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id="toc-The_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sub-genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sub-genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other sub-genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_sub-genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other sub-genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_sub-genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Horror" title="J-Horror – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="J-Horror" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_japon%C3%A9s" title="Terror japonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terror japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="وحشت ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وحشت ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Horror" title="J-Horror – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="J-Horror" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%ED%98%B8%EB%9F%AC" title="J호러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="J호러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_horor_Jepang" title="Film horor Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film horor Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Horror" title="J-Horror – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="J-Horror" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni%C5%A1kas_siaubo_%C5%BEanras" title="Japoniškas siaubo žanras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japoniškas siaubo žanras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="日本のホラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本のホラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japo%C5%84ski_horror" title="Japoński horror – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Japoński horror" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_japon%C3%AAs" title="Horror japonês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horror japonês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Horror" title="J-Horror – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="J-Horror" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Јапански хорор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански хорор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_d%E1%BB%8B_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Kinh dị Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh dị Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2584671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Horror fiction with Japanese themes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about Japanese horror literature.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Japanese_horror" title="Talk:Japanese horror">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Japanese horror</b> is <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a> derived from popular culture in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, generally noted for its unique thematic and conventional treatment of the horror genre differing from the traditional Western representation of horror.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese horror tends to focus on <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a>, tension building (<a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, particularly involving ghosts (<i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">yūrei</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Japanese horror fiction contains themes of <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> such as possession, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">yōkai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media in which the genre of Japanese horror fiction can be found include artwork, theater, literature, film, anime and video games. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a></div> <p>The origins of Japanese horror can be traced back to the horror fiction and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost stories">ghost stories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji period</a>, which were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">kaidan</a></i> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a> <i>kwaidan</i>; literally meaning "strange story").<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of these popular folktales have routinely been used in various forms of Japanese horror, especially the traditional stories of ghosts and <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">yōkai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>yōkai</i> was first used to refer to any supernatural phenomenon and was brought to common use by the Meiji period scholar <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaidan</i> stories became popular in Japan during this period after the invention of printing technologies, allowing the spread of the written stories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <i>kaidan</i> stories include <i>Otogi Boko</i> by <a href="/wiki/Asai_Ry%C5%8Di" title="Asai Ryōi">Asai Ryoi</a>, <i>Inga Monogatari</i> by Suzuki Shojo, and <i>Otogi Monogatari</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hyakumonogatari_Kaidankai" title="Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai">Ogita Ansei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the term <i>yōkai</i> evolved to refer to vengeful states that <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>" or spirits in the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion) would morph into when disrespected or neglected by people living around their shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Shinto Gods were not the only ones able to morph into <i>yōkai</i>, but this ability to transform came to be applied to all beings who have an untamed energy surrounding them, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mononoke" title="Mononoke">Mononoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg/170px-The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg/255px-The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg/340px-The_Laughing_Demon_by_Hokusai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><i>The Laughing Demon</i> (1830) by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a>, forms of traditional Japanese theater, often depict horror tales of revenge and ghastly appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One difference between these two forms of theater is Noh is formal and targeted for upperclassmen while Kabuki is interactive and seen as "the theater of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject matter often portrayed in original Noh theater include <a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">vengeful spirits</a>, demon plays, stories of death, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the storylines of these traditional plays have inspired modern horror depictions, and these stories have been used as source material for Japanese horror films.