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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrap_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrap_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bootstrap 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrap_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrap_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrap_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bootstrap 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrap_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrap_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrap_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bootstrap 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrap_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrap_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrap_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bootstrap 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrap_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bootstrap (front-end framework)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="بوتستراب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتستراب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_(%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95)" title="বুটস্ট্র্যাপ (ফ্রন্ট-এন্ড ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুটস্ট্র্যাপ (ফ্রন্ট-এন্ড ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Bootstrap" title="Twitter Bootstrap – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Twitter Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(Framework)" title="Bootstrap (Framework) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bootstrap (Framework)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C)" title="بوت‌استرپ (چارچوب انتهایی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوت‌استرپ (چارچوب انتهایی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%8A%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%A9_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%97%94%EB%93%9C_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%84%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC)" title="부트스트랩 (프론트엔드 프레임워크) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부트스트랩 (프론트엔드 프레임워크)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(kerangka_kerja)" title="Bootstrap (kerangka kerja) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bootstrap (kerangka kerja)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Bootstrap (фреймворк) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Bootstrap (фреймворк)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ബൂട്ട്സ്ട്രാപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൂട്ട്സ്ട്രാപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework)" title="Bootstrap (framework) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bootstrap (framework)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(framework_front-end)" title="Bootstrap (framework front-end) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bootstrap (framework front-end)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_freymvork)" title="Bootstrap (front-end freymvork) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bootstrap (front-end freymvork)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Bootstrap (фреймворк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Bootstrap (фреймворк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bootstrap" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92-%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80)" title="Bootstrap (ඉදිරි-අන්තයක් රාමුව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Bootstrap (ඉදිරි-අන්තයක් රාමුව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(library)" title="Bootstrap (library) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bootstrap (library)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="بووتستراپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بووتستراپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Bootstrap (фронт-енд фрејмворк) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bootstrap (фронт-енд фрејмворк)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6liittym%C3%A4kehys)" title="Bootstrap (käyttöliittymäkehys) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bootstrap (käyttöliittymäkehys)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="பூட்ஸ்டிராப் (தோற்றத்திற்கான கட்டமைப்பு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூட்ஸ்டிராப் (தோற்றத்திற்கான கட்டமைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="บูตสแตรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บูตสแตรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Web design front-end </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Bootstrap</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bootstrap_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bootstrap_logo.svg/220px-Bootstrap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bootstrap_logo.svg/330px-Bootstrap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bootstrap_logo.svg/440px-Bootstrap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mark Otto, Jacob Thornton</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.3/about/team/">Bootstrap Core Team</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">August 19, 2011<span class="noprint">; 13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-08-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.3.3<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-cf5b4fcf88bc636c59a5e899862e8934f8d560b4-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-cf5b4fcf88bc636c59a5e899862e8934f8d560b4-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q893195?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 20 February 2024<span class="noprint">; 9 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">20 February 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap">Bootstrap Repository</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Less_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less (stylesheet language)">Less</a> (v3), <a href="/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sass (stylesheet language)">Sass</a> (v4) and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Web_platform" title="Web platform">Web platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> prior to 3.1.0)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getbootstrap.com">getbootstrap<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q893195?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bootstrap</b> (formerly <b>Twitter Bootstrap</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a> directed at responsive, <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design#Related_concepts" title="Responsive web design">mobile-first</a> <a href="/wiki/Front-end_web_development" title="Front-end web development">front-end web development</a>. It contains <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> and (optionally) <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based design templates for <a href="/wiki/Web_design#Typography" title="Web design">typography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">forms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)#HTML" title="Button (computing)">buttons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_navigation#Local_website_navigation" title="Web navigation">navigation</a>, and other interface components. </p><p>As of May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Bootstrap is the 17th most starred project (4th most starred library) on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, with over 164,000 stars.<sup id="cite_ref-most-starred_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-most-starred-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to W3Techs, Bootstrap is used by 19.2% of all websites.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bootstrap is an HTML, CSS and JS library that focuses on simplifying the development of informative web pages (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>). The primary purpose of adding it to a web project is to apply Bootstrap's choices of color, size, font and layout to that project. As such, the primary factor is whether the developers in charge find those choices to their liking. Once added to a project, Bootstrap provides basic style definitions for all <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a>. The result is a uniform appearance for prose, tables and form elements across <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. In addition, developers can take advantage of CSS classes defined in Bootstrap to further customize the appearance of their contents. For example, Bootstrap has provisioned for light- and dark-colored tables, page headings, more prominent <a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">pull quotes</a>, and text with a highlight. </p><p>Bootstrap also comes with several JavaScript components which do not require other libraries like <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>. They provide additional user interface elements such as <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a>, progress bars, navigation drop-downs, and carousels. Each Bootstrap component consists of an HTML structure, CSS declarations, and in some cases accompanying JavaScript code. They also extend the functionality of some existing interface elements, including for example an auto-complete function for input fields. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Example of a webpage using Bootstrap framework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png/220px-Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png/330px-Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png/440px-Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Example of a webpage using Bootstrap framework rendered in <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most prominent components of Bootstrap are its layout components, as they affect an entire web page. The basic layout component is called "Container", as every other element in the page is placed in it. Developers can choose between a fixed-width container and a fluid-width container. While the latter always fills the width with the web page, the former uses one of the five predefined fixed widths, depending on the size of the screen showing the page:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Smaller than 576 pixels</li> <li>576–768 pixels</li> <li>768–992 pixels</li> <li>992–1200 pixels</li> <li>1200–1400 pixels</li> <li>Larger than 1400 pixels</li></ul> <p>Once a container is in place, other Bootstrap layout components implement a CSS Flexbox layout through defining rows and columns. </p><p>A precompiled version of Bootstrap is available in the form of one CSS file and three JavaScript files that can be readily added to any project. The raw form of Bootstrap, however, enables developers to implement further customization and size optimizations. This raw form is modular, meaning that the developer can remove unneeded components, apply a theme and modify the uncompiled <a href="/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sass (stylesheet language)">Sass</a> files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_beginnings">Early beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Before Bootstrap, various libraries were used for interface development, which led to inconsistencies and a high maintenance burden. According to Otto: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A super small group of developers and I got together to design and build a new internal tool and saw an opportunity to do something more. Through that process, we saw ourselves build something much more substantial than another internal tool. Months later, we ended up with an early version of Bootstrap as a way to document and share common design patterns and assets within the company.<sup id="cite_ref-bootstrap_a_list_apart_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bootstrap_a_list_apart-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After a few months of development by a small group, many developers at Twitter began to contribute to the project as a part of Hack Week, a <a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">hackathon</a>-style week for the Twitter development team. It was renamed from Twitter Blueprint to Twitter Bootstrap and released as an open-source project on August 19, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-v1-release_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v1-release-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has continued to be maintained by Otto, Thornton, a small group of core developers, and a large community of contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-about_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootstrap_2">Bootstrap 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bootstrap 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 31, 2012, Bootstrap 2 was released, which added built-in support for Glyphicons, several new components, as well as changes to many of the existing components. This version supports <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">responsive web design</a>, meaning the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically, taking into account the characteristics of the device used (whether desktop, tablet, mobile phone).<sup id="cite_ref-v2-release_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v2-release-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the release of Bootstrap 2.1.2, Otto and Thornton left Twitter, but committed to continue to work on Bootstrap as an independent project.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootstrap_3">Bootstrap 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bootstrap 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 19, 2013, Bootstrap 3 was released. It redesigned components to use <a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">flat design</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design#Mobile_first,_unobtrusive_JavaScript,_and_progressive_enhancement" title="Responsive web design">mobile first</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bootstrap 3 features new plugin system with <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaced</a> events. Bootstrap 3 dropped Internet Explorer 7 and Firefox 3.6 support, but there is an optional <a href="/wiki/Polyfill_(programming)" title="Polyfill (programming)">polyfill</a> for these browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-v3-release_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v3-release-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bootstrap 3 was also the first version released under the twbs organization on GitHub instead of the Twitter one.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootstrap_4">Bootstrap 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bootstrap 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otto announced Bootstrap 4 on October 29, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-v3.3.0-release_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v3.3.0-release-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first alpha version of Bootstrap 4 was released on August 19, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-v4.0.0-alpha-release_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v4.0.0-alpha-release-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first beta version was released on August 10, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-v4.0.0-beta-release_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v4.0.0-beta-release-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto suspended work on Bootstrap 3 on September 6, 2016, to free up time to work on Bootstrap 4. Bootstrap 4 was finalized on January 18, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant changes include: </p> <ul><li>Major rewrite of the code</li> <li>Replacing <a href="/wiki/Less_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less (stylesheet language)">Less</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sass (stylesheet language)">Sass</a></li> <li>Addition of <code>Reboot</code>, a collection of element-specific CSS changes in a single file, based on <code>Normalize</code></li> <li>Dropping support for <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">IE8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">IE9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">iOS 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">CSS Flexible Box</a> support</li> <li>Adding navigation customization options</li> <li>Adding responsive spacing and sizing utilities</li> <li>Switching from the <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> unit in CSS to <a href="/wiki/Root_em" class="mw-redirect" title="Root em">root ems</a></li> <li>Increasing global font size from 14px to 16px for enhanced readability</li> <li>Dropping the <code>panel</code>, <code>thumbnail</code>, <code>pager</code>, and <code>well</code> components</li> <li>Dropping the <code>Glyphicons</code> icon font</li> <li>Huge number<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2019)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> of utility classes</li> <li>Improved form styling, buttons, drop-down menus, media objects and image classes</li></ul> <p>Bootstrap 4 supports the latest versions of <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> (except on Windows). It additionally supports back to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_10" title="Internet Explorer 10">IE10</a> and the latest <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Extended Support Release (ESR).