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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into a new article titled <a href="/wiki/1600_eruption_of_Huaynaputina" class="mw-redirect" title="1600 eruption of Huaynaputina">1600 eruption of Huaynaputina</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Huaynaputina#Proposed_split_for_1600_eruption" title="Talk:Huaynaputina">Discuss</a>) (February 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Huaynaputina (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌwaɪnəpʊˈtiːnə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">WY-nə-puu-TEE-nə</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[wajnapuˈtina]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in a volcanic <a href="/wiki/High_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="High plateau">high plateau</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Lying in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, it was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> under the continental <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>. Huaynaputina is a large <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic crater</a>, which lacks an identifiable mountain profile, with an outer <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> and three younger volcanic vents within an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphitheatre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>-shaped structure that is either a former <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> or a remnant of <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> erosion. The volcano has erupted <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacitic</a> magma. <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Huaynaputina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huaynaputina lies in the Andes of Southern Peru"><img alt="Huaynaputina lies in the Andes of Southern Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/200px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/300px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/400px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1037"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.339%;left:75.153%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Huaynaputina lies in the Andes of Southern Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Huaynaputina</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">≈4,850 m (15,910 ft)<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Peru" title="List of volcanoes in Peru">List of volcanoes in Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huaynaputina&params=16_36_56_S_70_50_59_W_type:mountain_region:PE-MOQ_scale:100000">16°36′56″S 70°50′59″W / 16.61556°S 70.84972°W / -16.61556; -70.84972</a><a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Parent range</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volcanic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">arc</a>/<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">belt</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February to March 1600</td></tr></tbody></table> Huaynaputina has erupted several times during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> including on 19 February 1600 – the largest recorded eruption ever witnessed in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> – which continued with a series of events into March. Witnessed by people in the city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>, it killed at least 1,000–1,500 people in the region, wiped out vegetation, buried the surrounding area with 2 metres (7 ft) of volcanic rock, and damaged infrastructure and economic resources. The eruption had a significant impact on Earth's climate, causing a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</a>: temperatures in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> decreased; cold waves hit parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas; and the climate disruption may have played a role in the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. Floods, famines, and social upheavals resulted, including a probable link with the Russian <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>. This eruption has been computed to measure 6 on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI). The volcano has not erupted since 1600. There are <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> in the amphitheatre-shaped structure, and <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> occur in the region, some of which have been associated with Huaynaputina. The volcano lies in a remote region where there is little human activity, but about 30,000 people live in the immediately surrounding area, and another one million in the <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_metropolitan_area" title="Arequipa metropolitan area">Arequipa metropolitan area</a>. If an eruption similar to the 1600 event were to occur, it would quite likely lead to a high death toll and cause substantial socioeconomic disruption. The Peruvian Geophysical Institute announced in 2017 that Huaynaputina would be monitored by the Southern Volcanological Observatory, and <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> observation began in 2019. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Structure">2.1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Surroundings">2.2 Surroundings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geology">3 Geology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Local">3.1 Local</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Composition">3.2 Composition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Eruption_history">4 Eruption history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Holocene">4.1 Holocene</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Fumaroles_and_hot_springs">4.2 Fumaroles and hot springs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#1600_eruption">5 1600 eruption</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Prelude_and_sequence_of_events">5.1 Prelude and sequence of events</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Witness_observations">5.2 Witness observations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Caldera_collapse">5.3 Caldera collapse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Volume_and_products">5.4 Volume and products</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Tephra_fallout">5.4.1 Tephra fallout</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Local_impact">5.5 Local impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religious_responses">5.5.1 Religious responses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Global_atmospheric_impacts_of_the_1600_eruption">5.6 Global atmospheric impacts of the 1600 eruption</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Climate_impacts">5.6.1 Climate impacts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Long-term_climate_effects">5.6.2 Long-term climate effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Distant_consequences">5.7 Distant consequences</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#North_America">5.7.1 North America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#California">5.7.1.1 California</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Western_Europe">5.7.2 Western Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Russia">5.7.3 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Balkans_and_Ottoman_Empire">5.7.4 Balkans and Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#China">5.7.5 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Asia_outside_of_China">5.7.6 Asia outside of China</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Hazards_and_volcanological_research">6 Hazards and volcanological research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Climate_and_vegetation">7 Climate and vegetation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Sources">10.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Huaynaputina, also spelled Huayna Putina, was given to the volcano after the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane1874-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> According to one translation cited by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Trade_and_Tourism_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (Peru)">Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism</a>, Huayna means 'new', and Putina means 'fire-throwing mountain'; the full name is meant to suggest the aggressiveness of its volcanic activity and refers to the 1600 eruption being its first one.<a href="#cite_note-Turisticos2019-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200818-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oAriasCuevaThouret20226-10">[8]</a> Two other translations are 'young boiling one' – perhaps a reference to earlier eruptions – or 'where young were boiled', which may refer to <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962448-11">[9]</a> Other names for the volcano include Chequepuquina<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a>, Chiquimote, Guayta, Omate and Quinistaquillas.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> El Misti, another volcano, was sometimes mistakenly referred to as Huaynaputina due to confusion between the two volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane1874-6">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. Other volcanoes in this zone from northwest to southeast include <a href="/wiki/Sara_Sara" title="Sara Sara">Sara Sara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solimana_(volcano)" title="Solimana (volcano)">Solimana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna">Coropuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andagua_volcanic_field" title="Andagua volcanic field">Andagua volcanic field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huambo_volcanic_field" title="Huambo volcanic field">Huambo volcanic field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabancaya" title="Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a>, El Misti, <a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticsani" title="Ticsani">Ticsani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutupaca" title="Tutupaca">Tutupaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucamane" title="Yucamane">Yucamane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purupuruni" title="Purupuruni">Purupuruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casiri_(Tacna)" title="Casiri (Tacna)">Casiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oAriasCuevaThouret202227-14">[11]</a> Ubinas is currently the most active volcano in Peru;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009255-15">[12]</a> Huaynaputina, El Misti, Sabancaya, Ticsani, <a href="/wiki/Tutupaca" title="Tutupaca">Tutupaca</a>, Ubinas and Yucamane have been active in historical time, while Sara Sara, Coropuna, Ampato, <a href="/wiki/Casiri_(Tacna)" title="Casiri (Tacna)">Casiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretRiveraW%C3%B6rnerGerbe2005558-16">[13]</a> Most volcanoes of the Central Volcanic Zone are large <a href="/wiki/Composite_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite volcano">composite volcanoes</a> that can remain active for several million years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelacourGerbeThouretW%C3%B6rner2007582-17">[14]</a> but there are also conical stratovolcanoes with shorter lifespans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretRiveraW%C3%B6rnerGerbe2005558-16">[13]</a> In the Central Volcanic Zone, large <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> of 6 and higher occur on average every 2,000 to 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli20192-18">[15]</a> Huaynaputina is in the <a href="/wiki/Omate_District" title="Omate District">Omate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinistaquillas_District" title="Quinistaquillas District">Quinistaquillas Districts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20136-19">[16]</a> which are part of the <a href="/wiki/General_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sánchez Cerro Province">General Sánchez Cerro Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moquegua_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moquegua Region">Moquegua Region</a> of southern Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes201896-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998455-21">[18]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Omate" title="Omate">Omate</a> lies 16 kilometres (10 mi) southwest of Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962448-11">[9]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a> is 65 kilometres (40 mi) south-southwest of the volcano and <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> is 80 km (50 mi) to its north-northwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20136-19">[16]</a> The region is generally remote and the terrain extreme. The area around Huaynaputina is not easily accessible and human activity is low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009255-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101542-22">[19]</a> Within 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of Huaynaputina there are a number of small farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarJapura_ParedesS%C3%A1nchez_Torres202213-23">[20]</a> A cattle-grazing footpath leads from Quinistaquillas to the volcano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20136-19">[16]</a> and it is possible to approach the volcano over surrounding ash plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962449-24">[21]</a> The landscapes around the volcano have unique characteristics that make them an important geological heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20212-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Huaynaputina lies at an elevation of about 4,850 m (15,910 ft).<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> It consists of an outer composite volcano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> or stratovolcano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998455-21">[18]</a> and three younger volcanic vents nested within an amphitheatre that is 2.5 km (1.6 mi) wide and 400 m (1,300 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002531-26">[23]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe-shaped" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe-shaped">horseshoe-shaped</a> structure opens eastwards and is set in the older volcano at an elevation of 4,400 m (14,400 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999435-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20118-28">[25]</a> The amphitheatre lies at the margin of a rectangular high <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> that is covered by about 2 m (6.6 ft) thick ash,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes201896-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara201926-30">[27]</a> extending over an area of 50 km2 (19 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a> The volcano has generally modest dimensions and rises less than 600 m (2,000 ft) above the surrounding terrain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> but the products of the volcano's 1600 eruption cover much of the region especially west, north and south from the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretD%C3%A1vilaRiveraGourgaud1997933-33">[30]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> that crop out from underneath the <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199662-36">[32]</a> Deposits from the 1600 eruption and previous events also crop out within the amphitheatre walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002533-37">[33]</a> Another southeastward-opening landslide scar lies just north of Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002532-38">[34]</a> One of these funnel-shaped vents is a 70 m (230 ft) trough that cuts into the amphitheatre. The trough appears to be a remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissure vent</a>. A second vent appears to have been about 400 m (1,300 ft) wide before the development of a third vent, which has mostly obscured the first two. The third vent is steep-walled, with a depth of 80 m (260 ft); it contains a pit that is 200 m (660 ft) wide, set within a small mound that is in part nested within the second vent. This third vent is surrounded by concentric <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INGEMMET2014-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">[36]</a> At least one of the vents has been described as an ash cone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199661-41">[37]</a> A fourth vent lies on the southern slope of the composite volcano outside of the amphitheatre and has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">maar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20118-28">[25]</a> It is about 70 m (230 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep and appears to have formed during a <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatomagmatic">phreatomagmatic</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[f]</a> eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">[36]</a> These vents lie at an elevation of about 4,200 m (13,800 ft), making them among the highest vents of a <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian eruption</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[g]</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">Slumps</a> have buried parts of the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006339-48">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dacitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacitic">Dacitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[h]</a> crop out within the amphitheatre and are aligned along a northwest–south trending <a href="/wiki/Lineament" title="Lineament">lineament</a> that the younger vents are also located on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006337-52">[44]</a> These dykes and a dacitic <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava dome</a> of similar composition were formed before the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">[36]</a> Faults with recognizable <a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">scarps</a> occur within the amphitheatre and have offset the younger vents;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006338-53">[45]</a> some of these faults existed before the 1600 eruption while others were activated during the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006341-54">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surroundings">Surroundings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surroundings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The terrain west of the volcano is a high plateau at an elevation of about 4,600 m (15,100 ft);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> north of Huaynaputina the volcano Ubinas and the depression of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Salinas" title="Lake Salinas">Laguna Salinas</a> lie on the plateau,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002531-26">[23]</a> while the peaks Cerro El Volcán and Cerro Chen are situated south of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> The lava dome Cerro El Volcán and another small lava dome, Cerro Las Chilcas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009260-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991140-56">[48]</a> lie 3 km (1.9 mi) south from Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a> Northeast-east of Huaynaputina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002532-38">[34]</a> the terrain drops off steeply (2.3 km or 1.4 mi vertically and 6 km or 3.7 mi horizontally) into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_Tambo_(Moquegua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Río Tambo (Moquegua) (page does not exist)">Río Tambo</a> valley, which rounds Huaynaputina east and south of the volcano. Some tributary valleys join the Río Tambo from Huaynaputina; clockwise from the east these are the Quebradas Huaynaputina, Quebrada Tortoral, Quebrada Aguas Blancas and Quebrada del Volcán.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> The Río Tambo eventually flows southwestward into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelacourGerbeThouretW%C3%B6rner2007582-17">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAGMAARC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="There are four separate volcanic belts in the Andes, as there are gaps without volcanism between them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MAGMAARC1.jpg/220px-MAGMAARC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MAGMAARC1.jpg/220px-MAGMAARC1.jpg" data-alt="There are four separate volcanic belts in the Andes, as there are gaps without volcanism between them" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MAGMAARC1.jpg/330px-MAGMAARC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/MAGMAARC1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The volcanic zones of the Andes</figcaption></figure> The oceanic <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca tectonic plate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Subduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduct">subducting</a> at a rate of 10.3 cm/year (4.1 in/year) beneath the continental part of the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American tectonic plate</a>; this process is responsible for volcanic activity and the uplift of the Andes mountains and of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> plateau. The subduction is oblique, leading to <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip faulting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009255-15">[12]</a> Volcanic activity does not occur along the entire length of the Andes; where subduction is shallow, there are gaps with little volcanic activity. Between these gaps lie volcanic belts: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Volcanic Zone">Northern Volcanic Zone</a>, the Central Volcanic Zone, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Volcanic Zone">Southern Volcanic Zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austral_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Austral Volcanic Zone">Austral Volcanic Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20135-59">[50]</a> There are about 400 <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> volcanoes in Peru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20136-19">[16]</a> with Quaternary activity occurring only in the southern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretRiveraW%C3%B6rnerGerbe2005558-16">[13]</a> Peruvian volcanoes are part of the Central Volcanic Zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287-60">[51]</a> Volcanic activity in that zone has moved eastward since the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. Remnants of the older volcanism persist in the coastal <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Coast_Range" title="Chilean Coast Range">Cordillera de la Costa</a> but the present-day <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> lies in the Andes, where it is defined by <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20136-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">[52]</a> Many Peruvian volcanoes are poorly studied because they are remote and difficult to access.