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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khwarazmian_war_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khwarazmian_war_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Khwarazmian war and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khwarazmian_war_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jochi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djotsji_Khan" title="Djotsji Khan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djotsji Khan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوجي خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوجي خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochi" title="Chochi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chochi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%A7i_xan" title="Cuçi xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cuçi xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوجی‌خان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوجی‌خان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Джучы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джучы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Джучы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джучы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Джучи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джучи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Зүчи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүчи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotxi" title="Jotxi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jotxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu%C4%8Di" title="Džuči – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džuči" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsch%C3%B6tschi" title="Dschötschi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschötschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotxi" title="Jotxi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jotxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوجی خان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوجی خان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%B6tchi" title="Djötchi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djötchi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B9%98_%EC%B9%B8" title="주치 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주치 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जोची ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोची ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joci" title="Joci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="ג'וצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ჯუჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жошы хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жошы хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жучу Хан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жучу Хан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzi" title="Zuzi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zuzi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu%C4%8Di" title="Džuči – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džuči" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsocsi" title="Dzsocsi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsocsi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="जोची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوجى خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوجى خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوچی خون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوچی خون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Зүчи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүчи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%81" title="ジョチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzjosjy" title="Dzjosjy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dzjosjy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%CA%BBjixon" title="Joʻjixon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Joʻjixon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوجی خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوجی خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCoczi" title="Dżoczi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżoczi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%A7i_Han" title="Cuçi Han – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cuçi Han" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Джучи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джучи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEo%C4%8Di" title="Džoči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džoči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Џучи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џучи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jot%C5%A1i-kaani" title="Jotši-kaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jotši-kaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jochi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Җучи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җучи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuci" title="Cuci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cuci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A7i" title="Juçi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Juçi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D1%96" title="Джучі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джучі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mongol prince and general (c. 1182 – c. 1225)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Jochi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Juchi_Khan_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue of a man sitting with arm outstretched on a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Juchi_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1546" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">A statue of Jochi in modern-day Mongolia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Khan of the <a href="/wiki/Ulus_of_Jochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulus of Jochi">Ulus of Jochi</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>none</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1182</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1225 (aged 42–43)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Berke_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Berke Khan">Berke Khan</a><br /><i>others</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rte" title="Börte">Börte</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irtysh_River_(13th_century)" title="Battle of Irtysh River (13th century)">Battle of Irtysh River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irghiz_River_skirmish" title="Irghiz River skirmish">Irghiz River skirmish</a> (unconfirmed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurganj" title="Siege of Gurganj">Siege of Gurganj</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jochi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; middle">ᠵᠦᠴᠢ</span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1182</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225</span>), also spelled <b>Jüchi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a prince of the early <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated in his estrangement from his family. He was nevertheless a prominent <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">military commander</a> and the progenitor of the family who ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. </p><p>Jochi was the son of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rte" title="Börte">Börte</a>, the first wife of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Temüjin">Temüjin</a>, now Genghis Khan. For many months before Jochi's birth, Börte had been a captive of the <a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit tribe</a>, one of whom forcibly married and raped her. Although there was thus considerable doubt over Jochi's parentage, Temüjin considered him his son and treated him accordingly. Many Mongols, most prominently Börte's next son <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai</a>, disagreed; these tensions eventually led to both Chagatai and Jochi being excluded from the line of succession to the Mongol throne. </p><p>After Temüjin founded the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1206 and