<sup id="cite_ref-supported-browsers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supported-browsers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootstrap_5">Bootstrap 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bootstrap 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bootstrap 5 was officially released on May 5, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Major changes include:</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>New offcanvas menu component</li> <li>Removing dependence on <a href="/wiki/JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a> in favor of vanilla JavaScript</li> <li>Rewriting the grid to support responsive gutters and columns placed outside of rows</li> <li>Migrating the documentation from <a href="/wiki/Jekyll_(software)" title="Jekyll (software)">Jekyll</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_(software)" title="Hugo (software)">Hugo</a></li> <li>Dropping support for <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moving testing infrastructure from <a href="/wiki/QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_(JavaScript_testing_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasmine (JavaScript testing framework)">Jasmine</a></li> <li>Adding custom set of SVG icons<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adding CSS custom properties</li> <li>Improved API</li> <li>Enhanced grid system</li> <li>Improved customizing docs</li> <li>Updated forms</li> <li>RTL support</li> <li>Built in darkmode support</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQuery_Mobile" title="JQuery Mobile">jQuery Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript framework">JavaScript framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwind_CSS" title="Tailwind CSS">Tailwind CSS</a></li></ul> <p>Also, several <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a> support rendering in Bootstrap.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/releases/tag/v5.3.3">"Release 5.3.3"</a>. February 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Search+%C2%B7+stars%3A%3E100000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dstars%3A%253E100000%26type%3Drepositories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cs-bootstrap">"Usage statistics and market share of Bootstrap for websites"</a>. <i>w3techs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+statistics+and+market+share+of+Bootstrap+for+websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fcs-bootstrap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.0/layout/containers/">"Bootstrap Containers · Bootstrap v5.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+Containers+%C2%B7+Bootstrap+v5.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetbootstrap.com%2Fdocs%2F5.0%2Flayout%2Fcontainers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bootstrap_a_list_apart-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bootstrap_a_list_apart_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2012" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (January 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markdotto.com/2012/01/17/bootstrap-in-a-list-apart-342/">"Bootstrap in A List Apart No. 342"</a>. <i>Mark Otto's blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028153404/http://markdotto.com/2012/01/17/bootstrap-in-a-list-apart-342/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mark+Otto%27s+blog&rft.atitle=Bootstrap+in+A+List+Apart+No.+342&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkdotto.com%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2Fbootstrap-in-a-list-apart-342%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v1-release-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v1-release_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2011" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (August 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.twitter.com/2011/bootstrap-twitter">"Bootstrap from Twitter"</a>. <i>Developer Blog</i>. Twitter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125113/https://blog.twitter.com/2011/bootstrap-twitter">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Developer+Blog&rft.atitle=Bootstrap+from+Twitter&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2011%2Fbootstrap-twitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getbootstrap.com/about/">"About"</a>. <i>Bootstrap</i>. August 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Developer+Blog&rft.atitle=Say+hello+to+Bootstrap+2.0&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2012%2Fsay-hello-to-bootstrap-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2012" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (September 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2012/09/29/onward/">"Onward"</a>. <i>blog.getbootstrap.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.getbootstrap.com&rft.atitle=Onward&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2012%2F09%2F29%2Fonward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2013/08/19/bootstrap-3-released/">"Bootstrap Blog - Bootstrap 3 released"</a>. August 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+Blog+-+Bootstrap+3+released&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2013%2F08%2F19%2Fbootstrap-3-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v3-release-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v3-release_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2013" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (August 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2013/08/19/bootstrap-3-released/">"Bootstrap 3 released"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021202024/http://blog.getbootstrap.com/2013/08/19/bootstrap-3-released/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+3+released&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2013%2F08%2F19%2Fbootstrap-3-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2012/12/10/bootstrap-3-plans/">"Bootstrap 3 plans"</a>. December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+3+plans&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2Fbootstrap-3-plans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v3.3.0-release-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v3.3.0-release_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2014" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2014/10/29/bootstrap-3-3-0-released/">"Bootstrap 3.3.0 released"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724153923/http://blog.getbootstrap.com/2014/10/29/bootstrap-3-3-0-released/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+3.3.0+released&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2Fbootstrap-3-3-0-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v4.0.0-alpha-release-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v4.0.0-alpha-release_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2015" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark (August 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2015/08/19/bootstrap-4-alpha/">"Bootstrap 4 alpha"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123145832/http://blog.getbootstrap.com/2015/08/19/bootstrap-4-alpha/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+4+alpha&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2015%2F08%2F19%2Fbootstrap-4-alpha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v4.0.0-beta-release-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v4.0.0-beta-release_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoThornton2017" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark; Thornton, Jacob (August 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2017/08/10/bootstrap-4-beta/">"Bootstrap 4 Beta"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bootstrap+4+Beta&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2017%2F08%2F10%2Fbootstrap-4-beta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.getbootstrap.com/2018/01/18/bootstrap-4/">"Bootstrap 4"</a>. <i>blog.getbootstrap.com</i>. January 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.getbootstrap.com&rft.atitle=Bootstrap+4&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.getbootstrap.com%2F2018%2F01%2F18%2Fbootstrap-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootstrap+%28front-end+framework%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supported-browsers-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-supported-browsers_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/#support-browsers">"Supported browsers"</a>. <i>Bootstrap</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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