CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/home.css?79f248ebefa43b7800a14562e5049ab4"/>   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/sustainabilitytransformation/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>  <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script>  <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PSTR_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PSTR_300x250_ITB1', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PSTR_300x250_ITB2', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PSTR_300x250_ITB3', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLOSSustainabilityTransformation"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Sustainability and Transformation"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/sustainabilitytransformation/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</title>  <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS Sustainability and Transformation'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="home plossustainabilitytransformation"> <div id="test"></div>  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script>   <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script>  <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div>  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/.">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/what-we-publish" >What We Publish</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/resources/editor-center" >Editor Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/guidelines-for-editors" >Guidelines for Editors</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</em> brings together leading research addressing the global challenges of transitioning to a resource-efficient, food-secure, sustainable future. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div>  </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/editors-in-chief" >Editors-in-Chief</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header ignore-top-bar-li-style"> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2021-10-01&filterJournals=PLOSSustainabilityTransformation&q=&resultsPerPage=60">Browse</a> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/sustainabilitytransformation/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLOSSustainabilityTransformation"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div id="home-content"> <div class="row top"> <div class="hero light-text overlay-dark" id="hero"> <a alt="Tackling the complex web of sustainability challenges requires transformative, cross-cutting science: A new chapter for PLOS Sustainability and Transformation" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000118"><img alt="Tackling the complex web of sustainability challenges requires transformative, cross-cutting science: A new chapter for PLOS Sustainability and Transformation" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/e71bd32d10d18afc892c6b12c97d112037940fa09b806b81a21bcb540849672f"> </a> <div class="hero-content"> <p class="published_at">July 25, 2024</p> <h1 class="title"><a alt="Tackling the complex web of sustainability challenges requires transformative, cross-cutting science: A new chapter for PLOS Sustainability and Transformation" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000118">Tackling the complex web of sustainability challenges requires transformative, cross-cutting science: A new chapter for <i>PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</i></a></h1> <div class="blurb authors"></div> <p class="credit">Image credit: PLOS Sustainability & Transformation</p> </div> </div> <div id="billboard"> <h3>Calling all experts!</h3> <h4>PLOS Sustainability and Transformation is seeking talented individuals to join our editorial board</h4><a href="https://survey.alchemer.com/s3/7538741/9b0ec5784c3e">Apply now</a> </div> </div> <div class="row one"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">11/21/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000134">Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>We urgently need to foster regenerative food systems that mutually reinforce human and ecological health. However, we have limited understanding of the action pathways that could encourage the emergence of such systems. Here we report on an extensive Three Horizons futures process, conducted with diverse participation from food system researchers and practitioners, to identify core domains of action for...</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000134</p><a class="block-image" alt="Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000134"><img alt="Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/2adde0dffb4440ab38563fe74ff2f28c45a26cb6fd5bb6320d042139c4daf788"></a> </article> <div id="article-list"> <h3>Recently Published Articles</h3> <section> <ul id="article-results" class="list-plain results"> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000134" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study">Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: A large-scale case study</a></li> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000139" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea">Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000110" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis">Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="more-link"> <a href="search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2024-10-24&filterEndDate=2024-11-23&filterJournals=PLOSSustainabilityTransformation&q=">See all articles</a> </div> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </div> <div id="issue"> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/issue"> <img src="/sustainabilitytransformation/article/figure/image?size=medium&id=10.1371/image.pstr.v03.i10.g001" class="current-img" alt="Current Issue"> </a> <p class="boxtitle"><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/issue">Current Issue</a> <span class="subhead">October 2024</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="row two"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">11/20/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000139">Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>The commercial trade in wild meat is booming in Central Africa. Addressing this issue is a global priority because the trade poses a major threat to biodiversity and human health. We investigated the impact of socioeconomic factors, public health emergencies, and conservation efforts on the wild meat trade using daily surveys...</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000139</p><a class="block-image" alt="Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000139"><img alt="Growth and globalization of the Central African wildlife economy: Insights from a 23-year study of wild meat markets on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/99a53836352e1a5fd8bf16008c5b574795610d496700cfe31d217eb0832459c7"></a> </article> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">11/18/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000110">Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Automation and robotics technologies in agriculture promise to increase productivity with a smaller environmental footprint. However, adoption of agri-innovations is rarely a simple decision. The decision to adopt is determined by numerous factors. Employing a mixed methods narrative, interpretive knowledge...