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287-60">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> underneath Huaynaputina is formed by almost 2 km-thick (1.2 mi) <a href="/wiki/Sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediments">sediments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">volcanic intrusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> age including the Yura Group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">[53]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Matalaque Formation of volcanic origin – these are all units of rock that existed before the formation of Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006335-63">[54]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>, these were overlaid by a total of 300–500 m-thick (980–1,640 ft) deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbritic</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[j]</a> Capillune, Llallahui and Sencca <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">Formations</a> – all older rock units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009255-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a> Cretaceous sediments and Paleogene–Neogene volcanic rocks form the high plateau around Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli20193-66">[56]</a> The emplacement of the Capillune Formation continued into the earliest Pliocene; subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</a> Barroso Group was deposited. It includes the composite volcano that hosts Huaynaputina as well as ignimbrites that appear to come from <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>. One such caldera is located just south of Huaynaputina. The late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> volcanoes have been classified as the Arequipa Volcanics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The vents of Huaynaputina trend from the north-northwest to the south-southeast, and this trend encompasses the neighbouring volcanoes Ubinas and Ticsani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> Ubinas is a typical stratovolcano while Ticsani has a similar structure to Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">[52]</a> These volcanoes constitute a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">volcanic field</a> located behind the major volcanic arc, associated with faults at the margin of the Río Tambo <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[k]</a> and regional strike-slip faults. The faults associated with the volcanic complex have influenced the evolution of the constituent volcanoes including Huaynaputina by acting as conduits for ascending <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> especially at fault intersections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006334-70">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009259-71">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009263-72">[61]</a> The volcanic rocks produced by these volcanoes have similar compositions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009255-15">[12]</a> and historical seismic and volcanic activity at Ubinas and Ticsani indicate that they share a magma reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009262%E2%80%93263-73">[62]</a> A 40 km × 60 km (25 mi × 37 mi) magma reservoir may underpin this volcanic system.<a href="#cite_note-Lavallee2003-74">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The eruption products of the 1600 eruption are <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacites</a>, which define a <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc-alkaline">calc-alkaline</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010307%E2%80%93308-75">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>-rich suite sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">adakitic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Legros2001-76">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001504-77">[66]</a> The 1600 rocks also contain <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> inclusions and a rhyolite <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001504-77">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostaScailletGourgaud20031-78">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a> has also been found at Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverVatin-perignonGoemansKeller1996610-79">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">Phenocrysts</a> include <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostaScailletGourgaud20031-78">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> have been reported as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuvign%C3%A9ThouretLoutschLamadon2008170-80">[69]</a> Aside from newly formed volcanic rocks, Huaynaputina in 1600 also erupted material that is derived from rocks underlying the volcano, including sediments and older volcanic rocks, both of which were <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermally</a> altered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999435-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006343-81">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumices</a> from Huaynaputina are white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999435-27">[24]</a> The amount of volatiles<a href="#cite_note-83">[l]</a> in the magma appears to have decreased during the 1600 eruption, indicating that it originated either in two separate <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a> or from one zoned chamber. This may explain changes in the eruption phenomena during the 1600 activity as the "Dacite 1" rocks erupted early during the 1600 event were more buoyant and contained more gas and thus drove a Plinian eruption, while the latter "Dacite 2" rocks were more viscous and only generated <a href="/wiki/Vulcanian_eruption" title="Vulcanian eruption">Vulcanian eruptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001517-87">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008390-85">[73]</a> Interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">crystal fractionation</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[n]</a> processes were involved in the genesis of the magmas as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverVatin-perignonGoemansKeller1996612-90">[76]</a> with the so-called "Dacite 1" geochemical suite forming deep in the crust, while the "Dacite 2" geochemical suite appears to have interacted with the upper crust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008387-91">[77]</a> The rocks had a temperature of about 780–815 °C (1,436–1,499 °F) when they were erupted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001512-92">[78]</a> with the "Dacite 1" being hotter than the "Dacite 2".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008388-93">[79]</a> Their formation may have been stimulated by the entry of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[o]</a> magmas into the magmatic system;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001517-87">[74]</a> such an entry of new magma in a volcanic system is often the trigger for explosive eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008387-91">[77]</a> The magmas erupted early during the 1600 event (in the first stage of the eruption) appear to have originated from depths of more than 20 km (12 mi);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010310-96">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrological</a> analysis indicates that some magmas came from depths greater than 15–25 km (9–16 mi) and others from about 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">[53]</a> An older hypothesis by de Silva and Francis held that the entry of water into the magmatic system may have triggered the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990298-97">[82]</a> A 2006 study argues that the entry of new dacitic magma into an already existing dacitic magma system triggered the 1600 eruption; furthermore movement of deep andesitic magmas that had generated the new dacite produced movements within the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006346-98">[83]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Eruption_history">Eruption history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eruption history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The ancestral composite volcano that holds Huaynaputina is part of the Pastillo volcanic complex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006334%E2%80%93335-99">[84]</a> which developed in the form of 500 m (1,600 ft) thick andesitic rocks after the Miocene, and appears to be of Miocene to Pleistocene age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">[52]</a> It underwent <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial erosion">glacial erosion</a>, which altered its appearance and its flanks. The amphitheatre which contains the Huaynaputina vents formed probably not as a caldera but either a glacial <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a> a sector collapse scar or another kind of structure that was altered by fluvial and glacial erosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006334-70">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009257-100">[85]</a> Other extinct volcanoes in the area have similar amphitheatre structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a> It is likely that the development of the later Huaynaputina volcano within the composite volcano is coincidental,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a> although a similar <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> stress field controlled the younger vents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">[36]</a> Recently emplaced, <a href="/wiki/Postglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postglacial">postglacial</a> dacite bodies occur in the Huaynaputina area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> some of which probably formed shortly before the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002537-101">[86]</a> Cerro Las Chilcas also predates the 1600 eruption and appears to be the earliest volcanic centre in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991140-56">[48]</a> The Cerro El Volcán dome formed during the Quaternary and may be the remnant of a cluster of lava domes south of Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002537-101">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009261-102">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocene">Holocene</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Holocene" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tephra and <a href="/wiki/Block_and_ash_flow" title="Block and ash flow">block-and-ash flow</a> deposits from Holocene eruptions can be found within the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002537-101">[86]</a> Some tephra layers that are 7,000 to 1,000 years old and close to Ubinas volcano have been attributed to activity at Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-HarpelVela-Valdez2018-103">[88]</a> Three eruptions of the volcano have been dated to 9,700 ± 190, less than 7,480 ± 40 years ago and 5,750 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MasseMasse2007-104">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuvign%C3%A9ThouretLoutschLamadon2008159-105">[90]</a> The first two eruptions produced pumice falls and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuvign%C3%A9ThouretLoutschLamadon2008159-105">[90]</a> The first of these, a Plinian eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20216-106">[91]</a> also deposited tephra in Laguna Salinas, north of Huaynaputina, and produced a block-and-ash flow to its south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002537-101">[86]</a> A debris avalanche deposit crops out on the eastern side of the Río Tambo, opposite to the amphitheatre;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretD%C3%A1vilaRiveraGourgaud1997933-33">[30]</a> it may have been formed not long before the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002537-101">[86]</a> The existence of a volcano at Huaynaputina was not recognized before the 1600 eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200017-107">[92]</a> with no known previous eruptions other than <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumarolic</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-MasseMasse2007-104">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-LePennec2011-108">[93]</a> As a result, the 1600 eruption has been referred to as an instance of <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a> volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009257-100">[85]</a> The pre-1600 topography of the volcano was described as "a low ridge in the center of a Sierra",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> and it is possible that a cluster of lava domes existed at the summit before the 1600 eruption which was blown away during the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002567-109">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999438-110">[95]</a> The last eruption before 1600 may have preceded that year by several centuries, based on the presence of volcanic eruption products buried under soil. Native people reportedly offered sacrifices and offerings to the mountain such as birds, personal clothing and sheep,<a href="#cite_note-GrattanTorrence2016-111">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002547-112">[97]</a> although it is known that non-volcanic mountains in southern Peru received offerings as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200017-107">[92]</a> There have been no eruptions since 1600;<a href="#cite_note-ChesterDegg2005-113">[98]</a> a report of an eruption in 1667 is unsubstantiated and unclear owing to the sparse historical information. It probably reflects an eruption at Ubinas instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002562-115">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fumaroles_and_hot_springs">Fumaroles and hot springs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fumaroles and hot springs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fumaroles occur in the amphitheatre close to the three vents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">[43]</a> on the third vent, and in association with dykes that crop out in the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">[36]</a> In 1962, there were reportedly no fumaroles within the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962444-116">[101]</a> These fumaroles produce white fumes and smell of rotten eggs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201141-117">[102]</a> The fumarolic gas composition is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, with smaller quantities of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> gases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201145-118">[103]</a> Investigations in 2010 recorded temperatures of 51.8–78.7 °C (125.2–173.7 °F) for the gases,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201143-119">[104]</a> with seasonal variations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201157-120">[105]</a> Vegetation has grown at their vents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201141-117">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot springs</a> occur in the region and some of these have been associated with Huaynaputina;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201147-121">[106]</a> these include Candagua and Palcamayo northeast,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara201966-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara201964-123">[108]</a> Agua Blanca and Cerro Reventado southeast from the volcano on the Río Tambo and Ullucan almost due west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201148-124">[109]</a> The springs have temperatures ranging from 22.8–75.4 °C (73.0–167.7 °F) and contain large amounts of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201151-125">[110]</a> Cerro Reventado and Ullucan appear to be fed from magmatic water and a deep reservoir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201157-120">[105]</a> while Agua Blanca is influenced by surface waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201155-126">[111]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="1600_eruption">1600 eruption</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1600 eruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#F6DA9F">1600 eruption of Huaynaputina</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">Start date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1600<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;">End date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1600<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcanian_eruption" title="Vulcanian eruption">Vulcanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">VEI</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr></tbody></table> Based on historical records, Huaynaputina's eruption commenced on 19 February 1600<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> (following earthquakes that began four days prior),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> with the earliest signs of the impending eruption perhaps in December 1599.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200023-127">[112]</a> The duration of the eruption is not well constrained but may have lasted up to 12–19 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli201914-128">[113]</a> The event continued with earthquakes and ash fall for about two weeks and ended on 6 March;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> the air was clear of ash from the eruption on 2 April 1600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> Some reports of late ash falls may be due to wind-transported ash,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> and there are no deposits from a supposed eruption in August 1600; such reports may refer to <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflows</a> or explosions in pyroclastic flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002553-129">[114]</a> The eruption of 1600 was initially attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a> volcano and sometimes to El Misti.<a href="#cite_note-RiveraThouret2014-130">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESepulveda20193-131">[116]</a> Priests observed and recorded the eruption from Arequipa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962449-24">[21]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Espinosa" title="Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa">Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa</a> wrote a second-hand account of the eruption based on a witness's report from the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a> The scale of the eruption and its impact on climate have been determined from historical records, <a href="/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">tree ring</a> data, the position of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, the thickness of <a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">speleothems</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[p]</a> and ice, plant <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowering</a> times, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> harvests and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> growth.<a href="#cite_note-Lippman2006-134">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphically" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratigraphically">Stratigraphically</a>, the eruption deposits have been subdivided into five <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">formations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes201896-20">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_and_sequence_of_events">Prelude and sequence of events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prelude and sequence of events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The eruption may have been triggered when new, "Dacite 1" magma entered into a magmatic system containing "Dacite 2" magma and pressurized the system, causing magma to begin ascending to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008390-85">[73]</a> In the prelude to the eruption, magma moving upwards to the future vents caused earthquakes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001515-135">[119]</a> beginning at a shallow reservoir at a depth of 6 km (3.7 mi);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006344-136">[120]</a> according to the accounts of priests, people in Arequipa fled their houses out of fear that they would collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962449-24">[21]</a> The rising magma appears to have intercepted an older hydrothermal system that existed as much as 3 km (1.9 mi) below the vents; parts of the system were expelled during the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001515-135">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010307-137">[121]</a> Once the magma reached the surface, the eruption quickly became intense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001515-135">[119]</a> A first <a href="/wiki/Plinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinian">Plinian</a> stage took place on 19 and 20 February,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001498-138">[122]</a> accompanied by an increase of earthquake activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006344-136">[120]</a> The first Plinian event lasted for about 20 hours and formed pumice deposits close to the vent that were 18–23 m (59–75 ft) thick.