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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" 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<div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Karbamaat" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Karbamaat" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Karbamaat" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Karbamaat" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Einskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Einskappe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Einskappe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Einskappe subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Einskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sintese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sintese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natuurlike_voorkoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natuurlike_voorkoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natuurlike voorkoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natuurlike_voorkoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Natuurlike voorkoms subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natuurlike_voorkoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hemoglobien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemoglobien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hemoglobien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemoglobien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urose_en_fosfotriesterase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urose_en_fosfotriesterase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Urose en fosfotriesterase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urose_en_fosfotriesterase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2-opvang_in_plante" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2-opvang_in_plante"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub>-opvang in plante</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-opvang_in_plante-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industriële_gebruike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industriële_gebruike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Industriële gebruike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industriële_gebruike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Industriële gebruike subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industriële_gebruike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plaagdoders_en_chemiese_wapens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaagdoders_en_chemiese_wapens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plaagdoders en chemiese wapens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaagdoders_en_chemiese_wapens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aantekeninge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aantekeninge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aantekeninge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aantekeninge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karbamaat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 30 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كربامات – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربامات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбамат – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карбамат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamat" title="Carbamat – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbamat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbam%C3%A1t" title="Karbamát – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbamát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamat" title="Carbamat – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbamat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carbamate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbamate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamato" title="Karbamato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbamato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamato" title="Carbamato – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbamato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamato" title="Karbamato – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbamato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربامات – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاربامات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamaatit" title="Karbamaatit – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbamaatit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbamate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamato" title="Carbamato – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbamato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbam%C3%A1tok" title="Karbamátok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karbamátok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamat" title="Karbamat – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbamat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbammati" title="Carbammati – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbammati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="ウレタン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウレタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уретандар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уретандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamat" title="Carbamat – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Carbamat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamaat" title="Carbamaat – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbamaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbaminiany" title="Karbaminiany – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karbaminiany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamato" title="Carbamato – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbamato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamat" title="Carbamat – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbamat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Уретаны – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уретаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamat" title="Karbamat – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karbamat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamat" title="Karbamat – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karbamat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbamat" title="Karbamat – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbamat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Уретани – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уретани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="氨基甲酸酯 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨基甲酸酯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422899#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbamaat" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Karbamaat" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbamaat"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbamaat"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Karbamaat" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Karbamaat" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&oldid=2468117" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Karbamaat&id=2468117&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarbamaat"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarbamaat"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Karbamaat"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Karbamaat&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbamates" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422899" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carbamate-group-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carbamate-group-2D.png/220px-Carbamate-group-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carbamate-group-2D.png/330px-Carbamate-group-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carbamate-group-2D.png/440px-Carbamate-group-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Die chemiese struktuur van die karbamate</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Karbamaat</b> is 'n kategorie <a href="/wiki/Organiese_verbinding" title="Organiese verbinding">organiese verbindings</a> wat afkomstig is van karbamiensuur (NH<sub>2</sub>COOH). Die term bevat organiese verbindings (byvoorbeeld die esteretielkarbamaat), wat verkry word deur een of meer van die <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofatome</a> deur ander organiese <a href="/wiki/Funksionele_groep" title="Funksionele groep">funksionele groepe</a> te vervang; asook soute met die karbamaatanioon H<sub>2</sub>NCOO<sup>−</sup> (bv. ammoniumkarbamaat). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polimeer" title="Polimeer">Polimere</a> waarvan die eenhede deur karbamaatgroepe met <a href="/wiki/Valensie" title="Valensie">valensie</a> van twee saamgevoeg word –[—NH–(C=O)–O–]– is 'n belangrike familie van <a href="/wiki/Plastiek" title="Plastiek">plastiek</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Poliuretaan" title="Poliuretaan">poliuretane</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einskappe">Einskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Einskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Einskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In waterige oplossings kom die karbamaatanion stadig in ewewig met die ammonium-<a href="/wiki/Katioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katioon">katioon</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NH<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">+</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">4</span></span></span>) en die karbonaat- (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">3</span></span></span>) of bikarbonaat-<a href="/wiki/Anioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anioon">anione</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">HCO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">3</span></span></span>):<sup id="cite_ref-Burr1912_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> NH4+ + HCO3- + HO-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>NCOO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> NH4+ + HCO3- + HO-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec34ec08ba4ad7183e0be8a714d4e29077df089c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:47.469ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> NH4+ + HCO3- + HO-}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> 2 NH4+ + 2 CO3^2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>NCOO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> 2 NH4+ + 2 CO3^2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72db1afcb038d2d49199352537261809061ae253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.294ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2NCOO- + 2 H2O <=> 2 NH4+ + 2 CO3^2-}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Kalsiumkarbamaat is oplosbaar in water, terwyl <a href="/wiki/Kalsiumkarbonaat" title="Kalsiumkarbonaat">kalsiumkarbonaat</a> (bv. kalksteen) nie is nie. As 'n <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsiumsout</a> by 'n oplossing van ammoniumkarbamaat en ammoniumkarbonaat gevoeg word, sal daar 'n onmiddellike neerslag van kalsiumkarbonaat vorm en dan 'n stadiger neerslag wanneer die karbamaat omskakel.<sup id="cite_ref-Burr1912_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintese">Sintese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Sintese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sintese"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die ammoniumkarbamaat-sout kan gevorm word deur <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> met <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a> te behandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks1946_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks1946-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + CO2 -> NH4[H2NCO2]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>NCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + CO2 -> NH4[H2NCO2]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0bbb83a03a9fca9558891af33db17b12fe34141d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.482ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + CO2 -> NH4[H2NCO2]}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Karbamate ontstaan ook deur alkoholise van chloorform<a href="/wiki/Amied" title="Amied">amiede</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Alizadeh2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alizadeh2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {R2NC(O)CL + R'OH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>NC</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext>CL</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>NCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>HCl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {R2NC(O)CL + R'OH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/852b8fecbed6f60134ef1ae05029a7f5a223d998" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.169ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {R2NC(O)CL + R'OH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>En ook deur die reaksie van chloorformate en <a href="/wiki/Amien" title="Amien">amiene</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Chaturvedi2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaturvedi2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {R'OC(O)Cl + R2NH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mtext>OC</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>NCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>HCl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {R'OC(O)Cl + R2NH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32a9a30bae9726103d009c837ba5bdebf8846d05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:44.363ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {R'OC(O)Cl + R2NH -> R2NCO2R' + HCl}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natuurlike_voorkoms">Natuurlike voorkoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Natuurlike voorkoms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Natuurlike voorkoms"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die natuur kan koolstofdioksied met neutrale amiengroepe bind om 'n karbamaat te vorm. Hierdie proses word karbamilering genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hemoglobien">Hemoglobien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Hemoglobien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hemoglobien"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <i>N</i>-terminale amienogroepe van oorblyfsels van <a href="/wiki/Valien" title="Valien">valien</a> in die α- en β-kettings van deoksihemoglobien bestaan as karbamate. Dit help om die <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFen" title="Proteïen">proteïen</a> te stabiliseer wanneer dit deoksihemoglobien word, en verhoog die waarskynlikheid van die vrystelling van oorblywende <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstofmolekules</a> wat aan die proteïen gebind is.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urose_en_fosfotriesterase">Urose en fosfotriesterase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Urose en fosfotriesterase" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Urose en fosfotriesterase"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die ε-aminogroepe van oorblyfsels van die <a href="/wiki/Aminosuur" title="Aminosuur">aminosuur</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisien (bladsy bestaan nie)">lisien</a> in urose en fosfotriesterase bevat ook karbamaat. Die karbamaat afgelei van amieno<a href="/wiki/Imidasool" title="Imidasool">imidasool</a> is 'n intermediêr in die biosintese van die nukliosied inosien (wat in <a href="/wiki/RNS" title="RNS">RNS</a> voorkom).