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Kabuki was a major subject of early Japanese films, and Kabuki gradually was woven into the framework of the modern horror films seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of Japanese horror in folk art are represented in the works of 18th century artist, <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a>. He was a painter during the Edo period famous for his <a href="/wiki/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji" title="Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji">block prints of Mt Fuji</a>. In the realm of horror fiction, Hokusai produced a series based on a traditional game of telling ghost stories called <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Ghost_Stories" title="One Hundred Ghost Stories">A Hundred Horror Stories</a></i> in which he depicted the apparitions and monsters that were so common in these stories. Only five of the prints are known to have survived, but they represent some of the better-known ghost stories from the folklore of this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the ghost of <i>Okiku,</i> a servant girl who is killed and thrown in a well and whose ghost appears limbless rising from a well to torment her killer. The traditional imagery around this particular folktale is thought to have influenced the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(novel_series)" title="Ring (novel series)">Ring</a>.</i> Other images from this collection are of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yotsuya_Kaidan#Ghost_of_Oiwa" title="Yotsuya Kaidan">Ghost of Oiwa</a></i> and the Phantom of <i>Kohada Koheiji</i>. The Oiwa story centers around betrayal and revenge, wherein the devoted wife is killed by her disreputable husband and her ghost appears and torments and tricks him. Her image is of a woman disfigured by the poison her husband used to kill her. The Kohada image is drawn from the story of a murdered actor, whose wife conspires to kill him. Her lover drowns Kohada on a fishing trip and Hokusai represents his decayed and skeletal spirit captured in a fishing net. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_horror_cinema">Japanese horror cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Japanese horror cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_evolution">History and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg/105px-Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg/158px-Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg/211px-Kaibyo_Gojusan-tsugi_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Poster of the horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost-Cat_of_Gojusan-Tsugi" title="Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi">Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi</a></i> (1956)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">bombing of Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> in 1945, Japanese horror cinema would mainly consist of vengeful ghosts, radiation mutants, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> (giant irradiated monsters) starting with <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">post-war era</a> is also when the horror genre rose to prominence in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first major Japanese horror films was <i><a href="/wiki/Onibaba_(film)" title="Onibaba (film)">Onibaba</a></i> (1964), directed by <a href="/wiki/Kaneto_Shindo" title="Kaneto Shindo">Kaneto Shindo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film is categorized as a historical horror drama where a woman and her mother-in-law attempt to survive during a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many early Japanese horror films, elements are drawn largely from traditional <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theater.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Onibaba</i> also shows heavy influence from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shindo himself revealed the make-up used in the unmasking scene was inspired by photos he had seen of mutilated victims of the atomic bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaidan_(film)" title="Kwaidan (film)">Kwaidan</a></i> was released. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Masaki_Kobayashi" title="Masaki Kobayashi">Masaki Kobayashi</a>, <i>Kwaidan</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">anthology film</a> comprising four stories, each based upon traditional ghost stories.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <i>Onibaba</i>, <i>Kwaidan</i> weaves elements of <i>Noh</i> theater into the story.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthology uses elements of psychological horror rather than jump scare tactics common in Western horror films.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <i>Kwaidan</i> showcases one commonality seen in various Japanese horror films, that being the recurring imagery of the woman with long, unkempt hair falling over her face.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of other films created after <i>Kwaidan</i> weaving this motif into the story are <i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(film)" title="Ring (film)">Ring</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Ju-On:_The_Grudge" title="Ju-On: The Grudge">Ju-On: The Grudge</a></i> (2002), and <i><a href="/wiki/Exte" title="Exte">Exte</a></i> (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This imagery was directly taken from a traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a> tale similar to the <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable film worth mentioning is <a href="/wiki/House_(1977_film)" title="House (1977 film)">House</a>, which is a surreal horror movie about a group of schoolgirls who visit their aunt in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1980s">The 1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, there was a distinct shift away from gory, slasher-style films of violent spectacle, towards the psychologically thrilling and intensely atmospheric type, led by the director Norio Tsuruta. Tsuruta's 1991 and 1992 film series <i>Scary True Stories</i> began a categorical shift in these films, which are sometimes abbreviated to "J-horror".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary Japanese horror films, a dominant feature is <a href="/wiki/Haunted_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunted houses">haunted houses</a> and the break-up of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear families">nuclear families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, monstrous mothers become a major theme, not just in films but in Japanese horror novels as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kurosawa" title="Kiyoshi Kurosawa">Kiyoshi Kurosawa</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Home_(1989_film)" title="Sweet Home (1989 film)">Sweet Home</a></i> (1989) provides the basis for the contemporary haunted house film and also served as an inspiration to the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> games. Japanese culture has seen increased focus on family life, where loyalty to superiors has been de-emphasized. From this, any act of dissolving a family was seen as horrifying, making it a topic of particular interest in Japanese horror media.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg/200px-Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg/300px-Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg/400px-Talesfromthedead_chalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Hidetoshi Imura as Seijun from <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Dead" title="Tales from the Dead">Tales from the Dead</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(film)" title="Ring (film)">Ring</a></i> (1998) was influential in Western cinema and gained cult status in the West. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hollywood horror had largely been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher</a> sub-genre, which relied on on-screen violence, shock tactics, and gore. <i>Ring,</i> whose release in Japan roughly coincided with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blair_Witch_Project" title="The Blair Witch Project">The Blair Witch Project</a></i> in the United States, helped to revitalise the genre by taking a more restrained approach to horror, leaving much of the terror to the audience's imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film initiated global interest in Japanese cinema in general and Japanese horror cinema in particular, a renaissance which led to the coining of the term <i>J-Horror</i> in the West. This "New Asian Horror"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in further successful releases, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ju-on:_The_Grudge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju-on: The Grudge">Ju-on: The Grudge</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Water_(2002_film)" title="Dark Water (2002 film)">Dark Water</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Japanese productions, this boom also managed to bring attention to similar films made in other East Asian nations at the same time, such as South Korea (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Sisters" title="A Tale of Two Sisters">A Tale of Two Sisters</a></i>) and Hong Kong (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_(2002_film)" title="The Eye (2002 film)">The Eye</a></i>). </p><p>Since the early 2000s, several of the more popular Japanese horror films have been remade. <i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(film)" title="Ring (film)">Ring</a></i> (1998) was one of the first to be remade in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(2002_film)" title="The Ring (2002 film)">The Ring</a></i>, and later <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_Two" title="The Ring Two">The Ring Two</a></i> (although this sequel bears almost no similarity to the original Japanese sequel). Other notable examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grudge" title="The Grudge">The Grudge</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Water_(2005_film)" title="Dark Water (2005 film)">Dark Water</a></i> (2005), and <i><a href="/wiki/One_Missed_Call_(2008_film)" title="One Missed Call (2008 film)">One Missed Call</a></i> (2008). </p><p>With the exception of <i>The Ring</i>, most English-language remakes of Japanese horror films have received negative reviews (although <i>The Grudge</i> received mixed reviews).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>One Missed Call</i> has received the worst reception of all, having earned the Moldy Tomato Award at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> for garnering a 0% critical approval rating. <i>The Ring 3D</i> was <a href="/wiki/Green-light" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-light">green-lit</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the film was renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Rings_(2017_film)" title="Rings (2017 film)">Rings</a></i> and released in early 2017. </p><p>Many of the original directors who created these Asian horror films have gone on to direct the English-language remakes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Nakata" title="Hideo Nakata">Hideo Nakata</a>, director of <i>Ring</i>, directed the remake <i>The Ring Two</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Shimizu" title="Takashi Shimizu">Takashi Shimizu</a>, director of the original <i>Ju-on</i>, directed the remake <i>The Grudge</i> as well as its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grudge_2" title="The Grudge 2">The Grudge 2</a></i>. </p><p>Several other Asian countries have also remade Japanese horror films. For example, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> created their own version of the Japanese horror classic <i>Ring</i>, titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_Virus" title="The Ring Virus">The Ring Virus</a></i>. </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>–based writer-director <a href="/wiki/Jason_Cuadrado" title="Jason Cuadrado">Jason Cuadrado</a> released the film <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Dead" title="Tales from the Dead">Tales from the Dead</a></i>, a horror film in four parts that Cuadrado filmed in the United States with a cast of Japanese actors speaking their native language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sub-genres">Other sub-genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other sub-genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiju_monster_films"><i>Kaiju</i> monster films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kaiju monster films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></div> <p>The first influential Japanese horror films were <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> monster films, most notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)" title="Godzilla (franchise)">Godzilla</a></i> series, which debuted the original <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i> in 1954. In 1973, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Times" title="The Monster Times">The Monster Times</a></i> magazine conducted a poll to determine the most popular <a href="/wiki/Movie_monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie monster">movie monster</a>. <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> was voted the most popular movie monster, beating the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> menagerie of <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Kong" title="King Kong">King Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Wolf Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(Universal_film_franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mummy (Universal film franchise)">The Mummy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creature_From_the_Black_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Creature From the Black Lagoon">Creature From the Black Lagoon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla,_King_of_the_Monsters!" title="Godzilla, King of the Monsters!">Godzilla, King of the Monsters!</a></i> (1956), a re-edited Americanized version of the original <i>Godzilla</i> for the North American market, notably inspired <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> when he was a youth. He described <i>Godzilla</i> as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies" because "it made you believe it was really happening."<sup id="cite_ref-Ryfle_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryfle-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Godzilla</i> has also been cited as an inspiration by filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zombie_fiction">Zombie fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zombie fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></div> <p>There are numerous Japanese works of <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombie</a> fiction. One of the earliest Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie films</a> with considerable gore and violence was <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Girl:_The_Living_Dead_in_Tokyo_Bay" title="Battle Girl: The Living Dead in Tokyo Bay">Battle Girl: The Living Dead in Tokyo Bay</a></i> (1991) directed by Kazuo Komizu.