<a href="#cite_note-Carey2010-139">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001498-138">[122]</a> The pumice was buried by the ash erupted during this stage, which has been recorded as far as <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001501-140">[124]</a> This stage of the eruption produced at least 26 km3 (6.2 cu mi) of rocks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001508-141">[125]</a> comprising the bulk of the output from the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010306-142">[126]</a> A sustained <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> about 34–46 km (21–29 mi) high likely created a <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> that darkened the sky, obscuring the sun and the stars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001512-92">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001515-135">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2013140-143">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999437-144">[128]</a> Afterwards, collapses in the amphitheatre and within the vent enlarged both features; they also decreased the intensity of the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001516-145">[129]</a> A first pyroclastic flow was deposited already during this time when the column became unstable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999437-144">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002550-146">[130]</a> The Plinian stage was channelled by a <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fracture</a> and had the characteristics of a fissure-fed eruption.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">[53]</a> Possibly, the second vent formed during this stage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001515-135">[119]</a> but another interpretation is that the second vent is actually a collapse structure that formed late during the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006340-147">[131]</a> Much of the excavation of the conduit took place during this stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006344-136">[120]</a> After a hiatus the volcano began erupting pyroclastic flows; these were mostly constrained by the topography and were erupted in stages, intercalated by ash fall that extended to larger distances. Most of these pyroclastic flows accumulated in valleys radiating away from Huaynaputina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001501-140">[124]</a> reaching distances of 13 km (8 mi) from the vents.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> Winds blew ash from the pyroclastic flows, and rain eroded freshly deposited pyroclastic deposits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002558-148">[132]</a> Ash fall and pyroclastic flows alternated during this stage, probably caused by brief obstructions of the vent;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">[53]</a> at this time a lava dome formed within the second vent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001517-87">[74]</a> A change in the composition of the erupted rocks occurred, the "Dacite 1" geochemical suite being increasingly modified by the "Dacite 2" geochemical suite that became dominant during the third stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008387-91">[77]</a> Pyroclastic flows ran down the slopes of the volcano, entered the Río Tambo valley and formed dams on the river, probably mainly at the mouth of the Quebrada Aguas Blancas;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> one of the two dammed lakes was about 28 km (17 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> When the dams failed, the lakes released hot water with floating pumice and debris down the Río Tambo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002564-149">[133]</a> The deposits permanently altered the course of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200020-150">[134]</a> The volume of the ignimbrites has been estimated to be about 2 km3 (0.48 cu mi), excluding the ash that was erupted during this stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001503-151">[135]</a> The pyroclastic flows along with pumice falls covered an area of about 950 km2 (370 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> In the third stage, Vulcanian eruptions took place at Huaynaputina and deposited another ash layer; it is thinner than the layer produced by the first stage eruption and appears to be partly of phreatomagmatic origin. During this stage the volcano also emitted <a href="/wiki/Lava_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava bomb">lava bombs</a>; the total volume of erupted tephra is about 1.5 km3 (0.36 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001503-151">[135]</a> This third stage destroyed the lava dome and formed the third vent, which then began to settle along the faults as the underlying magma was exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001517-87">[74]</a> The fourth vent formed late during the eruption, outside of the amphitheatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witness_observations">Witness observations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Witness observations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The eruption was accompanied by intense earthquakes, deafening explosions and noises that could be heard beyond <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and as far away as 1,000 km (620 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2013140-143">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2013139-152">[136]</a> In Arequipa, the sky was illuminated by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, and ash fell so thick that houses collapsed. The noise of the eruption was perceived as resembling artillery fire. There<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962449-24">[21]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia" title="Copacabana, Bolivia">Copacabana</a> the sky became dark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202162-153">[137]</a> The blasts of the eruption could be heard (anecdotally) as far as Argentina<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202163-154">[138]</a> and in the coastal localities of Lima, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiquiabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiquiabo (page does not exist)">Chiquiabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>. In these coastal localities it was thought that the sound came from naval engagements, likely with <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">English corsairs</a>. In view of this, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a> sent reinforcement troops to <a href="/wiki/El_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="El Callao">El Callao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Breuilh_Sep%C3%BAlveda200492-155">[139]</a> Closer to the vents, inhabitants of the village of Puquina saw large tongues of fire rising into the sky from Huaynaputina before they were enveloped by raining pumice and ash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962450-156">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caldera_collapse">Caldera collapse</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caldera collapse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It was initially assumed that caldera collapse took place during the 1600 event,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962451-157">[141]</a> as accounts of the eruption stated that the volcano was obliterated to its foundation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962448-11">[9]</a> later investigation suggested otherwise. Normally very large volcanic eruptions are accompanied by the formation of a caldera, but exceptions do exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006334-70">[59]</a> This might reflect either the regional tectonics or the absence of a shallow magma chamber, which prevented the collapse of the chamber from reaching the surface;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001517-87">[74]</a> most of the magma erupted in 1600 originated at a depth of 20 km (12 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008387-91">[77]</a> Some collapse structures did nevertheless develop at Huaynaputina, in the form of two not readily recognizable circular areas within the amphitheatre and around the three vents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006338,_341-158">[142]</a> probably when the magmatic system depressurized during the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006346-98">[83]</a> Also, part of the northern flank of the amphitheatre collapsed during the eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199662-36">[32]</a> and some of the debris fell into the Río Tambo canyon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretD%C3%A1vilaRiveraGourgaud1997938-159">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_and_products">Volume and products</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Volume and products" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 1600 eruption had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6 and is considered to be the only major explosive eruption of the Andes in historical time.<a href="#cite_note-Tilling2009-160">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991141-161">[145]</a> It is the largest volcanic eruption throughout South America in historical time,<a href="#cite_note-164">[q]</a> as well as one of the largest in the last millennium and the largest historical eruption in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001494-165">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2016250-166">[149]</a> It was larger than the <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> in Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010305-167">[150]</a> Huaynaputina's eruption column was high enough to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> and influence the climate of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009927-168">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a> The total volume of volcanic rocks erupted by Huaynaputina was about 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi), in the form of dacitic tephra, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges,<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a> although smaller estimates have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002568-170">[153]</a> It appears that the bulk of the fallout originated during the first stage of the eruption, the second and third stage contributing a relatively small portion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010306%E2%80%93307-171">[154]</a> For comparison, another large Holocene eruption in the Central Andes<a href="#cite_note-L%C3%B3pezGiordano2015-172">[155]</a>—the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Blanco_(volcano)" title="Cerro Blanco (volcano)">Cerro Blanco</a> in Argentina about 2,300 ± 60 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>—produced a bulk volume of 110 km3 (26 cu mi) of rock, equivalent to a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobockSelfNewhall2018571-162">[146]</a> Estimates have been made for the <a href="/wiki/Dense-rock_equivalent" title="Dense-rock equivalent">dense-rock equivalent</a> of the Huaynaputina eruption, ranging between 4.6 and 11 km3 (1.1 and 2.6 cu mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009927-168">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finizola2018-173">[156]</a> with a 2019 estimate, that accounts for far-flung tephra, of 13–14 km3 (3.1–3.4 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20217-174">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tephra_fallout">Tephra fallout</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tephra fallout" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Tephra fell mostly west of Huaynaputina and was observed in many cities of the wider region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg/220px-Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg/220px-Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg.png" data-alt="Tephra fell mostly west of Huaynaputina and was observed in many cities of the wider region" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg/330px-Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg/440px-Huaynaputina_tephra_fallout.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the tephra fallout</figcaption></figure> Ash fall from Huaynaputina reached a thickness of 1 cm (0.39 in) within a 95,000 km2 (37,000 sq mi) area of southern Peru, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and Chile,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202163-154">[138]</a> and of over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) closer to the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-deFrance2005-175">[158]</a> The tephra was deposited in a major westerly lobe and a minor northerly lobe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199661-41">[37]</a> this is an unusual distribution, as tephra from volcanoes in the Central Andes is usually carried eastward by winds.<a href="#cite_note-Breitkreuz2014-176">[159]</a> The deposition of the tephra was influenced by topography<a href="#cite_note-WattGilbert2015-177">[160]</a> and wind changes during the eruption, which led to changes in the fallout pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999437-144">[128]</a> The ash deposits from the eruption are visible to this day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201756-178">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oAriasCuevaThouret202234-179">[162]</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Archeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological site">archeological sites</a> are preserved under them.<a href="#cite_note-deFrance2005-175">[158]</a> Some tephra was deposited on the volcanoes El Misti and Ubinas,<a href="#cite_note-Cobe%C3%B1as2012-180">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretRiveraW%C3%B6rnerGerbe2005567-181">[164]</a> into lakes of southern Peru such as Laguna Salinas,<a href="#cite_note-Beall2013-182">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli20194-183">[166]</a> possibly into a peat bog close to Sabancaya volcano where it reached thicknesses of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in),<a href="#cite_note-Samaniego2016-184">[167]</a> as far south as in the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> where it forms discontinuous layers, and possibly to the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Vilcabamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Vilcabamba">Cordillera Vilcabamba</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-Valdivia-Silva2012-185">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweinsberg2012-186">[169]</a> Ash layers about 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) thick were noted in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quelccaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Quelccaya">Quelccaya</a> in Peru and <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Sajama</a> in Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001494-165">[148]</a> although the deposits in Sajama may instead have originated from Ticsani volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002547-112">[97]</a> Reports of Huaynaputina-related ashfall in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> are implausible, as Nicaragua is far from Huaynaputina and has several local volcanoes that could generate tephra fallout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990296-29">[26]</a> The Huaynaputina ash layer has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">tephrochronological</a> marker for the region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> for example in <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a> and in geology, where it was used to date an eruption in the <a href="/wiki/Andagua_volcanic_field" title="Andagua volcanic field">Andagua volcanic field</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelacourGerbeThouretW%C3%B6rner2007589-187">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-deFrance1996-188">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> movements that could have produced destructive <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BenaventePalomino2022-189">[172]</a> The ash layer, which may have reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">East Rongbuk Glacier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekEomHwangHur2019213-190">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekEomHwangHur2019205-191">[174]</a> has also been used as a tephrochronological marker in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> ice cores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsipovKhodzerGolobokovalOnischuk2014845-192">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-WangSodemann2013-193">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broeke2018-194">[177]</a> It has been proposed as a marker for the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LewisMaslin2015-195">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_impact">Local impact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A contemporary drawing of ashfall on Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1030"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 317px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="A contemporary drawing of ashfall on Arequipa" data-width="220" data-height="317" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arequipa_Ascheregen_Huaynaputina_1600_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1615 illustration of the ashfall on Arequipa</figcaption></figure> The eruption had a devastating impact on the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> Ash falls and pumice falls buried the surroundings beneath more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of rocks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes201899-196">[179]</a> while pyroclastic flows incinerated everything within their path,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECueva_SandovalMari%C3%B1o_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes201899-196">[179]</a> wiping out vegetation over a large area.<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2012-197">[180]</a> Of the volcanic phenomena, the ash and pumice falls were the most destructive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200019-198">[181]</a> These and the debris and pyroclastic flows devastated an area of about 40 km × 70 km (25 mi × 43 mi) around Huaynaputina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999435-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> and both crops and livestock sustained severe damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201756-178">[161]</a> Between 11 and 17 villages within 20 km (12 mi) from the volcano were buried by the ash,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20212-25">[22]</a> including Calicanto, Chimpapampa, Cojraque, Estagagache, Moro Moro and San Juan de Dios south and southwest of Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20219-199">[182]</a> The Huayruro Project began in 2015 and aims to rediscover these towns,<a href="#cite_note-Manzenado2015-200">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202111-201">[184]</a> and Calicanto was christened one of the 100 <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> heritage sites in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-GHS2022-202">[185]</a> The death toll in villages from toxic gases and ash fall was severe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011268-203">[186]</a> reportedly, some villages lost their entire populations to the eruption<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962450-156">[140]</a> and a priest visiting Omate after the eruption claimed to have "found its inhabitants dead and cooked with the fire of the burning stones".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20219-199">[182]</a> Estagagache has been deemed the "<a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> of Peru",<a href="#cite_note-Tejada2018-204">[187]</a> and the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/INGEMMET" title="INGEMMET">Geological, Mining and Metallurgy Institute</a> has published reports detailing <a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">geotourism</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[r]</a> locations around the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oAriasCuevaThouret20228-207">[189]</a> The impact was noticeable in Arequipa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990288-208">[190]</a> where up to 1 m (3.3 ft) of ash fell causing roofs to collapse under its weight.<a href="#cite_note-Heiken2013-209">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011267-210">[192]</a> Ash fall was reported in an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) across Peru, Chile and Bolivia, mostly west and south from the volcano, including in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998455-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caman%C3%A1" title="Camaná">Camaná</a>, where it was thick enough to cause palm trees to collapse, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> as well as in Lima where it was accompanied by sounds of explosions. Ships observed ash fall from as far as 1,000 km (620 mi) west of the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001494-165">[148]</a> The surviving local population fled during the eruption and wild animals sought refuge in the city of Arequipa.<a href="#cite_note-Municipal2019-211">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011267-210">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201758-212">[194]</a> The site of Torata Alta, a former <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inka</a> administrative centre, was destroyed during the Huaynaputina eruption and after a brief reoccupation abandoned in favour of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torata (page does not exist)">Torata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rice2011-213">[195]</a> Likewise, the occupation of the site of Pillistay close to Camana ended shortly after the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Defrance2010-214">[196]</a> Together with earthquakes unrelated to the eruption and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>-related flooding, the Huaynaputina eruption led to the abandonment of some <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a> land in Carrizal, Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Moseley1999-215">[197]</a> The eruption claimed 1,000–1,500 fatalities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias20212-25">[22]</a> not counting these from earthquakes or flooding on the Río Tambo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002567-109">[94]</a> In Arequipa, houses and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> collapsed during <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> after an earthquake on 27 February,<a href="#cite_note-MasseMasse2007-104">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002553-129">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2016251-216">[198]</a> concomitant with the beginning of the second stage of the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenDavilaThouret1999438-110">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a> were reported during the eruption as well.