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In 1786 [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce ''[[Der Schauspieldirektor]]'' (''The Impresario''). [[Antonio Vivaldi]] was unusual in acting as both impresario and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at [[Teatro San Angelo]] in Venice, where his opera ''[[Orlando finto pazzo]]'' was followed by numerous others. Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the [[Teatro della Pergola]] in Florence. He presented the premieres of the first version of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'', two of [[Vincenzo Bellini]]'s operas and five of [[Gaetano Donizetti]]'s, including ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''. [[Domenico Barbaia]] (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at [[La Scala]], in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced [[roulette]]. [[Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg]]<ref name=Porter /> was a [[harpsichordist]] who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an impresario. ==Modern use== The traditional term is still used in the [[Entertainment#Industry|entertainment industry]] to refer to a producer of [[concert]]s, tours and other events in music, opera, [[theatre]],<ref name="CraigThomas"/> and even [[rodeo]].<ref name="TimeRodeo1937"/> {{citation needed span|date=July 2024|text=Important modern impresarios in the traditional sense include [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Rudolf Bing]], [[Sergei Diaghilev]], [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], [[Fortune Gallo]], [[Sol Hurok]], [[Sarah Caldwell]], [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[Aaron Richmond]], and jazz festival producer [[George Wein]]. [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], who produced music shows at [[The Fillmore]] Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario.}} ==Application of term== The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum [[curator]]s,<ref name="TimeWhitney"/> event planners, and conference organizers<ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA"/> who have a leading role in orchestrating events. ==Figurative impresarios== [[Jacques Cousteau]] said of himself that he was an impresario of scientists<ref name="BartlebyCousteau"/> as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration. [[Nicholas Wade]] described [[James Watson]] and [[E. O. Wilson]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as impresarios of [[Charles Darwin]]'s works.<ref name="WadeNYT"/> ==See also== * {{Commons category-inline|Impresarios}} * [[Entrepreneurship|Entrepreneur]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="ImpresarioImpressa">''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''. ''Impresa'': enterprise; deed; company. ''[[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|Mondadori]]'s Pocket Italian–English English–Italian [[Bilingual dictionary|Dictionary]]''. The term is sometimes misspelled ''impressario''.</ref> <ref name="Rosselli">Rosselli, John (1984). ''The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario''. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.</ref> <ref name="CraigThomas">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html |title= Private Triumph |last= Thomas |first= Craig |magazine= [[Asiaweek]] |date= 13 July 2001 |archive-date= 4 August 2001 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010804142010/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html }}</ref> <ref name=Porter>{{Cite book|title=Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present. |last=Porter |first=Cecelia Hopkins |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780252037016 |location=Urbana}}</ref> <ref name="TimeRodeo1937">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080602153043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 2, 2008 |title= Broadway Rodeo |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 18 October 1937}}</ref> <ref name="TimeWhitney">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= October 1, 2007 |title= New Impresario for the Showcase |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 24 November 1967}}</ref> <ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA">[http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman "Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123801/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman |date=14 May 2011 }}, [[Richard Saul Wurman]], 2004 [[AIGA]] medalist.</ref> <ref name="BartlebyCousteau">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html|url-status=dead|chapter=3101. Jacques-Yves Cousteau|title=Simpson's Contemporary Quotations|year=1988|editor=[[James B. Simpson]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061110/http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html|archive-date=2007-12-03|via=[[Bartleby.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="WadeNYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/science/sciencespecial2/longago-rivals-are-dual-impresarios-of-darwins.html|access-date=July 16, 2024|title=Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre |author= Nicholas Wade |author-link= Nicholas Wade|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date= October 25, 2005}}</ref> }} {{Portal bar|Opera|Theatre}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Impresarios| ]] [[Category:Theatre managers and producers]] [[Category:Occupations in music]] [[Category:Arts occupations]] [[Category:Entertainment occupations]] [[Category:Musical terminology]] [[Category:Italian words and phrases]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span 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