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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":1795095,"created_at":"2012-07-18T19:38:33.100-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-03T05:26:05.609-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Hajj Growth in West Africa: 19th-20th Century","grobid_abstract":"Over the last years, in average, 2,1 million people per year performed the hajj. These millions stand in contrast to the numbers visiting Mecca half a century ago. On average, until 1946 a rough 60,000 pilgrims visited Mecca annually, with at least half of these coming from the Arabian Peninsula. Today Saudi nationals make up about a quarter of all pilgrims. The explanations for the staggering thirtyfold increase in total pilgrims, and the even more spectacular growth of the number of foreign pilgrims in slightly more than half a century are quite simple. First of all, the increasing world population in general led to larger numbers of pilgrims. Second, the journey became safer and better organised during the 20th century. In those parts of the Muslim world where it was not already (the Ottoman Empire), the organisation of the hajj became a state affair, organised first by the colonial authorities, and by the postcolonial states afterwards. Third, despite growing disparities in the distribution of global economic wealth an increasing number of Muslims could afford to pay for the journey. And finally the availability of cheap mechanical mass transport increased over this time period. This paper will look at these interconnected reasons for the spectacular growth of the hajj in the past half century from a world historical perspective, focussing on the West African Sahel in the 19th and 20th centuries. In this paper I hope to sketch how state rule, changing economies, motorised mass transport, and religion are interconnected phenomena, which are all shaped by and giving shape to world historical events in the Muslim world. The focus will be largely on the changing demography and social geography of the pilgrimage journey to Mecca as performed by pilgrims from the Sahel, and the changing significance of this journey in their lives.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"30897622"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"2012. \"The Hajj From West Africa From a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries).\" African Diaspora 5:187-214.","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [132488]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30897622,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “2012. "The Hajj From West Africa From a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries)." African Diaspora 5:187-214.”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30897622/mini_magick20190426-12302-u3wl4x.png?1556305947" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">2012. "The Hajj From West Africa From a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries)." African Diaspora 5:187-214.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="132488" href="https://humboldt-uni.academia.edu/BazLecocq"><img alt="Profile image of Baz Lecocq" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/132488/35258/32405/s65_baz.lecocq.jpg" />Baz Lecocq</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">28 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1795095; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=1795095"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Over the last years, in average, 2,1 million people per year performed the hajj. These millions stand in contrast to the numbers visiting Mecca half a century ago. On average, until 1946 a rough 60,000 pilgrims visited Mecca annually, with at least half of these coming from the Arabian Peninsula. Today Saudi nationals make up about a quarter of all pilgrims. The explanations for the staggering thirtyfold increase in total pilgrims, and the even more spectacular growth of the number of foreign pilgrims in slightly more than half a century are quite simple. First of all, the increasing world population in general led to larger numbers of pilgrims. Second, the journey became safer and better organised during the 20th century. In those parts of the Muslim world where it was not already (the Ottoman Empire), the organisation of the hajj became a state affair, organised first by the colonial authorities, and by the postcolonial states afterwards. Third, despite growing disparities in the distribution of global economic wealth an increasing number of Muslims could afford to pay for the journey. And finally the availability of cheap mechanical mass transport increased over this time period. This paper will look at these interconnected reasons for the spectacular growth of the hajj in the past half century from a world historical perspective, focussing on the West African Sahel in the 19th and 20th centuries. In this paper I hope to sketch how state rule, changing economies, motorised mass transport, and religion are interconnected phenomena, which are all shaped by and giving shape to world historical events in the Muslim world. The focus will be largely on the changing demography and social geography of the pilgrimage journey to Mecca as performed by pilgrims from the Sahel, and the changing significance of this journey in their lives.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":30897622,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1795095/2012_The_Hajj_From_West_Africa_From_a_Global_Historical_Perspective_19th_and_20th_Centuries_African_Diaspora_5_187_214"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":30897622,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1795095/2012_The_Hajj_From_West_Africa_From_a_Global_Historical_Perspective_19th_and_20th_Centuries_African_Diaspora_5_187_214"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/34008403/INTRODUCTION_BEYOND_HAJJ">INTRODUCTION: BEYOND HAJJ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="289161" href="https://wku.academia.edu/SophiaArjana">Sophia R Arjana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction to 2017 book Pilgrimage in Islam: Traditional and Modern Practices (Oneworld).