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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ska" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jamaican_ska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaican_ska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jamaican ska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaican_ska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2 Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Wave_Ska_(3rd_Wave_Ska)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Wave_Ska_(3rd_Wave_Ska)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third Wave Ska (3rd Wave Ska)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Wave_Ska_(3rd_Wave_Ska)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Russia and Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-third_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-third_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-third wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-third_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Σκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skao" title="Skao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اسکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="스카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90" title="סקא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="სკა (მუსიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკა (მუსიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سكا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سكا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska_(muziek)" title="Ska (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ska (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB" title="スカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5)" title="สกา (แนวดนตรี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สกา (แนวดนตรี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ска – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ска" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%9B%B2%E9%A3%8E" title="斯卡曲风 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯卡曲风" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska" title="Ska – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ska" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%9B%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="斯卡曲風 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯卡曲風" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵙⴽⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⴽⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q54365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ska&id=1253781622&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSka"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSka"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ska&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical genre. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SKA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="SKA (disambiguation)">SKA</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ska</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1950s, Jamaica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">ska jazz</a></li><li>ska pop</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">ska punk</a></li><li>ska-core</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">spouge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-ska" class="mw-redirect" title="J-ska">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_ska" title="Australian ska">Australia</a></li><li>United States</li><li>United Kingdom</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">list of ska musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">rude boy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">traditional skinhead</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg/220px-Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg/330px-Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg/440px-Madness_at_Bimbos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a> performing in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ska</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Creole">Jamaican Creole</a>: <i lang="jam">skia</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[skjæ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in the late 1950s and was the precursor to <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>. Ska is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a> line accented with rhythms on the <a href="/wiki/Off-beat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-beat (music)">off beat</a>. It was developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when <a href="/wiki/Stranger_Cole" title="Stranger Cole">Stranger Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd" title="Coxsone Dodd">Clement "Coxsone" Dodd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Reid" title="Duke Reid">Duke Reid</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Reggae_sound_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae sound system">sound systems</a> to play American rhythm and blues and then began recording their own songs.<sup id="cite_ref-AMG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">British mods</a> and with many <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinheads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s; the <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a> ska revival of the late 1970s in Britain, which fused Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with the faster tempos and harder edge of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Ska-punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ska-punk">ska-punk</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">third wave ska</a>, which involved bands from a wide range of countries around the world, in the late 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-sfghistory_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfghistory-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple theories about the origins of the word <i>ska</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ranglin" title="Ernest Ranglin">Ernest Ranglin</a> claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the "skat! skat! skat!" scratching guitar strum.<sup id="cite_ref-White_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another explanation is that at a recording session in 1959 produced by <a href="/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd" title="Coxsone Dodd">Coxsone Dodd</a>, double bassist <a href="/wiki/Cluett_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluett Johnson">Cluett Johnson</a> instructed guitarist Ranglin to "play like ska, ska, ska", although Ranglin has denied this, stating "Clue couldn't tell me what to play!"<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further theory is that it derives from Johnson's word <i>skavoovie</i>, with which he was known to greet his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Boot_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a> insisted that the musicians called the rhythm <i>Staya Staya</i>, and that it was <a href="/wiki/Byron_Lee" title="Byron Lee">Byron Lee</a> who introduced the term "ska".<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Morgan" title="Derrick Morgan">Derrick Morgan</a> said: "Guitar and piano making a ska sound, like 'ska, ska".<sup id="cite_ref-Oral_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oral-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaican_ska">Jamaican ska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jamaican ska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/50px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/75px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg/100px-Nuvola_Jamaican_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Music of Jamaica">Related articles</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">Dub poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyabinghi_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Niyabinghi chants">Niyabinghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Raggamuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">Roots reggae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Jamaica, Land We Love</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St Vincent and Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Template:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Template talk:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Jamaica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Jamaica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backbeat_chop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/350px-Backbeat_chop.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/525px-Backbeat_chop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/700px-Backbeat_chop.