action="/LOGIN" id="usernameForm"> <input class="t-invisible" value="/" name="dest" type="hidden"></input> <div id="usernameFormError" class="error-header display-none">You could not be signed in, please check and try again.</div> <div class="formRow authenticationField" id="usernameRow"> <label for="username">Username</label> <input autocomplete="authentication-username" aria-required="true" name="user" id="username" placeholder="Username" type="text"></input> <div id="usernameError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your Username</div> </div> <div class="formRow authenticationField" id="passwordRow"> <label for="password">Password</label> <input autocomplete="authentication-password" aria-required="true" name="pass" id="password" placeholder="Password" type="password"></input> <div id="passwordError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your Password</div> </div> <div class="flex-box"> <div class="formRow" id="submitRow"><input value="Sign in" id="usernameSubmit" type="submit"></input></div> <div id="login-links"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/my-account/forgot-password" target="_blank" title="Forgot password?">Forgot password?</a> <br/> <a href="/page/subscribe">Don't have an account?</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="loginwrapper2"> <div class="authType shibbolethAuth"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://shibboleth2sp.sams.oup.com/shib?dest=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/SHIBBOLETH?dest=%2F">Sign in via your Institution</a> </div> <div class="authType libraryCardAuth"> <div id="libcardwrapper"> <form method="post" action="/LIBRARY" id="libcardForm"> <div id="libcardFormError" class="error-header display-none">You could not be signed in, please check and try again.</div> <input value="/" name="dest" aria-hidden="true" type="hidden"></input> <div class="formRow" id="libcardNumRow"> <label for="lcnum">Sign in with your library card</label> <input name="lib_card" id="lcnum"></input> <div id="lcnumError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your library card number</div> </div> <div class="formRow" id="libcardSubmitRow"><input onclick="validate_libcard_form(event);" value="Sign in" id="libcardSubmit" type="submit"></input></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="homeFrame"> <div id="homeFrameInnerWrap"> <div id="featuredBook"> <div id="featuredBookBlock" class="contentBlock"><div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <div class="welcomeBox"> <div class="welcomeBody"> <h1>Welcome to Oxford Art Online</h1> <ul> <li>The gateway to Oxford’s art reference works, including the peer-reviewed, regularly updated <a href="/groveart">Grove® Dictionary of Art</a> and the <a href="/benezit">Benezit Dictionary of Artists</a></li> <li>Includes over 200,000 articles that span ancient to contemporary art and architecture, as well as over 19,000 images of works of art, structures, plans, and artist signatures</li> </ul> <p><a href="/page/about">Learn more</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="homeTabsAndPanels"> <div id="homePanels"> <div class="top"> <div id="rightHandTextBlock" class="contentBlock"><div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <div class="region"> <div class="pageRow featuredPanel"> <div class="column6 featuredBox featuredArticle"> <div class="featuredBody"> <p class="articleCategory">Featured</p> <h3><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370615">Yōsuke Yamahata</a></h3> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370615"><img style="width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="/fileasset/Yamahata.jpg" alt=""/></a> <p>The 119 extant images that <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://doi.org/10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370615"><strong>Yōsuke Yamahata</strong></a> took on August 10, 1945 form one of the most important contemporaneous records of the aftermath of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.</p> </div> </div> <div class="column6 featuredBox featuredArticle"> <div class="featuredBody"> <p class="articleCategory">Featured </p> <h3><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.013.90000369284">Aaron Fowler</a></h3> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.013.90000369284"><img style="width: 400px; height: 293px;" src="/fileasset/Fowler.jpg" alt=""/></a> <p>Creating assemblage paintings that incorporate unconventional materials like metal, compact discs, and rubber, <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.013.90000369284"><strong>Aaron Fowler</strong></a> expresses Black culture and history through the material properties of his works.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region"> <div class="pageRow latestPanel"> <div class="column3 latestBox"> <h3 class="latestLabel"><a href="/newsitem/873/whats-new-in-february-2025">February 2025 Update</a></h3> </div> <div class="column9 latestBox"> <div class="latestBody"> <p>In this update, <em>Grove Art Online</em> publishes 7 new articles, 16 revisions, and 29 emendations as part of our regular corrections process. <em>Benezit Dictionary of Artists</em> publishes 24 new articles and 2 emendations.</p> <p>Explore the <a href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/recently-published">full list</a> of what has been recently published and revised on <em>Oxford Art Online</em>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region"> <div class="pageRow featuredPanel"> <div class="column6 featuredBox"> <div class="featuredImage"><a href="/page/benezit-letter-from-the-editor"><img width="499" src="/fileasset/images/OAO/Valerie_Cassel_Oliver_crop_new.jpg" height="198" alt="Valerie Cassel Oliver"/></a></div> <div class="featuredBody"> <h3><a href="/page/benezit-letter-from-the-editor">Letter from the Editor</a></h3> <p>Read a <a href="/page/benezit-letter-from-the-editor">letter from the Editor in Chief</a> of the <em>Benezit Dictionary of Artists</em>, Dr. Valerie Cassel Oliver, discussing her editorial approach and the work underway to expand Benezit’s coverage of emerging artists, varied media, and artists of diverse social and cultural backgrounds.</p> </div> </div> <div class="column6 featuredBox"> <div class="featuredImage"><a href="/page/4051"><img style="width: 499px; height: 196px;" src="/fileasset/omo/Pronunciation-guide-image.jpg" alt="Pronunciation Guide for Artist Names"/></a></div> <div class="featuredBody"> <h3><a href="/page/4051">Pronunciation Guide for Artist Names</a></h3> <p>Explore the new <a href="/page/4051">Grove Art pronunciation guide</a> to the names of modern and contemporary artists. Listen to recordings of scholars pronouncing a selection of names from Ann Demeulemeester to Cai Guo-Qiang to Francisco Zúñiga.