</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture</p><a class="block-image" alt="Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000110"><img alt="Determinants of adoption of automation and robotics technology in the agriculture sector鈥揂 mixed methods, narrative, interpretive knowledge synthesis" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/db965520657dc6f4060a4744b48fdf65b944695535c7a117e0ba268c7d17ad47"></a> </article> </div> <div class="row three"> <div class="column left"> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">10/31/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Comprehensive carbon footprint of Earth, environmental and space science laboratories: Implications for sustainable scientific practice" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000135">Comprehensive carbon footprint of Earth, environmental and space science laboratories: Implications for sustainable scientific practice</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>To limit global warming below 2掳C, a drastic overall reduction from current green-house gas emissions is needed. Scientists should also participate in this effort in their professional activity and especially Earth scientists, on the grounds of maintaining credibility and...</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Comprehensive carbon footprint of Earth, environmental and space science laboratories: Implications for sustainable scientific practice" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000135"><img alt="Comprehensive carbon footprint of Earth, environmental and space science laboratories: Implications for sustainable scientific practice" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/523077376cf1a8c6e9dbacb6123e3b1ca39f3f22e37b692f278dff000dba0b8d"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000135</p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">10/28/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Negligible impact of supermarkets on food security (so far) in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000133">Negligible impact of supermarkets on food security (so far) in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>In recent years, African policymakers have embraced supermarket development as a form of food system modernization, but the impacts of the proximity of supermarkets on low-income households in a developing African city are largely unexplored. Using a sample of 680 households in seven of Accra鈥檚...</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Negligible impact of supermarkets on food security (so far) in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000133"><img alt="Negligible impact of supermarkets on food security (so far) in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/6ba590e3baec9c7be717263147c86be4b5eb54807ecb6b8e53797476092b441f"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000133</p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">10/22/2024</p> <p class="category">Opinion</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Science in crisis times: The crucial role of science in sustainability and transformation" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000132">Science in crisis times: The crucial role of science in sustainability and transformation</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>In an era marked by the convergence of complex crises, science must reorganize to support people and the planet. The Montpellier Advanced Knowledge Institute on Transitions (MAK鈥橧T) and the South Centre provided a platform to explore the multifaceted roles of science during crisis times through the international conference 鈥淲hat Roles for...</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Science in crisis times: The crucial role of science in sustainability and transformation" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000132"><img alt="Science in crisis times: The crucial role of science in sustainability and transformation" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/b1f686bf90ac91603ac95c3ba86f1f0da6614137e86df551bfd8bee92e29aee9"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000132</p> </article> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">09/25/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Framework assessment of sustainability: Methodology for evaluating the conformance of fishery and aquaculture management systems to FAO guidelines" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000124">Framework assessment of sustainability: Methodology for evaluating the conformance of fishery and aquaculture management systems to FAO guidelines</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Walsh, Thorbj酶rnsen & Jones</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Framework assessment of sustainability: Methodology for evaluating the conformance of fishery and aquaculture management systems to FAO guidelines" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000124"><img alt="Framework assessment of sustainability: Methodology for evaluating the conformance of fishery and aquaculture management systems to FAO guidelines" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/f4c53fb7e733e35cb0d56ed94f8f87feb9f83c4626c0117fed69c2550fe24cff"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Hanson Lu, Unsplash</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">09/16/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="An ecological framework to index crop yields using productivity and Ecosystem Fit: A case study from India" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000122">An ecological framework to index crop yields using productivity and Ecosystem Fit: A case study from India</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Klock and colleagues</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="An ecological framework to index crop yields using productivity and Ecosystem Fit: A case study from India" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000122"><img alt="An ecological framework to index crop yields using productivity and Ecosystem Fit: A case study from India" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/130c4b3f78493ff149cc352d929f72c5d5389a5d4af64138ce743f19182c44a5"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000122</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">08/28/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Transforming the rhetoric of Just Energy Transition Partnerships into reality: The devil lies in the details" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000121">Transforming the rhetoric of Just Energy Transition Partnerships into reality: The devil lies in the details</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Aparajita Banerjee</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Transforming the rhetoric of Just Energy Transition Partnerships into reality: The devil lies in the details" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000121"><img alt="Transforming the rhetoric of Just Energy Transition Partnerships into reality: The devil lies in the details" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/ccf480ec8f22dbd804680bdc01b8c40ad8237ed31ff8f3d2a5c5c2ea2df362c2"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: charlesdeluvio, Unsplash</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-4"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">08/19/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Effectiveness of real-world marketing of organic foods and beverages: A systematic review of recent evidence" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000123">Effectiveness of real-world marketing of organic foods and beverages: A systematic review of recent evidence</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Sadler, Moran & Jaacks</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Effectiveness of real-world marketing of organic foods and beverages: A systematic review of recent evidence" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000123"><img