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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hopfield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 48 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون هوبفيلد - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون هوبفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون هوبفيلد - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون هوبفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Hopfild" title="Con Hopfild - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Hopfild" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جان هاپفیلد - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان هاپفیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джон Хопфілд - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Хопфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জন হপফিল্ড - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন হপফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="جۆن ھۆپفیڵد - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن ھۆپفیڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جان هاپفیلد - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان هاپفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'ון ג'וזף הופפילד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ג'וזף הופפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%83%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ջոն Հոփֆիլդ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Հոփֆիլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hopfield" title="John J. Hopfield - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John J. Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・ホップフィールド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ホップフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ჰოპფილდი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ჰოპფილდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%99%89%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="존 홉필드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 홉필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%9B%DA%88" title="جان ہوپ فیلٛڈ - kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جان ہوپ فیلٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_J._Hopfield" title="Ioannes J. Hopfield - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes J. Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Hopf%C4%ABlds" title="Džons Hopfīlds - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Hopfīlds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯖꯣꯟ ꯍꯣꯞꯐꯤꯜ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯣꯟ ꯍꯣꯞꯐꯤꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хопфилд, Джон - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хопфилд, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝන් හොප්ෆීල්ඩ් - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝන් හොප්ෆීල්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சான் ஆப்பீல்டு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சான் ஆப்பீல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="จอห์น ฮอปฟีลด์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ฮอปฟีลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/330px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>John Joseph Hopfield<hr /><small><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medaglia del Premio Nobel"><img alt="Medaglia del Premio Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica">Premio Nobel per la fisica</a> <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a></small></figcaption></figure> <p><b>John Joseph Hopfield</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_luglio" title="15 luglio">15 luglio</a> <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>) è un <a href="/wiki/Fisico" title="Fisico">fisico</a> <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">statunitense</a>, attivo nel campo della <a href="/wiki/Biofisica" title="Biofisica">biofisica</a> e della <a href="/wiki/Fisica_statistica" title="Fisica statistica">fisica statistica</a>. </p><p>È noto soprattutto per aver ideato un tipo di <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_artificiale" title="Rete neurale artificiale">rete neurale</a> noto adesso come <a href="/wiki/Rete_di_Hopfield" title="Rete di Hopfield">rete di Hopfield</a>, e per aver introdotto, contemporaneamente a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Ninio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Ninio (la pagina non esiste)">Jacques Ninio</a>, il concetto di <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> in biologia molecolare.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per il ruolo avuto nello sviluppo della teoria delle reti neurali, e quindi per la successiva nascita del concetto di <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, nel 2024 ha ricevuto, assieme a <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica">premio Nobel per la fisica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopfield è nato nel 1933, dai fisici polacchi John Joseph Hopfield e Helen Hopfield. È il sesto di sei fratelli, e ha avuto tre figli e sei nipoti. </p><p>Conseguì la <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">laurea</a> presso lo <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> nel 1954 e il dottorato di ricerca in fisica presso l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cornell" title="Università Cornell">Università Cornell</a> nel 1958 (sotto la supervisione di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Overhauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Overhauser (la pagina non esiste)">Albert Overhauser</a>). Trascorse poi due anni nel gruppo teorico dei <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a>, e successivamente è stato professore presso l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_California_-_Berkeley" title="Università della California - Berkeley">Università della California - Berkeley</a> (fisica), la <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Princeton" title="Università di Princeton">Princeton University</a> (fisica), il <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Chimica e Biologia) e di nuovo a Princeton, dove è Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology, <a href="/wiki/Emerito" title="Emerito">emerito</a>. Per 35 anni, ha anche mantenuto l'affiliazione con i Bell Laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 2006 è stato il presidente dell'<a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1986 è stato co-fondatore del programma di dottorato di calcolo e sistemi neurali presso il <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ricerca">Ricerca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Ricerca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ricerca"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I suoi lavori più importanti sono stati la descrizione del <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">polaritone</a> nel suo lavoro di tesi di dottorato nel 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lo studio dei trasferimenti di elettroni a lungo raggio nelle molecole organiche, che descrive la meccanica quantistica dei trasferimenti di elettroni a lungo raggio nel 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lo stesso anno introdusse il concetto del <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> (un meccanismo usato dalla <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerasi" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA polimerasi">DNA polimerasi</a> per correggere gli errori di duplicazione del <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l'elaborazione del concetto di <a href="/wiki/Rete_di_Hopfield" title="Rete di Hopfield">rete di Hopfield</a> nel 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e lo studio delle reti neurali per i problemi di <a href="/wiki/Ottimizzazione_(matematica)" title="Ottimizzazione (matematica)">ottimizzazione</a> nel 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le sue ricerche più recenti si concentrano principalmente sui modi in cui il <a href="/wiki/Potenziale_d%27azione" title="Potenziale d'azione">potenziale d'azione</a> può essere utilizzato nel calcolo neurobiologico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premi_e_riconoscimenti">Premi e riconoscimenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Premi e riconoscimenti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Premi e riconoscimenti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Hopfield ha ricevuto nel tempo un gran numero di premi, fra i più importanti ci sono: </p> <ul><li>Oliver Buckley Prize dell'<a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> nel 1969<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Dirac" title="Premio Dirac">Premio Dirac</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Centro_internazionale_di_fisica_teorica_Abdus_Salam" title="Centro internazionale di fisica teorica Abdus Salam">ICTP</a> nel 2001<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Albert