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>Battle Girl</i> failed to generate a significant national response at the Japanese box office.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the release of two 1996 Japanese zombie games, <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(video_game)" title="The House of the Dead (video game)">The House of the Dead</a></i>, whose success sparked an international craze for zombie media, that many filmmakers began to capitalize on zombie films.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to featuring <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s classic slow zombies, <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">The House of the Dead</a></i> also introduced a new type of zombie: the fast-running zombie.<sup id="cite_ref-josh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_Movies" title="Nightmare Movies">Nightmare Movies</a></i> (2011), the "zombie revival began in the Far East" during the late 1990s, largely inspired by two Japanese zombie games released in 1996: <i>Resident Evil</i>, which started the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil"><i>Resident Evil</i> video game series</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s arcade shooter <i>House of the Dead</i>. The success of these two 1996 zombie games inspired a wave of Asian zombie films, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">zombie comedy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bio_Zombie" title="Bio Zombie">Bio Zombie</a></i> (1998) and action film <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(2000_film)" title="Versus (2000 film)">Versus</a></i> (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zombie films released after <i>Resident Evil</i> were influenced by zombie video games, which inspired them to dwell more on the action compared to older Romero films.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The zombie revival which began in the Far East eventually went global following the worldwide success of the Japanese zombie games <i>Resident Evil</i> and <i>The House of the Dead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sparked a revival of the zombie genre in popular culture, leading to a renewed global interest in zombie films during the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being adapted into the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Dead_(film)" title="House of the Dead (film)">House of the Dead</a></i> films from 2002 onwards, the original video games themselves also inspired zombie films such as <i><a href="/wiki/28_Days_Later" title="28 Days Later">28 Days Later</a></i> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-28days_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28days-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i> (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the revival of zombie films during the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28days_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28days-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, George Romero said it was the video games <i>Resident Evil</i> and <i>House of the Dead</i> "more than anything else" that popularised his zombie concept in early 21st century popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fast-running zombies introduced in <i>The House of the Dead</i> games also began appearing in zombie films during the 2000s, including the <i>Resident Evil</i> and <i>House of the Dead</i> films, <i>28 Days Later</i>, and the 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a></i> remake.<sup id="cite_ref-josh_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low-budget Japanese zombie comedy <i><a href="/wiki/One_Cut_of_the_Dead" title="One Cut of the Dead">One Cut of the Dead</a></i> (2017) became a sleeper hit in Japan, receiving general acclaim worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and making Japanese box office history by earning over a thousand times its budget.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_media">Other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Horror anime and manga">Category:Horror anime and manga</a></div> <p>Horror manga are a modern evolution of serialized stories produced as texts in wood block print form during the Edo period. These graphic novels usually deal in historical tropes of horror that are based on Buddhism <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org/Buddhism/Rokudo.html">rokudo</a></i> (six realms) and the frightening notion of fluidity, that one can move between these realms unintentionally, like moving between heaven, earth and hell, and non-duality, that the realms are intermingled. Some popular Japanese horror films are based on these <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tomie" title="Tomie">Tomie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Uzumaki" title="Uzumaki">Uzumaki</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Yogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen">Yogen</a></i>. Examples of horror anime include <a href="/wiki/Death_Note_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Note (anime)"><i>Death Note</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yamishibai:_Japanese_Ghost_Stories" title="Yamishibai: Japanese Ghost Stories">Yamishibai: Japanese Ghost Stories</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Boogiepop_Phantom" title="Boogiepop Phantom">Boogiepop Phantom</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></div><p>Examples of Japanese horror based video games include <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_House_(video_game)" title="Ghost House (video game)"><i>Ghost House</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castlevania" title="Castlevania">Castlevania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Hill" title="Silent Hill">Silent Hill</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Frame" title="Fatal Frame">Fatal Frame</a></i>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arima_Neko" title="Arima Neko">Arima Neko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-Horror_Theater" title="J-Horror Theater">J-Horror Theater</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalmain2008" class="citation book cs1">Balmain, Colette (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POWqBgAAQBAJ&q=what+is+japanese+horror"><i>Introduction to Japanese Horror Film</i></a>. George Square, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748624751" title="Special:BookSources/9780748624751"><bdi>9780748624751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Japanese+Horror+Film&rft.place=George+Square%2C+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780748624751&rft.aulast=Balmain&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOWqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bjapanese%2Bhorror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.rikumo.com/journal/paaff/a-brief-history-of-japanese-horror">"A Brief History of Japanese Horror"</a>. <i>rikumo journal</i>. 