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Quarter note "<a href="/wiki/Skank_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skank (guitar)">skank</a>" guitar rhythm,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoetically</a> for its sound. <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Skank_on_Em64.mid\/Skank_on_Em64.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Skank on Em64.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Skank_on_Em64.mid/Skank_on_Em64.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Skank_on_Em64.mid" title="File:Skank on Em64.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/350px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/525px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/700px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Eighth note skank rhythm<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid\/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ska-Rock Steady on D and Em64.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid" title="File:Ska-Rock Steady on D and Em64.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaicans</a> purchased radios in increasing numbers and were able to hear <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> music from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> in cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbie_Gaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie Gaye">Barbie Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosco_Gordon" title="Rosco Gordon">Rosco Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose early recordings all contain the seeds of the "behind-the-beat" feel of ska and reggae.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stationing of American military forces during and after the war meant that Jamaicans could listen to military broadcasts of American music, and there was a constant influx of records from the United States. To meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd" title="Coxsone Dodd">Coxsone Dodd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Reid" title="Duke Reid">Duke Reid</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Reggae_sound_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae sound system">sound systems</a>. </p><p>As the supply of previously unheard tunes in the <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a> and more traditional R&B genres began to dry up in the late 1950s, Jamaican producers began recording their own version of the genres with local artists.<sup id="cite_ref-AMG_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These recordings were initially made to be played on "soft wax" (a lacquer on metal disc acetate later to become known as a "dub plate"), but as demand for them grew eventually sometime in the second half of 1959 (believed by most to be in the last quarter) producers such as Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid began to issue these recording on 45rpm 7-inch discs. At this point, the style was a direct copy of the American "shuffle blues" style, but within two or three years it had morphed into the more familiar ska style with the off-beat guitar chop that could be heard in some of the more uptempo late-1950s American rhythm and blues recordings such as Domino's "<a href="/wiki/Be_My_Guest_(Fats_Domino_song)" title="Be My Guest (Fats Domino song)">Be My Guest</a>" and Barbie Gaye's "<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Lollypop" class="mw-redirect" title="My Boy Lollypop">My Boy Lollypop</a>", both of which were popular on Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound systems</a> of the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-henry_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domino's rhythm, accentuating the offbeat, was a particular influence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "classic" ska style was of bars made up of four triplets but was characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_chop" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar chop">guitar chop</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Off-beat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-beat (music)">off beat</a>—known as an upstroke or 'skank'—with horns taking the lead and often following the off-beat skank and piano emphasizing the bass line and, again, playing the skank.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drums kept <a href="/wiki/4/4_time" class="mw-redirect" title="4/4 time"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time</a> and the bass drum was accented on the third beat of each four-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upstroke sound can also be found in other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> forms of music, such as <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidel_WM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ranglin" title="Ernest Ranglin">Ernest Ranglin</a> asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes "<i>chink</i>-ka" and the latter goes "ka-<i>chink</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Oral_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oral-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous ska band the <a href="/wiki/Skatalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Skatalites">Skatalites</a> recorded "Dynamite", "Ringo" and "Guns of Navarone".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the inaugural recording session for his new record label Wild Bells.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidel_WM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release. The guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles. To create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. Prince Buster has explicitly cited American rhythm and blues as the origin of ska: specifically, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Jackson_(saxophonist)" title="Willis Jackson (saxophonist)">Willis Jackson</a>'s song "Later for the Gator" (which was Coxsone Dodd's number one selection). </p><p>The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Ken_Khouri" title="Ken Khouri">Federal Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a>, and WIRL Records in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a> with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidel_WM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ska sound coincided with the celebratory feelings surrounding Jamaica's independence from the UK in 1962; an event commemorated by songs such as <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Morgan" title="Derrick Morgan">Derrick Morgan</a>'s "Forward March" and <a href="/wiki/The_Skatalites" title="The Skatalites">the Skatalites</a>' "Freedom Sound". </p><p>Until Jamaica ratified the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a>, the country did not honor international music <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection. This created many cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was <a href="/wiki/Millie_Small" title="Millie Small">Millie Small</a>'s version of the R&B/shuffle tune, "My Boy Lollypop", first recorded in New York in 1956 by 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Barbie_Gaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie Gaye">Barbie Gaye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tele_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tele-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small's rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaica's first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it remains one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. Many other Jamaican artists would have success recording instrumental ska versions of popular American and British music, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> songs, <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic records">Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> hits, <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movie</a> theme songs and instrumentals (007, Guns of Navarone). <a href="/wiki/The_Wailers_(1963%E2%80%931974_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wailers (1963–1974 band)">The Wailers</a> covered the Beatles' "<a href="/wiki/And_I_Love_Her" title="And I Love Her">And I Love Her</a>", and radically reinterpreted <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone" title="Like a Rolling Stone">Like a Rolling Stone</a>". They also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as <a href="/wiki/Mongo_Santamar%C3%ADa" title="Mongo Santamaría">Mongo Santamaría</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustyn_2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustyn_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Skatalites, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Creator" title="Lord Creator">Lord Creator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Aitken" title="Laurel Aitken">Laurel Aitken</a>, Roland Alphonso, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McCook" title="Tommy McCook">Tommy McCook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Dekker" title="Desmond Dekker">Desmond Dekker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Drummond" title="Don Drummond">Don Drummond</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also recorded ska. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Byron_Lee_%26_the_Dragonaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron Lee & the Dragonaires">Byron Lee & the Dragonaires</a> performed ska with Prince Buster, <a href="/wiki/Eric_%22Monty%22_Morris" title="Eric "Monty" Morris">Eric "Monty" Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>. As music changed in the United States, so did ska. In 1965 and 1966, when American soul music became slower and smoother, ska changed its sound accordingly and evolved into <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidel_WM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz_06-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rocksteady's heyday was brief, peaking in 1967. By 1968, ska evolved again into reggae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2_Tone">2 Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2 Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">Two-tone (music genre)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Specials.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Specials.JPG/220px-The_Specials.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Specials.JPG/330px-The_Specials.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Specials.JPG/440px-The_Specials.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Specials</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a> genre, which began in the late 1970s in the <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> area of UK, was a fusion of Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>'s more aggressive guitar chords and lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz_06-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to 1960s ska, 2 Tone music had faster tempos, fuller instrumentation, and a harder edge. The genre was named after <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_Records" title="2 Tone Records">2 Tone Records</a>, a record label founded by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Dammers" title="Jerry Dammers">Jerry Dammers</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Specials" title="The Specials">the Specials</a>. In many cases, the reworking of classic ska songs turned the originals into hits again in the United Kingdom. The Specials recorded "<a href="/wiki/A_Message_to_You_Rudy" title="A Message to You Rudy">A Message to You Rudy</a>" in 1979, featuring <a href="/wiki/Rico_Rodriguez_(musician)" title="Rico Rodriguez (musician)">Rico Rodriguez</a>, who played trombone on both the original Dandy Livingstone recording and the Specials' version. </p><p>The 2 tone movement promoted racial unity at a time when racial tensions were high in England. There were many Specials songs that raised awareness of the issues of racism, fighting and friendship. Riots in English cities were a feature during the summer that the Specials song "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_Town_(The_Specials_song)" title="Ghost Town (The Specials song)">Ghost Town</a>" was a hit, although this work was in a slower, reggae beat. Most of the 2 Tone bands had multiracial lineups, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beat_(British_band)" title="The Beat (British band)">the Beat</a> (known as the English Beat in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and Australia), <a href="/wiki/The_Specials" title="The Specials">the Specials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Selecter" title="The Selecter">the Selecter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although only on the 2 tone label for one single, <a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a> was one of the most effective bands at bringing the 2 tone genre into the mainstream, with hits such as "<a href="/wiki/One_Step_Beyond_(song)" title="One Step Beyond (song)">One Step Beyond</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Night_Boat_to_Cairo" title="Night Boat to Cairo">Night Boat to Cairo</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Our_House_(Madness_song)" title="Our House (Madness song)">Our House</a>". The music of this era resonated with white working class youth and West Indian immigrants who experienced the struggles addressed in the lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustyn_2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustyn_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Wave_Ska_(3rd_Wave_Ska)"><span id="Third_Wave_Ska_.283rd_Wave_Ska.29"></span>Third Wave Ska <span class="anchor" id="Third_wave_ska"></span> (3rd Wave Ska)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third Wave Ska (3rd Wave Ska)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ska" title="Special:EditPage/Ska">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishbone-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fishbone-28.jpg/230px-Fishbone-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fishbone-28.jpg/345px-Fishbone-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fishbone-28.jpg/460px-Fishbone-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fishbone" title="Fishbone">Fishbone</a> playing in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <p>Ska historian Albino Brown (of the radio program <i>The Ska Parade</i>) coined the term "third-wave ska" (3rd Wave Ska) in 1989 and helped to catalyze such multi-platinum bands as <a href="/wiki/No_Doubt" title="No Doubt">No Doubt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(band)" title="Sublime (band)">Sublime</a>. Third-wave ska originated in the punk scene in the late 1980s and became commercially successful in the 1990s. Although some third-wave ska has a traditional 1960s sound, most third-wave ska is characterized by dominating guitar riffs and large horn sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1980s, ska had experienced a minor resurgence of popularity in the United Kingdom, due to bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Burial_(English_band)" title="The Burial (English band)">the Burial</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hotknives" title="The Hotknives">the Hotknives</a>. The 1980s and 1990s also heralded many ska festivals, and a re-emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">traditional skinhead</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unicorn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicorn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1980s saw a massive surge in ska's popularity in Germany, leading to the founding of many German ska bands like the Busters, record labels and festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicorn_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicorn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, ska became relevant in the 1980s in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque Country</a> due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Kortatu" title="Kortatu">Kortatu</a> and Potato being the most representatives bands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Skalariak" title="Skalariak">Skalariak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betagarri" title="Betagarri">Betagarri</a> followed in the early 1990s and their influence is visible outside the Basque Country in punk-rock bands like <a href="/wiki/Ska-P" title="Ska-P">Ska-P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boikot" title="Boikot">Boikot</a> and many others that have gained importance in the Spanish rock and punk rock scene and festivals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_ska" title="Australian ska">Australian ska</a> scene flourished in the mid-1980s, following the musical precedents set by 2 Tone, and spearheaded by bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Porkers" title="The Porkers">the Porkers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Australian ska revival bands found success on the national music charts, most notably <a href="/wiki/Allniters" title="Allniters">Allniters</a>, who had a number 10 hit with a ska cover of "<a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay_(song)" title="Montego Bay (song)">Montego Bay</a>" in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30 piece <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Ska_Orchestra" title="Melbourne Ska Orchestra">Melbourne Ska Orchestra</a> has enjoyed success in recent years, touring internationally, including sets at <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux Jazz Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_and_Japan">Russia and Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia and Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Russian (then-Soviet) ska scene was established in the mid-1980s in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">anglophone</a> opposition to more traditional <a href="/wiki/Russian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rock">Russian rock</a> music. <a href="/wiki/Strannye_Igry" title="Strannye Igry">Strannye Igry</a>, <a href="/wiki/AVIA" title="AVIA">AVIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/N.O.M." title="N.O.M.">N.O.M.