<a href="#cite_note-Soldi2006-217">[199]</a> Flooding ensued when volcanic dams in the Río Tambo broke,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> and debris and <a href="/wiki/Lahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahars">lahars</a> reached the Pacific Ocean 120–130 km (75–81 mi) away. Occasionally the flows that reached the Pacific Ocean have been described as pyroclastic flows.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretD%C3%A1vilaRiveraGourgaud1997932-218">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverVatin-perignonGoemansKeller1996609-219">[201]</a> Reportedly, fish were killed by the flood in the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullard1962451-157">[141]</a> Damage to infrastructure and economic resources of the southern then-<a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> was severe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oCuevaThouretArias202117-220">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">colonial wine industry</a> in southern Peru was wiped out;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> chroniclers tell how all wines were lost during the eruption and the tsunamis that accompanied it.<a href="#cite_note-Soldi2006-217">[199]</a> Before the eruption the Moquegua region had been a source of wine, and afterwards the focus of viticulture shifted to Pisco, Ica and Nazca;<a href="#cite_note-HuertasVallejos2004-221">[203]</a> later <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> became an important crop in Moquegua valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice2014173-222">[204]</a> Tephra fallout fertilized the soil and may have allowed increased agriculture in certain areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoza_Cuadros202111-223">[205]</a> Cattle <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> also was severely impacted by the 1600 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESepulveda20196-224">[206]</a> The Arequipa and Moquegua areas were depopulated by epidemics and famine;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretD%C3%A1vilaRiveraGourgaud1997932-218">[200]</a> recovery only began towards the end of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009927-168">[151]</a> Indigenous people from the Quinistacas valley moved to Moquegua because the valley was covered with ash;<a href="#cite_note-Casani2020-225">[207]</a> population movements resulting from the Huaynaputina eruption and a 1604 earthquake may have occurred as far away as Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-Trimborn1977-226">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medinacelli2016-227">[209]</a> The then-<a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco,_1st_Marquess_of_Salinas_del_R%C3%ADo_Pisuerga" title="Luis de Velasco, 1st Marquess of Salinas del Río Pisuerga">Luis de Velasco, 1st Marquess of Salinas del Río Pisuerga</a>, arrived weeks later in Arequipa. After returning to Lima, he sent dispatches to king <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> to request economic assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Sep%C3%BAlveda2023-228">[210]</a> Religious and political authorities mobilized to respond to the eruption and its effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfia202413-229">[211]</a> Taxes were suspended for years, and indigenous workers were recruited from as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> and Cuzco to aid in the reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201756-178">[161]</a> Arequipa went from being a relatively wealthy city to be a place of famine and disease in the years after the eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Breuilh_Sep%C3%BAlveda2004100-230">[212]</a> and its port of Chule was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoza_Cuadros202120-231">[213]</a> Despite the damage, recovery was fast in Arequipa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201756-178">[161]</a> The population declined in the region, although some of the decline may be due to earthquakes and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> before 1600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202169-232">[214]</a> New administrative surveys – called revisitas – had to be carried out in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colca_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colca Valley (page does not exist)">Colca Valley</a> in 1604 after population losses and the effects of the Huaynaputina eruption had reduced the ability of the local population to pay the <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tributes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wernke2009-233">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_responses">Religious responses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious responses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historians' writings about conditions in Arequipa tell of religious processions seeking to soothe the divine anger,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011267-210">[192]</a> people praying all day and those who had lost faith in the church resorting to <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> spells as the eruption was underway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200020-150">[134]</a> while in Moquegua children were reportedly running around, women screaming<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200021-234">[216]</a> and numerous anecdotes of people who survived eruption or did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202155-235">[217]</a> In the city of Arequipa church authorities organized a series of <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">requiem masses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> in response to the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Breuilh_Sep%C3%BAlveda200497-236">[218]</a> In Copacabana and La Paz, there were religious processions, the churches opened their doors and people prayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202162%E2%80%9363-237">[219]</a> Some indigenous people organized their own rituals which included feasting on whatever food and drink they had and battering dogs that were hanged alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Breuilh_Sep%C3%BAlveda200496-238">[220]</a> The apparent effectiveness of the Christian rituals led many previously hesitant indigenous inhabitants to embrace Christianity and abandon their clandestine native religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Breuilh_Sep%C3%BAlveda200496-238">[220]</a> News of the event was propagated throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">American colonies</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2016251%E2%80%93252-239">[221]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfia202413-229">[211]</a> Both Christians and native people of Peru interpreted the eruption in religious context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2016251-216">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> interpreted the event as a divine punishment, while native people interpreted it as a deity fighting against the Spanish invaders;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2016252-240">[222]</a> one myth states that Omate volcano (Huaynaputina) wanted the assistance of Arequipa volcano (probably El Misti) to destroy the Spaniards but the latter could not, claiming that he was Christian now, and so Huaynaputina proceeded alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice2014217%E2%80%93218-241">[223]</a> Another states that instead, Huaynaputina asked Machuputina (Misti) to deal with the Catholic Arequipa; when the latter refused as it too had become Catholic Huaynaputina exploded from anger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202153-242">[224]</a> El Misti had erupted less than two centuries before,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201757-243">[225]</a> and local populations were further concerned that after Huaynaputina, El Misti might erupt next. As a result, natives and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friars threw sacrifices such as <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> into its crater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara2013141%E2%80%93142-244">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">Shamans</a> in the Tambo valley urged a return to old customs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201758-212">[194]</a> and processions and sacrifices to Huaynaputina took place.<a href="#cite_note-GrattanTorrence2016-111">[96]</a> In Arequipa, a new <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, San Genaro,<a href="#cite_note-246">[s]</a> was named following the eruption and veneration of <a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a> – who was believed to have power over earthquakes – increased; she became the city's sole patron saint in 1693.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove201763-247">[228]</a> Reportedly, in November 1599 a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> named Alonzo Ruiz had announced in Arequipa that divine punishment would strike the natives for continuing to worship their gods and the Spaniards for promiscuity.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A1laga_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez-Zeballos2011-248">[229]</a> Mythology held that before the 1600 eruption the lack of sacrifices had upset the devil. It sent a large snake<a href="#cite_note-250">[t]</a> named chipiroque or pichiniqui to announce "horrifying storms" which eventually ended up killing the natives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200017-107">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-CombeyAudin2020-249">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011271-251">[231]</a> Jesuits interpreted this as a deception attempt by the devil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsilli2011273-252">[232]</a> Such prophecies may reflect prior knowledge about the volcanic nature of Huaynaputina. There are reports that a sacrificial offering was underway at the volcano a few days before the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200017-107">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_atmospheric_impacts_of_the_1600_eruption">Global atmospheric impacts of the 1600 eruption</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Global atmospheric impacts of the 1600 eruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the eruption, anomalies in the appearance of the sun were described in Europe and China as a "dimming" or "reddening" "haze" that reduced the sun's luminosity in a cloudless sky and reduced the visibility of shadows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> Vivid sunsets and sunrises were noted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009928-254">[234]</a> A darkened <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> described by observers in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Austria, in 1601 may have been the consequence of the Huaynaputina aerosols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a> layers in ice cores from Antarctica and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> have been attributed to Huaynaputina, and their discovery led to initial discussion about whether the 1600 eruption had major effects on Earth's climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001494%E2%80%93495-255">[235]</a> In Antarctica these ice cores include both acid layers and volcanic tephra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009927-168">[151]</a> The total amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> erupted by Huaynaputina has been estimated at several values: <table align="left" class="wikitable unsortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>List of estimates of sulfuric acid yield of the 1600 eruption </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;">Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;">Location (if mentioned) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">100 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tons</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">42 million tons </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">56.59 million tons </th> <td>Global</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlawinskaRobock20172147-256">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">34.5<a href="#cite_note-259">[u]</a> million tons </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-L%C3%BCthi2014-257">[237]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Other estimates are 50–100 million tons for the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> yield and 23 or 26–55 million tons for the sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-Lavigne2016-260">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlechovBalashovaDirksen2010976-261">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlechovBalashovaDirksen2010976-261">[240]</a> In Antarctica the sulfur yield was estimated to be about one-third that of the 1815 Tambora eruption, although the climate impact in the Northern Hemisphere might have been aggravated by the distribution of the aerosols<a href="#cite_note-MayewskiOmmen2017-262">[241]</a> and the occurrence of another volcanic eruption in the Northern Hemisphere in winter 1599/1600;<a href="#cite_note-Burke2023-263">[242]</a> at one Antarctic site the Huaynaputina sulfate layer is thicker than the one from Tambora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsipovKhodzerGolobokovalOnischuk2014847-264">[243]</a> Inferences from rock composition usually yield a higher sulfur output than ice core data; this may reflect either ice cores underestimating the amount of sulfur erupted as ice cores only record <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric">stratospheric</a> sulfur, ice cores underestimating the amount of sulfur for other reasons or overestimating the amount of sulfur contained within magma-associated fluids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostaScailletGourgaud20033-265">[244]</a> The Huaynaputina eruption was probably unusually rich in sulfur compared to its volume.<a href="#cite_note-Zielinski1995-266">[245]</a> A large amount of sulfur appears to have been carried in a volatile phase associated with the magma rather than in the magma proper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostaScailletGourgaud20031-78">[67]</a> An even larger amount of sulfur may have originated from a relic hydrothermal system that underpins the volcano, and whose accumulated sulfur would have been mobilized by the 1600 eruption;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietterichde_Silva2010310-96">[81]</a> some contradictions between the sulfur yield inferred from ice core data and these inferred from the magma composition can be resolved this way.<a href="#cite_note-Streck2011-267">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric carbon dioxide">Atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> concentrations in 1610 decreased for reasons unknown; high mortality in the Americas after the European arrival may be the reason, but this decrease could have been at least in part the consequence of the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2015-268">[247]</a> The vast tephra fallout of the eruption fell in part over the sea; the fertilizing effect of the tephra may have induced a draw-down of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Langmann2014-269">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_impacts">Climate impacts</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate impacts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">Volcanic winter</a></div> Volcanic eruptions alter worldwide climate by injecting ash and gases into the atmosphere, which reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth, often causing cold weather and crop failures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20161-270">[249]</a> The Huaynaputina eruption decreased the amount on solar energy reaching Earth by about 1.9 <abbr title="watts per square metre">W/m2</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Zanchettin2013-271">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a> The summer of 1601 was among the coldest in the Northern Hemisphere during the last six centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001497-114">[99]</a> and the impact may have been comparable to that of the <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 Tambora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lippman2006-134">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/1452/1453_mystery_eruption" title="1452/1453 mystery eruption">1452/1453 mystery eruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption" title="1257 Samalas eruption">1257 Samalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter_of_536" title="Volcanic winter of 536">536 mystery</a> eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli20192-18">[15]</a> Other volcanoes may have erupted alongside Huaynaputina and also contributed to the weather anomalies;<a href="#cite_note-Baillie2002-274">[252]</a> several large volcanic eruptions took place in the decades preceding and following the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Zielinski1995-266">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfister2006-275">[253]</a> The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001495-7">[5]</a> with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostaScailletGourgaud20031-78">[67]</a> The climate impact has been noted in the growth rings of a centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Ocean_quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean quahog">ocean quahog</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a>) individual that was found in Iceland,<a href="#cite_note-Sch%C3%B6ne2005-276">[254]</a> as well as in tree rings from Taiwan,<a href="#cite_note-Liu2019-277">[255]</a> eastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[w]</a><a href="#cite_note-XuLiu2019-278">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MackayPlunkett2022-280">[257]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula" title="Yamal Peninsula">Yamal Peninsula</a> in Russia, Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(California)" title="White Mountains (California)">White Mountains</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zaysan" title="Lake Zaysan">Lake Zaysan</a> in Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2009-281">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chen2012-282">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009931-283">[260]</a> and in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Paredes2022-284">[261]</a> Notably, the climate impacts became manifest only in 1601; in the preceding year, they may have been suppressed by a strong El Niño event.<a href="#cite_note-Stothers2000-285">[262]</a> Other climate effects attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption include: <ul><li>In climate simulations, after the 1600 eruption a strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> is observed along with sea ice growth, followed after a delay by a phase of decreased strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlawinskaRobock20172153%E2%80%932154-286">[263]</a></li> <li>An extraordinarily strong El Niño event in 1607–1608 and a concomitant northward shift of the Southern Hemisphere <a href="/wiki/Storm_track" title="Storm track">storm tracks</a> have been attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Keefer2003-287">[264]</a></li> <li>Intense winds were reported from the present-day <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202165-288">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> reportedly were faster when crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> after 1600, perhaps owing to volcanically induced wind changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a></li> <li>A change in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Multidecadal_Variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Multidecadal Variability">Atlantic Multidecadal Variability</a> around 1600 has been attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-DaiWang2022-290">[267]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long-term_climate_effects">Long-term climate effects</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Long-term climate effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Temperatures decreased for a long time after the Huaynaputina eruption in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2016-291">[268]</a> Together with the 1257 Samalas eruption and the <a href="/wiki/1452/1453_mystery_eruption" title="1452/1453 mystery eruption">1452/1453 mystery eruption</a>, the Huaynaputina eruption may have led to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zambri2017-292">[269]</a> or to the coldest period of the Little Ice Age in Europe<a href="#cite_note-Degroot2020-293">[270]</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/Grindelwald_Fluctuation" title="Grindelwald Fluctuation">Grindelwald Fluctuation</a>" between 1560 and 1630.