alt="Effectiveness of real-world marketing of organic foods and beverages: A systematic review of recent evidence" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/sustainabilitytransformation/indirect/ae2a9655acff346cdb8c322663f5895551465d72ceb817ceccfaea8f41f440d5"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: pstr.0000123</p> </article> </div> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-1"> <div class="block-header"> Calling all experts! </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a href="https://survey.alchemer.com/s3/7538741/9b0ec5784c3e" alt="PLOS Sustainability and Transformation is seeking talented individuals to join our editorial board"><i>PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</i> is seeking talented individuals to join our editorial board</a></h3> <p></p> <p><a href="https://survey.alchemer.com/s3/7538741/9b0ec5784c3e">Click here to apply now</a></p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/genweb.plos.org/RR/EditorResources_AERoleCJs.pdf" alt="Click to learn more about the roles and responsibilities of our Academic Editors">Click to learn more about the roles and responsibilities of our Academic Editors</a></h3> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span>  of  </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-2"> <div class="block-header"> Front Matter Articles </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a alt="Ecological economics as the science of sustainability and transformation: Integrating entropy, sustainable scale, and justice" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000098">Ecological economics as the science of sustainability and transformation: Integrating entropy, sustainable scale, and justice</a></h3> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Rules get in the way of farmer cooperation: How Digital Agriculture could change the nature of the game in the Food-Energy-Water-Climate Nexus" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000092">Rules get in the way of farmer cooperation: How Digital Agriculture could change the nature of the game in the Food-Energy-Water-Climate Nexus</a></h3> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Transdisciplinary doctoral training to address global sustainability challenges" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000091">Transdisciplinary doctoral training to address global sustainability challenges</a></h3> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Science journalism and a multi-directional science-policy-society dialogue are needed to foster public awareness for biodiversity and its conservation" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000083">Science journalism and a multi-directional science-policy-society dialogue are needed to foster public awareness for biodiversity and its conservation</a></h3> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Low-carbon lifestyle revolution: China鈥檚 recent progress toward a personal carbon market" href="/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000079">Low-carbon lifestyle revolution: China鈥檚 recent progress toward a personal carbon market</a></h3> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span>  of  </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="column right"> <div id="external-content-top"> <div id="submission-links"> <h3>Publish with PLOS</h3> <ul class="split-container"> <li class="split-item"><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/submit-now" id="submissionInstruct">Submission Instructions</a></li> <li class="split-item"><a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/pstr" id="submissionManu">Submit Your Manuscript</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="social-links"> <h3>Connect with Us</h3> <ul class="social-media"> <li id="social-link-email"><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/s/contact" class="social" title="Contact Us"> <span class="icon-email" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">Contact Us</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-RSS"><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/feed/atom" class="social" title="RSS"> <span class="icon-rss" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">RSS</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/PLOSSustain" class="social" title="PLOS Sustainability and Transformation on Twitter" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-twitter" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation on Twitter</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/plos.org" class="social" title="PLOS on Facebook" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-facebook" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS on Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-blogs"><a href="https://blogs.plos.org/" class="social-blogs" title="PLOS Blogs">PLOS Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="twitter"> <section id="twitter1" class="twitter"> <a class="twitter-timeline" data-height="652" href="https://twitter.com/PLOSSustain?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by @PLOSSustain</a> <script> (function() { function loadTwitter() { if(window.plosCookieConsent) { if(window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('functionality')) { $.getScript("https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"); } else if(!window.plosCookieConsent.hasInteracted()) { setTimeout(loadTwitter, 1000); } } else { setTimeout(loadTwitter, 1000); } } function resize() { if(typeof twttr === 'undefined') { setTimeout(resize, 1); // Back of the line with ya! return; } twttr.ready( function (twttr) { twttr.events.bind( 'rendered', function() { var twitterFeed = $('#twitter iframe'); var left = $('.column.left'); // Desktop Home Page var right = $('.column.right'); if(left.length && right.length) { var newHeight = twitterFeed.height() + left.height() - right.height(); twitterFeed.height(newHeight); } } ); }); } loadTwitter(); resize(); document.addEventListener('twitter_resize', resize); })(); </script> </section> </div> </div> <div id="external-content-bottom"> </div> </div> </div> </div><script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div class="plos-row"> <div class="home-email-subscription" id="etocs-signup"> <h2>Get new content from PLOS Sustainability and Transformation in your inbox</h2> <div class="form-container"> <iframe src="https://cdn.forms-content.sg-form.com/cdd9db17-f12e-11ee-80a7-822ee8ce2407" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <div class="consent"> <div class="email_consent"> PLOS will use your email address to provide content from <span style="font-style: italic;">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</span>. You can find out more about how PLOS processes your data by reading our <a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" target="_blank" title="Page opens in new window">Privacy Policy</a>. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in our emails or by contacting us at privacy@plos.org. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="spotlight"> <section id="ad-slot-bottom"> <div class="ad-item">  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item">  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item">  <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4'); }); </script> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="journal-issn">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation | ISSN: 2767-3197 (online)</div> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/publications/journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"> </li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> <script src="/resource/js/pages/home.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>