Einstein World Award of Science del <a href="/wiki/Consiglio_culturale_mondiale" title="Consiglio culturale mondiale">Consiglio culturale mondiale</a> nel 2005<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics del <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> nel 2019<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaglia_Boltzmann" title="Medaglia Boltzmann">Medaglia Boltzmann</a> nel 2022<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medaglia <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_fisica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di fisica pura e applicata">IUPAP</a> per la Fisica della vita nel 2023<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica">Premio Nobel per la fisica</a> nel 2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>John Hopfield è stato inoltre eletto membro della <a href="/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze (Stati Uniti d'America)">National Academy of Science</a> nel 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dell'<a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> nel 1975<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e dell'<a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> nel 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) C3 C3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupap.org/who-we-are/internal-organization/commissions/c3-statistical-physics/c3-news/#john-hopfield"><span style="font-style:italic;">C3: News - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">iupap.org</span>, 8 marzo 2021. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">NobelPrize.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 ottobre 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306202947/https://pni.princeton.edu/john-hopfield/john-j.-hopfield-curriculum-vitae"><span style="font-style:italic;">John J. Hopfield | Neuroscience</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pni.princeton.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://pni.princeton.edu/john-hopfield/john-j.-hopfield-curriculum-vitae">url originale</abbr> il 6 marzo 2022)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/about/governance/presidents.cfm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Presidents</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">aps.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. J. Hopfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555"><span style="font-style:italic;">Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physical Review</span>, vol. 112, n. 5, 1º dicembre 1958, pp. 1555–1567, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1555">10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. J. Hopfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.71.9.3640"><span style="font-style:italic;">Electron Transfer Between Biological Molecules by Thermally Activated Tunneling</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span>, vol. 71, n. 9, 1º settembre 1974, pp. 3640–3644, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.9.3640">10.1073/pnas.71.9.3640</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. J. Hopfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135"><span style="font-style:italic;">Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span>, vol. 71, n. 10, 1º ottobre 1974, pp. 4135–4139, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.10.4135">10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> J. J. Hopfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554"><span style="font-style:italic;">Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities.</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span>, vol. 79, n. 8, 1º aprile 1982, pp. 2554–2558, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.79.8.2554">10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> J. J. Hopfield e D. W. Tank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00339943"><span style="font-style:italic;">“Neural” computation of decisions in optimization problems</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Biological Cybernetics</span>, vol. 52, n. 3, 1985-07, pp. 141–152, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00339943">10.1007/bf00339943</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Hopfield&first_nm=J&year=1969"><span style="font-style:italic;">Prize Recipient</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">aps.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-dirac-medal/the-medallists/dirac-medallist-2001.aspx"><span style="font-style:italic;">ICTP - Dirac Medallist 2001</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ictp.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners/winners-of-the-world-award-of-science/prof-john-j-hopfield/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Prof. John J. Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">consejoculturalmundial.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/john-j-hopfield"><span style="font-style:italic;">John J. Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">The Franklin Institute</span>, 27 novembre 2018. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) C6 C6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupap.org/who-we-are/internal-organization/commissions/biological-physics/c6-awards/"><span style="font-style:italic;">C6: Awards - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">iupap.org</span>, 3 febbraio 2021. <small>URL consultato il 16 giugno 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54422.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">John J. Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nasonline.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/john-joseph-hopfield"><span style="font-style:italic;">John Joseph Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">American Academy of Arts & Sciences</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Hopfield+&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced"><span style="font-style:italic;">APS Member History</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">search.amphilsoc.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:John Hopfield"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Hopfield?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Hopfield?uselang=it">John Hopfield</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFnobelprize.org" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/1037"><span style="font-style:italic;">John Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nobelprize.org</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391237#P8024" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMathematics_Genealogy_Project" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=15862"><span style="font-style:italic;">John Hopfield</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span>, North Dakota State University.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391237#P549" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomics.princeton.edu/hopfield/Index.html">Homepage a Princeton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102042829/http://genomics.princeton.edu/hopfield/Index.html">Archiviato</a> il 2 gennaio 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Hopfield">User:John J. 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padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Template:Premio Nobel per la fisica"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Premio Nobel per la fisica (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vincitori_del_premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la fisica">Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1901 - 1925</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> (1901) • <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902) • <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1903) • <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a> (1904) • <a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Lenard" title="Philipp von Lenard">Philipp von Lenard</a> (1905) • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> (1906) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a> (1907) • <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (1908) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1909) • <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1910) • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> (1911) • <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Nils Gustaf Dalén</a> (1912) • <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913) • <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914) • <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> (1915) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> (1917) • <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1918) • <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1919) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Edouard