<a href="#cite_note-JonesHewlett2021-294">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a> growth,<a href="#cite_note-Zemp2021-295">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic sea ice">Arctic sea ice</a> expansion and climatic cooling has been noted after these eruptions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlawinskaRobock20172152%E2%80%932153-296">[273]</a> and a cooling peak occurred around the time of the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Degroot2018-297">[274]</a> In general, volcanic sulfate aerosol production was higher during the Little Ice Age than before or after it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobockSelfNewhall2018578-298">[275]</a> In the Andes, the Little Ice Age had already begun before the 1600 eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002568-170">[153]</a> although a major expansion of glaciers in the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Blanca" title="Cordillera Blanca">Cordillera Blanca</a> occurred at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Solomina2007-299">[276]</a> The 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina occurred at the tail end of a cluster of mid-sized volcanic eruptions, which in a climate simulation had a noticeable impact on Earth's energy balance and were accompanied by a 10% growth of Northern Hemisphere sea ice and a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar gyre">subpolar gyre</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinLohmannJungclaus2017734-300">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinLohmannJungclaus2017739-301">[278]</a> which may have begun already before the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinHuhtamaa2022740-302">[279]</a> Such a change in the ocean currents has been described as being characteristic for the Little Ice Age<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinLohmannJungclaus2017742-303">[280]</a> and mediates numerous effects of the Little Ice Age, such as colder winters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinHuhtamaa2022751-304">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distant_consequences">Distant consequences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Distant consequences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1639_Jamestown_Church_(2883847775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg/220px-1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg/220px-1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg" data-alt="Refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg/330px-1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg/440px-1639_Jamestown_Church_%282883847775%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The church of the Jamestown colony, where the eruption appears to have caused a drought and high mortality</figcaption></figure> Thin tree rings and <a href="/wiki/Frost_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost ring">frost rings</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[x]</a> potentially correlated to the Huaynaputina eruption have been found in trees of what today are the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearl2020-306">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grissino2006-307">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> Tree rings dating to 1601 and 1603 found close to the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> indicate cold temperatures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> and anomalous tree rings and cooling in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> have been linked to the eruption as well.<a href="#cite_note-BiondiPerkins1999-308">[284]</a> In 1601, the coldest temperature of the last 600 years was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>,<a href="#cite_note-D'Arrigo2004-309">[285]</a> as well as in other places of northwestern and southeastern Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-D'Arrigo1999-310">[286]</a> Noticeable cooling has been inferred for the Western US from tree ring data.<a href="#cite_note-JonesBriffa1995-311">[287]</a> Weather in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a> of Canada was unusually wet.<a href="#cite_note-Lamoreux2001-312">[288]</a> The Huaynaputina eruption was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> in what today are the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern U.S.</a> and may have hindered the establishment of the colony in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, where mortality from malnutrition was high.<a href="#cite_note-RogersTucker2008-313">[289]</a> The eruption may also have contributed to the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> from North America, along with other climate phenomena linked to the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson2002-314">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="California">California</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: California" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/California_flood_of_1605" title="California flood of 1605">A major flooding episode in 1605 ± 5</a> recorded from sediments of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Barbara_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Barbara Basin (page does not exist)">Santa Barbara Basin</a> has been attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> A global cooling period associated with the Huaynaputina eruption as well as eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quilotoa" title="Quilotoa">Quilotoa</a> may have forced storm tracks and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> south, causing floods in the Southwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelmannZhaoHarveyLange201758-315">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelmannZhaoHarveyLange201759-316">[292]</a> At that time, flooding also took place in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_(Mojave)" title="Silver Lake (Mojave)">Silver Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelmannZhaoHarveyLange201751-317">[293]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</a> rose to the highest level of the past millennium. There were also wet spells between 1599 and 1606 in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> system, according to analysis of tree rings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelmannZhaoHarveyLange201755-318">[294]</a> Colder temperatures may have contributed to the flooding in Silver Lake, as they would have reduced <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiondiPerkins1999-308">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A 1650 map of California depicting it as an island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/220px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8359" data-file-height="5800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/220px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg" data-alt="A 1650 map of California depicting it as an island" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/330px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/440px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1650 map of California. The belief that it was an island may have been promoted by the flooding caused by the Huaynaputina eruption.</figcaption></figure> The Spanish explorers <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a> visited the US west coast and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> in the years following the Huaynaputina eruption. The effects of this eruption and the activity of other volcanoes – namely, large scale flooding – might have induced them to believe that <a href="/wiki/Island_of_California" title="Island of California">California was an island</a>; this later became one of the most well known <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographic</a> misconceptions of history.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2018-319">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Western Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tree rings indicate unusually cold weather in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Alps">Austrian Alps</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a> and Estonia, where the 1601–1602 winter became coldest in half a millennium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200819-320">[296]</a> The summers in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> after the eruption were the coldest of the past 420 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinHuhtamaa2022740-302">[279]</a> Tree ring analysis suggested cooling in Greece,<a href="#cite_note-Klippel2019-321">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland (Finland)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kanatjev2018-322">[298]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and central Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> and Switzerland (in 1600) more generally,<a href="#cite_note-Piermattei2020-323">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-B%C3%BCntgen2006-324">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a> where reconstructed winter temperatures were the lowest of 1525–1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200819-320">[296]</a> Anomalous weather conditions relating to the 1600 eruption, possibly under additional influence from reduced solar activity, have been noted in <a href="/wiki/Sediment_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment core">sediment cores</a> from <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a> in England and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-Mauquoy2002-325">[301]</a> In Norway, cooling coinciding with the eruption was probably the reason for the development of <a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">palsas</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[y]</a> in Færdesmyra that for the most part disappeared only in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Vorren2017-328">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> expanded around <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeralta_Casani202165-288">[265]</a> The winter of 1601 was extremely cold in Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-Ludlow2013-329">[304]</a> Latvia and Switzerland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> and the ice in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> broke up late.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200819-320">[296]</a> Climate impacts were also reported from Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-Finizola2018-173">[156]</a> The 1601 wine harvest was delayed in France, and in Germany it was drastically lower in 1602.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> Frost continued into summer in Italy and England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009931-283">[260]</a> A further cold winter occurred in 1602–1603 in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Ludlow2013-329">[304]</a> In Estonia, high mortality and crop failures from 1601 to 1603 led to an at least temporary abandonment of three quarters of all farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201740-330">[305]</a> Scotland saw the failure of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> crops in 1602 and a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> outbreak during the preceding year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201740%E2%80%9341-331">[306]</a> and in Italy <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> prices rose due to a decline in silk production in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Melillo-332">[307]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>, the summer of 1601 was one of the coldest in the last four centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> In Sweden, harvest failures are recorded between 1601 and 1603,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2010-333">[308]</a> with a rainy spring in 1601 reportedly leading to famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20162-169">[152]</a> Famine ensued there and in Denmark and Norway during 1602–1603.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201740-330">[305]</a> Finland saw one of the worst barley and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> harvests, and crop yields continued to be poor for some years to follow, accompanied by a colder climate there.<a href="#cite_note-Holopainen2009-334">[309]</a> The year 1601 was called a "green year" in Sweden and a "straw year" or "year of extensive frosts" in Finland,<a href="#cite_note-Niemi2012-335">[310]</a> and it is likely that the 1601 crop failure was among the worst in Finland's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201741-336">[311]</a> The Huaynaputina eruption together with other factors<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaStoffelCorona20222088-337">[312]</a> led to changes in the social structure of <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201747%E2%80%9348-338">[313]</a> where a number of land holdings were deserted after the eruption<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaStoffelCorona20222082-339">[314]</a> and peasants with wider social networks had higher chances to cope with crises than these without.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaStoffelCorona20222088-337">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Golod.jpg/220px-Golod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Golod.jpg/220px-Golod.jpg" data-alt="Refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Golod.jpg/330px-Golod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Golod.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 19th century engraving showing the 1601 famine in Russia</figcaption></figure> Ice cores in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> noted a strong cooling around 1601,<a href="#cite_note-Eichler2009-340">[315]</a> with tree ring data also recording a cooling of 3.5 °C (6.3 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGervaisMacDonald2001500%E2%80%93503-341">[316]</a> Cooling was also noted in tree rings of the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a><a href="#cite_note-Kanatjev2018-322">[298]</a> and ice cores on <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakovKuz'minaBorisovGromyak202253-342">[317]</a> where glacier melting rates declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakovKuz'minaBorisovGromyak202254-343">[318]</a> The summer 1601 was wet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200819-320">[296]</a> and the winter 1601–1602 was severe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> The eruption led to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%931603" title="Russian famine of 1601–1603">Russian famine of 1601–1603</a> after crops failed during these years; it is considered to be the worst famine of Russian history and claimed about two million lives, a third of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200819-320">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlechovBalashovaDirksen2010977-344">[319]</a> The events initiated the time of social unrest known as the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kanatjev2018-322">[298]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzar">tzar</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a> was overthrown in part owing to the social impacts of the famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> This social unrest eventually led to a change in the ruling dynasty and interventions from Sweden and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2014-345">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkans_and_Ottoman_Empire">Balkans and Ottoman Empire</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Balkans and Ottoman Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Before the Huaynaputina eruption, severe droughts in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during 1591–1596 caused harvest failures.<a href="#cite_note-Izdebski2018-346">[321]</a> Intense snowfall and cold affected the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> during the winters after the Huaynaputina eruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKu%C5%BEi%C4%872013105%E2%80%93107-347">[322]</a> forcing countries to acquire grain from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKu%C5%BEi%C4%872013109-348">[323]</a> The Ottoman-Bosnian chronicler <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">İbrahim Peçevi</a> reported that in 1601 the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> froze and travel was hindered by snow.<a href="#cite_note-Vatanda%C5%9FVatanda%C5%9F2022-349">[324]</a> The extremely cold winters that followed, associated with Huaynaputina's eruption and an eruption of <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> in 1595, caused <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootics</a> that killed large numbers of livestock in Anatolia, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkans</a>. This weakened the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> just as it was conducting the <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long Turkish War</a> and appears to have contributed to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-Izdebski2018-346">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chronicles during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wanli" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wanli">Emperor Wanli</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20164-350">[325]</a> from northern China mention severe <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> in 1601 and frequently cold weather, including snowfall in <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an_County" title="Huai'an County">Huai'an County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and severe frost in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009928-254">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei201610-351">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and Hebei during summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20163-352">[327]</a> The frosts destroyed crops, causing famines severe enough that <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009929-353">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009930-354">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> in Shanxi and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> have also been linked to Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20163-352">[327]</a> The cold snap was apparently limited to 1601, as there are no reports of extremely cold weather in the subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiZhou2009932-355">[330]</a> Weather was anomalous in southern China as well, 1601 seeing a hot autumn and a cold summer and abrupt snowfall. Disease outbreaks occurred afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20163-352">[327]</a> Reports of snowfall and unusual cold also came from the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> valley,<a href="#cite_note-Yangtze2008-356">[331]</a> and summer in the <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> provinces began unusually with cold and snowy weather and then became hot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei201610-351">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_outside_of_China">Asia outside of China</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Asia outside of China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unusually narrow or entirely missing tree rings formed in 1601 in trees close to <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Nuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Khövsgöl Nuur">Khövsgöl Nuur</a> lake,<a href="#cite_note-Davi2015-357">[332]</a> and tree ring records show decreased temperatures in Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-Liu2020-358">[333]</a> Severe droughts recorded over the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> in 1602 may have been caused by the Huaynaputina eruption. The eruption would have decreased the atmospheric water content and thus the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> moisture transport towards the plateau.<a href="#cite_note-Lyu2015-359">[334]</a> Likewise, droughts recorded in <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">cave deposits</a> of southern Thailand have been related to the Huaynaputina eruption and may reflect a typical response of tropical rainfall to volcanic events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlfarthHsuShiWu201917204,_17206-360">[335]</a> In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Suwa" title="Lake Suwa">Lake Suwa</a> froze up considerably earlier than normal in 1601,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerosubLippman2008142-289">[266]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> and continuous rains were accompanied by harvest failures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuhtamaaHelama201740-330">[305]</a> Korea in 1601 saw an unusually cold spring and summer, followed by a humid and hot mid-summer. Epidemics ensued,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20168-361">[336]</a> although the epidemics in East Asia erupted under different weather conditions and linking them to the Huaynaputina eruption may not be straightforward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZhangFei20169-362">[337]</a> On the other hand, temperatures were not unusually cold in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-Tudhope2009-363">[338]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Hazards_and_volcanological_research">Hazards and volcanological research</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hazards and volcanological research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> About 30,000 people live in the immediate area of Huaynaputina today, and over 69,000 and 1,000,000 live in the nearby cities of Moquegua and Arequipa, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Census2017-364">[339]</a> The towns of Calacoa, Omate, Puquina and Quinistaquillas and others would be threatened in case of renewed eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-INGEMMET2014-39">[35]</a> A repeat of the 1600 eruption would likely cause a considerably greater death toll owing to population growth since 1600, as well as causing substantial socioeconomic disruption in the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-Tilling2009-160">[144]</a> Evacuation of the area directly around the volcano would be difficult owing to the poor state of the roads, and the tephra fallout would impact much of Peru's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli201915%E2%80%9316-365">[340]</a> The 1600 eruption is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Worst-case_scenario" title="Worst-case scenario">worst-case scenario</a> model for eruptions at Peruvian volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-ChesterDegg2005-113">[98]</a> Huaynaputina is classified as a "high-risk volcano".<a href="#cite_note-DelCarpioCalienes2022-366">[341]</a> In 2017, the Peruvian Geophysical Institute announced that Huaynaputina would be monitored by the future Southern Volcanological Observatory, and in 2019 seismic monitoring of the volcano began.