30 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rikumo+journal&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Japanese+Horror&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.rikumo.com%2Fjournal%2Fpaaff%2Fa-brief-history-of-japanese-horror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Johnson, Adam J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=masters_theses_2"><i>The Evolution of </i>Yōkai<i> in Relationship to the Japanese Horror Genre</i></a> (MA thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst. pp. 1–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Evolution+of+Y%C5%8Dkai+in+Relationship+to+the+Japanese+Horror+Genre&rft.inst=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1276%26context%3Dmasters_theses_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp2010" class="citation book cs1">Papp, Zilia (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092443"><i>Traditional Monster Imagery in Manga, Anime, and Cinema</i></a>. Brill. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004212602" title="Special:BookSources/9789004212602"><bdi>9789004212602</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Monster+Imagery+in+Manga%2C+Anime%2C+and+Cinema&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=9789004212602&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=Zilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D1092443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetty" class="citation thesis cs1">Petty, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc68031/"><i>Stage and Scream: The Influence of Traditional Japanese Theater, Culture, and Aesthetics on Japan's Cinema of the Fantastic</i></a> (MS thesis). University of North Texas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Stage+and+Scream%3A+The+Influence+of+Traditional+Japanese+Theater%2C+Culture%2C+and+Aesthetics+on+Japan%27s+Cinema+of+the+Fantastic&rft.inst=University+of+North+Texas&rft.aulast=Petty&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc68031%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp2010" class="citation book cs1">Papp, Zilia (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092443"><i>Traditional Monster Imagery in Manga, Anime, and Cinema</i></a>. Brill. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004212602" title="Special:BookSources/9789004212602"><bdi>9789004212602</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Monster+Imagery+in+Manga%2C+Anime%2C+and+Cinema&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=9789004212602&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=Zilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D1092443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp2010" class="citation book cs1">Papp, Zilia (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092443"><i>Traditional Monster Imagery in Manga, Anime, and Cinema</i></a>. Brill. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004212602" title="Special:BookSources/9789004212602"><bdi>9789004212602</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Monster+Imagery+in+Manga%2C+Anime%2C+and+Cinema&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=9789004212602&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=Zilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D1092443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thoughtsonpapyrus.com/2019/10/11/katsushika-hokusai-ukiyo-e-woodblock-prints-of-ghosts/">"Katsushika Hokusai: Ukiyo-e Woodblock Prints of Ghosts"</a>. <i>Thoughts on Papyrus</i>. 2019-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thoughts+on+Papyrus&rft.atitle=Katsushika+Hokusai%3A+Ukiyo-e+Woodblock+Prints+of+Ghosts&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthoughtsonpapyrus.com%2F2019%2F10%2F11%2Fkatsushika-hokusai-ukiyo-e-woodblock-prints-of-ghosts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmain2008" class="citation book cs1">Balmain, Colette (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POWqBgAAQBAJ&q=what+is+japanese+horror"><i>Introduction to Japanese Horror Film</i></a>. George Square, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748624751" title="Special:BookSources/9780748624751"><bdi>9780748624751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Japanese+Horror+Film&rft.place=George+Square%2C+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780748624751&rft.aulast=Balmain&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOWqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bjapanese%2Bhorror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.rikumo.com/journal/paaff/a-brief-history-of-japanese-horror">"A Brief History of Japanese Horror"</a>. <i>rikumo journal</i>. 30 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rikumo+journal&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Japanese+Horror&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.rikumo.com%2Fjournal%2Fpaaff%2Fa-brief-history-of-japanese-horror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2014" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, James (July 2014). "Wigs and Rings: Cross-Cultural Exchange in the South Korean and Japanese Horror Film". <i>Journal of Japanese & Korean Cinema</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 184–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17564905.2014.961708">10.1080/17564905.2014.961708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154836006">154836006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+%26+Korean+Cinema&rft.atitle=Wigs+and+Rings%3A+Cross-Cultural+Exchange+in+the+South+Korean+and+Japanese+Horror+Film&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-201&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17564905.2014.961708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154836006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRoy2008" class="citation book cs1">McRoy, Jay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvD5nPuOuPIC"><i>Nightmare Japan: Contemporary Japanese Horror Cinema</i></a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2331-4"><bdi>978-90-420-2331-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nightmare+Japan%3A+Contemporary+Japanese+Horror+Cinema&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2331-4&rft.aulast=McRoy&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvD5nPuOuPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dumas, Raechel (2018). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=INTERVIEW%3A+Director+Alex+Garland+on+Ex+Machina&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Zaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fzaki-hasan%2Finterview-director-alex-g_b_7038618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/74230/12-killer-facts-about-shaun-dead">"12 Killer Facts About Shaun of the Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Floss" title="Mental Floss">Mental Floss</a></i>. 