</a> were among the first bands of genre. Then bands like <a href="/wiki/Spitfire_(Russian_band)" title="Spitfire (Russian band)">Spitfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distemper_(band)" title="Distemper (band)">Distemper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_(band)" title="Leningrad (band)">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markscheider_Kunst" title="Markscheider Kunst">Markscheider Kunst</a> became popular and commercially successful in Russia and abroad in the late 1990s. </p><p>Japan established its own ska scene, colloquially referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/J-ska" class="mw-redirect" title="J-ska">J-ska</a></i>, in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Ska_Paradise_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra">Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra</a>, formed in 1985, have been one of the most commercially successful progenitors of Japanese ska.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin America's ska scene started developing in the mid-1980s. Latin American ska bands typically play traditional ska rhythms blended with strong influences from Latin music and <a href="/wiki/Rock_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock en Español">rock en Español</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent bands include the Grammy nominated <a href="/wiki/Desorden_P%C3%BAblico" title="Desorden Público">Desorden Público</a> from Venezuela<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Grammy awarded <a href="/wiki/Los_Fabulosos_Cadillacs" title="Los Fabulosos Cadillacs">Los Fabulosos Cadillacs</a> from Argentina, who scored an international hit single with "<a href="/wiki/Matador_(Los_Fabulosos_Cadillacs_song)" title="Matador (Los Fabulosos Cadillacs song)">El Matador</a>" in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, 2 Tone-influenced ska bands began forming throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz_06-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Uptones" title="The Uptones">The Uptones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Toasters" title="The Toasters">the Toasters</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>—both formed in 1981 — were among the first active ska bands in North America. They are both credited with laying the groundwork for American ska and establishing scenes in their respective regions.<sup id="cite_ref-sfghistory_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfghistory-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Los Angeles around the same time, <a href="/wiki/The_Untouchables_(Los_Angeles_band)" title="The Untouchables (Los Angeles band)">the Untouchables</a> also formed. While many of the early American ska bands continued in the musical traditions set by 2 Tone and the <a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">mod revival</a>, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Fishbone" title="Fishbone">Fishbone</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones" title="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones">the Mighty Mighty Bosstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy_(band)" title="Operation Ivy (band)">Operation Ivy</a> pioneered the American <a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">ska punk</a> subgenre, a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusion</a> of ska and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> that typically downplayed ska's R&B influence in favor of faster <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempos</a> and guitar <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz_06-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/No_Doubt" title="No Doubt">No Doubt</a>, a ska punk band was formed. They were one of the more mainstream ska bands that set the stage for many up and coming bands. </p><p>Two hotspots for the United States' burgeoning ska scenes were New York City and <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>, California. In New York, Toasters frontman <a href="/wiki/Robert_%22Bucket%22_Hingley" title="Robert "Bucket" Hingley">Robert "Bucket" Hingley</a> formed the independent record label <a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records" title="Moon Ska Records">Moon Ska Records</a> in 1983. The label quickly became the largest independent ska label in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orange_County_ska" title="Orange County ska">Orange County ska</a> scene was a major breeding ground for ska punk and more contemporary pop-influenced ska music, personified by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Reel_Big_Fish" title="Reel Big Fish">Reel Big Fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(band)" title="Sublime (band)">Sublime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was here that the term "third wave ska" was coined and popularized by Albino Brown and Tazy Phyllipz (hosts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ska_Parade" title="Ska Parade">Ska Parade</a></i> radio show) to describe the new wave of ska-influenced bands which were steadily gaining notoriety; and Brown wrote the first treatise on ska's third wave in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> also contributed to ska's growing popularity, with <a href="/wiki/Skankin%27_Pickle" title="Skankin' Pickle">Skankin' Pickle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Bowling" title="Let's Go Bowling">Let's Go Bowling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_Crashers" title="Dance Hall Crashers">Dance Hall Crashers</a> becoming known on the touring circuit. </p><p>The mid-1990s saw a considerable rise in ska music's underground popularity, marked by the formation of many ska-based record labels, booking organizations and indie <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>. While Moon Ska was still the largest of the United States' ska labels, other notable labels included Jump Up Records of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, which covered the thriving <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">midwest</a> scene, and Steady Beat Recordings of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, which covered Southern California's traditional ska revival. <a href="/wiki/Stomp_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomp Records">Stomp Records</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> was Canada's primary producer and distributor of ska music.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, many punk and indie rock labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Hellcat_Records" title="Hellcat Records">Hellcat Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen" title="Fueled by Ramen">Fueled by Ramen</a>, broadened their scope to include both ska and ska punk bands. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Man_Records" title="Asian Man Records">Asian Man Records</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Dill_Records" title="Dill Records">Dill Records</a>), founded in 1996, started out primarily releasing ska punk albums before branching out to other music styles.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones signed with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a>, becoming the first American ska punk band to find mainstream commercial success, with their 1994 album <i><a href="/wiki/Question_the_Answers" title="Question the Answers">Question the Answers</a></i> achieving <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">gold record</a> status and peaking at number 138 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, punk band <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a>, featuring former members of Operation Ivy, released the ska punk single "<a href="/wiki/Time_Bomb_(Rancid_song)" title="Time Bomb (Rancid song)">Time Bomb</a>", which reached number 8 on the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Songs"><i>Billboard</i> Modern Rock Tracks</a>, becoming the first major ska punk hit of the 1990s and launching the genre into the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-AllMusic3Wave_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic3Wave-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few years, a string of notable ska and ska-influenced singles became hits on mainstream radio, including "<a href="/wiki/Sell_Out_(Reel_Big_Fish_song)" title="Sell Out (Reel Big Fish song)">Sell Out</a>" by Reel Big Fish and "<a href="/wiki/The_Impression_That_I_Get" title="The Impression That I Get">The Impression That I Get</a>" by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, all of whom would reach platinum status with each of their respective albums. By 1996, third wave ska was one of the most popular forms of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_music" title="Alternative music">alternative music</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-AllMusic3Wave_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic3Wave-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1990s, mainstream interest in third wave ska bands waned as other music genres gained momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-Guila_6_50_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guila_6_50-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moon Ska Records folded in 2000, but Moon Ska Europe, a licensed affiliate based in Europe, continued operating in the 2000s and was later relaunched as <a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_World" title="Moon Ska World">Moon Ska World</a>. In 2003, Hingley launched a new ska record label, <a href="/wiki/Megalith_Records" title="Megalith Records">Megalith Records</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D.P.