CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91353a1f1e853e0d',cH: 'Izz68VVzKfpDY579IflKrnych0hSC16aVvnhHlWC_nE-1739789537-1.2.1.1-2YVTzWrfH_Cxssw4h55LW.mLNiuj4qNxhrgucktYXXn5MC63iJhmAKFY8bw.zFGs',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental%20quality&__cf_chl_tk=X9a42l8g707uye1amp7zTNRn49_lKJhZvTf99xKNoSw-1739789537-1.0.1.1-oqafARZOoH13YSqWTHCSg2fxn2strcxIZkekvx5TF4Y",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789537',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental%20quality&__cf_chl_f_tk=X9a42l8g707uye1amp7zTNRn49_lKJhZvTf99xKNoSw-1739789537-1.0.1.1-oqafARZOoH13YSqWTHCSg2fxn2strcxIZkekvx5TF4Y",md: "gs81GvfO02BdunrFySJvMx.fGEtIEl9buRg.KC8nbGI-1739789537-1.2.1.1-whPcNmGrMXnq6Mv0N.CC7chp.zM_E8sKp93F6hz2H3gn9Imo_3OaWKR_VD_IWlqrttWIXAzCf7Dx6wLGI1IcG5dIb6ndQR17aw2su6HK0LxbMGph722QdSoVUu95zciy1S1lA_S0X0nrGfujQAj7mAxP4p8guGQAm.RlHsKePQduFGQyr7kMQeFcrrEr87Ywg6GcaUmRrgNVa90thIz2vCpO1r2IReToXPZ4lv5ufp43bSfyaCAiokgUgc6mWJKflNAsEr39HFuER0GVF2WpYOKtPG3y78CHHDFxM.fJ2kIxY1abGcNJcJbFaK17.OlKWgZA7pyboKFUHxE6m9Z4GHZTg.wVBI3wcUd4KqLIwW0C9n.JAfKpMgMWePdIjUQeCS8V.RaNchJZMohoKm4PbeYBP.uFcFLCgi4Yf8x5rL6izIOkBdm6WVkNiWzj6n7BRKc2wxrM8I3tvQO1sM0zizfpscUHRqOB1gz2CNiA07cCA5aRpczr_usE1p5Uqq7KbKHoyrflwwxXOuEtUo7t251JGOj4bEETx2PkJamPgolEN4UITxdHAgCZ49x7XcE8kRwMnJmj9YwwtTOkSHGOYIG_FLg6eM_XG3RDghQsSdc0jinexPtst_J_qcx5WQ3WRHImxY0M_k4Z3VR7112KXPhNkRKFma6Ev4sPP5n88CYlakUT2BCNreqKLDTelSytCDgCqqEkz0jS7WcF0_H5EM.kB7RPTAIPgpQbPkyATc6IK.u4vh0o32e8OzC59KbyLCdZiq314d1O_x1H91KEn.B_obf92sOOKBYVNMglOtpM55pl__akMK1UxFDZ.PtMDnqpBcxEYMT9MGpKdaHM_p5hhcwGrCRNL3zD3cDuOGyMn0nG289l6NfmMZ0JTUbn2XDc3V2M5JggNGZgeZabr2IBTgfnyKz1ECVaS8zThZwDKYcFNUnWEI5PdgVHoE3GBHnZE9q3vhsS2DfbY0Rp0cpemj86PIrYIUoK7DuoICWJepimzlS5Fg_xMsMYdwAiq5EPyJpZzBrSBFNr8IvpT4rHaFtIotSWYRQ5.LpQAfBhe3w9ZZswK48gN.Vi_kjnthsD2mUH5JG_OFQfYep0NguTDDoxoVsYHl7ODE3Hpdu9b3t8SpJyKzZIxq2LHcmzs2PDzMQartL_FH72KfAip8AjE1Bxv5t_X3llK9EKTsgG8hIjmqvHiFFwHjp8VtpH_1_j_af7Q0P2guchl77KD7VVlBf1ZOsMrTSF7KdOvsl8MZ97xUZO46noe2TDLHmj8yncE8OH54d3lM7C8JAKPD6rWNROO3HDpnMiPxHvohZi9KBDtSorZ8rbdz7GLJh.O62Fyx27Dn_wlY4ajr5zxViNdpghOpdbzYAMYMh.N5w__PrApdsY4k7Vg.1ouVLMfEvHIiK1YtyQ65B808Yj_PWK0SwsjB9STad5ipThjlTQ7ZRDPHdw_P6CuXXfCT45aK8vK4ID2DAuEbbfAjT2ZB7YDJlUZAIL2EXEKNMsz_5dLN3cp_87y.Y5oiw7S3pzaXxAe.P7yCcxTWSUmVxpO9pSbRU9t33K0LIKZM_EWdFvrmlnzeiUcRLp9cRbLvwEdUd73o9Lui19ZkHJiMJY4KsKQI5iF5Q4vCuk6z0YFOftrU.sULhhXfmpnKsHjFsHyveYx_MZA45BADu.rFuU6cJKX0nMKJcNCWM8t_CHdfGOFpviGMuvi8vwsLpYtRtiSoriKgwbUhw9a_cWn8sIKXEDlubrLHyOQQfISYmVw_KzIwuaYhvVtx4lxKbicomptWNLPC3BSwMr.1pKOjqHNsoVy0aNE7VSn1HsoYpd2q3N.VYTPhFhuc8jjVbrw7PDPUSckndyBGYbGh_48M8sCHGed8aEh.WuBCG3PGJatucYcNkXJ6eSC3LJQtKM7Nb3_pezMoQLWNtzarT88rwu9J7I_k2bGWOH5HoZnjwhKP2qzXpiVBaMRsgqEMFV_3pi",mdrd: "VS5XfaTTjKnmJhBfkv1SstbDDsLA_66Hi2QutLuSdMA-1739789537-1.2.1.1-CUdfp0ElM9cGv.i91xALGYvjNWLpUL7uyKraUyUGt9EkEJAk5zPnZcuyqO1JenxaE3iLY7WqJ7NIEXjjzVTqAp7Y.exERRqLjULlCM1lYu.W_ApSt76YdgtlmBck7OsERpmtx.LrK35LNwZ3K5yZncAnJ.lFuTPGIHnzFTSfKutuhG_nIwqZBh3Gn8.7nGb03MZAzTA..FJS.ls7aZbCaF7lKYP.NpsaMgGxCO78YPqMxNnl6lu.6p7HR0MgaOuqF2Up6Ua.1YTqq88.hoRXACk32sIx.cOCe5mC8TP4ZknWZZnKx0dAHulIymnUDYEnnktOVSRxoJvDX.sn2T0qVZaMLjVXESArIhmI._Bk7A1rMqUWayDiAPZBx11YaxLUbcdwx_ZG43iOWozEZBVS4Vdu4f_jTwryl9A_AwBHST8FmZ9TzmY6bMxxSh_8EuCp2EW5o2dggi2CCL5B52l4c3twop.bgnI_SoH_OKi.LWRjRfPn_bI4UCQHQhJ16yd3R4hC..p3K2Hxi.2Zx_jgiRanqk3G8jW3oEYJEzdnlIzfvkCJUoKEuAC7Jmq5suadGD0WUYOB3jUYRt6eaGGamc8kSeL7QhaejYb7JXMDy6.PyHFdkxAP1hcuYhI9a9nJYwPEVtSxqYlH073HEnNo06fSxXrGRA8OwLLC2RNWzTRxcS3nB7PH0bGd9_XcqlpSkNyXQ2VFgamxFcNH5_bRxfqNUb3tYFzLxhYFN5zVFgiMSC705NqE_eK47y8C5pYK_TpDyfOVqv8h0TlZZttPuH5w2et6J5FEPooaVWjRb_s6PZc8QJiyZaRDm8Wn61Ta9WDFnD5Ym1coubvZws0c75.oGihX6AHb1jE1BjWOOIquQ5qeq.c9.DjvXaqTeuQlZLwYXcCPeolf3zKDV62J5PtAwwXPawxlV3vhOPt_SJfa0F0o99IwbFUcVKwYL598RaFL4oD4m3DQ.bUkxKh6yZABKTnZo9GMVOnzzKfkdswNK0eEmcrsJ22SDE06OVkRs8vRG1LIgKziMo9sBojSKsIq02qEH75CYTSSPAkgv6zq8ChbAfjH_QX3Vmu_igVq7wvusFEE_32Ux3BP4YlUbfIPAz..RXayibDlozNM4VbE_8etMzVAWHckQUEUFQBes..V7YUZN86WzdH6IPAZxHvXPoGqDjHMW8cs2ML1aH7h4B60y5Wgit0PFNgBSW6NPdzSHKJtPV6FS746ku661dgFIHJgGL3yzuKvudnvETrgK.hZRtVTfyYFRrJlSHrg_WMmbVt0nyCwgQk9zHa.T_pkwCCtoeSxzXyDiG7b44_u5FrX3UlJ1teMI_3e8V_Iq5TYCJo0JMK.rC1unRhGyz0mf99oQF03MT9suBNojOhhnp6.Slp26qfQ_jG5nEwV6BpNTWPMXaRn2jsvdO0YRlhL1ITKofAHcCRf1iCgNCpP4VyiYR.pHRttm.wyV3cyIhO6tEQsW_IK3CCF_4T5cexupRXO5e0AY9R2jFaMuLohgXRmf9799gEn1Dq7gAACuUqlnbG4AW_ZG0cRMSwVoaDmq2xsvwmg7cd.n3hWT7mUfCNODyNKSr0a_YgpjHvDVrDVh4YGTSQ3D6xZ4bCA9KnPO.2zl6hUiVjfC3eT7TVQkNBXOg50P6cywJaZO1XNklAMjKJGdAXOXotM9KZjRrd22tW79i1ZyWrFASYB6WLfiBjz6opXxcQ5lsi18KyoBm69niPfBuBXNqBQsYkZbh.eBck0oXAeInE2JsIsLCNiD5t2vU07AdB_MGDPRfPHgZ_RdfhWguU9o1rCxz_evVnhMk.EQqpqWHw_zhNMKuwlF9J2gluxhhBZDanLBkZ2IApl22edh01rpjVyJT6s_n5sqamu3ko8XLyYCulVJV1BYUQLugx3QC1FH2XCuSXYxlKEtScqFB96EJCWZHQtAmW5SPFRbN8FJF8g8G5qtN05na5M1eyIBQtfIsIsQwlq"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91353a1f1e853e0d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=environmental%20quality&__cf_chl_rt_tk=X9a42l8g707uye1amp7zTNRn49_lKJhZvTf99xKNoSw-1739789537-1.0.1.1-oqafARZOoH13YSqWTHCSg2fxn2strcxIZkekvx5TF4Y" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>