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pageRow featuredPanel"> <div class="column6 featuredBox"> <div class="featuredImage"><a href="/page/collection-guides"><img width="481" src="/fileasset/images/OAO/dulwich%20pink%20gallery%20cropped%20sm.jpg" height="190" alt="Dulwich Pink Gallery"/></a></div> <div class="featuredBody"> <h3><a href="/page/collection-guides">Collection Guides</a></h3> <p>Join Benezit on a tour of unique art collections around the world! Written by experts and curators, our <a href="/page/collection-guides">Collection Guides</a> present the history and highlights of museums and galleries. Follow links to related texts in Oxford Art Online and around the web to learn more about the artists in these outstanding collections.</p> </div> </div> <div class="column6 featuredBox"> <div class="featuredImage"><a href="/page/latin-american-art/latin-american-art-in-grove"><img width="740" src="/fileasset/images/OAO/LatinAmericanArt.jpg" height="292" alt="Latin American Art"/></a></div> <div class="featuredBody"> <h3><a href="/page/latin-american-art/latin-american-art-in-grove">Latin American Art</a></h3> <p>Grove Art continues a major initiative to revise and expand Grove’s content on <a href="/page/latin-american-art/latin-american-art-in-grove">Latin American art and architecture</a>. Led by Tom Cummins at Harvard University, this project includes scholarship on topics from the Pre-Columbian period to present day. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="message-feed-containter"> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-recent-news "> <div class="content-box box no-border vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-header bar py-4"> </div> <div class="content-box-body "> <h2> <a href="/news">News</a> </h2> <div class="typography-body "> <div class="newsBlurb news-item news-blurb mx-4 flex flex-col flex-1"> <h4 class="news-date mt-2 flex-order-3 text-caption "> FEBRUARY 10, 2025 </h4> <h3 class="news-title text-headline"> <a class="c-Button--link" href="/newsitem/873/whats-new-in-february-2025"> What's new in February 2025 </a> </h3> <div class="teaser news-teaser text-body1"> <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <p>In this update, <em>Grove Art Online</em> publishes 7 new articles, 16 revisions, and 29 emendations as part of our regular corrections process. <em>Benezit Dictionary of Artists</em> publishes 24 new articles and 2 emendations.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsBlurb news-item news-blurb mx-4 flex flex-col flex-1"> <h4 class="news-date mt-2 flex-order-3 text-caption "> JANUARY 7, 2025 </h4> <h3 class="news-title text-headline"> <a class="c-Button--link" href="/newsitem/867/whats-new-in-january-2025"> What's new in January 2025 </a> </h3> <div class="teaser news-teaser text-body1"> <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <p>In this update, <em>Grove Art Online </em>publishes 231 articles with updated structure, as well as 283 emendations as part of a related corrections process.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsBlurb news-item news-blurb mx-4 flex flex-col flex-1"> <h4 class="news-date mt-2 flex-order-3 text-caption "> DECEMBER 9, 2024 </h4> <h3 class="news-title text-headline"> <a class="c-Button--link" href="/newsitem/863/whats-new-in-december-2024"> What's new in December 2024 </a> </h3> <div class="teaser news-teaser text-body1"> <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <p>In this update, Grove Art publishes 2 new articles, 21 revisions, and a new guide to Latin American art, as well as 16 emendations as part of our regular corrections process.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="moreLink mt-4 flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center"> <div class="btnRss"> <a class="ico-rss c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--rssFeed mr-2" href="/newsrss"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> </div> <div class="more"> <a class="c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" href="/news"> More News » </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom"><div class="bit"></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div id="footerWrap"> <div id="footer"> <div id="footerAccounts"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" target="_blank" href="http://www.oup.com/" id="footerPublisher"> <span>Oxford University Press</span> </a> </div> <div id="footerDetail"> <div id="footerCopyright"> Copyright © Oxford University Press <link media="screen" type="text/css" href="/fileasset/styles/oup-overrides.css" rel="stylesheet"> 2025. </div> <div id="printFooterCopyright"> <p>Printed from Oxford Art Online. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" target="_blank" href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a> and <a target="_blank" href="/page/legal-notice">Legal Notice</a>).</p><p>date: 27 February 2025</p> </div> <ul class="null c-List__items" id="footerNav"> <li class=" c-List__item first"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Cookie Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://global.oup.com/privacy " class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Privacy Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="/page/legal-notice" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Legal Notice</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/contact-us" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Contact Us</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/help" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Help</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item last"> <a href="/page/accessibility" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Accessibility</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: none" id="debug"> <ul> <li id="xForwarded">[8.222.208.146]</li> <li id="modifiedRemoteAddr">8.222.208.146</li> </ul> </div> <script language="Javascript">var accountJsession = 'account_id=&jsessionid=3F321FB4F72FF24E825A302D92F3653B&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&authzrequired=false&authentication_method='; var NTPT_PGEXTRA= typeof pfpagetags === 'undefined' ? accountJsession : accountJsession + pfpagetags;</script><script async="async" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.js" language="Javascript"></script><noscript id="page_tag"><img async="async" alt="" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0" width="1" height="1" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.gif?js=0"/></noscript> <script type="text/javascript">var require = {"shim":{"baseapp/components/FullContentLink":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/PdfJsInlineView":["jquery"],"oxford-common/jquery-cookies":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AddToDownloadButton":["jquery"],"skin/testfordeletion":["jquery","modernizr"],"t5/core/typeahead":["jquery"],"oxford-common/oupapp":["jquery","oxford-common/jquery-cookies","baseapp/combined"],"baseapp/components/TitleFilter":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/ContainerBlock":["jquery"],"skin/oreafh":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreamh":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreant":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreash":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orebus":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecla":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecli":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecom":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecri":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreeco":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreedu":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreesc":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orefst":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreisa":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelah":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelin":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelit":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreneu":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orenhs":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orephy":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepls":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepol":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepsy":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepub":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orerel":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/combined":["jquery","jquery-ui","modernizr","t5/core/typeahead"],"skin/whoswho":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/TreeFilterSelectComponent":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AuthProviders":["jquery"],"baseapp/combined-skin":["jquery","jquery-ui","t5/core/typeahead","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/OrderBillingAndShipping":["jquery"],"jquery-ui":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AdvancedSearch":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/RedeemTokenCredit":["jquery"],"oxford-common/TableOfContents":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/ContentBox":["jquery"],"baseapp/combined-skin-min":["jquery","jquery-ui","t5/core/typeahead","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/CitedByWidget":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/MyCartAddDiscountCode":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/thiss-ds":["jquery"],"skin/oresw":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/testm":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orr-ppv":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/tomtest":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/aasc":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/odnb":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ofso":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/test":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/GlossaryList":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/configurable/ContainerBlock":["jquery","jquery-ui"],"skin/anb":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ben":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/gao":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/gmo":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oao":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/omo":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ore":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orr":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/cxs":["jquery","baseapp/combined"]},"baseUrl":"/modules.gz","paths":{"baseapp/cxs":"/cxs/js/oup-content"}}; </script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 5 libraries synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z7f586f90/js/dist/shareLinkEventListeners.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/z7f586f90/js/dist/shareLinkEventListeners.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/zfb8a630e/js/dist/myContentAndMySearches.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/zfb8a630e/js/dist/myContentAndMySearches.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/za9306a39/js/dist/jumpToMainContentFallback.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/za9306a39/js/dist/jumpToMainContentFallback.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/skins/zb1a64513/pubfactory/skin/js/legacySkinMyContentAndMySearchesEventListeners.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/skins/zb1a64513/pubfactory/skin/js/legacySkinMyContentAndMySearchesEventListeners.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/za00ac3d0/oupapp-sync.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/js/za00ac3d0/oupapp-sync.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/z16bce79a/personalizationDropDown.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/js/z16bce79a/personalizationDropDown.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/vendor/z569b5820/require.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z8f1eb79c/tapestry5/underscore-1.8.3.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z48b58321/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z4346aae9/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/scriptaculous.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/zca7ee6c7/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/zd746764f/tapestry5/t53-compatibility.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z8c546d97/tapestry5/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z7ce7dcdb/tapestry5/jquery-noconflict.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">require(["t5/core/pageinit"], function(pi) { pi(["/assets/oxford/z9e95cb1c/components/module/OdoPopupWidgetModule.js","/assets/js/z7e6b6ccb/cookie.js","/assets/arachne/z4dd3765e/arachne.js"], ["oxford-common/jquery-cookies","oxford-common/oupapp","oxford-common/cookies","hideElementsUntilJsHasLoaded","baseapp/combined","skin/oao","modernizr","baseapp/components/ContentBox","baseapp/cxs"]); });</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 5 libraries synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/zbe047af3/js/dist/collapser.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/zbe047af3/js/dist/collapser.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/responsive/zaec9e2ea/js/configurable-layout.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/responsive/zaec9e2ea/js/configurable-layout.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/z5a39f990/slick-slider.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/vendor/z5a39f990/slick-slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/ze49061c8/js/dist/imageLazyLoader.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/ze49061c8/js/dist/imageLazyLoader.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">  </script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Oxford Art