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desorden Publico, which are from Caracas, Venezuela formed in 1985."><img alt="Desorden Publico, which are from Caracas, Venezuela formed in 1985." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/D.P.jpg/200px-D.P.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/D.P.jpg/300px-D.P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/D.P.jpg/400px-D.P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Desorden_Publico" class="mw-redirect" title="Desorden Publico">Desorden Publico</a>, which are from <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela formed in 1985.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_uptones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Uptones, which are from Berkeley, California, formed in 1981."><img alt="The Uptones, which are from Berkeley, California, formed in 1981." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_uptones.jpg/200px-The_uptones.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_uptones.jpg/300px-The_uptones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_uptones.jpg/400px-The_uptones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Uptones" title="The Uptones">The Uptones</a>, which are from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, formed in 1981.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosstones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones in their typical plaid outfits"><img alt="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones in their typical plaid outfits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bosstones.jpg/200px-Bosstones.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bosstones.jpg/300px-Bosstones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bosstones.jpg/400px-Bosstones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones" title="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones">The Mighty Mighty Bosstones</a> in their typical plaid outfits</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta,_GA_in_1998_(4847183491).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dance Hall Crashers in 1998"><img alt="The Dance Hall Crashers in 1998" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg/128px-Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg/191px-Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg/255px-Dance_Hall_Crashers_at_The_Masquerade_in_Atlanta%2C_GA_in_1998_%284847183491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_Crashers" title="Dance Hall Crashers">Dance Hall Crashers</a> in 1998</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-third_wave">Post-third wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-third wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 21st century, ska was mostly absent from the radio, though there were exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Captain_SKA" title="Captain SKA">Captain SKA</a> reached number 4 on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Liar_Liar_GE2017" title="Liar Liar GE2017">Liar Liar GE2017</a>." In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Interrupters_(band)" title="The Interrupters (band)">the Interrupters</a> broke into the U.S. charts with their single "She's Kerosene." By 2019, several publications started wondering aloud whether a "fourth wave" of ska was about to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term New Tone to describe a fourth wave of ska has started to pick up traction. The term New Tone originates from new ska band Bad Operation, to describe their two-tone sound and their city of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been popularized by the record label Bad Time Records due to their movie This Is New Tone.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Tone now has a vague definition and is used to describe the modern ska scene in general.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">List of ska musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">Skank (dance)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ska". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_38/ai_n6234788/pg_1">the original</a> on 28 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Subcultures%2C+pop+music+and+politics%3A+skinheads+and+%22Nazi+rock%22+in+England+and+Germany&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=157-178&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0079&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2005%2Fis_1_38%2Fai_n6234788%2Fpg_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010219175613/http://ska.about.com/musicperform/ska/library/1999/aa081699a.htm">"Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness - Ska/Reggae - 08/16/99"</a>. 19 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ska.about.com/musicperform/ska/library/1999/aa081699a.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smiling+Smash%3A+An+Interview+with+Cathal+Smyth%2C+a.k.a+Chas+Smash%2C+of+Madness+-+Ska%2FReggae+-+08%2F16%2F99&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fska.about.com%2Fmusicperform%2Fska%2Flibrary%2F1999%2Faa081699a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1991" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, George (1991). <i>Spirit of '69: A Skinhead Bible</i>. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898927-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-898927-10-3"><bdi>1-898927-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+%2769%3A+A+Skinhead+Bible&rft.place=Dunoon%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=S.T.+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-898927-10-3&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020626192323/http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1998/011598/music1.html">"Inspecter 7"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Mirror" title="Montreal Mirror">Montreal Mirror</a></i>. 14 January 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1998/011598/music1.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Mirror&rft.atitle=Inspecter+7&rft.date=1998-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montrealmirror.com%2FARCHIVES%2F1998%2F011598%2Fmusic1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfghistory-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfghistory_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfghistory_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelvin2008" class="citation news cs1">Selvin, Joel (23 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKSPVIK17.DTL">"A brief history of ska"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109104603/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F21%2FPKSPVIK17.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+ska&rft.date=2008-03-23&rft.aulast=Selvin&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F21%2FPKSPVIK17.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Timothy (1983) "Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley", Corgi Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Dave (2002) "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-655-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-655-6">0-87930-655-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boot-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boot_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boot, Adrian & Salewicz, Chris (1995) "Bob Marley: Songs of Freedom", Bloomsbury</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Sebastien "Jah Music: the Evolution of the Popular Jamaican Song"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oral-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oral_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oral_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustyn, Heather (2010). <i>Ska: An Oral History</i>, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-6040-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-6040-7">0-7864-6040-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, Jerry (1999). <i>Jerry Snyder's Guitar School</i>, p.28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7390-0260-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7390-0260-0">0-7390-0260-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Richard (2004). <i>How to Play Rhythm Guitar</i>, p. 