took the name Genghis Khan, he entrusted Jochi with nine thousand warriors and a large territory in the west of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a>; Jochi commanded and participated in numerous campaigns to secure and extend Mongol power in the region. He was also a prominent commander during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire</a> (1219–1221), during which he subdued cities and tribes to the north. During the 1221 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurganj" title="Siege of Gurganj">Siege of Gurganj</a>, tensions arose between him, his brothers, and Genghis, which never healed. Jochi was still estranged from his family when he died of ill health <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225</span>. His son <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu</a> was appointed to rule his territories in his stead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_paternity">Birth and paternity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and paternity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jochi's mother, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rte" title="Börte">Börte</a>, was born into the <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Onggirat</a> tribe, who lived along the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan mountain range</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Ergüne river</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004456_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004456-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of ten, she was betrothed to a <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> boy named <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Temüjin">Temüjin</a>, son of the Mongol chieftain <a href="/wiki/Yesugei" title="Yesugei">Yesugei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1178</span>), after he had survived a violent adolescence, they married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201849–50,_57Ratchnevsky199120–21,_31May201823–28_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201849–50,_57Ratchnevsky199120–21,_31May201823–28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, in 1179 or 1180.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By forming alliances with notable steppe leaders, such as his friend <a href="/wiki/Jamukha" title="Jamukha">Jamukha</a> and his father's former ally <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a>, and with the help of his charisma, Temüjin began to attract followers and gain power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134May201828–30Ratchnevsky199131–34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134May201828–30Ratchnevsky199131–34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word of his rise spread and soon drew the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit tribe</a> to the northwest, from whom Yesugei <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">had abducted</a> Temüjin's mother <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%27el%C3%BCn" title="Hö'elün">Hö'elün</a>, sparking a <a href="/wiki/Blood_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood feud">blood feud</a>; they resolved to take revenge on Yesugei's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134Broadbridge201846–47Atwood2004347_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134Broadbridge201846–47Atwood2004347-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their consequences, the subsequent events were considered controversial: most contemporary authors omitted any mention of the events, while the two that did include them (the <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" title="Secret History of the Mongols">Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, a mid-13th-century epic poem, and the 14th-century Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-tawarikh">Jami al-tawarikh</a></i>) are contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858–64Ratchnevsky199134–37May201830–31_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858–64Ratchnevsky199134–37May201830–31-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following narrative, containing elements from both, is considered most plausible. In 1180 or 1181,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201863_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201863-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large force of Merkits raided Temüjin's camp; while most of his family managed to escape, Börte was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134May2022a55_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134May2022a55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was forcibly married to Chilger-Bökö, the younger brother of Hö'elün's original husband. Meanwhile, Temüjin had convinced his allies to assemble substantial forces to help him rescue Börte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201830May2022a55–56Broadbridge201859Atwood2004278_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201830May2022a55–56Broadbridge201859Atwood2004278-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Jamukha's command, the combined army campaigned against the Merkits and defeated them, recovering Börte and taking large amounts of plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134Ratchnevsky199135–36May201830_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134Ratchnevsky199135–36May201830-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Börte was heavily pregnant and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1182</span> gave birth to Jochi in Jamukha's camp. As Chilger-Bökö had undoubtedly raped her, and as she had been among the Merkits for nearly nine months, Jochi's paternity was uncertain;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201235May2022a56Atwood2004278_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201235May2022a56Atwood2004278-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was reflected in his name, meaning "guest" in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Mongolian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202325Atwood2004278_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202325Atwood2004278-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Temüjin always regarded Jochi as his son by blood and treated him accordingly, many Mongols, such as his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai</a>, viewed him as a bastard sired by Chilger-Bökö.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202165Biran201235Atwood2004278_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202165Biran201235Atwood2004278-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_family">Marriages and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriages and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five men gather around a man sitting cross-legged on a throne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg/310px-Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg/465px-Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg/620px-Batu_Khan_on_the_Throne_by_Rashid_al-Din.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a>, Jochi's second son and eventual successor</figcaption></figure> <p>Jochi does not reappear in historical sources until 1203.