<a href="#cite_note-Hancco2017-367">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-CentenoQuico2020-368">[343]</a> As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit">[update]</a> there are three seismometers and one device measuring volcano deformation on Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPumaCalienesPorrasHuarache202152-369">[344]</a> During the wet season, <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflows</a> often descend from Huaynaputina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPumaCalienesPorrasHuarache202156-370">[345]</a> In 2010,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20115-371">[346]</a> earthquake activity and noises from the volcano alerted the local population and led to a volcanological investigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20117-372">[347]</a> As part of this investigation, <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity was recorded around the amphitheatre; there were no earthquakes within it and appeared to be associated mainly with the faults and lineaments in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20119-373">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201134-374">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201138-375">[350]</a> The researchers recommended more extensive <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a> coverage of the area and regular sampling of fumaroles, as well as reconnaissance with <a href="/wiki/Georadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Georadar">georadar</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_potential" title="Spontaneous potential">electrical potential</a> of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera201158-376">[351]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Climate_and_vegetation">Climate and vegetation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Climate and vegetation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Between 4,000–5,000 m (13,000–16,000 ft) in elevation average temperatures are about 6 °C (43 °F) with cold nights,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara201931-377">[352]</a> while at Omate, mean temperatures reach 15 °C (59 °F) with little seasonal variation. Precipitation averages 154.8 mm/a (6.09 in/year), falling mainly during a summer <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> between December and March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101543-378">[353]</a> This results in an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate, where little erosion occurs and volcanic products are well preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530-31">[28]</a> Vegetation in the area of Huaynaputina is scarce;<a href="#cite_note-380">[z]</a> only during the wet season do plants grow on the pumice deposits from the 1600 eruption. <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">Cacti</a> can be found on rocky outcrops and valley bottoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101541-381">[355]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_Coquena" title="Corral de Coquena">Corral de Coquena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth" title="Timeline of volcanism on Earth">Timeline of volcanism on Earth</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The current geologic epoch, which began 11,700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ICoS2020-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Vents which release <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helbert2011-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "Volcano of the bad omen"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfia202428-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Fragmented volcanic rocks erupted by the vent.<a href="#cite_note-Cole1989-34">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> A maar is an explosion crater formed through the interaction of magma and groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-ParkAllaby2013-42">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> A volcanic process triggered by the interaction of magma and water.<a href="#cite_note-Springer2020-44">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> An intense volcanic eruption that ejects material as a high column of ash and pumice.<a href="#cite_note-Springer2020b-46">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> A sheet-shaped intrusion of magma into already existing rock.<a href="#cite_note-Korteniemi2015-49">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> A strike-slip fault features two plates moving past each other horizontally.<a href="#cite_note-MassironiKim2021-57">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ignimbrites are fluids consisting of gas and fragmented rocks that are expelled from volcanoes and form ignimbritic rocks when they solidify.<a href="#cite_note-Springer2020c-64">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> A graben is a rectangular depression, which forms when the crust spreads and a block of it sags.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogenboom2015-67">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer2014-68">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Volatiles are compounds such as water and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> that are gaseous at magmatic temperatures but are mixed in the magma.<a href="#cite_note-Cleaves2014-82">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Vulcanian eruptions have bursts of explosions, while Plinian eruptions are ongoing stable explosive eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-Turcotte1990-84">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubringSalasSilva2008390-85">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> changes in magma composition caused by crystals settling out under their weight.<a href="#cite_note-Springer2014b-88">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> A volcanic rock relatively rich in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, relative to <a href="/wiki/Silicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicium">silicium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pinti2011-94">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> chemically formed deposits in caves.<a href="#cite_note-Asmerom2009-132">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> The prehistoric eruption of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Blanco_(volcano)" title="Cerro Blanco (volcano)">Cerro Blanco</a> in Argentina about 2,300 ± 60 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobockSelfNewhall2018571-162">[146]</a> exceeded the size of Huaynaputina's.<a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-Turiel2019-163">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Geotourism is a type of <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> to sites with geologic features, like active volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMari%C3%B1oAriasCuevaThouret202232-205">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> San Genaro had been called due to his responses to eruptions of the <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rice1996-245">[227]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> In Andean mythology, earth motions are often associated with snakes.<a href="#cite_note-CombeyAudin2020-249">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> 46 million tons according to Arfeuille et al. 2014<a href="#cite_note-L%C3%BCthi2014-257">[237]</a> which refers to sulfate aerosols consisting of 75% sulfuric acid, thus corrected by a factor 3/4.<a href="#cite_note-Arfeuille2014-258">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> For comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a> regarding Earth is about 1367 <abbr title="watts per square metre">W/m2</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Jungclaus2010-272">[251]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Although other reconstructions have been interpreted as signalling a warm period at that time.<a href="#cite_note-XuLiu2019-278">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Frost rings are anomalous tree rings that form when <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> occurs during the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1998456-253">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> A palsa is a dome of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> with a frozen core that forms through ice dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-Guti%C3%A9rrez2016-326">[302]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> A groundsel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senecio_huaynaputinaensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senecio huaynaputinaensis (page does not exist)">Senecio huaynaputinaensis</a>, was discovered on Huaynaputina's deposits and named after the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-Montesinos-Tub%C3%A9e2021-379">[354]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GVP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVP_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354030">"Huaynaputina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Huaynaputina&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D354030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICoS2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ICoS2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-03.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> (PDF). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002530_31-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002">Thouret et al. 2002</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuamaníCanoLa_Torre20101540-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101540_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre2010">Schwarzer et al. 2010</a>, p. 1540. </li> <li 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Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 554–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-30845-8_238">10.1007/0-387-30845-8_238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30845-6"><bdi>978-0-387-30845-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tephra&rft.btitle=Petrology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E557&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-30845-8_238&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30845-6&rft.aulast=Bowes&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199662-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199662_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199662_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen1996">Woodman et al. 1996</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvignéGourgaudBoivin2002533-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002533_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002">Thouret et al. 2002</a>, p. 533. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvignéGourgaudBoivin2002532-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002532_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002532_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThouretJuvign%C3%A9GourgaudBoivin2002">Thouret et al. 2002</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-INGEMMET2014-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INGEMMET2014_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INGEMMET2014_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVulcanológico2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vulcanológico, INGEMMET Observatorio (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/1242">"Retos y logros del Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET"</a> [Challenges and achievements of the INGEMMET Volcanological Observatory]. Revista OVI (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET: 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193403/http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/1242">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+OVI&rft.atitle=Retos+y+logros+del+Observatorio+Vulcanol%C3%B3gico+del+INGEMMET&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Vulcanol%C3%B3gico&rft.aufirst=INGEMMET+Observatorio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001514_40-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001">Adams et al. 2001</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199661-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199661_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen199661_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen1996">Woodman et al. 1996</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkAllaby2013-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ParkAllaby2013_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkAllaby2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Chris; Allaby, Michael (19 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199641666.001.0001/acref-9780199641666-e-4675">"maar"</a>. 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Dictionary of Geotourism ([2020] ed.). Singapore: Springer. 2020. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2538-0_1879">10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0"><bdi>978-981-13-2538-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242802557">242802557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phreatomagmatic+Eruption&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Geotourism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=472&rft.edition=%5B2020%5D&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242802557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-2538-0_1879&rft.isbn=978-981-13-2538-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-2538-0_1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer2020b-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer2020b_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1915">"Plinian Type"</a>. Dictionary of Geotourism. Springer. 2020. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2538-0_1915">10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0"><bdi>978-981-13-2538-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241322553">241322553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620223820/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1915">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. 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Springer. pp. 591–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3134-3_112">10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3134-3"><bdi>978-1-4614-3134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dike+%28Igneous%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Landforms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E591-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3134-3_112&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3134-3&rft.aulast=Korteniemi&rft.aufirst=Jarmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4614-3134-3_112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001496_51-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001">Adams et al. 2001</a>, p. 496. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006337-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006337_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006">Lavallée et al. 2006</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006338-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006338_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006">Lavallée et al. 2006</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006341-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006341_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006">Lavallée et al. 2006</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009260-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009260_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009">Lavallée et al. 2009</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991140-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991140_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1991140_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1991">de Silva & Francis 1991</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-MassironiKim2021-57"><a href="#cite_ref-MassironiKim2021_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassironiKim2021" class="citation book cs1">Massironi, Matteo; Kim, Young-Seog (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1">"Strike-Slip Faults"</a>. Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1">10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9213-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-9213-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212061142/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strike-Slip+Faults&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Landforms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-9213-9&rft.aulast=Massironi&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Young-Seog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_548-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasías_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20135-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera20135_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMas%C3%ADas_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera2013">Masías Alvarez, Ramos Palomino & Antayhua Vera 2013</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaFrancis1990287_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1990">de Silva & Francis 1990</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas200016_61-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas2000">de Silva, Alzueta & Salas 2000</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006336_62-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006">Lavallée et al. 2006</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006335-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006335_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavall%C3%A9ede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006">Lavallée et al. 2006</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer2020c-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer2020c_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1142">"Ignimbrite"</a>. Dictionary of Geotourism ([2020] ed.). Singapore: Springer. 2020. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2538-0_1142">10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2538-0"><bdi>978-981-13-2538-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242929983">242929983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520171049/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1142">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. 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Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. pp. 871–875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3134-3_177">10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3134-3"><bdi>978-1-4614-3134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graben&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Landforms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E871-%3C%2Fspan%3E875&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3134-3_177&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3134-3&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom+Hagen&rft.aufirst=Trudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3134-3_177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer2014-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer2014_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_71494">"Graben"</a>. 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Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 916–918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4411-3_213">10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4411-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-4411-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620225323/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_213">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. 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Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Argentina+de+Bot%C3%A1nica&rft.atitle=Senecio+huaynaputinaensis+%28Compositae%29%2C+una+especie+nueva+de+las+faldas+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina+en+el+departamento+de+Moquegua%2C+sur+de+Per%C3%BA&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33%2C+39&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31055%2F1851.2372.v56.n1.29299&rft.issn=1851-2372&rft.aulast=Montesinos-Tub%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Chicalla-Rios%2C+Kent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.unc.edu.ar%2Findex.php%2FBSAB%2Farticle%2Fview%2F29299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_February_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuamaníCanoLa_Torre20101541-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre20101541_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarzerHuaman%C3%ADCanoLa_Torre2010">Schwarzer et al. 2010</a>, p. 1541. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsde_SilvaSelfSalas2001" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Nancy K.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Self, Stephen; Salas, Guido; Schubring, Steven; Permenter, Jason L.; Arbesman, Kendra (1 April 2001). 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Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102123447/https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/1474">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Geol%C3%B3gico%2C+Minero+y+Metal%C3%BArgico+%E2%80%93+INGEMMET&rft.atitle=Pueblos+enterrados+por+la+erupci%C3%B3n+de+1600+d.C.+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina%3A+geolog%C3%ADa+del+sector+de+Calicanto+y+Chimpapampa&rft.date=2018-04&rft.aulast=Cueva+Sandoval&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Arnold&rft.au=Mari%C3%B1o+Salazar%2C+Jersy&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rft.au=Japura+Paredes%2C+Saida+Blanca&rft.au=Macedo+Franco%2C+Luisa+Diomira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F1474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCueva_SandovalMariño_SalazarJapura_ParedesSánchez_Torres2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cueva Sandoval, Kevin Arnold; Mariño Salazar, Jersy; Japura Paredes, Saida Blanca; Sánchez Torres, Neldy Paola; Arias Salazar, Carla; Ramos Palomino, Domingo A.; Lazarte Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra; Macedo Franco, Luisa Diomira; Huillca Chuctaya, José Wilfredo; Del Carpio Calienes, José; Pari Pinto, Walter; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Donnadieu, Franck; Labazuy, Philippe; Finizola, Anthony; Antoine, Raphael; Gusset, Rachel; Saintenoy, Thibault; Delcher, Eric; Fauchard, Cyrille (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/3888">"Estudio de la erupción del volcán Huaynaputina del año 1600 d. C.: Características de la erupción e impacto en poblaciones y el clima - [Boletín C 92]"</a> [Study of the eruption of the Huaynaputina volcano in 1600 AD: Characteristics of the eruption and impact on people and climate - [Boletín C 92]]. Repositorio Institucional INGEMMET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102122233/https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/3888">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Repositorio+Institucional+INGEMMET&rft.atitle=Estudio+de+la+erupci%C3%B3n+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina+del+a%C3%B1o+1600+d.+C.%3A+Caracter%C3%ADsticas+de+la+erupci%C3%B3n+e+impacto+en+poblaciones+y+el+clima+-+%5BBolet%C3%ADn+C+92%5D&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Cueva+Sandoval&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Arnold&rft.au=Mari%C3%B1o+Salazar%2C+Jersy&rft.au=Japura+Paredes%2C+Saida+Blanca&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+Torres%2C+Neldy+Paola&rft.au=Arias+Salazar%2C+Carla&rft.au=Ramos+Palomino%2C+Domingo+A.