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7">0-87930-811-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1998" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Wayne (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan"><i>Reggae Routes</i></a></span>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-629-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-629-8"><bdi>1-56639-629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Routes&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56639-629-8&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaeroutesstor00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kauppila, Paul. "From Memphis to Kingston: An Investigation into the Origin of Jamaican Ska" Social and Economic Studies. SJSU Scholarsorks (2006): 75-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henry-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henry_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaica-land-we-love.com/jamaican-ska-music.html">Ricardo Henry, "Jamaican Ska Music - Made For Dancing", <i>jamaica-land-we-love.com</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703001824/https://www.jamaica-land-we-love.com/jamaican-ska-music.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Rick (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluemondayfatsdo00colem"><i>Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the lost dawn of rock 'n' roll</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluemondayfatsdo00colem/page/210">210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81491-9"><bdi>0-306-81491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Monday%3A+Fats+Domino+and+the+lost+dawn+of+rock+%27n%27+roll&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-306-81491-9&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluemondayfatsdo00colem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nidel_WM-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nidel_WM_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNidel2005" class="citation book cs1">Nidel, Richard O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/282"><i>World Music: The Basics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/282">282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96800-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96800-3"><bdi>0-415-96800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96800-3&rft.aulast=Nidel&rft.aufirst=Richard+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldmusic00rich_0%2Fpage%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/63999/versions">Skatalites Guns of Navarone</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Retrieved 7 June 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tele_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2009" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Andrew (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5356523/Chris-Blackwell-interview-Island-Records.html">"Chris Blackwell interview: Island Records"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522040122/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5356523/Chris-Blackwell-interview-Island-Records.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chris+Blackwell+interview%3A+Island+Records&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Frockandpopfeatures%2F5356523%2FChris-Blackwell-interview-Island-Records.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stratton, Jon (2014) "When Music Migrates: Crossing British and European Racial Faultlines, 1945–2010" England: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2978-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2978-0">978-1-4724-2978-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustyn_2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Augustyn_2013_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustyn_2013_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustyn2013" class="citation book cs1">Augustyn, Heather (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810884496"><i>Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation</i></a>. New York City, NY: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8449-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-8449-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014635/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810884496">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ska%3A+The+Rhythm+of+Liberation&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8449-6&rft.aulast=Augustyn&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9780810884496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reggae-steady-ska.com/interview-with-heather-augustyn/">"Don Drummond Biography - Interview with Author Heather Augustyn"</a>. Reggae Steady Ska. 13 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213095821/https://reggae-steady-ska.com/interview-with-heather-augustyn/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Drummond+Biography+-+Interview+with+Author+Heather+Augustyn&rft.pub=Reggae+Steady+Ska&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freggae-steady-ska.com%2Finterview-with-heather-augustyn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskowitz_06-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_06_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Moskowitz, David V. (2006). <i>Caribbean Popular Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>: Greenwood Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33158-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33158-8"><bdi>0-313-33158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Popular+Music&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33158-8&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072641/http://www.skinheadheaven.org.uk/index.php/cuttings/49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988">"Ska Party"</a>. <i>Skinheadheaven.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skinheadheaven.org.uk/index.php/cuttings/49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988">the original</a> on 7 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skinheadheaven.org.uk&rft.atitle=Ska+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skinheadheaven.org.uk%2Findex.php%2Fcuttings%2F49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicorn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unicorn_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicorn_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer,_Steven1998" class="citation web cs1">Shafer, Steven (Summer 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/ss_blueprint.pdf">"Unicorn Records and the new ska classics – the blueprint of ska today?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402073644/http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/ss_blueprint.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicorn+Records+and+the+new+ska+classics+%E2%80%93+the+blueprint+of+ska+today%3F&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Shafer%2C+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpska.com%2Frelated%2Funicorn%2Fss_blueprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fungalpunknature.co.uk/FUNGALPUNK/Interviews/KevDotheDog2.html">"Interview: Kevin Flowerdew of Do the Dog Records"</a>. fungalpunknature.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622041032/http://fungalpunknature.co.uk/FUNGALPUNK/Interviews/KevDotheDog2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Kevin+Flowerdew+of+Do+the+Dog+Records&rft.pub=fungalpunknature.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fungalpunknature.co.uk%2FFUNGALPUNK%2FInterviews%2FKevDotheDog2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/unicorn.html">"1986-1991 Ska Explosion!"</a>. hpska.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162940/http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/unicorn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1986-1991+Ska+Explosion%21&rft.pub=hpska.