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INTRODUCTION: BEYOND HAJJ","attachmentId":53954176,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34008403/INTRODUCTION_BEYOND_HAJJ","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Critical Analysis Of Religious Tourism In Mecca","attachmentId":59851735,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39683363/A_Critical_Analysis_Of_Religious_Tourism_In_Mecca","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39683363/A_Critical_Analysis_Of_Religious_Tourism_In_Mecca"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="31117373" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31117373/The_Challenges_of_Hajj_in_the_21_st_Century">The Challenges of Hajj in the 21 st Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1387215" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OmarKalingeNnyago">Omar Kalinge-Nnyago</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Hajj is an important annual milestone for Muslims all over the world. In Kenya, thousands of Muslim faithful make the pilgrimage every year. This paper establishes the position of Hajj in Islam and the specific injunctions on Hajj from the Quran. It seeks to place in context, the significance of the two holy cities of Makkah and Madina which every pilgrim must visit. It examines the various institutional, individual and spiritual challenges that are associated with this international operation of humongous logistical and spiritual proportions in the present age.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Challenges of Hajj in the 21 st Century","attachmentId":51553071,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31117373/The_Challenges_of_Hajj_in_the_21_st_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31117373/The_Challenges_of_Hajj_in_the_21_st_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="41118287" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41118287/The_Politics_of_Pilgrimage_Reception_of_Hajj_among_South_Asian_Muslims">The Politics of Pilgrimage: Reception of Hajj among South Asian Muslims</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13601893" href="https://nalandauniv.academia.edu/KashshafGhani">Kashshaf Ghani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the early twentieth century a growing trend among Bengali Muslims was to look beyond their immediate borders in an attempt to connect with Muslim societies in West Asia. Driven by ideas of Pan-Islamism the primary focus was on Turkey as the seat of the Islamic Caliphate. However Hejaz –being the land of Muslim pilgrimage, Hajj – was not left out altogether. Particularly with regard to the Ottoman-supported Sharif administration and its policies towards the Hajj pilgrims. To this was an added anticipation for a better pilgrimage environment if the family of Saud succeeded in overthrowing the existing ruling house. The paper would look into the multiple ways such events reflecting the political and religious environment in the Hejaz were being read and interpreted by Bengali Muslims. In doing so the community, though located at one far end of the Islamic world, could not isolate itself from the implications of such political turmoil around the holy ritual of Hajj. Changes in the political climate attracted much reaction from within the community. Muslim periodicals in Bengali played a leading role in carrying these news to the Muslim masses in Bengal. Two periodicals – Sultan and Ahl i-Hadith – will be taken into account in an attempt to locate trends of transregionalism among Muslims in twentieth century Bengal.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Politics of Pilgrimage: Reception of Hajj among South Asian Muslims","attachmentId":61372832,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41118287/The_Politics_of_Pilgrimage_Reception_of_Hajj_among_South_Asian_Muslims","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41118287/The_Politics_of_Pilgrimage_Reception_of_Hajj_among_South_Asian_Muslims"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="88851046" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88851046/Mobilizing_the_Hajj_in_Southwest_Nigeria_Pilgrims_Technologies_and_State_Regulation_1914_1980">Mobilizing the Hajj in Southwest Nigeria: Pilgrims, Technologies, and State Regulation 1914-1980</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1304087" href="https://duke.academia.edu/sarakatz">sara katz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">My project utilizes archival and ethnographic methods to trace the significance of the hajj—the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca—at the personal, state and global scale, primarily from the perspective of southwest Nigeria, a region relatively ignored by Islamic studies. It particularly pays attention to debates over the hajj in the press, practices of prestige, affect, and the regulatory involvement by the British colonial state and then the independent Nigerian government. By tracing the tension between pilgrim mobility and state regulations, I am able to show that polices of population management are always in dialogue with elite and non-elite citizens alike. The dissertation moves between scales to demonstrate that the hajj—as an international journey that all Muslims aspire to—leads to entanglements across regional, ethnic, national, and even religious lines in an interfaith nation like Nigeria. Such an observation is important because it disrupts the pernicious colonial myth that Ni...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mobilizing the Hajj in Southwest Nigeria: Pilgrims, Technologies, and State Regulation 1914-1980","attachmentId":92757702,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88851046/Mobilizing_the_Hajj_in_Southwest_Nigeria_Pilgrims_Technologies_and_State_Regulation_1914_1980","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88851046/Mobilizing_the_Hajj_in_Southwest_Nigeria_Pilgrims_Technologies_and_State_Regulation_1914_1980"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30897622,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30897622,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_30897622" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In Moroccan Pilgrims’ Own Words: The Hajj Journeys (1321 AH [1903-4]) of Muhammad bin ʿAbd al-Kabīr Al-Kattānī and Muhammad bin Jaʿfar Al-Kattānī in an Age of Steam, Imperialism and Globalization","attachmentId":67904599,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49583661/In_Moroccan_Pilgrims_Own_Words_The_Hajj_Journeys_1321_AH_1903_4_of_Muhammad_bin_%CA%BFAbd_al_Kab%C4%ABr_Al_Katt%C4%81n%C4%AB_and_Muhammad_bin_Ja%CA%BFfar_Al_Katt%C4%81n%C4%AB_in_an_Age_of_Steam_Imperialism_and_Globalization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="68644047" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68644047/_Connected_Stories_of_Muslim_Pilgrimage_to_Mecca_Decolonizing_the_Travel_Writing_through_South_Asian_Hajj_Narratives_In_The_Hakluyt_Society_Symposium_2021">‘Connected Stories’ of Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca: Decolonizing the Travel Writing through South Asian Hajj Narratives - In The Hakluyt Society Symposium 2021</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19479795" href="https://iitd.academia.edu/riyazyamish">Muhamed Riyaz Chenganakkattil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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