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2017162_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2017162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, he was old enough for marriage. Temüjin intended to betroth him to a daughter of his ally Toghrul, but because of Jochi's uncertain birth and Temüjin's comparatively low status, this proposal was taken as insulting by <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Toghrul's people</a> and eventually led to war between the two leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199167–69May2022a59–61Broadbridge201878–79_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199167–69May2022a59–61Broadbridge201878–79-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Toghrul's defeat in 1204, Jochi was given one of his nieces, Begtütmish, as a wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2017162May2022a61_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2017162May2022a61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">married other women</a>: Börte's niece Öki; her relative Sorghan; and several less powerful women, namely Qutlugh Khatun, Sultan Khatun, Nubqus, Shīr, Qarajin, and Kul. In addition, Jochi took <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>. It is unknown who Jochi's senior wife was, but it was likely either Öki or Sorghan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018230–231_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018230–231-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jochi's most important sons were <a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a>; they were the children of Sorghan and Öki respectively. Neither these women nor Begtütmish was the mother of Jochi's other notable son, <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a>. The names of eleven other sons are known, but none had significant careers, reflecting the junior status of their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018229–232Atwood2004202_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018229–232Atwood2004202-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of younger sons nevertheless used their Jochid lineage to legitimise their right to rule: these included <a href="/wiki/Khi%E1%B8%8Dr_Khan" title="Khiḍr Khan">Khiḍr Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shiban" title="Shiban">Shiban</a>'s line, and <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> who descended from Jochi's youngest son <a href="/wiki/Tuqa-Timur" title="Tuqa-Timur">Tuqa-Timur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2018302–304_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2018302–304-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_commands">Early commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1206, <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Rise of Genghis Khan">having united the tribes of Mongolia</a>, Temüjin held a large assembly called a <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">kurultai</a></i></span> where he was acclaimed as "Genghis Khan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498–99_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498–99-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to reorder his new nation, dividing it between members of his ruling dynasty. As the eldest son, Jochi received the largest share—nine thousand subject warriors, all with their own families and herds; Chagatai received eight thousand, and their younger brothers <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a> received five thousand each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202330–31_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202330–31-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As expected for a firstborn, Jochi received the territories furthest away from the homeland for his <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">ulus</a></i></span> (domain): they were located in western Mongolia along the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">River Irtysh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201269Favereau202165–66FavereauPochekaev2023248_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201269Favereau202165–66FavereauPochekaev2023248-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irtysh_river_basin_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the course of the Irtysh river, from its sources on the Mongolia-China border, across northern Kazakhstan and through Siberia before emptying into the Arctic Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irtysh_river_basin_map.png/330px-Irtysh_river_basin_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irtysh_river_basin_map.png/500px-Irtysh_river_basin_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irtysh_river_basin_map.png/960px-Irtysh_river_basin_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Map of the course of the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">River Irtysh</a>; Jochi's territories were initially located around its headwaters in the west of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a>, but later came to include most of the area depicted on this map.</figcaption></figure> <p>This allocation was made with the expectation that Jochi would expand his domains, and so in 1207–08 he campaigned against and subjugated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoi-yin_Irgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoi-yin Irgen (page does not exist)">Hoi-yin Irgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ホイン・イルゲン">ja</a>]</span>, a collection of tribes on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_taiga" title="East Siberian taiga">Siberian taiga</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Angara" title="Angara">Angara</a> and Irtysh rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2022b138FavereauPochekaev2023248_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2022b138FavereauPochekaev2023248-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jochi secured a marriage alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>, whose leader <a href="/wiki/Qutuqa_Beki" title="Qutuqa Beki">Qutuqa Beki</a> guided the Mongols to the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a> and other Hoi-yin Irgen. These tribes soon submitted, and Jochi took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its gold mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004502May201844–45May2022b139_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004502May201844–45May2022b139-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently reinforced <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a>'s army before it defeated the renegade Merkits at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irtysh_River_(13th_century)" title="Battle of Irtysh River (13th century)">battle of the Irtysh River</a> in late 1208 or early 1209.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201845Favereau202143–44_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201845Favereau202143–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jochi would campaign intermittently against the Merkits and their <a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Qangli</a> allies for the next decade, finally destroying the last remnants of the people in 1217 or 1218 alongside Subutai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Favereau202146–47FavereauPochekaev2023248_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Favereau202146–47FavereauPochekaev2023248-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Atwood" title="Christopher Atwood">Christopher Atwood</a> has argued that this narrative minimised Jochi's role, that in reality he, not Subutai, was the primary commander in all campaigns against the Merkit and Qangli, and that his right to rule the former Qangli lands was justified by the success of the campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201744–45,_50_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201744–45,_50-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside his brothers Chagatai and Ögedei, Jochi commanded the right wing in <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">the 1211 invasion</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>. The Mongols marched southwards from Genghis's campaign headquarters in modern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> in November 1211: first they attacked the cities in the area between <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>, and then they followed the <a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a> into <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, where they pillaged and plundered in autumn 1213.