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpska.com%2Frelated%2Funicorn%2Funicorn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090757/https://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1620">"Play It Upside Down"</a>. The Atlantic Times. January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1620">the original</a> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Play+It+Upside+Down&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Times&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantic-times.com%2Farchive_detail.php%3FrecordID%3D1620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/the80sareback/index.php/2010/02/skad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene/">"Ska'd for Life: Remembering the Sydney 80s ska scene"</a>. powerhousemuseum.com. February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223172759/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/the80sareback/index.php/2010/02/skad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ska%27d+for+Life%3A+Remembering+the+Sydney+80s+ska+scene&rft.pub=powerhousemuseum.com&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerhousemuseum.com%2Fthe80sareback%2Findex.php%2F2010%2F02%2Fskad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_McFarlane" title="Ian McFarlane">McFarlane, Ian</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803071404/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=28">"Encyclopedia entry for 'Allniters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop" title="Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop">Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-768-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-768-2"><bdi>1-86448-768-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=28">the original</a> on 3 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+entry+for+%27Allniters%27&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Australian+Rock+and+Pop&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86448-768-2&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whammo.com.au%2Fencyclopedia.asp%3Farticleid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/melbourne-ska-orchestra-melbourne-ska-orchestra/story-fn9n8gph-1226624301903">"Melbourne Ska Orchestra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033841/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/melbourne-ska-orchestra-melbourne-ska-orchestra/story-fn9n8gph-1226624301903">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Ska+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Freview%2Fmelbourne-ska-orchestra-melbourne-ska-orchestra%2Fstory-fn9n8gph-1226624301903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalford_Henry2004" class="citation web cs1">Balford Henry (26 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230205/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp">"<i>Jamaica Observer</i>, "SKA – alive and kicking but outside Jamaica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp">the original</a> on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+Observer%2C+%22SKA+%E2%80%93+alive+and+kicking+but+outside+Jamaica%22&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft.au=Balford+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhtml%2F20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahoon,_Keith2005" class="citation web cs1">Cahoon, Keith (21 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nippop.com/features/Rastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%3F/">"Rastaman Vibration – What's up with Japanese Reggae?"</a>. Nippop.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092125/http://nippop.com/features/Rastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%3F/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rastaman+Vibration+%E2%80%93+What%27s+up+with+Japanese+Reggae%3F&rft.pub=Nippop.com&rft.date=2005-05-21&rft.au=Cahoon%2C+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnippop.com%2Ffeatures%2FRastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%253F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728085116/http://nippop.com/artists/Tokyo_Ska_Paradise_Orchestra/">"Nippop Profiles: Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-41/artist_name-tokyo_ska_paradise_orchestra/">the original</a> on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nippop+Profiles%3A+Tokyo+Ska+Paradise+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnippop.com%2Fartist%2Fartist_id-41%2Fartist_name-tokyo_ska_paradise_orchestra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2-tone.de/skaenglish/latinska.htm">"Latin Ska"</a>. 2-tone.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903151120/http://www.2-tone.de/skaenglish/latinska.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Ska&rft.pub=2-tone.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2-tone.de%2Fskaenglish%2Flatinska.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/desorden-publico/189046">"Desorden Público Artist - GRAMMY.com"</a>. GRAMMY.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desorden+P%C3%BAblico+Artist+-+GRAMMY.com&rft.pub=GRAMMY.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fartists%2Fdesorden-publico%2F189046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110072405/http://www.rockero.com/artists/los-fabulosos-cadillacs/biography/">"Los Fabulosos Cadillacs – Biography"</a>. rockero.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockero.com/artists/los-fabulosos-cadillacs/biography/">the original</a> on 10 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Fabulosos+Cadillacs+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=rockero.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockero.com%2Fartists%2Flos-fabulosos-cadillacs%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-toasters-p14516/biography">"The Toasters | AllMusic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Toasters+%26%23124%3B+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-toasters-p14516%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Selvin2008" class="citation web cs1">Joel Selvin (23 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKARVJBJ3.DTL&hw=uptones&sn=001&sc=1000">"Uptones Get Down"</a>. Sfgate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526002203/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F21%2FPKARVJBJ3.DTL&hw=uptones&sn=001&sc=1000">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uptones+Get+Down&rft.pub=Sfgate.com&rft.date=2008-03-23&rft.au=Joel+Selvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F21%2FPKARVJBJ3.DTL%26hw%3Duptones%26sn%3D001%26sc%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902050403/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-punk-d4420">"Ska-Punk | AllMusic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-punk-d4420">the original</a> on 2011-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Ska-Punk+%26%23124%3B+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fska-punk-d4420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/this-are-moon-ska-vol-2-r794523/review">"This Are Moon Ska, Vol. 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=This+Are+Moon+Ska%2C+Vol.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fthis-are-moon-ska-vol-2-r794523%2Freview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose,_Lilledeshan2010" class="citation news cs1">Bose, Lilledeshan (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019030134/http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-09-16/music/reel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim/">"Ska's Not Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OC_Weekly" title="OC Weekly">OC Weekly</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-09-16/music/reel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim/">the original</a> on 19 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OC+Weekly&rft.atitle=Ska%27s+Not+Dead&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.au=Bose%2C+Lilledeshan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocweekly.com%2F2010-09-16%2Fmusic%2Freel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Layne, Anni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016074921/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/nodoubt/articles/story/5920606/the_ska_parade_is_coming_to_town">"The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIavazzi,_Jessica" class="citation web cs1">Iavazzi, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716031456/http://www.944.com/articles/can-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers/">"Can't Rain on This Parade"</a>. 944.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.944.com/articles/can-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers/">the original</a> on 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Rain+on+This+Parade&rft.pub=944.com&rft.au=Iavazzi%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.944.com%2Farticles%2Fcan-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulla1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gulla, Bob (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10210207717103239&set=a.10210207731943610.1073741827.1648977638&type=3&theater">"Three Waves Of Ska"</a>. <i>Guitar Magazine</i>. <b>15</b> (published December 1997): 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310160833/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10210207717103239&set=a.10210207731943610.1073741827.1648977638&type=3&theater">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guitar+Magazine&rft.atitle=Three+Waves+Of+Ska&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gulla&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto.php%3Ffbid%3D10210207717103239%26set%3Da.10210207731943610.1073741827.1648977638%26type%3D3%26theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stomprecords.com/stomp/">"Union Label Group – Stomp Records"</a>. www.stomprecords.