&rft.au=Lazarte+Zerpa%2C+Ivonne+Alejandra&rft.au=Macedo+Franco%2C+Luisa+Diomira&rft.au=Huillca+Chuctaya%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Wilfredo&rft.au=Del+Carpio+Calienes%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Pari+Pinto%2C+Walter&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Franck&rft.au=Labazuy%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Finizola%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Antoine%2C+Raphael&rft.au=Gusset%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Saintenoy%2C+Thibault&rft.au=Delcher%2C+Eric&rft.au=Fauchard%2C+Cyrille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F3888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacourGerbeThouretWörner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delacour, Adélie; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Wörner, Gerhard; Paquereau-Lebti, Perrine (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/322329/files/445_2006_Article_96.pdf">"Magma evolution of Quaternary minor volcanic centres in southern Peru, Central Andes"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 69 (6): 581–608. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BVol...69..581D">2007BVol...69..581D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-006-0096-z">10.1007/s00445-006-0096-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F67949">20.500.11850/67949</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0819">1432-0819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128636358">128636358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=Magma+evolution+of+Quaternary+minor+volcanic+centres+in+southern+Peru%2C+Central+Andes&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E608&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F67949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128636358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BVol...69..581D&rft.issn=1432-0819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-006-0096-z&rft.aulast=Delacour&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Gerbe%2C+Marie-Christine&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rft.au=W%C3%B6rner%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Paquereau-Lebti%2C+Perrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F322329%2Ffiles%2F445_2006_Article_96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1991" class="citation book cs1">de Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter W. 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Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (4): 286–301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990BVol...52..286D">1990BVol...52..286D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00304100">10.1007/BF00304100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0819">1432-0819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140559785">140559785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=Potentially+active+volcanoes+of+Peru-Observations+using+Landsat+Thematic+Mapper+and+Space+Shuttle+imagery&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=1990-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00304100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140559785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-0819&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990BVol...52..286D&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Shanaka+L.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas2000" class="citation cs2">de Silva, Shanaka; Alzueta, Jorge; Salas, Guido (2000), "The socioeconomic consequences of the A.D. 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, southern Peru", Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity, Geological Society of America, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0-8137-2345-0.15">10.1130/0-8137-2345-0.15</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2345-7"><bdi>978-0-8137-2345-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Volcanic+Hazards+and+Disasters+in+Human+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+socioeconomic+consequences+of+the+A.D.+1600+eruption+of+Huaynaputina%2C+southern+Peru&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0-8137-2345-0.15&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-2345-7&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Shanaka&rft.au=Alzueta%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Salas%2C+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva1998" class="citation journal cs1">de Silva, Shanaka L. 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Nature. 393 (6684): 455–458. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..455D">1998Natur.393..455D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F30948">10.1038/30948</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4385765">4385765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Global+influence+of+the+AD+1600+eruption+of+Huaynaputina%2C+Peru&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=6684&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F30948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4385765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.393..455D&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Shanaka+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietterichde_Silva2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dietterich, Hannah; de Silva, Shanaka (30 November 2010). 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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 197 (1): 303–312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JVGR..197..303D">2010JVGR..197..303D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2010.01.003">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Sulfur+yield+of+the+1600+eruption+of+Huaynaputina%2C+Peru%3A+Contributions+from+magmatic%2C+fluid-phase%2C+and+hydrothermal+sulfur&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.issn=0377-0273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2010.01.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JVGR..197..303D&rft.aulast=Dietterich&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=de+Silva%2C+Shanaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEissenDavilaThouret1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eissen, Jean-Philippe; Davila, Jasmine; Thouret, Jean-Claude (1 May 1999). 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Geology. 27 (5): 435–438. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Geo....27..435T">1999Geo....27..435T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0435%3ALEEIHT%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0435:LEEIHT>2.3.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Largest+explosive+eruption+in+historical+times+in+the+Andes+at+Huaynaputina+volcano%2C+A.D.+1600%2C+southern+Peru&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0435%3ALEEIHT%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Geo....27..435T&rft.aulast=Eissen&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rft.au=Davila%2C+Jasmine&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiZhou2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fei, Jie; Zhou, Jie (2009). 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Long-range socioeconomic consequences of the 17th century volcanic eruptions in northern Fennoscandia"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekonomska+i+ekohistorija%3A+%C4%8Dasopis+za+gospodarsku+povijest+i+povijest+okoli%C5%A1a&rft.atitle=Posljedice+erupcije+vulkana+Huaynaputina+godine+1600.+na+hrvatske+zemlje&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.issn=1845-5867&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kre%C5%A1imir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F114487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lara, Jaime (2013). "Francis Alive and Aloft: Franciscan Apocalypticism in the Colonial Andes". 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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 186 (3): 253–264. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JVGR..186..253L">2009JVGR..186..253L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2009.07.003">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Structural+control+on+volcanism+at+the+Ubinas%2C+Huaynaputina%2C+and+Ticsani+Volcanic+Group+%28UHTVG%29%2C+southern+Peru&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft.issn=0377-0273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2009.07.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JVGR..186..253L&rft.aulast=Lavall%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft.au=de+Silva%2C+Shanaka+L.&rft.au=Salas%2C+Guido&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeZhangFei2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Harry F.; Zhang, David D.; Fei, Jie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3217038">"1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru), Abrupt Cooling, and Epidemics in China and Korea"</a>. Advances in Meteorology. 2016: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F3217038">10.1155/2016/3217038</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F232118">10722/232118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Meteorology&rft.atitle=1600+AD+Huaynaputina+Eruption+%28Peru%29%2C+Abrupt+Cooling%2C+and+Epidemics+in+China+and+Korea&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F232118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F3217038&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Fei%2C+Jie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2016%252F3217038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2017" class="citation book cs1">Love, Thomas F. 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Geoheritage. 13 (3): 64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Geohe..13...64M">2021Geohe..13...64M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-021-00577-5">10.1007/s12371-021-00577-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1867-2485">1867-2485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235730313">235730313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208135737/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12371-021-00577-5">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoheritage&rft.atitle=Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Impacts+of+the+1600+CE+Huaynaputina+Eruption+and+a+Project+for+Geosites+and+Geo-touristic+Attractions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12371-021-00577-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235730313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1867-2485&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Geohe..13...64M&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Jersy&rft.au=Cueva%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Jean-Claude&rft.au=Arias%2C+Carla&rft.au=Finizola%2C+Antony&rft.au=Antoine%2C+Raphael&rft.au=Delcher%2C+Eric&rft.au=Fauchard%2C+Cyrille&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Franck&rft.au=Labazuy%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Japura%2C+Saida&rft.au=Gusset%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Paola&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Domingo&rft.au=Macedo%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Lazarte%2C+Ivonne&rft.au=Thouret%2C+Liliane&rft.au=Del+Carpio%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Jaime%2C+Lourdes&rft.au=Saintenoy%2C+Thibault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12371-021-00577-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPumaCalienesPorrasHuarache2021" class="citation journal cs1">Puma, Roger Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva, Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/88">"Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination"</a>. Volcanica. 4 (S1): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30909%2Fvol.04.S1.4971">10.30909/vol.04.S1.4971</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12816%2F5024">20.500.12816/5024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2610-3540">2610-3540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240447272">240447272</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202142837/https://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/88">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Volcanica&rft.atitle=Monitoring+of+active+volcanoes+in+Peru+by+the+Instituto+Geof%C3%ADsico+del+Per%C3%BA%3A+Early+warning+systems%2C+communication%2C+and+information+dissemination&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12816%2F5024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240447272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2610-3540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30909%2Fvol.04.S1.4971&rft.aulast=Puma&rft.aufirst=Roger+Machacca&rft.au=Calienes%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Alberto+Del+Carpio&rft.au=Porras%2C+Marco+Antonio+Rivera&rft.au=Huarache%2C+Hernando+Jhonny+Tavera&rft.au=Franco%2C+Luisa+Diomira+Macedo&rft.au=Calle%2C+Jorge+Andr%C3%A9s+Concha&rft.au=Zerpa%2C+Ivonne+Alejandra+Lazarte&rft.au=Quico%2C+Riky+Gustavo+Centeno&rft.au=Sacsi%2C+Nino+Celestino+Puma&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Torres&rft.au=Alva%2C+Katherine+Andrea+Vargas&rft.au=Igme%2C+John+Edward+Cruz&rft.au=Quispe%2C+Lizbeth+Velarde&rft.au=Nina%2C+Javier+Vilca&rft.au=Garay%2C+Alan+Reinhold+Malpartida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jvolcanica.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fvolcanica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekEomHwangHur2019" class="citation journal cs1">Malek, Md Abdul; Eom, Hyo-Jin; Hwang, Heejin; Hur, Soon Do; Hong, Sungmin; Hou, Shugui; Ro, Chul-Un (20 January 2019). "Single particle mineralogy of microparticles from Himalayan ice-cores using SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR imaging techniques for identification of volcanic ash signatures". Chemical Geology. 504: 205–215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ChGeo.504..205M">2019ChGeo.504..205M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.11.010">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.11.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2541">0009-2541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134692024">134692024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Single+particle+mineralogy+of+microparticles+from+Himalayan+ice-cores+using+SEM%2FEDX+and+ATR-FTIR+imaging+techniques+for+identification+of+volcanic+ash+signatures&rft.volume=504&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.11.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134692024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-2541&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ChGeo.504..205M&rft.aulast=Malek&rft.aufirst=Md+Abdul&rft.au=Eom%2C+Hyo-Jin&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Heejin&rft.au=Hur%2C+Soon+Do&rft.au=Hong%2C+Sungmin&rft.au=Hou%2C+Shugui&rft.au=Ro%2C+Chul-Un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariñoAriasCuevaThouret2022" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariño, J.; Arias, C.; Cueva, K.; Thouret, J.C.; Finizola, A.; Antoine, R.; Delcher, E.; Fauchard, C.; Donnadieu, F.; Labazuy, P.; Japura, S.; Gusset, R.; Sánchez, P.; Ramos, D.; Thouret, L.; Ancalle, A.; Saintenoy, T. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/4156">Paisajes del volcán Huaynaputina, patrimonio geológico y cultural. Guía geoturística</a> [Landscapes of Huaynaputina volcano, geological and cultural heritage. Geotouristic guide] (Report). Boletín Serie I: Patrimonio y Geoturismo (in Spanish). Vol. 15. INGEMMET. p. 132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306064135/https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/4156">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Paisajes+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina%2C+patrimonio+geol%C3%B3gico+y+cultural.+Gu%C3%ADa+geotur%C3%ADstica&rft.series=Bolet%C3%ADn+Serie+I%3A+Patrimonio+y+Geoturismo&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=INGEMMET&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Arias%2C+C.&rft.au=Cueva%2C+K.&rft.au=Thouret%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Finizola%2C+A.&rft.au=Antoine%2C+R.&rft.au=Delcher%2C+E.&rft.au=Fauchard%2C+C.&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+F.&rft.au=Labazuy%2C+P.&rft.au=Japura%2C+S.&rft.au=Gusset%2C+R.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+P.&rft.au=Ramos%2C+D.&rft.au=Thouret%2C+L.&rft.au=Ancalle%2C+A.&rft.au=Saintenoy%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F4156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsilli2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marsilli, María N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3583455">"Volcanes locuaces e inextinguible fuego interior: la erupción del Huaynaputina en 1600 en la narrativa jesuítica"</a> [Talkative volcanoes and unquenchable inner fire: the eruption of Huaynaputina in 1600 in the Jesuit narrative]. Escritura, Imaginación Política y la Compañía de Jesús en América Latina (in Spanish): 265–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7290-526-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7290-526-9"><bdi>978-84-7290-526-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154237/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3583455">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019 – via works.bepress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Escritura%2C+Imaginaci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica+y+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+de+Jes%C3%BAs+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.atitle=Volcanes+locuaces+e+inextinguible+fuego+interior%3A+la+erupci%C3%B3n+del+Huaynaputina+en+1600+en+la+narrativa+jesu%C3%ADtica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-7290-526-9&rft.aulast=Marsilli&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D3583455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasías_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Masías Alvarez, Pablo Jorge; Ramos Palomino, Domingo A.; Antayhua Vera, Yanet (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/1811">"Monitoreo sísmico temporal y caracterización geoquímica de fumarolas y fuentes termales del volcán Huaynaputina"</a> [Temporal seismic monitoring and geochemical characterization of the fumaroles and hot springs of Huaynaputina volcano]. Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801184345/http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/1811">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Geol%C3%B3gico%2C+Minero+y+Metal%C3%BArgico+%E2%80%93+INGEMMET&rft.atitle=Monitoreo+s%C3%ADsmico+temporal+y+caracterizaci%C3%B3n+geoqu%C3%ADmica+de+fumarolas+y+fuentes+termales+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mas%C3%ADas+Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Pablo+Jorge&rft.au=Ramos+Palomino%2C+Domingo+A.&rft.au=Antayhua+Vera%2C+Yanet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F1811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasías_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera2013" class="citation journal cs1">Masías Alvarez, Pablo Jorge; Ramos Palomino, Domingo A.; Antayhua Vera, Yanet (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/295">"Monitoreo de los volcanes Ticsani, Sabancaya y Huaynaputina: Periodo 2006–2012 [Boletín C 53]"</a> [Monitoring of the volcanoes Ticsani, Sabancaya and Huaynaputina: 2006–2012 [Bulletin C 53]]. Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164119/http://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/295">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Geol%C3%B3gico%2C+Minero+y+Metal%C3%BArgico+%E2%80%93+INGEMMET&rft.atitle=Monitoreo+de+los+volcanes+Ticsani%2C+Sabancaya+y+Huaynaputina%3A+Periodo+2006%E2%80%932012+%5BBolet%C3%ADn+C+53%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mas%C3%ADas+Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Pablo+Jorge&rft.au=Ramos+Palomino%2C+Domingo+A.&rft.au=Antayhua+Vera%2C+Yanet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinLohmannJungclaus2017" class="citation journal cs1">Moreno-Chamarro, Eduardo; Zanchettin, Davide; Lohmann, Katja; Jungclaus, Johann H. 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Climate Dynamics. 48 (3): 727–744. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48..727M">2017ClDy...48..727M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3106-7">10.1007/s00382-016-3106-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10278%2F3704782">10278/3704782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0894">1432-0894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics&rft.atitle=An+abrupt+weakening+of+the+subpolar+gyre+as+trigger+of+Little+Ice+Age-type+episodes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E744&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10278%2F3704782&rft.issn=1432-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3106-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ClDy...48..727M&rft.aulast=Moreno-Chamarro&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Zanchettin%2C+Davide&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Katja&rft.au=Jungclaus%2C+Johann+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00382-016-3106-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverVatin-perignonGoemansKeller1996" class="citation conference cs1">Oliver, Richard A.; Vatin-perignon, Nicole; Goemans, Pierre; Keller, Francine (19 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145117/http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers4/010008661.pdf">The Geochemistry of Huaynaputina Volcano, Southern Peru</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers4/010008661.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Geochemistry+of+Huaynaputina+Volcano%2C+Southern+Peru&rft.place=St+Malo&rft.date=1996-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.504.8693%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Vatin-perignon%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Goemans%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Keller%2C+Francine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorizon.documentation.ird.fr%2Fexl-doc%2Fpleins_textes%2Fdivers4%2F010008661.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsipovKhodzerGolobokovalOnischuk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Osipov, Eduard Y.; Khodzer, Tamara V.; Golobokoval, Liudmila P.; Onischuk, N. A.; Lipenkov, Vladimir Y.; Ekaykin, Alexey A.; Shibaev, Yuriy A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285619777">"High-resolution 900 year volcanic and climatic record from the Vostok area, East Antarctica"</a>. 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Universidad Nacional de Moquegua. Fondo Editorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-612-4466-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-612-4466-09-0"><bdi>978-612-4466-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desastres+Naturales+en+el+Sur+del+Per%C3%BA+y+Norte+de+Chile%3A+Una+historia+de+terremotos%2C+erupciones+volc%C3%A1nicas%2C+inundaciones+y+epidemias+%281582-1714%29&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Moquegua.