23 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=12+Killer+Facts+About+Shaun+of+the+Dead&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F74230%2F12-killer-facts-about-shaun-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hollywoodreporter-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/have-get-a-quiet-place-killed-zombie-genre-1121491">"How '28 Days Later' Changed the Horror Genre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=How+%2728+Days+Later%27+Changed+the+Horror+Genre&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fhave-get-a-quiet-place-killed-zombie-genre-1121491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeedon2017" class="citation web cs1">Weedon, Paul (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220182956/http://paulweedon.co.uk/george-romero-transcript/">"George A. Romero (interview)"</a>. <i>Paul Weedon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulweedon.co.uk/george-romero-transcript/">the original</a> on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+Weedon&rft.atitle=George+A.+Romero+%28interview%29&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Weedon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaulweedon.co.uk%2Fgeorge-romero-transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiver2017" class="citation news cs1">Diver, Mike (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d385da/gamings-greatest-romero-worthy-zombies">"Gaming's Greatest, Romero-Worthy Zombies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice (website)">Vice</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Gaming%27s+Greatest%2C+Romero-Worthy+Zombies&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Diver&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fd385da%2Fgamings-greatest-romero-worthy-zombies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_cut_of_the_dead">"One Cut of the Dead (Kamera o tomeru na!) (2017)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=One+Cut+of+the+Dead+%28Kamera+o+tomeru+na%21%29+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fone_cut_of_the_dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation news cs1">Nguyen, Hanh (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2018/12/amazon-one-cut-of-the-dead-zombie-bootleg-movie-pirated-1202031415/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One Cut of the Dead': A Bootleg of the Japanese Zombie Comedy Mysteriously Appeared on Amazon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=%27One+Cut+of+the+Dead%27%3A+A+Bootleg+of+the+Japanese+Zombie+Comedy+Mysteriously+Appeared+on+Amazon&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Hanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2018%2F12%2Famazon-one-cut-of-the-dead-zombie-bootleg-movie-pirated-1202031415%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva" class="citation web cs1">da Silva, Joaquín. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eiga9.altervista.org/articulos/jhorrorandurbanlegendsrevisited.html">"J-Horror and Toshi Densetsu Revisited"</a>. EigaNove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J-Horror+and+Toshi+Densetsu+Revisited&rft.pub=EigaNove&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feiga9.altervista.org%2Farticulos%2Fjhorrorandurbanlegendsrevisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+horror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>See more Japanese horror films here <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wheebuzz.com/sleep-lights-japanese-horror-movies-will-leave-scared-shitless/">Sleep With Your Lights On Because These Japanese Horror Movies Will Leave You Scared Shitless</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422144328/https://wheebuzz.com/sleep-lights-japanese-horror-movies-will-leave-scared-shitless/">Archived</a> 2019-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_horror&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_horror_films" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Japanese 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href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_film" title="Template:Horror film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_film" title="Template talk:Horror film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation_horror_films" title="Blaxploitation horror films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological horror film">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film" title="Supernatural horror film">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen horror">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Asia" title="Horror films of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Cambodia" title="Horror films of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_horror" title="Thai horror">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Europe" title="Horror films of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Mexico" title="Horror films of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Film lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_horror_films" title="List of highest-grossing horror films">Highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_horror_films_by_country" title="List of first horror films by country">First film by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_decade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1890s" title="List of horror films of the 1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1900s" title="List of horror films of the 1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1910s" title="List of horror films of the 1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of horror films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of horror films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of horror films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of horror films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of horror films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of horror films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of horror films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of horror films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of horror films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of horror films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of horror films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anthology_films" title="List of horror anthology films">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">Indian ghost movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_set_in_academic_institutions" title="List of horror films set in academic institutions">Set in academic institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film_score" title="Horror film score">Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_queen" title="Scream queen">scream queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_mother" title="Archaic mother">archaic mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">Jump scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror films">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_burial_ground_trope" title="Indian burial ground trope">Indian burial ground trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_film_characters" title="Lists of horror film characters">Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">hosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_film_villains" title="List of horror film villains">villains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindhouse" title="Grindhouse">Grindhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films" title="Category:Horror films">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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