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202148Dunnell202335Atwood2004278Atwood201736_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202148Dunnell202335Atwood2004278Atwood201736-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have also taken part in the <a href="/wiki/Irghiz_River_skirmish" title="Irghiz River skirmish">Irghiz River skirmish</a>, an inconclusive engagement fought against the army of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202338May201858–59_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202338May201858–59-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Secret History</i> records two conversations between Jochi and his father about his campaigns: once when Genghis declined Jochi's request to spare the life of a renowned Merkit archer, and once when Jochi's triumphant return from the subjugation of the Oirats garnered high praise from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991116–118_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991116–118-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khwarazmian_war_and_succession">Khwarazmian war and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khwarazmian war and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1218, Genghis was provoked into launching <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">a campaign</a> against the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> after a Mongol trade caravan was killed by <a href="/wiki/Inalchuq" title="Inalchuq">the governor</a> of the border town of <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a> and subsequent diplomatic overtures failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201254–55_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201254–55-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Secret History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yesui" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesui">Yesui</a>, one of Genghis's secondary wives, requested that he decide the succession before setting out. Though Genghis appears not to have cared about Jochi's possible illegitimacy, Chagatai vehemently objected to his brother becoming the next khan, shouting "How can we let ourselves be ruled by this Merkit bastard?" After a short brawl between the brothers was broken up, the <i>Secret History</i> continues, the suggestion of Ögedei as a compromise candidate was endorsed by both brothers and their father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278,_416Broadbridge2018130May201869Ratchnevsky1991125–126_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278,_416Broadbridge2018130May201869Ratchnevsky1991125–126-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources record a less febrile gathering taking place after the war's conclusion, so some historians speculate that the <i>Secret History</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> account was "a later interpolation" and that Jochi only lost his place as heir after making mistakes during the Khwarazmian campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018131Dunnell202341Favereau202163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018131Dunnell202341Favereau202163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_(AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of a large empire spanning much of Central Asia, Persia, and the Middle East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg/310px-Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg/465px-Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg/620px-Khwarezmian_Empire_1190_-_1220_%28AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>. Jochi campaigned along the northern border from east to west; when he reached the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, he took his army south to besiege <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a> (marked as Urgench).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongol armies, estimated to number 150,000 or 200,000 men, descended upon Otrar in late 1219. Leaving Chagatai and Ögedei to besiege the town, Genghis took their younger brother <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a> and traversed the <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzyl Kum desert</a> to attack the city of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle2007307Dunnell202342Biran201256_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle2007307Dunnell202342Biran201256-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Jochi was dispatched to march down the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> river in the direction of the Khwarazmian capital <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a> and subdue all the cities <i>en route</i>, which Genghis intended to become part of Jochi's territories. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Sighnaq" title="Sighnaq">Sighnaq</a> and Asanas offered particularly stiff resistance and their inhabitants were thus slaughtered, while <a href="/wiki/Jand_(Transoxania)" title="Jand (Transoxania)">Jand</a> and Yanikant were occupied without much trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992414–416Chambers197910Favereau202161_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992414–416Chambers197910Favereau202161-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1220, he travelled southwest along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> to Gurganj, while his brothers Chagatai and Ögedei, having <a href="/wiki/Otrar_Catastrophe" title="Otrar Catastrophe">captured Otrar</a>, converged on his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344Barthold1992433_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344Barthold1992433-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are contradictory accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurganj" title="Siege of Gurganj">siege of Gurganj</a> and Jochi's part in it. What is certain is that the siege was lengthy, lasting between four and seven months, and that it was exceptionally fierce: the defiant Khwarazmian defenders forced the Mongol army to engage in bitter house-by-house <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a>, with much of the city destroyed either by burning <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> or flooding from collapsed dams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201751Barthold1992434–437_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201751Barthold1992434–437-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the city's fall in 1221, its inhabitants were either killed or enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991131Atwood201751_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991131Atwood201751-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual narrative of the siege recounts that Jochi and Chagatai quarrelled on how best to conduct its progress, as Jochi presumed that the rich city would become part of his domain and wished to damage it as little as possible. Chagatai on the other hand held no such qualms. When Genghis heard about this infighting, he ordered that Ögedei be promoted to command his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201752–53Dunnell202344Barthold1992435Ratchnevsky1991136–137_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201752–53Dunnell202344Barthold1992435Ratchnevsky1991136–137-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atwood argues that this narrative was a later invention designed to buttress Ögedei's rule as khan of the empire and that Jochi in reality retained primacy throughout the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201753–54_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201753–54-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large brick building with a round bright blue dome." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Dzhuchi_khan_mausoleum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>The "Jochi Mausoleum" in Kazakhstan has traditionally been identified as Jochi's burial place, but this is likely untrue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regardless of the narrative discrepancies, Jochi lost the favour of his father following the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201754_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201754-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genghis likely considered it a military failure on account of its length and destruction; Jochi also erred by not sending his father his rightful share of the loot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202161–63FavereauPochekaev2023248_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202161–63FavereauPochekaev2023248-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its conclusion, Chagatai and Ögedei departed southwards to join their father in his pursuit of the renegade Khwarazmian prince <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni" title="Jalal al-Din Mangburni">Jalal al-Din</a>, while Jochi moved north, ostensibly to bring the Qangli to heel in his new territories, which included the steppes west of the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">river Chu</a>. Some sources allege that he preferred to spend his time hunting, an activity he was very greatly fond of. It is unclear if he ever met his father