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231844/http://www.stomprecords.com/stomp/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Label+Group+%E2%80%93+Stomp+Records&rft.pub=www.stomprecords.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stomprecords.com%2Fstomp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.punknews.org/labels/asianman">"About Asian Man Records"</a>. Punknews.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112191651/http://www.punknews.org/labels/asianman">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Asian+Man+Records&rft.pub=Punknews.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punknews.org%2Flabels%2Fasianman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676/charts-awards">"The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – AllMusic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806185644/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676/charts-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Mighty+Mighty+Bosstones+%E2%80%93+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676%2Fcharts-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusic3Wave-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusic3Wave_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusic3Wave_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allmusic.com/explore/style/third-wave-ska-revival-d2773">"Allmusic – Third Wave Ska Revival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430232917/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/third-wave-ska-revival-d2773">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Allmusic+%E2%80%93+Third+Wave+Ska+Revival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fthird-wave-ska-revival-d2773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guila_6_50-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guila_6_50_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulla2006" class="citation book cs1">Gulla, Bob (2006). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Volume Six</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>: Greenwood Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32981-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32981-8"><bdi>0-313-32981-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Rock+History%2C+Volume+Six&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-32981-8&rft.aulast=Gulla&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sia, Michel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/05/arts/music/05alle.html">"Lily Allen, Britain's New Pop Star, Has Cheek, and Bite, to Spare."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103053103/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/05/arts/music/05alle.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New York Times</i>. 5 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/prospero/2019/02/04/ska-still-has-things-to-say">"Ska Still Has Things to Say - A Fourth Wave?"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103053102/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2019/02/04/ska-still-has-things-to-say">Archived</a> 3 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 4 February 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipsky, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8508727/ska-lives-fourth-wave-interrupters-pick-it-up">"Ska Lives: How the Genre's Fourth Wave Has Managed to Pick It Up Where the '90s Left Off"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302143326/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8508727/ska-lives-fourth-wave-interrupters-pick-it-up">Archived</a> 2 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Billboard.com</i>. 25 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitingpunk.substack.com/p/new-tone-and-the-future-of-ska">"New Tone and the Future of Ska"</a>. 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Tone+and+the+Future+of+Ska&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitingpunk.substack.com%2Fp%2Fnew-tone-and-the-future-of-ska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.brooklynvegan.com/bad-time-records-documentaryconcert-film-this-is-new-tone-coming-kickstarter-launched/">https://www.brooklynvegan.com/bad-time-records-documentaryconcert-film-this-is-new-tone-coming-kickstarter-launched/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.brooklynvegan.com/kill-lincoln-declare-no-normal-on-new-album-new-song-interview-2024-state-of-ska-address/">https://www.brooklynvegan.com/kill-lincoln-declare-no-normal-on-new-album-new-song-interview-2024-state-of-ska-address/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Augustyn, Heather (2013). <i>Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8449-6">978-0-8108-8449-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Noyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Du Noyer, Paul (2003). "Ska". <i>The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Billboard Books. pp. 350–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7869-8"><bdi>0-8230-7869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ska&rft.btitle=The+Billboard+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=350-351&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8230-7869-8&rft.aulast=Du+Noyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Staple" title="Neville Staple">Neville Staple</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Original_Rude_Boy" title="Original Rude Boy">Original Rude Boy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aurum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurum Press">Aurum Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-480-8">978-1-84513-480-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ska" title="Template:Ska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ska" title="Template talk:Ska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Third_wave_ska">Third wave ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">Two-tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_ska" title="Australian ska">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_ska" title="Orange County ska">Orange County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers" title="List of Jamaican record producers">Jamaican record producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_Records" title="2 Tone Records">2 Tone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records" title="Moon Ska Records">Moon Ska Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Man_Records" title="Asian Man Records">Asian Man Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooterboy" title="Scooterboy">Scooterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">Trojan skinhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance Hall (Jamaican)">Dance hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">List of Caribbean music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">List of ska musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Business_Suit_Levitating_emoji" title="Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji">Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">Skank (dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">Ska stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calypso_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calypso_music" title="Template:Calypso music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calypso_music" title="Template talk:Calypso music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calypso_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calypso music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calypso_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brega_pop" title="Brega pop">Brega pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence-lypso" title="Cadence-lypso">Cadence-lypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extempo" title="Extempo">Extempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jw%C3%A9" title="Jwé">Jwé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanto" title="Shanto">Shanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Costa Rican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_de_El_Callao" title="Calypso de El Callao">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_tent" title="Calypso tent">Calypso tents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(dance)" title="Limbo (dance)">Limbo dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_Canada" title="Caribbean music in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom#Music_from_Trinidad" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Music of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> 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