Guillaume</a> (1920) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921) • <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1922) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> (1923) • <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> (1924) • <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a> (1925)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1926 - 1950</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> (1926) • <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1927) • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> (1928) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1929) • <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a> (1930) • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg">Werner Karl Heisenberg</a> (1932) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> (1933) • <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1935) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> (1936) • <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> (1937) • <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1938) • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a> (1939) • <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> (1943) • <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1944) • <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1945) • <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1946) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> (1947) • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a> (1948) • <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a> (1949) • <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1951 - 1975</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (1951) • <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1952) • <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953) • <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (1954) • <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Willis Lamb</a> (1955) • <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a> (1956) • <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a> (1957) • <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alekseevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Alekseevič Čerenkov">Pavel Alekseevič Čerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il%27ja_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Frank" title="Il'ja Michajlovič Frank">Il'ja Michajlovič Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor%27_Evgen%27evi%C4%8D_Tamm" title="Igor' Evgen'evič Tamm">Igor' Evgen'evič Tamm</a> (1958) • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> (1959) • <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Glaser</a> (1960) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer</a> (1961) • <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Davidovič Landau</a> (1962) • <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Hans Jensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> (1963) • <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Gennadievi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Gennadievič Basov">Nikolaj Gennadievič Basov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov">Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> (1964) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Shin'ichirō Tomonaga</a> (1965) • <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (1966) • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> (1967) • <a href="/wiki/Luis_%C3%81lvarez" title="Luis Álvarez">Luis Álvarez</a> (1968) • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1969) • <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1971) • <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Robert Schrieffer</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Ben Mottelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a> (1975)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1976 - 2000</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Samuel Chao Chung Ting</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a> (1977) • <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pëtr Leonidovič Kapica">Pëtr Leonidovič Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> (1978) • <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1979) • <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Val Fitch</a> (1980) • <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Geddes_Wilson" title="Kenneth Geddes Wilson">Kenneth Geddes Wilson</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Georg Bednorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> (1992) • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">David M. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Douglas Osheroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips" title="William Phillips">William Phillips</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" title="Robert Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer">Horst Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tsui" title="Daniel Tsui">Daniel Tsui</a> (1998) • <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" title="Martinus Veltman">Martinus Veltman</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alf%C3%ABrov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfërov">Žores Ivanovič Alfërov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (2000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">2001 - oggi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Alekseevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Alekseevič Abrikosov">Aleksej Alekseevič Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">David Politzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2004) • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">John L. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a> (2005) • <a href="/wiki/John_Cromwell_Mather" title="John Cromwell Mather">John Cromwell Mather</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Fitzgerald_Smoot" title="George Fitzgerald Smoot">George Fitzgerald Smoot</a> (2006) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Yōichirō Nambu">Yōichirō Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(fisico)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (fisico)">Makoto Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Sterling_Boyle" title="Willard Sterling Boyle">Willard Sterling Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Elwood_Smith" title="George Elwood Smith">George Elwood Smith</a> (2009) • <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Gejm" title="Andrej Gejm">Andrej Gejm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novos%C3%ABlov" title="Konstantin Novosëlov">Konstantin Novosëlov</a> (2010) • <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._Schmidt" title="Brian P. Schmidt">Brian P. Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> (2011) • <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">David Wineland</a> (2012) • <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2013) • <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABji_Nakamura" title="Shūji Nakamura">Shūji Nakamura</a> (2014) • <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">Arthur McDonald</a> (2015) • <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">David Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Kosterlitz" title="John Michael Kosterlitz">John Michael Kosterlitz</a> (2016) • <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Clark_Barish" title="Barry Clark Barish">Barry Clark Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> (2017) • <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> (2018) • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Jim Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2019) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> (2020) • <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021) • <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2022) • <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (2023) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hopfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> (2024)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biografie"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Biografie" title="Portale:Biografie">Portale Biografie</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Biologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DNA.png/24px-DNA.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DNA.png/36px-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DNA.png/47px-DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="314" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Biologia" title="Portale:Biologia">Portale Biologia</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica">Portale Fisica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Premi Nobel"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Premi_Nobel" title="Portale:Premi Nobel">Portale Premi Nobel</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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