again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344,_47Atwood2004278_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344,_47Atwood2004278-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Jochi sent huge numbers of <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">wild asses</a> and 20,000 white horses to Genghis as a gift <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1224</span>, relations were steadily worsening because of Jochi's preoccupation with his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992455Atwood2004278_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992455Atwood2004278-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return home, Genghis ordered Jochi to join him, but the latter claimed he was too ill to do so. When a traveller claimed that he was not ill and merely hunting, Genghis resolved to bring him to heel. Before he could do so, in either 1225 or 1227,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> news came that Jochi had died of his illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991136–137Favereau202176DafengJianyi1998290_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991136–137Favereau202176DafengJianyi1998290-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account, likely fabricated, states that Jochi had been so offended by the destruction at Gurganj that he had made a secret alliance with the Khwarazmians, and that having found out, Genghis ordered that Jochi be poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991137Biran201269Barthold1992458_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991137Biran201269Barthold1992458-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu</a> was confirmed as ruler of his father's territories by Genghis—his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda</a> assumed a junior position, while their younger brothers each took a strip of land to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004202FavereauPochekaev2023249_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004202FavereauPochekaev2023249-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jochi's descendants would grow more independent, eventually ruling over the state known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004201–202_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004201–202-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a large mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Ulytau_Region" title="Ulytau Region">Ulytau Region</a> in Kazakhstan has traditionally been identified as the resting place of Jochi's remains, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> indicates that it was built much later and that it is not the site of the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, their name was later used for all the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004389–391_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004389–391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources for 1225:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Broadbridge2018169_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Broadbridge2018169-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sources for 1227:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202347FavereauPochekaev2023248–249_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202347FavereauPochekaev2023248–249-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004456-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004456_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004389–391-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004389–391_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, pp. 389–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201849–50,_57Ratchnevsky199120–21,_31May201823–28-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201849–50,_57Ratchnevsky199120–21,_31May201823–28_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 49–50, 57; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 20–21, 31; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 23–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134May201828–30Ratchnevsky199131–34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134May201828–30Ratchnevsky199131–34_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 28–30; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134Broadbridge201846–47Atwood2004347-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134Broadbridge201846–47Atwood2004347_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 46–47; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858–64Ratchnevsky199134–37May201830–31-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858–64Ratchnevsky199134–37May201830–31_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 58–64; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 34–37; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201863-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201863_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134May2022a55-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134May2022a55_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022a">May 2022a</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201830May2022a55–56Broadbridge201859Atwood2004278-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201830May2022a55–56Broadbridge201859Atwood2004278_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022a">May 2022a</a>, pp. 55–56; <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134Ratchnevsky199135–36May201830-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202134Ratchnevsky199135–36May201830_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 35–36; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201235May2022a56Atwood2004278-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201235May2022a56Atwood2004278_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022a">May 2022a</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202325Atwood2004278-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202325Atwood2004278_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202165Biran201235Atwood2004278-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202165Biran201235Atwood2004278_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2017162-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2017162_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2017">May 2017</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199167–69May2022a59–61Broadbridge201878–79-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199167–69May2022a59–61Broadbridge201878–79_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 67–69; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022a">May 2022a</a>, pp. 59–61; <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2017162May2022a61-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2017162May2022a61_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2017">May 2017</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022a">May 2022a</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018230–231-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018230–231_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018229–232Atwood2004202-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018229–232Atwood2004202_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 229–232; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2018302–304-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2018302–304_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 302–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498–99-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498–99_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202330–31-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202330–31_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201269Favereau202165–66FavereauPochekaev2023248-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201269Favereau202165–66FavereauPochekaev2023248_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, pp. 65–66; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2022b138FavereauPochekaev2023248-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2022b138FavereauPochekaev2023248_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2022b">May 2022b</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004502May201844–45May2022b139-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004502May201844–45May2022b139_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 502; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFMay2022b">May 