<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoschek_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoschek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-opvang_in_plante">CO<sub>2</sub>-opvang in plante</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: CO2-opvang in plante" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: CO2-opvang in plante"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die belangrikste karbamaat is die wat betrokke is by die opvang van <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">CO<sub>2</sub></a> deur plante, wat nodig is vir die groei daarvan. Die ensiem ribuloos-1,5-bisfosfaatkarboksilaas/oksigenaas (RuBisCO) heg 'n molekule koolstofdioksied as fosfogliseraat aan. In die ensiem is 'n <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Mg<sup>2+</sup></span>-ioon gebind aan oorblyfsels van glutamaat, asparaat en lisienkarbamaat.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundqvist_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundqvist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industriële_gebruike"><span id="Industri.C3.ABle_gebruike"></span>Industriële gebruike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Industriële gebruike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Industriële gebruike"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industriële gebruike sluit in die produksie van <a href="/wiki/Ureum" title="Ureum">ureum</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krase_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krase-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vervaardiging van <a href="/wiki/Poliuretaan" title="Poliuretaan">poliuretaan</a> plastiek, plaagdoders (en <a href="/wiki/Chemiese_wapen" title="Chemiese wapen">chemiese wapens</a>), preserveermiddels en skoonheidsmiddels,<sup id="cite_ref-Badreshia2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badreshia2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en medisyne.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plaagdoders_en_chemiese_wapens">Plaagdoders en chemiese wapens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Plaagdoders en chemiese wapens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Plaagdoders en chemiese wapens"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png/220px-Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png/330px-Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png/440px-Aldicarb-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Struktuurformule van aldikarb</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar is verskeie insekdoders wat die karbamaatester funksionele groep het, insluitend bekende verbindings soos aldikarb. Hierdie insekdoders maak gewoonlik insekte dood deur die ensiem asetielkolienesteraas wat betrokke is by die werking van neuro-oordragstowwe, te deaktiveer. Organofosfaatplaagdoders werk op amper dieselfde manier. Sulke plaagdoders kan gevaarlik wees vir beide insekte en soogdiere, insluitend mense.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Nota 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alhoewel die karbamaat-asetielcholienesterase-inhibeerders algemeen "karbamaat-insekdoders" genoem word, het hulle sterk selektiwiteit vir insekasetielcholienesterase-ensieme bo die soogdierweergawes, maar die sterkste verbindings soos aldikarb en karbofuraan is steeds in staat om soogdier-asielcholinesterase-ensieme teen lae genoeg konsentrasies te inhibeer dat dit 'n beduidende risiko vir vergiftiging vir mense inhou, veral as dit in groot hoeveelhede vir landboutoepassings gebruik word. Ander asetielcholienesterase-inhibeerders gebaseer op karbamaat, is bekend met 'n nog groter toksisiteit vir mense, en sommige is ondersoek vir moontlike militêre gebruik as senuweemiddels. Daar is egter nie gevind dat hulle geskik is vir gebruik as chemiese wapens nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellison_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellison-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aantekeninge">Aantekeninge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Aantekeninge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Aantekeninge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-A_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Roundup<sup>TM</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Glifosaat" title="Glifosaat">glifosaat</a>) is egter nie 'n organofos<b>faat</b> nie, maar 'n organofos<b>fonaat</b>. Studies in rotte en honde het bevestig dat glifosaat nie koliensteraas inhibeer nie, wat dit veilig maak vir mense.<sup id="cite_ref-Glyph_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glyph-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glifosaat kom voor in die onkruiddoder <i>Two Step<sup>TM</sup></i> waar, in die aktiveerende teenwoordigheid van triasien, getoon is dat dit wel koliensteraas inhibeer en dus giftig is vir insekte en soogdiere.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuler_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbamaat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burr1912-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Burr1912_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Burr1912_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsLewis1912" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burrows, George H.; Lewis, Gilbert N. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2430153">"The equilibrium between ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate in aqueous solution at 25°"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> (in Engels). <b>34</b> (8): 993–995. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02209a003">10.1021/ja02209a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+equilibrium+between+ammonium+carbonate+and+ammonium+carbamate+in+aqueous+solution+at+25%C2%B0&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=993-995&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02209a003&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gilbert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2430153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFClarkGaddyRist1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clark, K. G.; Gaddy, V. L.; Rist, C. E. (1933). "Equilibria in the Ammonium Carbamate-Urea-Water System". <i>Ind. Eng. Chem.</i> (in Engels). <b>25</b> (10): 1092–1096. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50286a008">10.1021/ie50286a008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Equilibria+in+the+Ammonium+Carbamate-Urea-Water+System&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1092-1096&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50286a008&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rft.au=Gaddy%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Rist%2C+C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mani2006_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFManiPeruzziniStoppioni2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mani, Fabrizio; Peruzzini, Maurizio; Stoppioni, Piero (2006). "CO2 absorption by aqueous <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NH<sub>3</sub></span> solutions: speciation of ammonium carbamate, bicarbonate and carbonate by a <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>13</sup>C</span> NMR study". <i>Green Chemistry</i> (in Engels). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). <b>8</b> (11): 995. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb602051h">10.1039/b602051h</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1463-9262">1463-9262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Chemistry&rft.atitle=CO2+absorption+by+aqueous+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3ENH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+solutions%3A+speciation+of+ammonium+carbamate%2C+bicarbonate+and+carbonate+by+a+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Csup%3E13%3C%2Fsup%3EC%3C%2Fspan%3E+NMR+study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=995&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb602051h&rft.issn=1463-9262&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rft.au=Peruzzini%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Stoppioni%2C+Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks1946-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks1946_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_L._A.Audrieta,_L._F.Bluestone,_H.Jofinsox,_W._C.1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brooks, L. A.; Audrieta, L. F.; Bluestone, H.; Jofinsox, W. C. (1946). <i>Ammonium Carbamate</i>. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132333.ch23">10.1002/9780470132333.ch23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780470132333" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780470132333"><bdi>9780470132333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ammonium+Carbamate&rft.series=Inorganic+Syntheses&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470132333.ch23&rft.isbn=9780470132333&rft.au=Brooks%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Audrieta%2C+L.+F.&rft.au=Bluestone%2C+H.&rft.au=Jofinsox%2C+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#periodical_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alizadeh2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alizadeh2002_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlizadehSUGIYAMAORITANIKUWAHARA2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alizadeh, Babak Heidary; SUGIYAMA, Takeyoshi; ORITANI, Takayuki; KUWAHARA, Shigefumi (2002). "Preparation of N-Substituted Aryl and Alkyl Carbamates and Their Inhibitory Effect on Oat Seed Germination". <i>Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry</i> (in Engels). Oxford University Press (OUP). <b>66</b> (2): 422–425. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.66.422">10.1271/bbb.66.422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0916-8451">0916-8451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioscience%2C+Biotechnology%2C+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Preparation+of+N-Substituted+Aryl+and+Alkyl+Carbamates+and+Their+Inhibitory+Effect+on+Oat+Seed+Germination&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=422-425&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1271%2Fbbb.66.422&rft.issn=0916-8451&rft.aulast=Alizadeh&rft.aufirst=Babak+Heidary&rft.au=SUGIYAMA%2C+Takeyoshi&rft.au=ORITANI%2C+Takayuki&rft.au=KUWAHARA%2C+Shigefumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaturvedi2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaturvedi2011_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaturvedi, Devdutt (1 Mei 2011). "Recent Developments on the Carbamation of Amines". <i>Current Organic Chemistry</i> (in Engels). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. <b>15</b> (10): 1593–1624. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138527211795378173">10.2174/138527211795378173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1385-2728">1385-2728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Recent+Developments+on+the+Carbamation+of+Amines&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1593-1624&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138527211795378173&rft.issn=1385-2728&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonRoughton1934" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferguson, J. K. W.; Roughton, F. J. W. (14 Desember 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1394306">"The direct chemical estimation of carbamino compounds of <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CO<sub>2</sub></span> with hæmoglobin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physiology</i> (in Engels). <b>83</b> (1): 68–86. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1934.sp003212">10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3751">0022-3751</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1394306">1394306</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16994615">16994615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+direct+chemical+estimation+of+carbamino+compounds+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3ECO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+with+h%C3%A6moglobin&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-86&rft.date=1934-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1394306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-3751&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16994615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1934.sp003212&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=J.+K.+W.&rft.au=Roughton%2C+F.+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1394306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartoschek-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartoschek_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBartoschekVorholtThauerGeierstanger2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartoschek, S.; Vorholt, J. A.; Thauer, R. K.; Geierstanger, B. H.; Griesinger, C. (2001). "<i>N</i>-Carboxymethanofuran (carbamate) formation from methanofuran and CO<sub>2</sub> in methanogenic archaea: Thermodynamics and kinetics of the spontaneous reaction". <i>Eur. J. Biochem.</i> (in Engels). <b>267</b> (11): 3130–3138. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01331.x">10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01331.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10824097">10824097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=N-Carboxymethanofuran+%28carbamate%29+formation+from+methanofuran+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+in+methanogenic+archaea%3A+Thermodynamics+and+kinetics+of+the+spontaneous+reaction&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3130-3138&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01331.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10824097&rft.aulast=Bartoschek&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Vorholt%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Thauer%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Geierstanger%2C+B.+H.&rft.au=Griesinger%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundqvist-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lundqvist_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLundqvistSchneider1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lundqvist, T; Schneider, G (29 Januarie 1991). "Crystal Structure of the Ternary Complex of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase, Mg(II), and Activator CO2 at 2.3-A Resolution". <i>Biochemistry</i> (in Engels). <b>30</b> (4): 904–8. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00218a004">10.1021/bi00218a004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1899197">1899197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Crystal+Structure+of+the+Ternary+Complex+of+ribulose-1%2C5-bisphosphate+Carboxylase%2C+Mg%28II%29%2C+and+Activator+CO2+at+2.3-A+Resolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=904-8&rft.date=1991-01-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi00218a004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1899197&rft.aulast=Lundqvist&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Schneider%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krase-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krase_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKraseGaddy1922" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krase, N. W.; Gaddy, V. L. (1 Julie 1922). "Synthesis of Urea from Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide". <i>Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry</i> (in Engels). American Chemical Society (ACS). <b>14</b> (7): 611–615. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50151a009">10.1021/ie50151a009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-9014">0095-9014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Urea+from+Ammonia+and+Carbon+Dioxide&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=611-615&rft.date=1922-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50151a009&rft.issn=0095-9014&rft.aulast=Krase&rft.aufirst=N.+W.&rft.au=Gaddy%2C+V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badreshia2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Badreshia2002_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBadreshia2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Badreshia, S. (2002). "Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate". <i>Am. J. Contact Dermatitis</i> (in Engels). <b>13</b> (2): 77–79. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fajcd.2002.30728">10.1053/ajcd.2002.30728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1046-199X">1046-199X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12022126">12022126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Contact+Dermatitis&rft.atitle=Iodopropynyl+butylcarbamate&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-79&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1046-199X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12022126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fajcd.2002.30728&rft.aulast=Badreshia&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Holland_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHollandHosleyScharlauCarbone1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holland, J. R.; Hosley, H.; Scharlau, C.; Carbone, P. P.; Frei, E., III; Brindley, C. O.; Hall, T. C.; Shnider, B. I.; Gold, G. L.; Lasagna, L.; Owens, A. H., Jr; Miller, S. P. (1 Maart 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V27.3.328.328">"A controlled trial of urethane treatment in multiple myeloma"</a>. <i>Blood</i> (in Engels). <b>27</b> (3): 328–42. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V27.3.328.328">10.1182/blood.V27.3.328.328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-4971">0006-4971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5933438">5933438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=A+controlled+trial+of+urethane+treatment+in+multiple+myeloma&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=328-42&rft.date=1966-03-01&rft.issn=0006-4971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5933438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood.V27.3.328.328&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hosley%2C+H.&rft.au=Scharlau%2C+C.&rft.au=Carbone%2C+P.+P.&rft.au=Frei%2C+E.%2C+III&rft.au=Brindley%2C+C.+O.&rft.au=Hall%2C+T.+C.&rft.au=Shnider%2C+B.+I.&rft.au=Gold%2C+G.+L.&rft.au=Lasagna%2C+L.&rft.au=Owens%2C+A.+H.%2C+Jr&rft.au=Miller%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1182%252Fblood.V27.3.328.328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fukuto_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFukuto1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fukuto, T. R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567830">"Mechanism of action of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i> (in Engels). <b>87</b>: 245–254. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.9087245">10.1289/ehp.9087245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567830">1567830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2176588">2176588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+of+organophosphorus+and+carbamate+insecticides&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=245-254&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1567830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2176588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.9087245&rft.aulast=Fukuto&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1567830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gupta, Ramesh C., red. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA338"><i>Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents</i></a> (in Engels). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Academic Press. pp. 338–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128004944" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128004944"><bdi>9780128004944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Toxicology+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agents&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pages=338-339&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780128004944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXKDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellison-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellison_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ellison, D (2008). <i>Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents</i> (in Engels). Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8493-1434-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8493-1434-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-1434-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82473582">82473582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+chemical+and+biological+warfare+agents&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82473582&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1434-6&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glyph-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Glyph_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baumhedlundlaw.com/pdf/monsanto-documents-2/Glyphosate-Not-Organophosphate.pdf">"GLYPHOSATE - NOT AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (in Engels). baumhedlundlaw.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLYPHOSATE+-+NOT+AN+ORGANOPHOSPHATE&rft.pub=baumhedlundlaw.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaumhedlundlaw.com%2Fpdf%2Fmonsanto-documents-2%2FGlyphosate-Not-Organophosphate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuler-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schuler_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchulerTrimbleBeldenLydy2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schuler, L. J.; Trimble, A. J.; Belden, J. B.; Lydy, M. J. (28 Junie 2005). "Joint Toxicity of Triazine Herbicides and Organophosphate Insecticides to the Midge Chironomus tentans". <i>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology</i> (in Engels). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. <b>49</b> (2): 173–177. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00244-004-0224-8">10.1007/s00244-004-0224-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-4341">0090-4341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Joint+Toxicity+of+Triazine+Herbicides+and+Organophosphate+Insecticides+to+the+Midge+Chironomus+tentans&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-177&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00244-004-0224-8&rft.issn=0090-4341&rft.aulast=Schuler&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft.au=Trimble%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Belden%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Lydy%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKarbamaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422899&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422899&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221515v">cb12221515v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221515v">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147270-6">4147270-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020069">sh85020069</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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