+Fondo+Editorial&rft.date=2021-04&rft.isbn=978-612-4466-09-0&rft.aulast=Peralta+Casani&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.unam.edu.pe%2Fhandle%2FUNAM%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perkins, Sid (2008). "Disaster goes global: The eruption in 1600 of a seemingly quiet volcano in peru changed global climate and triggered famine as far away as Russia". Science News. 174 (5): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fscin.2008.5591740519">10.1002/scin.2008.5591740519</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-0930">1943-0930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Disaster+goes+global%3A+The+eruption+in+1600+of+a+seemingly+quiet+volcano+in+peru+changed+global+climate+and+triggered+famine+as+far+away+as+Russia&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fscin.2008.5591740519&rft.issn=1943-0930&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Sid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetit-Breuilh_Sepúlveda2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petit-Breuilh Sepúlveda, María Eugenia (2004). La historia eruptiva de los volcanes hispanoamericanos (Siglos XVI al XX): El modelo chileno [The eruption history of Spanish American volcanoes (16th–20th century): The Chilean model] (in Spanish). Huelva, Spain: Casa de los volcanes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95938-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95938-32-9"><bdi>978-84-95938-32-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+historia+eruptiva+de+los+volcanes+hispanoamericanos+%28Siglos+XVI+al+XX%29%3A+El+modelo+chileno&rft.place=Huelva%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Casa+de+los+volcanes&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-95938-32-9&rft.aulast=Petit-Breuilh+Sep%C3%BAlveda&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlechovBalashovaDirksen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Plechov, Pavel Yu.; Balashova, Anna L.; Dirksen, Oleg V. (1 July 2010). "Magma degassing during 7600 14C Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption and its climatic impact". Doklady Earth Sciences. 433 (1): 974–977. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010DokES.433..974P">2010DokES.433..974P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1028334X10070275">10.1134/S1028334X10070275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-8354">1531-8354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56184279">56184279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Magma+degassing+during+7600+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC+Kurile+Lake+caldera-forming+eruption+and+its+climatic+impact&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E974-%3C%2Fspan%3E977&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1028334X10070275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56184279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-8354&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010DokES.433..974P&rft.aulast=Plechov&rft.aufirst=Pavel+Yu.&rft.au=Balashova%2C+Anna+L.&rft.au=Dirksen%2C+Oleg+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Prival, J.-M.; Thouret, J.-C.; Japura, S.; Gurioli, L.; Bonadonna, C.; Mariño, J.; Cueva, K. (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-019-1340-7">"New insights into eruption source parameters of the 1600 CE Huaynaputina Plinian eruption, Peru"</a>. Bulletin of Volcanology. 82 (1): 7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BVol...82....7P">2019BVol...82....7P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-019-1340-7">10.1007/s00445-019-1340-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12544%2F2478">20.500.12544/2478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0819">1432-0819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209392997">209392997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+eruption+source+parameters+of+the+1600+CE+Huaynaputina+Plinian+eruption%2C+Peru&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12544%2F2478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209392997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019BVol...82....7P&rft.issn=1432-0819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-019-1340-7&rft.aulast=Prival&rft.aufirst=J.-M.&rft.au=Thouret%2C+J.-C.&rft.au=Japura%2C+S.&rft.au=Gurioli%2C+L.&rft.au=Bonadonna%2C+C.&rft.au=Mari%C3%B1o%2C+J.&rft.au=Cueva%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-019-1340-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2014" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Prudence M. 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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 89 (15): 141–142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EOSTr..89..141V">2008EOSTr..89..141V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008EO150001">10.1029/2008EO150001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2324-9250">2324-9250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos%2C+Transactions+American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Global+Impacts+of+the+1600+Eruption+of+Peru%27s+Huaynaputina+Volcano&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=2324-9250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008EO150001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EOSTr..89..141V&rft.aulast=Verosub&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Lippman%2C+Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2008EO150001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yupa Paredes, Gastón Ronald; Pajuelo Aparicio, Diana; Cruz Pauccara, Vicentina (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12544/2146">"Caracterización de los sistemas geotermales asociados a los volcanes activos Ubinas y Huaynaputina, región Moquegua – [Boletín B 60]"</a> [Characterization of the geothermal systems associated with the active volcanoes Ubinas and Huaynaputina, Moquegua Region [Bulletin B 60]]. 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Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Geol%C3%B3gico%2C+Minero+y+Metal%C3%BArgico+%E2%80%93+INGEMMET&rft.atitle=Caracterizaci%C3%B3n+de+los+sistemas+geotermales+asociados+a+los+volcanes+activos+Ubinas+y+Huaynaputina%2C+regi%C3%B3n+Moquegua+%E2%80%93+%5BBolet%C3%ADn+B+60%5D&rft.date=2019-06&rft.issn=0378-1232&rft.aulast=Yupa+Paredes&rft.aufirst=Gast%C3%B3n+Ronald&rft.au=Pajuelo+Aparicio%2C+Diana&rft.au=Cruz+Pauccara%2C+Vicentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12544%2F2146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Japura Paredes, Saida Blanca (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331182838/http://tesis.unap.edu.pe/handle/UNAP/9246">"Estudio estratigráfico y sedimentológico del depósito de caída pliniana de la erupción del año 1600 d.C. del volcán Huaynaputina"</a> [Stratigraphic and sedimentological study of the Plinian fall deposit from the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputina volcano]. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesis.unap.edu.pe/handle/UNAP/9246">the original</a> on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universidad+Nacional+del+Altiplano&rft.atitle=Estudio+estratigr%C3%A1fico+y+sedimentol%C3%B3gico+del+dep%C3%B3sito+de+ca%C3%ADda+pliniana+de+la+erupci%C3%B3n+del+a%C3%B1o+1600+d.C.+del+volc%C3%A1n+Huaynaputina&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.aulast=Japura+Paredes&rft.aufirst=Saida+Blanca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftesis.unap.edu.pe%2Fhandle%2FUNAP%2F9246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuaynaputina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jara, L. A.; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Siebe, Claus; Dávila, Jasmine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgp.org.pe/category/bibliovirtual/?result=4363">"The Ad 1600 Eruption of Huaynaputina as described in Early Spanish Chronicles"</a>. Bibliovirtual | Sociedad Geológica del Perú. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&oldid=1276807568">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&oldid=1276807568</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaynaputina&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 February 2025, at 21:44 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уайнапуціна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уайнапуціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уайнапутына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уайнапутына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Huaynaputina" title="Cerro Huaynaputina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cerro Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ουαϊναπουτίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαϊναπουτίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="هوایناپوتینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوایناپوتینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%ED%91%B8%ED%8B%B0%EB%82%98%EC%82%B0" title="후아이나푸티나산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후아이나푸티나산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ուայնապուտինա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուայնապուտինա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ואינאפוטינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואינאפוטינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უაინაპუტინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უაინაპუტინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уайнапутина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уайнапутина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huainaputina" title="Huainaputina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Huainaputina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جبل هوايناپوتينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل هوايناپوتينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A" title="ワイナプチナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイナプチナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ہوایناپوٹینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوایناپوٹینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynaputina_rit%27iq" title="Waynaputina rit'iq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waynaputina rit'iq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уайнапутина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уайнапутина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huaynaputina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вайнапутіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вайнапутіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="瓦伊納普蒂納火山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦伊納普蒂納火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 21:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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[\"CITEREFBüntgenFrankSchmidhalterNeuwirth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCareyHoughtonThordarson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenteno_QuicoRivera2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenYuanWeiWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesterDegg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleaves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobeñasThouretBonadonnaBoivin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochrane1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombeyAudinBenaventeBouysse-Cassagne2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostaScailletGourgaud2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCueva_SandovalMariño_SalazarJapura_ParedesSánchez_Torres2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCueva_SandovalMariño_SalazarThouretJapura_Paredes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;ArrigoJacoby1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;ArrigoMashigFrankJacoby2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaiWangZhuLiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviD\u0026#039;ArrigoJacobyCook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrance1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrance2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFranceKeefer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegroot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegroot2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Carpio_CalienesRiveraTorresTavera2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelacourGerbeThouretWörner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietterichde_Silva2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíazLatorreMaldonadoQuade2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichlerOlivierHendersonLaube2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEissenDavilaThouret1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeiZhang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeiZhou2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez-TurielPerez–TorradoRodriguez-GonzalezSaavedra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinizolaAntoineThouretDelcher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfia2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGervaisMacDonald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrattanTorrence2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrissino-MayerGentryCroyHiatt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutiérrezGutiérrez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancco2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpelVela_ValdezRivera_PorrasWright2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelbert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolopainenHelama2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoogenboom_Hagen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuertas_Vallejos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuhtamaaHelama2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuhtamaaStoffelCorona2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzdebskiMordechaiWhite2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesBriffaSchweingruber1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesHewlettMackay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJungclausLorenzTimmreckReick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuvignéThouretLoutschLamadon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanatjevTimonenShumilovKasatkina2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeferMoseleyDeFrance2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlippelKrusicKonterGeorge2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorteniemi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKužić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamoureuxEnglandSharpBush2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangmann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLara2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLara2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavalleede_SilvaSalasByrnes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavalléede_SilvaSalasByrnes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavigneRobertKartadinataPratomo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_PennecRuizEissenHall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeZhangFei2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegros2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisMaslin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippmanVerosub2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuLiSunSong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuLiSunSong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudlowStineLeahyMurphy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyuEvansZhang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópezGiordanoBustosViramonte2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLüthi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackayPlunkettJensenAubry2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalekEomHwangHur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManzanedo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariñoAriasCuevaThouret2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariñoCuevaThouretArias2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsilli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseMasse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassironiKim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasías_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasías_AlvarezRamos_PalominoAntayhua_Vera2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauquoyEngelkesGrootMarkesteijn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayewskiOmmenCurranMorgan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedinacelli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelillo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesinos-TubéeChicalla-Rios2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinLohmannJungclaus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMálaga_Núñez-Zeballos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemiPeltonen-Sainio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliverVatin-perignonGoemansKeller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsipovKhodzerGolobokovalOnischuk2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParedesSifuentesRodríguezVillalobos2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkAllaby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlAnchukaitisDonnellyPearson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonDaleBrewerSalzer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeralta_Casani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeralta_Casani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetit-Breuilh_Sepúlveda2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfister2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiermatteiCrivellaroKrusicEsper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlechovBalashovaDirksen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrivalThouretJapuraGurioli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPumaCalienesPorrasHuarache2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonAndersonCook2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiveraThouretSamaniegoLe_Pennec2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobockSelfNewhall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogersTucker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusakovKuz\u0026#039;minaBorisovGromyak2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamaniegoRiveraMariñoGuillou2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmelmannZhaoHarveyLange2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubertWangKosterSuarez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubringSalasSilva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarzerHuamaníCanoLa_Torre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweinsbergLicciardiRodbellStansell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchöneFiebigPfeifferGleβ2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSepulveda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSepúlveda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlawinskaRobock2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoldi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolominaJomelliKaserAmes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStothers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreckHoltzParat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTejada2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThouretDávilaRiveraGourgaud1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThouretJuvignéGourgaudBoivin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThouretRiveraWörnerGerbe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrimborn1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudhopeWilsonD\u0026#039;Arrigo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurcotteOckendonOckendonCowley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdivia-SilvaNavarro-GonzálezFletcherPerez-Montaño2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatandaşVatandaş2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerosubLippman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVorren2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVulcanológico2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangHuangZhaoNie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangSodemannHouMasson-Delmotte2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattGilbertFolchPhillips2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernkeWhitmore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteMoreno-ChamarroZanchettinHuhtamaa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohlfarthHsuShiWu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodmanGourgaudCottenEissen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuLiuZhangZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYupa_ParedesPajuelo_AparicioCruz_Pauccara2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZambriRobock2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanchettinTimmreckBotheLorenz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZempMarzeion2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZielinski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_SilvaAlzuetaSalas2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_SilvaFrancis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_BroekeNoëlMcConnellFettweis2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"Andean volcanoes\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite gvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 150,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 65,\n [\"Efn\"] = 26,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox eruption\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mountain\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 9,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Refh\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 420,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Split\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","8.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.4"],["(for generator)","80","3.5"],["type","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.7"],["[others]","740","32.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6b8dbdfc56-mlfgh","timestamp":"20250220214425","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Huaynaputina","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huaynaputina","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q946750","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q946750","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-15T08:58:02Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T21:44:09Z","headline":"volcano in Peru"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>