2022b</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201845Favereau202143–44-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201845Favereau202143–44_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Favereau202146–47FavereauPochekaev2023248-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Favereau202146–47FavereauPochekaev2023248_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, pp. 46–47; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201744–45,_50-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201744–45,_50_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, pp. 44–45, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202148Dunnell202335Atwood2004278Atwood201736-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202148Dunnell202335Atwood2004278Atwood201736_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202338May201858–59-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202338May201858–59_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991116–118-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991116–118_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201254–55-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran201254–55_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278,_416Broadbridge2018130May201869Ratchnevsky1991125–126-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278,_416Broadbridge2018130May201869Ratchnevsky1991125–126_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, pp. 278, 416; <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFMay2018">May 2018</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018131Dunnell202341Favereau202163-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018131Dunnell202341Favereau202163_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle2007307Dunnell202342Biran201256-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle2007307Dunnell202342Biran201256_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle2007">Boyle 2007</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992414–416Chambers197910Favereau202161-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992414–416Chambers197910Favereau202161_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, p. 414–416; <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344Barthold1992433-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344Barthold1992433_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201751Barthold1992434–437-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201751Barthold1992434–437_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, pp. 434–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991131Atwood201751-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991131Atwood201751_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201752–53Dunnell202344Barthold1992435Ratchnevsky1991136–137-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201752–53Dunnell202344Barthold1992435Ratchnevsky1991136–137_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, pp. 52–53; <a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201753–54-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201753–54_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201754-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201754_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2017">Atwood 2017</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202161–63FavereauPochekaev2023248-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavereau202161–63FavereauPochekaev2023248_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, pp. 61–63; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344,_47Atwood2004278-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202344,_47Atwood2004278_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 44, 47; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992455Atwood2004278-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992455Atwood2004278_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, p. 455; <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Broadbridge2018169-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004278Broadbridge2018169_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell202347FavereauPochekaev2023248–249-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell202347FavereauPochekaev2023248–249_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2023">Dunnell 2023</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991136–137Favereau202176DafengJianyi1998290-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991136–137Favereau202176DafengJianyi1998290_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, pp. 136–137; <a href="#CITEREFFavereau2021">Favereau 2021</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFDafengJianyi1998">Dafeng & Jianyi 1998</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991137Biran201269Barthold1992458-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991137Biran201269Barthold1992458_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatchnevsky1991">Ratchnevsky 1991</a>, p. 137; <a href="#CITEREFBiran2012">Biran 2012</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFBarthold1992">Barthold 1992</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004202FavereauPochekaev2023249-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004202FavereauPochekaev2023249_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023">Favereau & Pochekaev 2023</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004201–202-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004201–202_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022">Panyushkina et al. 2022</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jochi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Atwood" title="Christopher Atwood">Atwood, Christopher P.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8855875"><i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mongolia+and+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8855875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Atwood" title="Christopher Atwood">Atwood, Christopher P.</a> (2017). "Jochi and the Early Western Campaigns". In <a href="/wiki/Morris_Rossabi" title="Morris Rossabi">Rossabi, Morris</a> (ed.). <i>How Mongolia Matters: War, Law, and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4340-5"><bdi>978-9-0043-4340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jochi+and+the+Early+Western+Campaigns&rft.btitle=How+Mongolia+Matters%3A+War%2C+Law%2C+and+Society&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-0043-4340-5&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Barthold, Vasily</a> (1992) [1900]. <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford E.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/z316q171w"><i>Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion</i></a> (Third ed.). New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal" title="Munshiram Manoharlal">Munshiram Manoharlal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1215-0544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1215-0544-4"><bdi>978-8-1215-0544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkestan+Down+To+The+Mongol+Invasion&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8-1215-0544-4&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fz316q171w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiran2012" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32453356"><i>Chinggis Khan</i></a>. Makers of the Muslim World. London: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7807-4204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7807-4204-5"><bdi>978-1-7807-4204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinggis+Khan&rft.place=London&rft.series=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-7807-4204-5&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32453356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">Boyle, John Andrew</a> (2007) [1968]. Boyle, J. A. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a> Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521069366">10.1017/CHOL9780521069366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5497-3"><bdi>978-1-1390-5497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521069366&rft.isbn=978-1-1390-5497-3&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroadbridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). <i>Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire</i>. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1086-3662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1086-3662-9"><bdi>978-1-1086-3662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Making+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-1086-3662-9&rft.aulast=Broadbridge&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers1979" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, James (1979). <i>The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_Books" title="Atheneum Books">Atheneum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6891-0942-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6891-0942-3"><bdi>978-0-6891-0942-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Horsemen%3A+The+Mongol+Invasion+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-6891-0942-3&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDafengJianyi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dafeng, Qu; Jianyi, Liu (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41928156">"On Some Problems Concerning Jochi's Lifetime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Asiatic_Journal" title="Central Asiatic Journal">Central Asiatic Journal</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928156">41928156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=On+Some+Problems+Concerning+Jochi%27s+Lifetime&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dafeng&rft.aufirst=Qu&rft.au=Jianyi%2C+Liu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnell2023" class="citation book cs1">Dunnell, Ruth W. (2023). "The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the United Empire". In Biran, Michal; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ho-dong" title="Kim Ho-dong">Kim, Hodong</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3163-3742-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3163-3742-4"><bdi>978-1-3163-3742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Chinggis+Khan+and+the+United+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3163-3742-4&rft.aulast=Dunnell&rft.aufirst=Ruth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFavereau2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Favereau" title="Marie Favereau">Favereau, Marie</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv"><i>The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv322v4qv">10.2307/j.ctv322v4qv</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6742-7865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6742-7865-3"><bdi>978-0-6742-7865-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv">j.ctv322v4qv</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horde%3A+How+the+Mongols+Changed+the+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv322v4qv%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv322v4qv&rft.isbn=978-0-6742-7865-3&rft.aulast=Favereau&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv322v4qv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFavereauPochekaev2023" class="citation book cs1">Favereau, Marie; Pochekaev, Roman Yu. (2023). "The Golden Horde, c. 1260–1502". In Biran, Michal; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ho-dong" title="Kim Ho-dong">Kim, Hodong</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">243–</span>318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3163-3742-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3163-3742-4"><bdi>978-1-3163-3742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Horde%2C+c.+1260%E2%80%931502&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3163-3742-4&rft.aulast=Favereau&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Pochekaev%2C+Roman+Yu.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">May, Timothy (2017). "Jochi". In May, Timothy (ed.). <i>The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9339-4"><bdi>978-1-6106-9339-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jochi&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-6106-9339-4&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2018" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68"><i>The Mongol Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4237-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4237-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-4237-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68">10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv1kz4g68%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4237-3&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv1kz4g68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2022a" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy (2022a). "The Rise of Chinggis Khan". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.). <i>The Mongol World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3151-6517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3151-6517-2"><bdi>978-1-3151-6517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Chinggis+Khan&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-3151-6517-2&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2022b" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy (2022b). "The Conquest of Qara Khitai and Western Siberia". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.). <i>The Mongol World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">137–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3151-6517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3151-6517-2"><bdi>978-1-3151-6517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Qara+Khitai+and+Western+Siberia&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-3151-6517-2&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanyushkinaUsmanovaUskenbayKozha2022" class="citation journal cs1">Panyushkina, Irina P.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Uskenbay, Kanat Z.; Kozha, Mukhtar B.; Dzhumabekov, Dzhambul A.; Akhatov, Gaziz A.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2022.24">"Chronology of the Golden Horde in Kazakhstan: 14C Dating of Jochi Khan Mausoleum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_(journal)" title="Radiocarbon (journal)">Radiocarbon</a></i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Radcb..64..323P">2022Radcb..64..323P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2022.24">10.1017/RDC.2022.24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Golden+Horde+in+Kazakhstan%3A+14C+Dating+of+Jochi+Khan+Mausoleum&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2022.24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Radcb..64..323P&rft.aulast=Panyushkina&rft.aufirst=Irina+P.&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma+R.&rft.au=Uskenbay%2C+Kanat+Z.&rft.au=Kozha%2C+Mukhtar+B.&rft.au=Dzhumabekov%2C+Dzhambul+A.&rft.au=Akhatov%2C+Gaziz+A.&rft.au=Jull%2C+A.+J.+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FRDC.2022.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatchnevsky1991" class="citation book cs1">Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul/"><i>Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy</i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haining" title="Thomas Haining">Thomas Haining</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-6785-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-6785-3"><bdi>978-0-6311-6785-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Legacy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-6311-6785-3&rft.aulast=Ratchnevsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenghiskhan00paul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJochi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia61" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size: 85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size: 85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size: 85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186581#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000013862380">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145323704">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37727445">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1827192/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxyhpxtf9W3PY8HcrKJ9P">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119478374">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98095133">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568889605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cuci-han">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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